ウラン系列短寿命核種を用いた地殻下におけるマグマ進化の時間スケールの解明: 研究の現状と課題
8
0
0
全文
(2) !"#$%&'() . ,. Timescales of magmatic evolution in crustal magma chambers constrained from U-series radioactive disequilibria: A brief review Takeshi KURITANI. +
(3) .
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) . %PO9qB<ef"*.:r gA< s(% t"u-
(8) %%Pv r. ! "#$%. .:w:;:! " ./d
(9) ef xyS.
(10)
(11) & '(
(12) % )
(13)
(14) . z{5 =od
(15) ef #|}v g. *+,- ./% 01 . :%:"hc<A%,~.\G! ". 23245672 . <Q= =od
(16) efnB
(17)
(18) . 89456:;< ,=>?. *+C >
(19) ?B@G%:l8m...
(20) @A (Fig. +)! -B -C D: . %S
(21)
(22) *+ JK
(23)
(24) X*OAB. EB% -)B
(25)
(26) ,=
(27) . c
(28)
(29) b 5 c:34
(30) %?. F!GH Jaupart and Tait, +33/I!
(31)
(32) *+. O@G$TU#L B9B "*.efOQ. JK
(33)
(34) C " #L
(35)
(36) . A< F!GH Kuritani, +333 ; Kuritani et al., ,**/I!. $MN3C O%P<QRK.%S TU#T. -h0. TU#LPC B9B. &'O() VTUW
(37)
(38) *+X*+O%. DEFOG:
(39)
(40) *+C . PY.Z[,.\! -".
(41)
(42) 2=. OH8 IJZ dJ.K9. C O-
(43) %P<Q
(44)
(45) ]^_`ab. OQ:! "#$% =od
(46) L xy:. c:./d
(47) ef"*.V gA<. M
(48)
(49) bb 5 .. F!GH Campbell and Turner, +321 ; Jellinek and Kerr,. /d
(50) z{5|} J:
(51) [,%NO)<. +333 ; Kaneko and Koyaguchi, ,*** ; Kerr and Tait, +32/ ;. "O! -".P. D. Tait and Jaupart, +323 ; Turner et al., +320I! *<-h. QRSOTGB
(52)
(53) b 5. 0. 1234
(54)
(55) Oi5,6O7L. %PO9qB gA<ef c: -. jS k l8m.OnB<=od
(56) efZ. LOU B *< ¡./d
(57) z{5|} ¢. pS g: F!GH Hess, +31, ; McBirney,. G
(58) ?7L£ O¤S¥¦B<§V ef. +33/ ; Shirley, +321 ; Simura and Ozawa, ,**0I!. ¨X,WXV%© c:*Q!. "#$
(59)
(60) *+ JK
(61)
(62) C ª21.ῌ*3*- <«YZ¬J® ¯[<d<d°%defo\] def±^ Institute for Geothermal Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Noguchibaru, Beppu, Oita 21.ῌ*3*-, Japan ¨²] : ª32*ῌ2/12 ³´«_`¬abµ¶·ab 0ῌcd<d<d°%defode¸. Present address : Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 0ῌ-, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 32*ῌ2/12, Japan. e-mail : [email protected] S3 +1 IfPTUd¹efºg»¼».
(63) »a. 72. ¼ 9 @" rs ij: )\; t,-*Th/,-,Thu ,-*Th ,-,Th >? .Mi /: t(,-*Th/ ,-,. Th)u ,-*Th ,-,Th .Mi QQM)\. ; t %v01O@ e]l,-*Th · t * 2w:
(64) #$ 0 !" 67%8- ,-*Th ,-2U . %xy:@Q%j 3
(65) #$=ln,/l Mi Q3z9 {|C!
(66) %BHB}~k 67 4 5"67R 89
(67) #$i )\ ;. ,-2. U-,-*Th /0 aY. ,-*. Th
(68) #$% 1 : /. ;&Miq + :&.* :&< BHB C D/-Q%MO Q =>@ ? 67klmEmmMi ,-*Th- ,,0Ra /0 g` @ R 67klmE 3+** Fig. +. Schematic illustration of a magma chamber, showing the inferred mechanisms of magmatic processes. Schematic temperature profile is also shown.. 2*** &<9 BHB}~k 6745$%-. Q%Mi Q 4 ,,0Ra-,+*Pb AF ,-,. Th-,,2Ra A@L>8> +** &4h }~k. /-Q%MO @" {|C! BA >8 R@ )\; Bourdon et al.. ,
(69) ,ῌ+ ,-2. U. ,-/. (,**-) @L:O CDM {. |C! BA >8\ BCDE}~kU. . %FEA@L (,**/) . U ,-,Th
(70) . q .
