᪥ᮏㄒ㢟┠ ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡䛜⤒῭Ⓨᒎ䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䛻㛵䛩䜛◊✲䠖䝍䜲䜢஦౛䛸䛧䛶

Form J (FăO) ੩ЈଐSubmission Date: 2014 / 01/ 06

Ҧٟܖˮᛯ૨ݙ௹إԓ୿

Summary of Doctoral Thesis and Report of Examination

ᄂᆮᅹᧈ ോ

ɦᚡƷƱƓǓŴݙ௹ኽௐǛإԓƠLJƢŵ To the Dean:

We report the result of Examination for the Doctoral Thesis below.

ܖቔဪӭ Student I.D. No.: 4010 S009

ܖဃ൞Ӹ Name: Chutipong Keesookpun

ԧ૨᫆ӸTitle in Japanese: ऴإᡫ̮২ᘐƕኺฎႆޒƴɨƑǔࢨ᪪ƴ᧙ƢǔᄂᆮᲴǿǤǛʙ̊ƱƠƯ

ᒍ૨᫆ӸTitle in English: Impact of ICT on Economic Development: A Case Study of Thailand ᚡ

ӝᡓᚾ᬴Ӌь૙Ճ Faculty Members Involved in Oral Examination Ĭݙ௹ۀՃ˟ɼ௹ Chief Referee of the Screening Committee

൞Ӹ Name: ɤӐ ʶ࣓ Ү

৑ޓ Affiliated Institution: ଔᆖဋٻܖٻܖᨈǢǸǢٽ࠯බᄂᆮᅹ

᝻఍ Status: ૙੉

ҦٟܖˮӸȷӕࢽٻܖӸ: Ph.D. Title Earned᳽Name of Institution Ҧٟ(߻ܖ) ᝅ೛২ᘐᅹܖٻܖ ĭи௹Ტݙ௹ۀՃ1ᲣDeputy Advisor (Member of Screening Committee 1)

൞Ӹ Name: ҅஭ ബ඙ Ү

৑ޓ Affiliated Institution: ଔᆖဋٻܖٻܖᨈǢǸǢٽ࠯බᄂᆮᅹ

᝻఍ Status: ૙੉

ҦٟܖˮӸȷӕࢽٻܖӸ: Ph.D. Title Earned᳽Name of Institution

M.Phil. in Economics Ǫȃǯǹȕǩȸȉٻܖ Įݙ௹ۀՃ2 Member of Screening Committee 2

൞Ӹ Name: ݱ௎ ᒍپ Ү

৑ޓ Affiliated Institution: ଔᆖဋٻܖٻܖᨈǢǸǢٽ࠯බᄂᆮᅹ

᝻఍ Status: ૙੉

ҦٟܖˮӸȷӕࢽٻܖӸ: Ph.D. Title Earned᳽Name of Institution ૨ܖҦٟ, ிʮᣃᇌٻܖ

įݙ௹ۀՃ3 Member of Screening Committee 3

൞Ӹ Name: ɶ஭ ࢧܨ Ү

৑ޓ Affiliated Institution: ್ාࠊᇌٻܖٻܖᨈ׎ᨥȞȍǸȡȳȈᄂᆮᅹ

᝻఍ Status: ૙੉

ҦٟܖˮӸȷӕࢽٻܖӸ: Ph.D. Title Earned᳽Name of Institution Ҧٟ(ՠܖ) অড፯ؽٻܖ

İݙ௹ۀՃ4᳕ᛆ࢘ᎍƷLj᳗Member of Screening Committee 4 [if any]

൞Ӹ Name: Ү

৑ޓ Affiliated Institution:

᝻఍ Status:

ҦٟܖˮӸȷӕࢽٻܖӸ: Ph.D. Title Earned᳽Name of Institution

2. ᧏͵ଐ଺ Date / Time: (Y)2013 /(M) 12 /(D) 06 (Time) 2 ଺ᨂ2 G T K Q F

[଺ᨂ/ Period] 1^st: 9:00-10:30, 2^nd: 10:40-12:10, 3^rd: 13:00-14:30, 4^th: 14:45-16:15, 5^th: 16:30-18:00, 6^th: 18:15-19:45, 7^th: 20:00-21:30

3. ˟ئ Venue: 19ӭ᫾609૙ܴ

4. ӳԁЙܭ Result: ӳ/Passedȷԁ/FailedᲢᛆ࢘Ƣǔ૾ƴŨ Circle as appropriateᲣ

5. ช˄᝻૰ Attached document(s)

5 ௏pages䠄࿴ᩥ䠐䠈䠌䠌䠌Ꮠ⛬ᗘ䚸䜒䛧䛟䛿ⱥᩥ䠍㻘䠑䠌䠌ㄒ⛬ᗘ䚹䛯䛰䛧䚸ㄽᩥ㢟┠䛾䜏䛿䚸࿴ᩥ䞉ⱥᩥ䜢ేグ䛩䜛䛣䛸䠅

(Approximately 4,000 characters in Japanese, or 1,500 words in English. The Doctoral Thesis title, however, must be written in both Japanese and English.)

