⺰ ᢥ
ㇺᏒᄢ᳇⾰ߣ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳߅ࠃ߮
␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧಽᨆ
৻ ⌀
*㧔ਃ⪉
UFJ ࠨ࠴㧒ࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹ࠖࡦࠣࢃ⎇ⓥຬ㧕
䋱䋮⎇ⓥ䈱⢛᥊䈫⋡⊛㩷
⚻ᷣߣⅣႺߩ㑐ଥߦଥࠆઍ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߣߒߡ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦォ឵ὐࠍ⚻ߡⅣႺ⾰߇ᡷༀߒߡߊㅒU ሼࠍឬߊⅣႺࠢ࠭ࡀ࠶࠷ᦛ✢⺑ߩᬌ⸽߇ࠆޕߎࠇߦߪWorld Bank(1992)ࠍྊ⍫ߣߒߡ㧘ᄙߊߩታ⸽⎇ⓥ ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ㧔Selden and Song(1994)㧘Shafik(1994)㧘Grossman and Krueger(1995)㧕1)ޕߒ߆ߒ㧘⺑ߩᚑุߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ⥄߆ࠄߪ㧘╷⊛ߥ␜ໂࠍᓧࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥޕㅒߦ㧘⺑ߩᚑ┙ߪ㧘Polluted
and Clean㧔ᳪᨴߒߚᓟ߈ࠇߦߔࠆ㧕ߣ߁⸃㉼ߣⴕേࠍଦߔᕟࠇߐ߃ࠆޕ
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘ᐲ㧘ᢎ⢒㧘ᖱႎ㧘ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߥߤࠍⅣႺ⾰ߩᡷༀⷐ࿃ߣቯߒߚታ⸽⎇ⓥ߇㧘ㄭᐕᄙ ߊታᣉߐࠇߡࠆ㧔Panayotou(1997)㧘Torras and Boyce(1998)㧘Bimonte(2002)㧕ޕⅣႺ⾰ᡷༀߩߚߩ╷⊛ ⍮ߪ㧘⚻ᷣߣⅣႺߣ߁ੑర᭴ㅧߩⷞᐳ߆ࠄߢߪߥߊ㧘╷⊛ߦᠲน⢻ߥਛ㑆㗄ࠍ⸳ቯߒ㧘3 ⠪ߩ㑐
ଥᕈߩ⸃ࠍㅴࠆߎߣߢᓧࠄࠇࠆޕKuznetz(1955)߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ޟᏒ႐ߢߩ⚻ᷣ⽎߆ࠄᴦ␠ળ⚻ᷣ
േะ߳ߩ⎇ⓥ㊀ὐߩ⒖ⴕޠ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆߩߢࠆޕ᧻ጟ(2006a㧘2006b)ߪ㧘ⴕડᬺᏒ᳃ߩ 3 ߟߩࠕࠢ࠲߅ࠃ߮ࠕࠢ࠲㑆ߩ⋧㑐ଥ߆ࠄߥࠆ㧘ⅣႺ㗴ߦኻಣߔࠆߚߩ␠ળోߣߒߡߩ✚⊛ ߥ⢻ജߢࠆޟ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ㧔SCEM : Social Capacity for Environmental Management㧕ޠࠍਛ㑆㗄ߣߒ ߡ⸳ቯ᷹ቯߒ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജะߦࠃࠆᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߣ߁࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ㧘᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠅ ᬌ⸽ߒߚޕ ߎࠇࠄⅣႺࠢ࠭ࡀ࠶࠷ᦛ✢⺑ࠍၮߦዷ㐿ߒߡ߈ߚ⚻ᷣߣⅣႺߦଥࠆታ⸽⎇ⓥߩಽᨆኻ⽎ࠍ㧘 OECD(2001)ߢߩPSRࡕ࠺࡞2)ߦහߒߡᢛℂߔࠆߣ㧘࿑1 ߩߣ߅ࠅߣߥࠆޕߎߎߢ㧘ᐲ㧘ᢎ⢒㧘ᖱႎ㧘ࠟ ࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߥߤߩⅣႺኻ╷㧔R㧕ߪ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߥߤߩⅣႺ⽶⩄ࠍ⊒↢㧛ᛥߐߖࠆⷐ࿃㧔P㧕߆ࠄ㧘╷⊛ߦ * 1974 ᐕ↢߹ࠇޕ2000 ᐕᐢፉᄢቇᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙දജ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟ୃੌ㧘หᐕࢃਃ✚ว⎇ⓥᚲ␠ޕ06 ᐕ 21 ♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣࡓ COE ⎇ⓥຬ㧘07 ᐕᐢፉᄢቇᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙දജ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ୃੌ㧘ߦ⥋ࠆޕඳ჻㧔ቇⴚ㧕ޕᚲዻቇળ㧦ⅣႺ⚻ᷣ╷ቇળ㧘࿖㓙㐿⊒ቇળ㧘 ᣣᧄ⹏ଔቇળ╬ޕਥߥ⪺ᦠ╬㧦ޟㇺᏒᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ╷ߦ߅ߌࠆ␠ળ⊛⢻ജߩ⹏ଔޠޡᣣᧄ⹏ଔ⎇ⓥ6(1)ޢ(2006 ᐕ)㧘ޟ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ⹏ଔᚻ ᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㧦ㇺᏒᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ࠍߣߒߡޠޡᣣᧄ⹏ଔ⎇ⓥ7(1)ޢ(2007 ᐕ)㧘‘Actor-Factor Analysis for Social Capacity Development,’ in Matsuoka S. (eds.) Effective Environmental Management in Developing Countries : Assessing Social Capacity Development (Macmillan Palgrave, 2007 ᐕ)╬ޕ
1) ⅣႺࠢ࠭ࡀ࠶࠷ᦛ✢⺑⎇ⓥߦ㑐ߔࠆ൮⊛ߥࠨࡌࠗߪ㧘Dinda(2004)ߦߒޕ
2) OECD ߪ㧘PSR ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡ㧘ⅣႺ⽶⩄ࠍ⊒↢㧛ᛥߐߖࠆⷐ࿃㧔P㧦Pressure㧕㧘ⅣႺߩ⁁ᘒ㧔S㧦State㧕㧘ⅣႺኻ╷㧔R㧦Response㧕ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐
ᠲน⢻ߥਛ㑆㗄ߣߒߡߐࠇߚⷐ⚛ߢࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ߘߩਛ㑆㗄ߣߒߡߩᅷᒰᕈ↪ᕈࠍࠄ
߆ߦߒ㧘╷⊛ᗧࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߚߦߪ㧘࿑1 ߩ㧔3㧕ߢߩPψRࠍߚ㧘3 ⠪ߩ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧߩᬌ⸽߇᳞ࠄ
ࠇࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘ߎߩPψRߩ㑐ଥᕈߦଥࠆ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐߪ৻᭽ߢߪߥߊ㧔ᧄ↰ઁ(2004)㧕㧘߹ߚ㧘PSRࡕ࠺࡞ో ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߩታ⸽ಽᨆ߽㧘ಽᨆᚻᴺ╬ߩ㗴ߩߚਇචಽߢࠆޕDinda(2004)ߪ㧘ಽᨆᚻᴺߩㆬᛯߦ߅ ߡ㧘ᄢㇱಽߩ⎇ⓥߢ↪ࠄࠇߡࠆ࿁Ꮻಽᨆߥߤߩ⺃ዉᒻᚻᴺ㧔Reduced form model㧕ߪ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍࠄ߆ ߦߢ߈ߥߣߒ㧘᭴ㅧᚻᴺ㧔Structural form model㧕ߢߩಽᨆߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ࿁Ꮻಽᨆߪ㧘Y=F㧔X㧘 Z㧕ߩᣇ⒟ᑼߢYߦⅣႺ⾰㧘Xߦ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧘ZߦⅣႺ⾰ᡷༀߩⷐ࿃ࠍቯߒಽᨆߔࠆߚ㧘3 ⠪㑆ߩ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧ ߹ߢߪಽᨆߢ߈ߥޕ ࿑ 㪈㩷 ⚻ᷣ䈫ⅣႺ䈮ଥ䉎ታ⸽⎇ⓥ䈱ಽᨆኻ⽎㩷 㪩 㪧 㪪 㪧 㪪 㪩 㪧 㪪 (1) (2) (3) ? ? ᵈ㧦P-Pressure ⅣႺ⽶⩄ࠍ⊒↢㧛ᛥߐߖࠆⷐ࿃㧔⚻ᷣᚑ㐳╬㧕 S-State ⅣႺ⾰ߩ⁁ᴫ㧔ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ‛⾰ߩỚᐲ╬㧕 R-Response ⅣႺኻ╷㧔ᐲ㧘ᢎ⢒㧘ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧘SCEM ╬㧕 ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߩಽᨆߦ߅ߡ㧘ⅣႺኻ╷㧔R㧕ߣߒߡߩ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ㧘᧻ጟ(2006b)ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘 ⅣႺ⾰ߩ⁁ᴫ㧔S㧕ߣߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧔P㧕ߣߩ㑐ଥ߽᭴ㅧᚻᴺߦࠃࠅࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘╷ ⊛ߦᠲน⢻ߥਛ㑆㗄ߣߒߡߩᅷᒰᕈ↪ᕈࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕߎߩߎߣߪ㧘⊒ዷㅜ࿖╬ߦ߅ߡ
⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍᦨఝవߐߖࠆ╷ߩᩮߦߥࠅᓧߡߒ߹߁Polluted and Clean ߢߪߥߊ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳᳓Ḱߦහߒߚ
ᗧ࿑⊛ߥⅣႺኻ╷㧔R㧕ߣߒߡߩ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജᒻᚑߩᔅⷐᕈߣ㧘ߘࠇߦଥࠆㆡಾߥ⾗Ḯ㈩ಽߩ࠲ࠗ ࡒࡦࠣ㧘ఝవ㗅╬ߩ╷⊛⍮ࠍ␜ߔߎߣߦߟߥ߇ࠆޕ ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ㑐ଥߦߟߡ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ৻࿃ߦᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߣ߁࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧߦଥࠆ⺑ࠍ㧘᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠅᬌ⸽ߔ ࠆޕߎࠇߦࠃࠅ㧘ޟ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩะߎߘⅣႺ╷߿࿖㓙ⅣႺදജߩല₸⊛ലᨐ⊛ታᣉߩᦨ߽㊀ ⷐߥὐߢࠆޠ㧔᧻ጟઁ(2004)㧕ߩᬌ⸽ߣߒߡ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑࠍ╷⋡ᮡߣߔࠆߎߣߩᅷᒰᕈ ↪ᕈࠍ␜ߔޕᧄ⎇ⓥߩ᭴ᚑߪ㧘߹ߕ㧘2 ߢಽᨆኻ⽎ߣᣇᴺ㧘࠺࠲ࠍ␜ߔޕߘߒߡ㧘3 ߢಽᨆ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒ㧘 4 ߢ⚿⺰ࠍㅀߴࠆޕ
䋲䋮ಽᨆኻ⽎䈍䉋䈶ᣇᴺ䋬䊂䊷䉺㩷
䋨㪈䋩ಽᨆኻ⽎䈱⸳ቯ㩷 ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ‛⾰㧘ᦼ㑆㧘ㇺᏒࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆޕᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ‛⾰ߪ㧘Ꮏ႐ᬺᚲ╬ߩ࿕ቯឃḮ߇ਛᔃߩ↥ᬺ ኂဳᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߢࠆੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛㧔SO2㧕ߣ㧘࿕ቯឃḮߦട߃⥄േゞ╬ߩ⒖േឃḮߩነਈ߽ᄢ߈ㇺᏒ↢ᵴဳᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߢࠆੑ㉄ൻ⓸⚛㧔NO2㧕ߣߒ㧘ឃḮ߅ࠃ߮⸃࿎㔍ᐲߩ⇣ߥࠆ2 ߟߣߔࠆ3)ޕ ಽᨆᦼ㑆ߪ1971 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2000 ᐕ߹ߢߩ 30 ᐕ㑆ߣߔࠆ4)ޕߎࠇߪ㧘ේ᎑↰(1995)ߦࠃࠆⅣႺ╷ߩ೨ ㅴᦼ㧔1965㨪1974 ᐕ㧕㧘᧻ጟᧁ(2003)ߦࠃࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᧄᩰ⊛Ⓙേᦼ㧔1970㨪1979 ᐕ㧕ߣ ߁㧘ⅣႺ╷߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߦታᣉߐࠇ㧘ᚑᨐࠍߍᆎߚᤨᦼߢࠆ1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠆޕ ߎߩᤨᦼ㧘ో࿖ߩ㐳ᦼ⛮⛯᷹ቯዪߢߩSO2Ớᐲᐕᐔဋ୯߇1967 ᐕ㧘NO2Ớᐲ߇1971 ᐕࠍࡇࠢߦߘߩᓟ ᷫዋߦォߓ㧘߹ߚ㧘ࠊࠁࠆኂ࿖ળߢߩኂ㑐ଥ 14 ᴺ᩺ߩቯᡷቯ㧔1970 ᐕ㧕㧘ⅣႺᐡ⸳⟎㧔1971 ᐕ㧕ߥߤ㧘ⅣႺ╷߇లታᒝൻߐࠇߚޕ ኻ⽎ㇺᏒߪ㧘1971 ᐕᤨὐߢⅣႺ╷ߦ৻ቯߩᮭ㒢ࠍߔࠆᜰቯㇺᏒߢࠅ㧘⎫㤛㉄ൻ‛ߦଥࠆ✚㊂ ⷙᜰቯၞ㧔1974 ᐕ 11 ╙৻ᰴᜰቯ㧕㧘߅ࠃ߮ੑ㉄ൻ⓸⚛ߩ 1 