(71) . ,ῌ, !"#$%&. ! "
(72)
(73). BHBF(G BHB%L '*H.I>. #$%&
(74)
(75) #$'() *+,. K- J8-5M)8K>Mi. -&
(76) .
(77) /0 12%. / qGGL:BHB%. 3
(78)
(79) #$ 0 45 67%89 :. M>N !: O P¡8!MK: R. ; < 3=lN ; l : N : >?9 %. BHBF(G BHB%Q¢RS:6£+. :@ 3 A9 : : BCDEFG . W¤C}¥CHZ R *'*@lmkMiV*. .BHB IJK@LM &
(80)
(81) %. _ ¦£ Q¢R &'TQ%MO ;. NOPQR A 2%. :.
(82)
(83) #$ 0 !" 67 S T. A 2U#V*- QM Q W AU. BHB K67 §:8-q 1O@ ¨% (UQ%MO Q Q Rb-Sr !F Sm-Nd !V ©I0. #(XYZ $%:&'([*Q%MO. ª«~C%¬ Q&' W% {|C!. )\;. BA% ®$ $XR. ,-2. U- ,-* Th &
(84) ]
(85) /0 3^_. O. 7
(86) %*`-9 aY b[. (Alle ◊gre, +302 ; Kigoshi, +301) ):. 2cd-e. ©I0ª«~C YeZ (Fig. ,) ¯- T=*. ῌ,-*Th῏ ῌ ,-2U ῏ ῌ,-*Th῏ ῍,-, ῐ=῍,-, ῐ3+]e ]l,-*Th · t9f῍,-, ῐ e ]l,-*Th · t ῎ Thῑ ῎ Thῑ ῎ Thῑ* (+). +gR Q e" l,-*Th . Th . ,-*. U- ,-*Th !. ,-2. " BHB 3°±9 ²ED]IJ7 U/Th . [%³@IJ (A B C) %J:- _ BHB '*@´µ+,hMD¥{¶ PO@q (,-*Th/,-,Th) .Kp· (,-2U /,-, Th) . o%: ©I\Z¯-'*. hO * U Th %PO6,i. BHB \)]^5_¸ (A* B* C*) . j- 3- ,-,Th ,-2U- ,-*Th ! 67klmEM. ¹ D¥{¶ .e (+) º67K-. n o@pq reference :%. % `M U/Th .. ,-*. Th
(87) #$ mm.
(88) )Ac-d*&
(89) [·¸ursrG ""wZ¹º»"f3¼¹. 73. rG ""1w 3
(90) .H
(91) }L"@v~. }rsr" ~ 3ILB. |
(92) Stl8J E<3 ._3
(93) (Hawkesworth et al., ,**.) t *U0-lE n
(94) 0*oH$%&'()0B
(95) K "i* }L"@v~ S3Lwx
(96) >qE=
(97) (T9 R" MHNO ,-2. U-,-*Th A3 ,-* Th-,,0Ra A*P& L. ,-*. Th A"H$%&'()|J"Q-ln
(98) 3.
(99) .L. 6JE|| J. ,,0. Ra. U-. 45.
(100)
(101) 6BtlR 2 S-l]
(102) Th-Ra *d77 3
(103) .RUV L. ,-2. T2. 9 9<kZ.
(104) (Turner et al., ,**-a) _"-. L (T Fig. ,. A U-Th equiline diagram, showing the evolution of a mineral/whole-rock isochron. See text for details.. 9)"$W xenocryst [rsr?tlWXY "ZJ| n
(105) L \*#l t *U +" rsr?tl|J[\" ]^)"ZJ A l UVW")"_`R'.
(106)
(107) . aS 3
(108) .b*b
(109) 3TJ. Tt At,. (Charlier and Zellmer, ,*** ; Turner et al., ,**-a) _. +!e!l,-*Th · t " #$. J"_3|J )Ac-d"H$%&'(. %&'()*+ ,"-.