༤ኈᏛ఩ㄽᩥᑂᰝሗ࿌᭩

㢟┠ Impact of ICT on Economic Development: A Case Study of Thailand

᪥ᮏㄒ㢟┠ ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡䛜⤒῭Ⓨᒎ䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䛻㛵䛩䜛◊✲䠖䝍䜲䜢஦౛䛸䛧䛶

ᥦฟ⪅ Chutipong Keesookpun ᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔䜰䝆䜰ኴᖹὒ◊✲⛉༤ኈㄢ⛬

㸯㸬 ᮏㄽᩥࡢ୺᪨

ᮏㄽᩥࡣࠊⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡Information and Communication

Technologyࠊ ICTࡀ୚࠼ࡿ⤒῭ⓗ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆ⾜࡞࠸ࠊ ICT

ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢព⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢱ࢖ᅜࢆ஦౛࡟⪃✲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ICT ࡣẸ㛫 㒊㛛࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᅜࡢᡂ㛗ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ♫఍࢖ࣥࣇࣛ࡜࡞ࡿࡲ࡛࡟

㔜せᛶࡀቑࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡓࡵࠊᅜࡣᵝࠎ࡞ᨻ⟇ᡭẁࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ ICT ࡢᬑཬ࡜฼ά⏝ࢆ

ಁ㐍ࡋࠊ♫఍ⓗ⤒῭ⓗⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ௻ᅗࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢱ࢖࡛ࡣᅜࢆᣲࡆ

࡚ ICT ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ὀຊࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࢖ࣥࣇࣛࡢᩚഛࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊከᵝ

࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ICT ฼ά⏝ࡢຠᯝࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊಁ㐍ᨻ⟇ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿୖ࡛㔜 せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ฼⏝⪅ࠊ௻ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧᅜࡢ㸱ࡘࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ

࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚㸴ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢィ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆ⾜࡞࠸ࠊ ICT ࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆᤊ࠼ࡓࠋ

ࡲࡎࠊ㞟ィⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛᝟ሗ㏻ಙ඲యࢆ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽᤊ࠼ࠊᅜࡢ

୺せ࡞࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ᣦᶆ࡟ ICT ࡀཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆィ ࡋࠊᅜ඲యࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡍ

ࡿᐤ୚ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟ศᯒࡋࡓࠋḟ࡟ࠊ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭ⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ ICT ࡢ฼ά⏝ࡀ௻ᴗ ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙

ࡁ᝟ሗ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ฼⏝⪅ࡢ㑅ዲࢆ㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡾศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ

ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ ICT ࡀ┦ᛂࡢ⤒῭ⓗຠᯝࢆ

⏕ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ

䠎䠊 ᮏ ㄽ ᩥ 䛾ᵓ ᡂ 䛸ᴫ せ ᵓ

ᵓ ᡂ

➨䠍❶ 䛿䛨䜑䛻 INTRODUCTION

➨ 䠎 ❶ 䝍 䜲 䛻 䛚 䛡 䜛 ᝟ ሗ ㏻ ಙ 䛾 ᴫ ほ OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN THAILAND

➨䠏❶ ඛ⾜◊✲ᩥ⊩ㄪᰝ LITERATURE REVIEW

➨䠐❶ ศᯒᡭἲ METHODOLOGY

➨䠑❶

ICT

䛾ᙳ㡪䛻㛵䛩䜛䝬䜽䝻⤒῭ศᯒ MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ICT IMPACT

➨䠒❶

ICT

䛾ᙳ㡪䛻㛵䛩䜛䝭䜽䝻⤒῭ศᯒMICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ICT IMPACT

➨䠓❶ ᮏㄽᩥ䛾㈉⊩䛸ᨻ⟇ⓗྵព CONTRIBUTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

➨䠔❶ 䛚䜟䜚䛻 ^CONCLUSION ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ REFERENCES

ྛ

ྛ ❶ ᴫ せ

➨䠍❶䛿䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛾ၥ㢟ព㆑䜢㏙䜉䚸ㄢ㢟タᐃ䛸┠ⓗ䚸ᡭἲ䚸䛺䜙䜃䛻ᮏㄽᩥ䛾ᵓᡂ䜢䜎 䛸䜑䛶䛔䜛䚹䝍䜲䛻䛚䛡䜛

ICT

䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ᤊ䛘䜛䛯䜑䚸䠒䛴䛾≉ᚩⓗ䛺ㄢ㢟䜢タᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛩䛺 䜟䛱䚸

㻔㻝㻕

ICT

䛾฼ά⏝䛿ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ䜢ᨵၿ䛩䜛䛛䚹

㻔㻞㻕 䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾฼ά⏝䛿䝬䜽䝻⤒῭ⓗ౽┈䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩䛛䚹