ᤨ㑆୯ߩ 1 ᣣᐔဋ୯߇ 0.06ppm ࠍ߃ࠆ ၞ㧔ᤘ54 ᐕ 8 7 ᣣઃߌ Ⅳᄢડ 310 ภ㧕ߢࠆ 5 ㇺᏒ㧔ᮮᵿᏒ㧘ฬฎደᏒ㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮢ㧘ᚭᏒ㧘ർ ᎺᏒ㧕ߩ߁ߜ㧘ᮮᵿᏒ㧘ฬฎደᏒ㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮢߩ3 ߟߩᄢㇺᏒߣߔࠆޕߎࠇߪ㧘࿑ 2㧘࿑ 3 ߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߥᎿ ᬺൻ㧘ࡕ࠲࡚ࠪࡦߦଥࠆᳪᨴឃ᭴ㅧߣ㧘ߘࠇߦࠃࠅᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆᄢ᳇Ⴚ⾰ߩ⁁ᴫ㧔࿑4㧘࿑ 5㧕 ߦߟߡ㧘5 ㇺᏒ߇ᄢ߈ߊ 2 ߟߦ㘃ဳൻߢ߈ࠆߎߣߦࠆޕᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ㧘Ꮏᬺൻ㧘ࡕ࠲࡚ࠪࡦ߇ ㅴዷߒ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߩᷓೞᐲߩ㜞ᮮᵿᏒ㧘ฬฎደᏒ㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮢࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߦ㑐ߔࠆ ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆޕߎߩ 3 ߟߩᄢㇺᏒߪ㧘ᄙᢙߩ࿕ቯឃḮߣ⒖േឃḮߩሽࠍⷐ࿃ߦ㧘SO2㧘NO2 Ớᐲ߇㜞ߊផ⒖ߒߡࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐߪ㧘࿕ቯឃḮߦട߃ߡ⒖േឃḮߦࠃࠆⅣႺ⽶⩄ߩ Ⴧᄢ߇⪺ߒㅜ࿖ߩᄢㇺᏒߦኻߔࠆ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢㇺᏒߩ⚻㛎ߦၮߠߊ㧘╷⊛⍮ߩឭ␜ߦ߽ߟߥ߇ࠆޕ ߥ߅㧘⚻ᷣߣⅣႺߩ㑐ଥߦଥࠆᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ࠢࡠࠬࠞࡦ࠻࠺࠲ࠍ↪㧘࿖߽ߒߊߪㇺᏒߏߣߩ ⅣႺ㗴ߩ⊒↢ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߩ㆑ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡߥ㧔Dinda(2004)㧕ޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ⅣႺ⾰ߩ⁁ᴫߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߣ ߒ㧘ߘࠇߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆᳪᨴឃ᭴ㅧߩ㆑ߪಽᨆⷞⷺߦࠄߥޕߎߩಽᨆ▸࿐ߩ⸳ቯ߽㧘ⅣႺࠢ࠭ࡀ ࠶࠷ᦛ✢⺑ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ⎇ⓥ߇㧘ౕ⊛ߥ╷⊛⍮ࠍឭଏߢ߈ߥⷐ࿃ߣߥߞߡࠆޕDinda(2004)ߪ㧘 ࠢࡠࠬࠞࡦ࠻ߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘․ቯߩ࿖ၞߢߩಽᨆߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘Srinivasan(1977) ߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽㧘⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߣᚲᓧಽ㈩ߩ㑐ଥࠍ␜ߔࠢ࠭ࡀ࠶࠷ߩㅒU ሼ⺑ߦଥࠆ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡ ߽㧘ᤨ♽ಽᨆߢߪߥߊࠢࡠ࡚ࠬࠢࠪࡦߢߩಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߪ㧘ᐔဋ⊛ߥ㑐ଥࠍ␜ߔߦ⇐߹ࠅ㧘ฦ࿖ߩ․ᕈ ࠍᤋߒߡߥߣ߁㗴߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕߎߩߎߣߪ㧘ࠢ࠭ࡀ࠶࠷ߩㅒU ሼ⺑ߪߤߩ࿖ߦ߽╬ߒ ߊᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ㋕ߩᴺೣ㧔iron law㧕ߢߪߥߎߣࠍᗧߒ㧔Srinivasan(1977)㧕㧘࿖㧘ㇺᏒߏߣߩᴦ␠ળ ⚻ᷣⷐ࿃ߩ⸃߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆߩߢࠆ㧔Kuznetz(1955)㧕ޕᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ߘߩⷐ࿃ߣߒߡ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ ߇⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆ߆ุ߆ߩᬌ⸽ࠍⴕ߁߽ߩߢࠅ㧘↥ᬺ᭴ㅧ߿ㇺᏒ᭴ㅧߦ࿃ߔࠆㇺᏒߏߣߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ‛ ⾰ߩឃ᭴ㅧߩ㆑ࠍ⠨ᘦߒ㧘Ꮏᬺൻ߅ࠃ߮ࡕ࠲࡚ࠪࡦߩㅴዷߒߚ3 ߟߩᄢㇺᏒࠍኻ⽎ߦㇺᏒߏ ߣߦಽᨆߒ㧘ߘߎߢߩㅢ⊛ߥ⚿⺰ࠍዉ߈ߔޕ 3) ᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⚻㛎ᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ✬(1997)ߪ㧘SO 2ࠍ↥ᬺኂߦࠃࠆᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ㧘NO2ࠍㇺᏒ↢ᵴဳᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦ⟎ߠߌߡࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘↥ᬺ ኂߦࠃࠆᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߢߪේ࿃⠪ߣⵍኂ⠪ߪߐࠇࠆ߇㧘ㇺᏒ↢ᵴဳᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߢߪޘੱ߇ේ࿃⠪ߢ߽ࠅ㧘ⵍኂ⠪ߦ߽ߥࠅᓧࠆߣߒߡ ࠆޕ 4) ડᬺߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩផቯߢ↪ࠆ࠺࠲ޟኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪╬࿖ኅ⹜㛎วᩰ⠪ޠߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘Ꮏ႐ౝߦኂ㒐ᱛߦ㑐ߔࠆኾ㐷⊛⍮⼂ࠍߔࠆ ੱ⊛⚵❱ߩ⸳⟎ࠍ⟵ോઃߌߚޟ․ቯᎿ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆኂ㒐ᱛ⚵❱ߩᢛߦ㑐ߔࠆᴺᓞޠ߇㧘1971 ᐕ 6 ߦቯߐࠇ㧘ኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪ᐲ߇⊒⿷ ߒߚߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ಽᨆᦼ㑆ࠍ1971 ᐕ߆ࠄߣ⸳ቯߒߚޕ߹ߚ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ 1960 ᐕઍߩㇺᏒߩ SO2㧘NO2ߩ࠺࠲ߪචಽߦᢛߐࠇߡߥޕߐࠄ ߦ㧘2001 ᐕએ㒠㧘3 ㇺᏒߢㅢߦឥࠊߥ࠺࠲߇ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘2000 ᐕ߹ߢߣߒߚޕ
࿑ 㪉㩷 ㅧຠ⩄㗵䈱ផ⒖㩷 ࿑ 㪊㩷 ⥄േゞบᢙ䈱ផ⒖㩷 㪇 㪈㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪊㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪋㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪌㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪍㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪎㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪏㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪐㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪈㪐㪎㪈 㪈㪐㪏㪇 䇭ᮮᵿᏒ 䇭ฬฎደᏒ 䇭ᄢ㒋Ꮢ 䇭ᚭᏒ 䇭ർᎺᏒ 㩿ᐕᐲ㪀 㩿㪈㪇ం䋺㪈㪐㪐㪌ᐕၮḰ㪀 㩷㩷㪈㪐㪐㪇㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪇 㪉㪇㪇 㪋㪇㪇 㪍㪇㪇 㪏㪇㪇 㪈㪃㪇㪇㪇 