(110) /0" 0 . ) rsrG "*wZ S. Bt, Ct . 12345 equi-. tlJ e f
(111)
(112) " fS3
(113) T. line 66,-2U7/6,-*Th7+7 389 . g* H[* M h. ". 6$%&'() :3 equiline "; 6<=%. 9 4i5*j k T%¡)N Z¢. >7 *?@7 . S lm*U0. Th- ,,0Ra AB
(114) . ,-*. 6JS. C D*E
(115) Ra 3 F. | £| gH* M ¤lm"9. "G* Ba * reference 3 H$%&'(). nD No*pq"¥rS _". IJ K Ra 3 Ba "L!MN". 3¦3#\§
(116)
(117) UVW")*. !O""P
(118) *#$ Q%&
(119) J" R. &
(120) L 0"Q%B
(121) Condomines et al.. Ra. 'S 6(T9 Condomines et al., ,**-7 E UVW") *U+"
(122) /0,XY -
(123) 0.+ Z9. ,-2. U-,-*Th A[ ,-* Th-,,0Ra. A \"H$%&'()*/& ]
(124) UVW"*. (,**-) s pt3J
(125) " ¨t"Su. ©J*ªv w
(126) ,ῌ- ΐῒῌ῍῏῎ῐῑ. E3E3«¬Sf rsr" U/Th , J|". U0*^_3 `1a2S . 2-fx"
(127) /0,Xiy-".. Ar-Ar 3[. ©= >q J"rsr ,". bcJ"H$%&'()0. C 3 \456J *U0[d7. +.. ef
(128). 3®`1$%&'()*+ "2 6{W$%&'(. 8g"*U039hi":jR;. 0"z/&_3. <kZ
(129) (Condomines, +331 ; Jicha et al., ,**/ ;. )7 Btl (Fig. ,)
(130) E3E3"«¬ rsr. Volpe and Hammond, +33+) "R *U0-l. <¯ U/Th ,. rsr. A* B* C*. 8mn
(131) 0*oE"=p<kZ
(132) . O° Tt u| At Bt Ct. (Black et al., +332 ; Cooper et al., ,**+ ; Heath et al., +332 ;. 3 } rsr" U/Th ," T2 rsr". Volpe, +33,) _"-. >q J"i* rs. *U+±Sf >q ~²3*U0"z&
(133). r?tluL"@vS3wx_3. _3. *U0"z
(134) }{W$. a2Sl (T9rsr?tl.u)". %&'()0~ }rsr"*U0~ 3 ". AB[rsr"Cy2"1w
(135) zD E<. +F³ 6U/Th ," T+"rsr"«¬´ T2. *F{ 6(T9 Cooper et al., ,**+7 | rs. "7. µ¶_3[ N".
(136) »n. 74. ¼.
(137)
(138)
(139) ! "#$%& '() *%*+,$ -./ U/ Th 01234 56& 789. 1& ) : ;<* ./
(140) =%6
(141) > <? U-Th @U
(142) !"A * # $BC DE=C=
(143) .%&'' (Kuritani et al., submitted)) F ()* G"H. =$ IJ+0,K-1&' @'(L Kuno, +30/ ; Philpotts et al., +330 ; M.7 % +32+A N
(144) K-3OP1&Q/) '0RST1RSU
(145) V W2".%&
(146) X3 %V*& ) .%&4(YZ. Fig. -. A U-Th equiline diagram, illustrating the principle to obtain a model age. See text for details.. $ [\[5F]6Z[\[789
(147) ,
(148) ^_`aOP1& U/Th
(149) 0 (Villemant and Fle ´hoc, +323) b :;
(150) `aO. 1[\[^_d.E=
(151) .g
(152) (,-*Th/,-,Th). P1& Ra/Th
(153) 0 (Evans, +333) 9`a. (,-*Th/,-,Th)d d @A) F B} l. K-1&<=%6 N&6
(154) 3. %&]' xy" MNVt"
(155) zO=. %&=>3*'?cd).