㻔㻟㻕 䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾฼ά⏝䛿⏘ᴗ䛻ṇ䛾⤒῭ⓗ䜲䞁䝟䜽䝖䜢䜒䛯䜙䛩䛛䚹 㻔㻠㻕 ⏘ᴗ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇᥇⏝䛾Ỵᐃせᅉ䛿ఱ䛛䚹

㻔㻡㻕 䝰䝞䜲䝹䝃䞊䝡䝇䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸฼⏝⪅䛜஦ᴗ⪅䜢ኚ᭦䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾Ỵᐃせᅉ䛿ఱ䛛䚹 㻔㻢㻕 䝰䝞䜲䝹䝃䞊䝡䝇䛻䛚䛡䜛஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䛭䜜䜢ಁ㐍䛩䜛せᅉ䛚䜘䜃㜼ᐖ䛩䜛

せᅉ䛿ఱ䛛䚹

䛷䛒䜛䚹๓䠏⪅䛾ㄢ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䝬䜽䝻⤒῭ⓗᡭἲ䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ᚋ䠏⪅䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䝭䜽䝻⤒῭Ꮫ

ⓗᡭἲ䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ᐃ㔞ⓗ䛺ศᯒ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹

➨䠎❶䛿䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⫼ᬒ䛸䛺䜛䚸䝍䜲䛻䛚䛡䜛᝟ሗ㏻ಙ䛾Ⓨᒎ䛾≧ἣ䜢ᴫㄝ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ᅛᐃ

⣔䛚䜘䜃⛣ື⣔᝟ሗ㏻ಙ䛾཮᪉䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾ᩚഛ䛸䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾ᴫせ䚸฼⏝⪅ᩘ䛾ኚ

໬䛺䛹䛻䛴䛔䛶䝕䞊䝍䜢⏝䛔䛶⤫ィⓗ䛻ᩚ⌮䛧䚸䛝䜟䜑䛶⊂≉䛺䝍䜲䛾஦ᴗ⪅ᵓ㐀䛚䜘䜃つ ไ䛾ᵓ㐀䛻䛴䛔䛶ゎㄝ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸䝍䜲䛷䛿䠎䛴䛾ᅜႠ௻ᴗ䛜

concession䠄Ⴀᴗᶒ䠅䜢

௜୚䛩䜛ᶒ฼䜢᭷䛧䚸௚஦ᴗ⪅䛿䛭䜜䜢ཷ䛡䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚㏻ಙ䝃䞊䝡䝇䜢㛤ጞ䛷䛝䜛䛸䛔䛖➇த

ୖ䛾ไ⣙䛜㛗䛟⥆䛔䛶䛔䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸⊂❧つไᶵ㛵䛩䛺䜟䛱䝍䜲ᅜᐙᨺ㏦㏻ಙጤဨ఍

䠄

National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission, NBTC

䠅䛻䜘䜛䝷䜲䝉䞁䝅䞁䜾䛻

⛣⾜䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸ᕷሙ䛾⮬⏤໬䛜㐍䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸➇தಁ㐍䛾䛯䜑䛻䜒䚸᝟ሗ໬䛾ຠᯝ 䛻㛵䛩䜛Ꮫ⾡ⓗ⿬௜䛡䛜䛝䜟䜑䛶㔜せ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜♧၀䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹

➨䠏❶䛿䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛻㛵㐃䛩䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜢ᴫほ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡䜢ᅜ䛾⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛸㛵 㐃䛵䛡䛶ศᯒ䛧䛯䝬䜽䝻⤒῭ศᯒ䛻㛵㐃䛩䜛ඛ⾜ᐇド◊✲䛾ᡂᯝ䜢⧳䜑䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ಶே䛚 䜘䜃௻ᴗ䛾䛭䜜䛮䜜䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䛾䝭䜽䝻⤒῭⤒῭ⓗศᯒ䛻㛵㐃䛩䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜢ᩚ⌮䛧䛶䛔 䜛䚹

➨䠐❶䛿䚸Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ䛻㐺⏝ྍ⬟䛺䝬䜽䝻⤒῭ศᯒ䛚䜘䜃䝭䜽䝻⤒῭ศᯒ䛾ᡭἲ䚸䛚䜘䜃

⤫ィゎᯒᡭἲ䜢ゎㄝ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ䛷䛿୍⯡䛻䝕䞊䝍䛾฼⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ䛿㝈䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛 䛯䜑䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䚸ᅜ඲య䛾᝟ሗ㏻ಙ㛵㐃䛾ᢏ⾡㐍Ṍ䛜ᅜ䛾⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛻୚䛘䜛䝬䜽䝻ⓗᙳ 㡪䜢ᐈほⓗ䛻ホ౯䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸ィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫ䛾ᡂ㛗఍ィ⌮ㄽ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ᐇドศᯒ䜢ᥦ᱌䛧䛶䛔 䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸䝭䜽䝻ⓗᙳ㡪䜢ศᯒ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸㠀㞟ィ䝕䞊䝍䛻ᇶ䛵䛟㞳ᩓᆺ㑅ᢥ䝰䝕䝹䛸䛧䛶ᮏ ㄽᩥ䛾┠ⓗ䛻㐺ษ䛺䝻䝆䝑䝖(Logit)䝰䝕䝹䛻䛴䛔䛶ゎㄝ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛾ศᯒ䛷⏝