(156) .gZ (,-*Th/,-,Th) (,-*Th/,-,Th)p . ,ῌ. ῍ῌ῎ῐ῏. * 1[\[
(157) +,
(158) @`%&E] %t.E. ef
(159) `? .E=%6[\[@0
(160) gU<;h. =*"G6 A 0[\[ @xy"[\[A V. Aid$ Bj
(161) [\[5F]6jC
(162). 3$B}Br,ad) a. Dk3@0* E0[\[ @0[\[A 0. s
(163) JB0 [\[\-@0*q_ jW. [\[ @1[\[A
(164) F.El*"G&.
(165) '¡¢ U/Th $7890* 0. ?mnHoAI"' +. [\[
(166) (,-2U/,-,Th) $1[\[
(167) N&9*%a. ,$N
(168) `? ;<$: ) N '(L0. {( @A)
(169) q_ (+)
(170) (,-*Th/,-,Th) . [\[
(171) pl*q_$ J2
(172) 0[\[
(173). (,-*Th/ ,-,Th)d (,-*Th/,-,Th)* (,-*Th/,-,Th)p &G. Br, @ U- Th s
(174) q_$ ,-2. ,-*. Th/ Th A $ . ,-*. ,-,. 0[\[
(175) l/Kl* @tF] L
(176) 0u. *i `] Br,
(177) 0d gU @0
(178) gU<;hA ). vw$ A xy" MNVtzO=[\[
(179) Br.
(180) " 'a$ 1[\[+. Th/,-,Th
(181) 0%6. ,as
(182) JB0 K-1&%?. ,9*%a{(. ,-*. 0*gU<;h>3d p|Y&. t =;£"¤Z¥0£"b¦§cd. (Bourdon et al., +33. ; Widom et al., +33,)) FB}~. ') F h
(183) d' Bj.E$xy. A * 3l*zO=[\[
(184) %&
(185) >. "[\[$B}Br,Vt?¨3t. 3V|Y& (Condomines et al., +322)). ©c
(186) ªe«f3d`? ¬'$g1. '(L. U-,-*Th sZh%&
(187) PQ. & `?' ®h
(188) iZ¯ª'. (Fig. -) d) VR ;<* S T
(189). )
(190) ¨3$ <[hZ¥0£"°C. ,-2. UV'<[h @A
(191) WX. '] 16[\[
(192) jY±²³´B}'. `a [h$Br,9*. ?kµ¶·F&) *%* l¸5aV. U/Th $ [\[ @A Y-1& ?q. <[h
(193) Br,9
(194) `?¹1. _{() [h%6Z
(195) [\[
(196) e[
(197) . &
(198) %t$ ©cV®hm @'(L. Th
(199) ##79[Z&L (Turner. Elliott et al., +331 ; Kessel et al., ,**/ ; Yokoyama et al.,. et al., ,**+) Z6Zxy"[\[
(200) \-V. ,**-A) F jY*[\[
(201) [h%6
(202) ¤. d) l%&]'. e+ N
(203) ±²³´º?*Br,. ,-*.
(204) ´ EJ`aµb¶·+
(205) 5>KL"#"$ %&'()* ¸J¹ º»/¼T¹. 75. (Iwamori, +33. ; McKenzie, +32/ ; Spiegelman and Elliott, +33-)
(206) . ,ῌ/
(207) . !"#"$ %&'()*+,-. /0 12 34+, 05678
(208) 9 :;*+<0 =>?-@A
(209) B CDEF/:;*GH/+I0 67 @ +/ (Blake and Rogers, ,**/ ; Rogers et al., ,**. ; Vigier et al., +333) /0 Fig. .. . ,-*. Th-,,0Ra JKL. MN+O0. P"#" (,,0Ra/,-*Th) + , /0 Q
(210) B R + F ST"#"/UV"#" 9 W X/0O0 YZ !" [ \] Ra IY#@A^5_ Ra 12+$`05\]a678
(211) b (,,0Ra/,-*Th) cde/ SN F.C. C. DEFW ee fg 67! @ Ra 12 @ S%cV : & +0** 'W hi(\ ] jk ,,0Ra Y67lbmnA)2. Fig. .. A schematic (,,0Ra/,-*Th) ῌ F (the mass of remaining magma relative to the initial mass of magma) diagram, in which possible fractionation curves are shown. Filled circle indicates a parental magma, and filled squares represent observed lava compositions. A model curve for the observed compositions is schematically shown with a broken line. A fractionation curve indicated with F.C. is for the case of instantaneous fractional crystallization.. 00n "#" UV (,,0Ra/,-*Th) 1*o (p+) +q [ 67! @. +}7e/LZ fg N .. Ra 12 @hi\] Ra . O05?-;)t CDEF "#"M. 12+$`05CDEFqr5_ "#" . nbN 9"#" %&+K0 . +,0 (,,0Ra/,-*Th) @scd0 Qe. @A5%&KLO9"#" "#"M. e -.+/
(212) 0 ?-;)tua. nbN &+K0 :;*GH. 0]67!1+e/v S f. PAy8 x7]Q. g N 23W e .w456 Q [ x7. - . y8+9z :;*+0
(213) > {|. R ST2/0]5 I. i}7: fg ;~J. J"#"$ %&'()*+Uf. 678
(214) :;*+0
(215) > <= e/. + n Widom et al. (+33,) . >?/ @9^b/b A$. Azores Sao Miguel C ¡¢C SVz. ZB0LAg 00 "#" Sr Nd. : *.0ῌ*.1 km-W £WP"#" S¤*¡¥. Pb C9b eA C>. ¦XBW S!67 : 1, wt.ῌW & 3. @9 DEv\]a =>". Y' %&+ 05e/+ :;*'Z+