䛔䜙䜜䛯䠑䛴䛾⤫ィⓗ᥎ᐃᡭἲ䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸᭱ᑠ஧஌ἲ䚸䠎ኚᩘ⮬ᕫᅇᖐ䝰䝕䝹䚸ከኚᩘ⮬

ᕫᅇᖐ䝰䝕䝹䚸஧㡯䝻䝆䝇䝔䜱䝑䜽ᅇᖐ䛚䜘䜃☜ᐃⓗᅉᏊศᯒ䛻䛴䛔䛶ゎㄝ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹

➨䠑❶䛿䚸ICT 䛾䝬䜽䝻⤒῭Ꮫⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛸䛧䛶䚸䠎䛴䛾䜿䞊䝇䝇䝍䝕䜱䛾⤖ᯝ䜢♧䛧䛶䛔 䜛䚹䜎䛪䚸ICT 䛸ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ䛸䛾㛫䛻ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸⤫ィⓗ䛻᳨ド䛧 䛶䛔䜛䚹ICT ᾘ㈝䚸ICT ᢞ㈨䛚䜘䜃ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ䛾ྥୖ䛾㛫䛾ᅉᯝᛶ䛜᭷ព䛷䛒䜛䛛ྰ䛛䜢䚸 䜾䝺䞁䝆䝱䞊ᅉᯝᛶ䝔䝇䝖䜢⏝䛔䛶ศᯒ䜢⾜䛺䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ICTᾘ㈝䛚䜘䜃

ICT

ᢞ㈨䛿┤

᥋ⓗ䛻ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ䛾ྥୖ䛻ᐤ୚䛩䜛䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸๓⪅䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿

ICT

ᢞ㈨䜢㏻䛨䛶㛫᥋ⓗ䛻 䜒ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ䛾ྥୖ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜♧䛥䜜䛯䚹䛣䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ປാ⪅䛾

ICT

ᾘ㈝䛜 άⓎ䛻䛺䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶ᶵჾ➼䛜䜘䜚ຠᯝⓗ䛻฼⏝䛥䜜䜛䛯䜑䛻

ICT

ᢞ㈨䜢ಁ䛧䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝປ

ാ⏕⏘ᛶ䛻ṇ䛾ᙳ㡪䜢䜒䛯䜙䛩䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ḟ䛔䛷䚸䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾᥇⏝䛜䝬䜽䝻⤒

῭ⓗᣦᶆ䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛䛛䜢䚸ከኚᩘ⮬ᕫᅇᖐ䝰䝕䝹䜢⏝䛔䛶ศᯒ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜽䝷 䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛸ᅜෆ⥲⏕⏘䚸㞠⏝䛚䜘䜃ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ䛸䛾㛫䛻䛔䛛䛺䜛㛵ಀ䛜䛒䜛䛛䜢᫬⣔

ิⓗ䛻᥎ᐃ䛧䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝ᑗ᮶ண 䜢ヨ䜏䚸䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾㐍ᒎ䛻క䛔ྛᣦᶆ 䛻ୖ᪼ഴྥ䛜ఛ䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜♧䛥䜜䛯䚹

➨䠒❶䛿䚸ICT 䛾䝭䜽䝻⤒῭Ꮫⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ᥦ♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䠎⠇䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䚸➨䠍

⠇䛷䛿䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛻㛵㐃䛧䛶䚸䝡䝆䝛䝇䝺䝧䝹䛾䠎௳䛾䜿䞊䝇䝇䝍䝕䜱䛚䜘䜃฼⏝⪅䝺 䝧䝹䛾䠎௳䛾䜿䞊䝇䝇䝍䝕䜱䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ᥦ♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䝡䝆䝛䝇䝺䝧䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛᭱ึ䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷 䛿䚸௻ᴗ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛜䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䝃䞊䝡䝇㛵㐃ᨭฟ䛾ῶᑡ 䜢㏻䛨䛶䚸௻ᴗ䛻౽┈䜢୚䛘䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛯䚹䠎␒┠䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷䛿䚸ᑗ᮶䛾䜽䝷䜴䝗 ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾᥇ᢥせᅉ䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ド䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䛯せᅉ䛾䛖䛱䚸௻ᴗつᶍ䛿䜽䝷 䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾᥇ᢥ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䛺䛔䛣䛸䛜䜟䛛䜚䚸ྠ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛿䛒䜙䜖䜛つᶍ䛾௻ᴗ䛻䛚 䛔䛶᥇⏝䛾ពྥ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹

䛴䛔䛷䚸➨䠎⠇䛷䛿฼⏝⪅䝺䝧䝹䛻↔Ⅼ䜢ᙜ䛶䚸䝍䜲䛾ே䚻䛜᭱䜒䜘䛟฼⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛

ICT

䝃䞊䝡䝇䛷䛒䜛䝰䝞䜲䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛➇தಁ㐍䛻╔┠䛧䚸฼⏝⪅䛜஦ᴗ⪅䜢ኚ᭦䛩䜛⾜ື䛾せᅉ ศᯒ䜢⾜䛺䛳䛯䚹᭱ึ䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷䛿䚸஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦⾜ື䛻↔Ⅼ䜢ᙜ䛶䚸฼⏝⪅䛾≉ᛶ䚸䝰䝞䜲 䝹฼⏝ᩱ㔠䚸฼⏝ྍ⬟䛺䝃䞊䝡䝇䚸䝤䝷䞁䝗䜲䝯䞊䝆䛚䜘䜃஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦㈝⏝䛜஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦⾜

ື(mobile switching behavior)䛾Ỵᐃせᅉ䛸䛺䜚䛖䜛䛣䛸䜢௬ᐃ䛧䚸஧㡯䝻䝆䝑䝖䝰䝕䝹䛻䜘䜚ศ ᯒ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸㒔ᕷ䛻ᒃఫ䛩䜛䝇䝬䞊䝖䝣䜷䞁฼⏝⪅䛒䜛䛔䛿䝰䝞䜲䝹䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䛺䛹

㧗ᗘ䛺䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾฼⏝䜔㧗䛔฼⏝ᩱ㔠䛿஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦䛻ṇ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛୍᪉䛷䚸㧗㱋⪅䛒 䜛䛔䛿䝋䞊䝅䝱䝹䝯䝕䜱䜰䜔䝀䞊䝮䛾฼⏝䚸஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦㈝⏝䛿㈇䛾ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜♧䛥䜜 䛯䚹䠎␒┠䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷䛿䚸๓䜿䞊䝇䛸ྠᵝ䛾฼⏝⪅䜢ᑐ㇟䛻䚸஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦䜢ಁ㐍䛩䜛ㅖせᅉ 䛚䜘䜃ጉ䛢䜛ㅖせᅉ䛜䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛹䛾⛬ᗘ஦ᴗ⪅ኚ᭦䛾䛂ಁ㐍䛃䛚䜘䜃䛂㜼ᐖ䛃䛻㈉⊩䛧䛶䛔 䜛䛛䜢䚸ᅉᏊศᯒ䛻䜘䛳䛶ศᯒ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸฼⏝ᩱ㔠䡠䝃䞊䝡䝇䜈䛾୙‶䛚䜘䜃㟁Ἴ≧ἣ 䛜䛂ಁ㐍䛃䛾኱䛝䛟㈉⊩䛧䚸௚᪉䚸ᦠᖏ㟁ヰ␒ྕ䛾⥅⥆౑⏝䛸ኚ᭦ᡭ⥆䛾㠃ಽ䛜䛂㜼ᐖ䛃䛻㈉

⊩䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜ᑟ䛛䜜䛯䚹

➨䠓❶䛿䚸䛥䛝䛾䠏䛴䛾❶䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯ᐇドศᯒ⤖ᯝ䛾䛭䜜䛮䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸Ꮫ⾡䛚䜘䜃ᨻ⟇

䛾どⅬ䛛䜙ព࿡䛵䛡䜢⾜䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹ᮏㄽᩥ䛿䚸䝍䜲䜢ᑐ㇟䛻䚸䝬䜽䝻䝺䝧䝹䛚䜘䜃䝭䜽䝻䝺䝧 䝹䛾ศᯒ䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛯䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸䜘䜚⥲ྜⓗ䛻

ICT

䛾᭷⏝ᛶ䜢♧䛧䛯䛣䛸䚸䛥䜙䛻䚸ᅜ䚸䝡䝆 䝛䝇䛚䜘䜃ಶู฼⏝⪅䛾ྛ䝺䝧䝹䛷ホ౯䛧䛯䛣䛸䛷䚸ከ㠃ⓗ䛻Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ䛻䛚䛡䜛᝟ሗ໬᥎ 㐍䜢ホ౯䛩䜛ᯟ⤌䜢ᥦ♧䛧䚸ᐇドศᯒ䜢㏻䛨䛶䛭䛾᭷ຠᛶ䜢᳨ド䛧䛯䛣䛸䛜᭱኱䛾㈉⊩䛷䛒 䜛䛣䛸䛜♧䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹

➨䠔❶䛿䚸◊✲ෆᐜ䜢⥲ᣓ䛧䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛷♧䛥䜜䛯ᡭἲ䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䛸㝈⏺䛻ゐ䜜䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸௒

ᚋ䚸♫఍ⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ䜢㧗䜑䜛䛯䜑䛻ᚲせ䛺ᨵၿ䛸Ⓨᒎ䛾᪉ྥᛶ䜢⪃ᐹ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹 䛺䛚䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛿ⱥㄒ䛷ᇳ➹䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹

䠏䠊 ホ౯

᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡䛻㛵䛩䜛ㅖᨻ⟇䛜♫఍⤒῭䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䜢ィ 䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ィ㔞⤒῭

Ꮫⓗศᯒᡭἲ䛾㐺⏝䛜ຠᯝⓗ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛣䜝䛜䚸Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸᝟ሗ㏻ಙ䝃䞊䝡䝇 䛾䜘䛖䛻᪂䛯䛻ฟ⌧䛧䛯䝃䞊䝡䝇䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸ከ䛟䛾ሙྜ䚸䝕䞊䝍䛾⵳✚䛜㐍䜎䛪䚸ศᯒ䛾䛯 䜑䛾䝕䞊䝍཰㞟䛜ᅔ㞴䛷䛒䜛䛜㠀ᖖ䛻኱䛝䛺ไ⣙䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䚸㞟ィⓗ䛺ᯟ⤌䜏 䛾୰䛷᝟ሗ㏻ಙ඲య䜢䝬䜽䝻⤒῭ⓗどⅬ䛛䜙ᤊ䛘䚸ᅜ඲య䛾⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᐤ୚䜢ᐇド

ⓗ䛻ศᯒ䛧䛯◊✲䜔䚸䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖ㄪᰝ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝᝟ሗ㏻ಙ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾฼⏝⪅䛾㑅ዲ䜢☜⋡䝰䝕 䝹䛻౫ᣐ䛧䛶ศᯒ䛩䜛䛺䛹䚸ᐇ⾜ྍ⬟ᛶ䛻㓄៖䛧䛯◊✲䜢㐙⾜䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹ᮏㄽᩥ䛾≉

ᚩ䛿䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ၥ㢟䛻㓄៖䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ䛾㧗ᗘ᝟ሗ໬᥎㐍ᨻ⟇䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛭䛾⤒

῭ຠᯝ䜢ᐈほⓗ䛛䛴ᐃ㔞ⓗ䛻ホ౯䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾䝣䝺䞊䝮䝽䞊䜽䜢ᥦ♧䛧䚸ᐇドⓗ䛻䛭䛾᭷ຠᛶ 䜢᳨ド䛧䛯䛣䛸䛻䛒䜛䚹ලయⓗ䛻䛿䚸ICT 䛜⤒῭඲య䚸䝡䝆䝛䝇䛚䜘䜃฼⏝⪅䛾ྛẁ㝵䛷⤒῭

୺య䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䜢య⣔ⓗ䛻ᤊ䛘䜛䛣䛸䜢௻ᅗ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾ᑐ㇟䛻䛴䛔䛶䝰䝕䝹䜢 ᥦ♧䛧䚸ᐇドศᯒ䜢⾜䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹⤒῭Ꮫ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛩䛷䛻☜❧䛥䜜䛯ศᯒᡭἲ䜢㐺⏝䛩䜛䛣 䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ホ౯᪉ἲ䛾ᐈほᛶ䜢ᢸಖ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜽䝷䜴䝗ᆺ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾䜘䛖䛺䚸௒᪥䛻䛚䛡䜛᭱

ඛ➃䛾

ICT

䝃䞊䝡䝇䜢䜒ศᯒᑐ㇟䛻ྵ䜑䚸ᐈほⓗ䛛䛴ໟᣓⓗ䛻ᐇドศᯒ䛩䜛ᯟ⤌䜏䜢ᥦ᱌

䛧䚸ᨻ⟇䜢ホ౯䛩䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢♧䛩䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯Ⅼ䛻኱䛝䛺≉Ⰽ䛜䛒䜛䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹

ᮏㄽᩥ䛿䚸㧗ᗘ᝟ሗ໬᥎㐍ᨻ⟇䛻䛚䛡䜛⤒῭ຠᯝ䛾ィ 䛻㛵䛩䜛᪂䛯䛺ᯟ⤌䜏䜢ᥦ♧

䛧䚸ᐇドศᯒ䜢㏻䛨䛶䛭䛾᭷ຠᛶ䜢᳨ド䛧䛯䚹ICT䛻䜘䛳䛶ᅜ䚸ᐙィ㒊㛛୪䜃䛻௻ᴗ㒊㛛䛻䜒 䛯䜙䛥䜜䜛⤒῭ຠ⋡䛻䛴䛔䛶ᐈほⓗ䚸ᐃ㔞ⓗ䛺ホ౯䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢♧䛧䛯䛣䛸䚸䜎䛯䚸ලయⓗ䛺஦

౛䛻ᇶ䛵䛝ᗈ⠊䛺䝕䞊䝍཰㞟䛸⦓ᐦ䛺⤫ィⓗゎᯒ䜢⾜䛺䛖䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䛭䜜䜙䛾ᐇドྍ⬟ᛶ䜢