(216). #"/5 (,,0 Ra/,-* Th) +a>@9 . 5.J05 P"#"["#"+\. D0()'ab (Yokoyama et al., ,**0) Q. : !67 + %&§5+. BFe/G a 12+. ¨67!]pa© /ª/ Q 2«+*¬0 y¬+ /. , 0567:;*+H0>@9 D+. Bourdon et al. (+33.) F¢ Laacher See >®. me/ (Yokoyama et al., ,**0) Q. phonolite S& / km-W C¯:;*'. \]>@9 ( Ra/ Th) ^Q D . Z+
(217) 5.b W@AP"#" (basanite). 5hvIfe/ n5. S!67 : & 1* wt.ῌW +* Y' . "#";~J 678
(218) $05e/J. %&: 5e/+O05 Sa°1«+*¬0 y¬+W 5. a QaQa?-;)t+K0. ±0 >²^³05"#"Mnb/_^³0. ,,0. ,-*.
(219) ¼». 76. ,
(220) . ¼ /9Fl :Lmn6q*oq 7q. . 6
(221) ,pJ(/q Jr1. Turner et al. (,**-b) !"#$%& Sangeang. K V fg"? GHIhJ- . Api ' () * +*.*+ῌ*.+ km-, - .. sJ W l2F. */
(222) +
(223) 0 : 1* wt.ῌ, ,*** . 0 tu2L1(Jr. . 12* ( Ra/ Th)
(224) 2 ,,0. (a3.4+*5. y5+). ,-*. 1]Gfg"? GHIhJ2opv. Johansen et al. (,**/). LwxUxWrJ fg"? hJy. 678& La Palma 9:*. z_{ 7,|
(225) . ( Ra/ Th)
(226) 2 basanite / pho-. 2((Kl }]2~GG. ,,0. ,-*. nolite + *.*- km-, ;
(227) +
(228) 0 : 0* wt.. W: , K =\W. ῌ, +//*<+1/* 2 (a3.4+*5.. LL (,2Wl [\]^. y5+) Kuritani et al. (submitted) ' &. 2F /-!"7mn*o, q 7. 68. ** + - km-, +.C. =>:!". ,q6
(229) ,L2_k fg"? GHI. # +, $ 3 %&, ) ** + *.+ km-, . hJ2
(230) opJZ. U-,-*Th ?*&!@AB"=>:!"# +, $. ,-2. jPFk12eF . &, '/
(231) +
(232) 0 : 0, wt.ῌ, 3 %2 12(/ . ῏. (a314+*5/ y5+). k { +1 k' op . ῎. 1C)*2
(233) . 22~ W K K. - D+,E2FG- H /. * k' I¡¢. .!"0
(234) /0IJK. 1V
(235) ]^l. !"J1LMN0
(236) JO2(PQJK. opFK ; D £u W. 345R6STUV. ¤ ( ¥k¦ ¡W. W78W1L:X9( . ¢ § £¤¢29 rej¨¥¦UE. J 1LMNY:J;Z. 2§ V
(237) 11©¨ Nz. 12<[ /W =\ 1]. ( ª 167op«"U©¬11. G^>?32Z@_A`1 . ?op6ª®Q« ¬j . Ba
(238) 2CD(b!7cA-. ® C¯°¢ opNEU ¯2§. E,JZdeFZH. V
(239) °:±±² ( opF. fg"? GHIhJ2
(240) . kM³²O op° ´ ,+ V³. 2(K_
(241) LiMJQN ,* . COE op´µµ¶ +ª 167op. &/OjPFk]Gl J mQ. «", op´µ¶ +x¶· +11.*-/+, N. 1n opqW rrR
(242) K. op´2· H ±±² ( ; D. s-St K opJCuv fg. § £¤¢ \¸j k2¸¹(. "? GHIhJ
(243) L2FG1J LopTUJ. N º¹º»"2L H ©¨ Nz(H. VwW Wr21U xJD+ XY K
(244) Z [\]^J21NJyz _` ;{a2b: 6SBa |0 +*- <+*/ K H / VBc }d!~"JXeL !"7LJ XY
(245) - fK )*2g"(1Jh :i- Dj opJCuv fg"? GHIhJ 2Z(' !"7]^ klK. ῌ ῑ ῐ ῍ Alle ◊gre, C.J. (+302) ,-*Th dating of volcanic rocks. a comment. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., /, ,*3῍,+*. Black, S., Macdonald, R., DeVivo, B., Kilburn, C.R.J. and Rolandi, G. (+332) U-series disequilibria in young (A.D. +3..) Vesuvius rocks : preliminary implications for magma residence times and volatile addition. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 2,, 31῍+++. Blake, S and Rogers, N. (,**/) Magma di#erentiation rates from (,,0Ra/,-*Th) and the size and power output of magma chambers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., ,-0, 0/.῍ 003..
(246)
(247) !"#$%&'()*# Bourdon, B., Zindler, A. and Wo ¨rner, G. (+33.) Evolution of the Laacher See magma chamber : evidence from SIMS and TIMS measurements of U-Th disequilibria in minerals and glasses. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +,0, 1/ῌ3*. Bourdon, B., Turner, S., Henderson, G.M. and Lundstrom, C.C. (,**-) Introduction to U-series Geochemistry. In Uranium-Series Geochemistry (Bourdon, G.M., Henderson, G.M., Lundstrom, C.C. and Turner, S.P. eds), +ῌ,+, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry /,, Geological Society, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. Campbell, I.H. and Turner, J.S. (+321) A laboratory investigation of assimilation at the top of a basaltic magma chamber. J. Geol., 3/, +//ῌ+1,. Charlier, B. and Zellmer, G. (,***) Some remarks on U-Th mineral ages from igneous rocks with prolonged crystallization histories. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +2-, ./1ῌ.03. Condomines, M. (+331) Dating recent volcanic rocks through ,-*Th-,-2U disequilibrium in accessory minerals : example of the Puy de Do ˆme (French Massif Central). Geology, ,/, -1/ῌ-12. Condomines, M., Hemond, C. and Alle ◊gre, C. J. (+322) U-Th-Ra radioactive disequilibria and magmatic processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 3*, ,.-ῌ,0,. Condomines, M., Gauthier, P.-J., and Sigmarsson, O. (,**-) Timescales of magma chamber processes and dating of young volcanic rocks. In Uranium-Series Geochemistry (Bourdon, G. M., Henderson, G. M., Lundstrom, C. C. and Turner, S. P. eds), +,/ῌ+1., Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry /,, Geological Society, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. Cooper, K.M., Reid, M.R., Murrell, M.T. and Clague, D. A. (,**+) Crystal and magma residence at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii : ,-*Th-,,0Ra dating of the +3// east rift eruption. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +2., 1*-ῌ1+2. Elliott, T., Plank, T., Zindler, A., White, W. and Bourdon, B. (+331) Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana arc. J. Geophys. Res., +*,, +.33+ῌ+/*+3. Evans, P. (+333) A U-series disequilibrium study of the Longonot trachyte magma chamber, Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, The Open University, Milton Keynes. Hawkesworth, C., George, R., Turner, S. and Zellmer, G. (,**.) Time scales of magmatic processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., ,+2, +ῌ+0. Heath, E., Turner, S.P., Macdonald, R., Hawkesworth, C. J. and van Calsteren, P. (+332) Long magma residence times at an island arc volcano (Soufriese, St. Vincent) in the Lesser Antilles : evidence from ,-2U-,-*Th isochron dating. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +0*, .3ῌ0-. Hess, G. B. (+31,) Heat and mass transport during crystallization of the Stillwater Igneous Complex. Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir, +-,, /*-ῌ/,*. Iwamori, H. (+33.) ,-2U-,-*Th-,,0Ra and ,-/U-,-+Pa disequilibria produced by mantle melting with porous and channel flows. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +,/, +ῌ+0. Jaupart, C. and Tait, S. (+33/) Dynamics of di#erentiation in magma reservoirs. J. Geophys. Res., +**, +10+/ῌ+10-0.. 77. Jellinek, A.M. and Kerr, R.C. (+333) Mixing and compositional stratification produced by natural convection ,. Applications to the di#erentiation of basaltic and silicic magma chambers and komatiite lava flows. J. Geophys. Res., +*., 1,*-ῌ1,+2. Jicha, B.R., Singer, B.S., Beard, B.L. and Johnson, C. M. (,**/) Contrasting timescales of crystallization and magma storage beneath the Aleutian Island arc. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., ,-0, +3/ῌ,+*. Johansen, T.S., Hau#, F., Hoernle, K., Klu ¨gel, A. and Kokfelt. T.F. (,**/) Basanite to phonolite di#erentiation within +//*ῌ+1/* yr : U-Th-Ra isotopic evidence from the A.D. +/2/ eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands. Geology, --, 231ῌ3**. Kaneko, K. and Koyaguchi, T. (,***) Simultaneous crystallization and melting at both the roof and floor of crustal magma chambers : experimental study using NH.Cl-H,O binary eutectic system. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 30, +0+ῌ+1.. Kerr, R. C. and Tait, S. R. (+32/) Convective exchange between pore fluid and an overlying reservoir of denser fluid : a post-cumulus process in layered intrusions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1/, +.1ῌ+/0. Kessel., R., Schmidt, M. W., Ulmer, P. and Pettke, T. (,**/) Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at +,*ῌ+2* km depth. Nature, .-1, 1,.ῌ1,1. Kigoshi, K. (+301) Ionium dating of igneous rocks. Science, +/0, 3-,ῌ3-.. Kuno, H. (+30/) Fractionation trends of basalt magmas in lava flows. J. Petrol., 0, -*,ῌ-,+. Kuritani, T. (+333) Boundary layer fractionation constrained by di#erential information from the Kutsugata lava flow, Rishiri Volcano, Japan. J. Geophys. Res., +*., ,3.*+ῌ,3.+1. Kuritani, T., Kitagawa, H. and Nakamura, E. (,**/) Assimilation and fractional crystallization controlled by transport process of crustal melt : implications from an alkali basalt-dacite suite from Rishiri Volcano, Japan. J. Petrol., .0, +.,+ῌ+..,. McBirney, A. R. (+33/) Mechanisms of di#erentiation in the Skaergaard Intrusion. J. Geol. Soc. London, +/,, .,+ῌ .-/. McKenzie, D. (+32/) ,-*Th-,-2U disequilibrium and the melting processes beneath ridge axes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1,, +.3ῌ+/1. Philpotts, A. R., Carroll, M. and Hill, J. M. (+330) Crystalmush compaction and the origin of pegmatite segregation sheets in a thick flood-basalt flow in the Mesozoic Hartford Basin, Connecticut. J. Petrol., -1, 2++ῌ2-0. Rogers, N.W., Evans, P.J., Blake, S., Scott, S.C. and Hawkesworth, C.J. (,**.) Rates and timescales of fractional crystallization from ,-2U-,-*Th-,,0Ra disequilibria in trachyte lavas from Longonot Volcano, Kenya. J. Petrol., ./, +1.1ῌ+110. Shirley, D.N. (+321) Di#erentiation and compaction in the Palisades Sill, New Jersey. J. Petrol., ,2, 2-/ῌ20/..