☜ㄆ䛧䛯䛣䛸䛿䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛾⊂๰ⓗ䛺Ⅼ䛷䛒䜚䚸ᅔ㞴䛺◊✲䜢ᡂ䛧㐙䛢䛯㈗㔜䛺ᡂᯝ䛜┒䜙䜜 䛶䛔䜛䚹

᝟ሗ໬䛾ຠᯝ䛿⏕⏘⪅䛻㝈ᐃ䛥䜜䜛䜒䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᾘ㈝⪅ഃ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䛥䜎䛦䜎䛺ຠᯝ䛜

Ⓨ⌧䛩䜛䚹᝟ሗ໬䛾┠ⓗ䛜᝟ሗ㏻ಙ䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾ᩚഛ䛛䜙䛭䛾฼ά⏝䛻⛣䜚䛴䛴䛒䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸 䛭䛾ᩚഛ䛻㛵䛩䜛ᅜ䛾ᨻ⟇ⓗ㛵୚䛜⤒῭ⓗ䛺ຠᯝ䜢ᣢ䛴ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸ᕷሙ䛾ᶵ⬟䜢⿵᏶䛩䜛 ᨻᗓ䛾㛵୚䛻᰿ᣐ䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䜒ྍ⬟䛸䛺䜛䚹௒ᚋ䚸䛥䜙䛻㧗ᗘ䛺᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡䛜ᐇ⏝໬䛥䜜 䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᑗ᮶䛻ᑟධ䛥䜜䜛᝟ሗ㏻ಙ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾౽┈䜢ண 䛩䜛䛣䛸䜈䛾ᚲせᛶ䛿䛔䛳䛭 䛖ቑ䛩䛸ண᝿䛥䜜䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛷♧䛧䛯ᐃ㔞ⓗ䛺ศᯒᡭἲ䛾㔜せᛶ䛿䛥䜙䛻㧗䜎䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹 䜎䛯䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛿䚸ᅜ㝿ⓗ䛺どⅬ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ䛾㧗䛔ᡭἲ䜢ᥦ᱌䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ASEAN

⤒῭⤫ྜ䛻ྥ䛡䚸ྛᅜ䛻䛚䛡䜛᝟ሗ໬ㅖ᪋⟇䜢ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䜒ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹 䠐䠊 ཱྀ㏙ヨ㦂䛷䛾㉁␲ᛂ⟅䛸ᑂᰝ⤖ᯝ

ᮏㄽᩥᑂᰝጤဨ఍䛿䚸Chutipong Keesookpun 䛛䜙ᥦฟ䛥䜜䛯Ꮫ఩ㄳồㄽᩥ䜢ᰝㄞ䛧䚸

2013

ᖺ

12

᭶

6

᪥䛻

2

᫬㛫వ䛻䜟䛯䜚ཱྀ㏙ヨ㦂䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹୺䛯䜛ㄽⅬ䛿௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛 䠄ᣓᘼෆ䛿ᅇ⟅䠅䚹

䠄䠍䠅

ICT

䛾㈇䛾ഃ㠃䛻䛴䛔䛶ゐ䜜䜙䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䛜䚸䛭䜜䛿䛺䛬䛛䚹

䠄㈇䛾ഃ㠃䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛿ㄆ㆑䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸䝍䜲䛾Ẹ୺໬㐠ື䛜䝋䞊䝅䝱 䝹䝯䝕䜱䜰䜔䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁䝯䝕䜱䜰䛻䜘䛳䛶ᡪື䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛஦ᐇ䛜䛒䜛䚹ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䚸ICT 䛾Ⓨᒎ䛻㈨䛩䜛䛯䜑ṇ䛾ഃ㠃䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䚹௒ᚋ䛿䚸㈇䛾ഃ㠃䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ศᯒ䜢ຍ䛘 䛯䛔䚹䠅

䠄䠎䠅 䠒✀㢮䛾ㄢ㢟タᐃ䛿ከ䛟ឤ䛨䜙䜜䚸䛭䜜䜙䛾┦஫㛵ಀ䛜䜟䛛䜚䛻䛟䛔䚹

䠄䛣䜜䜙䛿┦஫䛻㛵ಀ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䝭䜽䝻䝺䝧䝹䛾㞟ィ䛜䝬䜽䝻䛻䛴䛺䛜䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ㄽᩥ

䛷䛿䠒䛴䛾ಶู䛾䜿䞊䝇䜢ᢅ䛳䛯䛯䜑䚸┦஫䛾㛵ಀ䛜䜘䛟ぢ䛘䛺䛔䛝䜙䛔䛿䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜 䜙䜢䚸ಶே䝺䝧䝹䚸⏘ᴗ䝺䝧䝹䚸ᅜ䝺䝧䝹䛻ศ㢮䛧䛶ᥦ♧䛧䛯䚹䠅