(248) 78. GH. Simura, R. and Ozawa, K. (,**0) Mechanism of crystal redistribution in a sheet-like magma body : constraints from the Nosappumisaki and other shoshonite intrusions in the Nemuro Peninsula, northern Japan. J. Petrol., .1, +2*3ῌ+2/+. Spiegelman, M. and Elliott, T. (+33-) Consequences of melt transport for uranium series disequilibrium in young lavas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., ++2, +ῌ,*. Tait, S. and Jaupart, C. (+323) Compositional convection in viscous melts. Nature, --2, /1+ῌ/1.. Turner, J.S., Huppert, H.E. and Sparks, R.S.J. (+320) Komatiites II : experimental and theoretical investigations of post-emplacement cooling and crystallization. J. Petrol., ,1, -31ῌ.-1. Turner, S., Evans, P. and Hawkesworth, C. (,**+) Ultrafast source-to-surface movement of melt at island arcs from ,,0 Ra-,-*Th systematics. Science, ,3,, +-0-ῌ+-00. Turner, S., George, R., Jerram, D.A., Carpenter, N. and Hawkesworth, C. (,**-a) Case studies of plagioclase growth and residence times in island arc lavas from Tonga and the Lesser Antilles, and a model to reconcile discordant age information. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., ,+., ,13ῌ,3.. Turner, S., Foden, J., George, R., Evans, P., Varne, R., Elburg, M. and Jenner, G. (,**-b) Rates and processes of potassic magma evolution beneath Sangeang Api Volcano, east Sunda arc, Indonesia. J. Petrol., .., .3+ῌ/+/. Vigier, N., Bourdon, B., Joron, J.L. and Alle ◊gre, C.J. (+333) U-decay series and trace element systematics in the +312 eruption of Ardoukoba Asal rift : timescale of magma crystallization. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +1., 2+ῌ. I 31. Villemant, B. and Fle ´hoc, C. (+323) U-Th fractionation by fluids in K-rich magma genesis : the Vico volcano, Central Italy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 3+, -+,ῌ-,0. Volpe, A.M. (+33,) ,-2U-,-*Th-,,0Ra disequilibrium in young Mt. Shasta andesites and dacites. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., /-, ,,1ῌ,-2. Volpe, A.M. and Hammond, P.E. (+33+) ,-2U-,-*Th-,,0Ra disequilibria in young Mount St. Helens rocks : time constraint for magma formation and crystallization. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +*1, .1/ῌ.20. Widom, E., Schmincke, H.-U. and Gill, J.B. (+33,) Processes and timescales in the evolution of a chemically zoned trachyte : Fogo A, Sao Miguel, Azores. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., +++, -++ῌ-,2. (,**/)
(249) !"# $%&'( -3, ,1ῌ .0. Yokoyama, T., Kobayashi, K., Kuritani, T. and Nakamura, E. (,**-) Mantle metasomatism and rapid ascent of slab components beneath island arcs : evidence from ,-2U-,-*Th,,0 Ra disequilibria of Miyakejima volcano, Izu arc, Japan. J. Geophys. Res., +*2, doi : +*.+*,3/,**,JB**,+*-. Yokoyama, T., Kuritani, T., Kobayashi, K. and Nakamura, E. (,**0) Geochemical evolution of a shallow magma plumbing system during the last /** years, Miyakejima volcano, Japan : constraints from ,-2U-,-*Th-,,0Ra systematics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1*, ,22/ῌ,3*+. )*+,-./0-1234 (+32+) 567-89 :;<=>?@# ;ABCBD'EF( 10, +2+ῌ+3...
(250)
関連したドキュメント
ベクトル計算と解析幾何 移動,移動の加法 移動と実数との乗法 ベクトル空間の概念 平面における基底と座標系
「課題を解決し,目標達成のために自分たちで考
本時は、「どのクラスが一番、テスト前の学習を頑張ったか」という課題を解決する際、その判断の根
②防災協定の締結促進 ■課題
福島第一廃炉推進カンパニーのもと,汚 染水対策における最重要課題である高濃度
工学の目的は社会における課題の解決で す。現代社会の課題は複雑化し、柔軟、再構
2 次元 FEM 解析モデルを添図 2-1 に示す。なお,2 次元 FEM 解析モデルには,地震 観測時点の建屋の質量状態を反映させる。.
スピーカは「プラントの状況(現状)」「進展予測,復旧戦術」「戦術の進捗状 況」について,見直した 3 種類の