䠄䠏䠅 ඛ⾜◊✲䛾䝃䞊䝧䜲䛜➨䠎❶䛾䜋䛛䚸ศᯒ䜢グ㏙䛧䛯ྛ❶䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒⾜䛺䜟䜜䛶䛔 䜛䚹

䠄➨䠎❶䛷䛿䚸ㄽᩥ䛷ᢅ䛖ㄢ㢟඲⯡䛻㛵㐃䛩䜛䜒䛾䛻䛸䛹䜑䚸ྛ❶䛷ಶูㄢ㢟䛻㛵㐃 䛩䜛ᩥ⊩䛾䝃䞊䝧䜲䜢♧䛧䛯䚹䛩䜉䛶䜢୍䛴䛻⧳䜑䛶䛧䜎䛖䛸䚸ΰ஘䜢⏕䜐䛚䛭䜜䛜䛒 䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䚹䠅

䠄䠐䠅 䝍䜲䛾䝰䝞䜲䝹䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䝇䜲䝑䝏䞁䜾䝁䝇䝖䛸⿵᏶㈈䛸䛾㛵ಀ䛿䛔䛛䛺䜛䜒䛾䛛䚹

䠄䝍䜲䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛸␗䛺䜚䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䜔➃ᮎ䛿䜰䞁䝞䞁䝗䝹䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䝞䞁䝗䝹䛥䜜䛶 䛔䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜛➇த㜼ᐖ䛾⛬ᗘ䛿ప䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹䠅

䠄䠑䠅 ศᯒ䛿䝍䜲䛻㝈ᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜

ICT

䛿䜾䝻䞊䝞䝹䛺ᒎ㛤䜢䜒䛴䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䚹 䠄ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䝍䜲䛾䜿䞊䝇䛻㞟୰䛧䛯䛜䚸䝍䜲䛾

ICT

ᨻ⟇䛿᪥⡿Ḣ䛾ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ䛻ೌ䛳 䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䛾ព࿡䛷䛿䛭䜜䜙䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ᙉ䛟ཷ䛡䛶䛔䜛䚹䝍䜲䛻䛚䛔䛶

ICT

䛜༑ศ䛻Ⓨ

ᒎ䛩䜜䜀䚸࿘㎶ㅖᅜ䜈䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ຍ࿡䛧䛯䜘䜚ᅜ㝿ⓗ䛺ศᯒ䛜ྍ⬟䛸䛺䜛䚹䠅 䠄䠒䠅 ᮏ◊✲䛾௚ᅜ䜈䛾ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ䛿䛔䛛䛜䛛䚹

䠄᪥ᮏ䛿

ICT

䛻㛵䛧䛶⊂⮬䛾Ⓨᒎ䜢㐙䛢䛯䛜䚸䝍䜲䛿ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ䛻ೌ䛳䛶䛭䜜䜙䜢⤌䜏

ྜ䜟䛫䛯ᨻ⟇䜢䛸䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹⌧᫬Ⅼ䛷䛿

ICT

ศ㔝䛻䛚䛔䛶࿘㎶ㅖᅜ䛸䛾㐃ᦠ䛿ᐦ᥋ 䛷䛿䛺䛔䛜䚸ASEAN 䛾⤒῭⤫ྜ䛜㐩ᡂ䛥䜜䜜䜀䚸ྠ୍䛾ᯟ⤌䜢

ASEAN

ㅖᅜ䛻㐺

⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᮇᚅ䛷䛝䜛䛯䜑䚸䝍䜲䛻䛚䛡䜛ศᯒ䛜ά䛛䛥䜜䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䚹䠅

ཱྀ㏙ヨ㦂䛾ෆᐜ䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸ៅ㔜䛛䛴⥲ྜⓗ䛻ᑂᰝ䜢⾜䛺䛳䛯⤖ᯝ䚸༤ኈᏛ఩ㄳồㄽᩥ䛸 䛧䛶䛾Ỉ‽䜢༑ศ‶䛯䛧䛶䛔䜛䜒䛾䛸ุ᩿䛧䚸䛣䜜䜢ཷ⌮䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻඲ጤဨ䛜ྜព䛧䛯䚹

2013

ᖺ

12

᭶

25

᪥

༤ኈᏛ఩ㄽᩥᑂᰝጤဨ఍ጤဨ

୺ᰝ ᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫᩍᤵ ༤ኈ䠄ᕤᏛ䠅䠄㇏ᶫᢏ⾡⛉Ꮫ኱Ꮫ䠅 ୕཭ ோᚿ

᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫᩍᤵ ᩥᏛ༤ኈ䠄ᮾி㒔❧኱Ꮫ䠅 ᑠᯘ ⱥኵ

᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫᩍᤵ

M.Phil. in Economics䠄䜸䝑䜽䝇䝣䜷䞊䝗኱Ꮫ䠅

໭ᮧ ṓ἞

ᶓ὾ᕷ❧኱Ꮫᩍᤵ ༤ኈ䠄ၟᏛ䠅䠄៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫ䠅 ୰ᮧ ᙲᏹ