㪈㪃㪉㪇㪇 㪈㪃㪋㪇㪇 㪈㪃㪍㪇㪇 㪈㪐㪎㪈 㪈㪐㪏㪇 䇭ᮮᵿᏒ 䇭ฬฎደᏒ 䇭ᄢ㒋Ꮢ 䇭ᚭᏒ 䇭ർᎺᏒ 㩿ᐕᐲ㪀 㩿ජบ㪀 㩷㩷㪈㪐㪐㪇㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇 ᚲ㧦⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⋭ޟᎿᬺ⛔⸘ޠ㧔ฦᐕ 㧕㧘ᄢㇺᏒ⛔⸘ද⼏ળޟᄢㇺᏒᲧセ⛔⸘ᐕޠ㧔ฦᐕ 㧕ࠃࠅᚑ ࿑ 㪋㩷 㪪㪦㪉Ớᐲ䈱ផ⒖㩷 ࿑ 㪌㩷 㪥㪦㪉Ớᐲ䈱ផ⒖㩷 㪇㪅㪇㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪈㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪉㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪊㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪋㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪌㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪍㪇 㪈㪐㪎㪈 㪈㪐㪏㪇 䇭ᮮᵿᏒ 䇭ฬฎደᏒ 䇭ᄢ㒋Ꮢ 䇭ᚭᏒ 䇭ർᎺᏒ 㩿ᐕᐲ㪀 㩿㫇㫇㫄㪀 㩷㩷㪈㪐㪐㪇㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪈㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪉㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪊㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪋㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪌㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪍㪇 㪈㪐㪎㪈 㪈㪐㪏㪇 䇭ᮮᵿᏒ 䇭ฬฎደᏒ 䇭ᄢ㒋Ꮢ 䇭ᚭᏒ 䇭ർᎺᏒ 㩿ᐕᐲ㪀 㩿㫇㫇㫄㪀 㩷㩷㪈㪐㪐㪇㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇 ᚲ㧦ⅣႺ⋭ޟᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⁁ᴫޠ㧔ฦᐕ 㧕㧘ⅣႺ⊕ᦠ╬㧔ฦㇺᏒ㧘ฦᐕ 㧕ࠃࠅᚑ 䋨㪉䋩ಽᨆᚻᴺ㩷
᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞㧔Structural Equation Model : SEM㧕ࠍ↪ࠆޕ᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘⋥ធ᷹ⷰߢ߈ߥ ẜᄌᢙࠍዉߒ㧘ߘߩẜᄌᢙߣ᷹ⷰᄌᢙߣߩ㑆ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍหቯߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘␠ળ⽎߿⥄ὼ ⽎ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚߩ⛔⸘⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߢࠆ㧔⁚㊁ਃᶆ(2002)㧕ޕߎߎߢߪ㧘⋥ធ᷹ⷰߢ߈ߥẜ⊛ߥ ฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߅ࠃ߮␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജࠍ㧘᷹ⷰน⢻ߥฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ߦଥࠆᵴ േ᳓Ḱ߆ࠄߔޕౕ⊛ߦߪ㧘᧻ጟ(2006a㧘2006b)ߢ㧘৻ቯߩᅷᒰᕈ㧘ା㗬ᕈ㧘ቯᕈ߇ᬌ⸽ߐࠇ ߚ⢻ജ⹏ଔࡈࡓ㧔1㧕ࠍ↪㧘3 ࠕࠢ࠲㧔G㧦ⴕ㧘F㧦ડᬺ㧘C㧦Ꮢ᳃5)㧕ߣ㧘3 ⢻ജⷐ⚛㧔P㧦 ╷ኻ╷ߩㆀⴕ⢻ജ㧘R㧦ⅣႺኻ╷⾗Ḯߩㆇ↪⢻ജ㧘K㧦⍮⼂ᖱႎᛛⴚߩឭଏ⢻ജ㧕߆ࠄ㧘␠ળ⊛Ⅳ Ⴚ▤ℂ⢻ജࠍߔޕߘߒߡ㧘࿑1 ߩ(3)ߩᬌ⸽ߩߚ㧘࿑ 6 ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ㧔SCEM㧕ߣᄢ ᳇⾰㧔ENV㧕㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧔GRP㧕ߩ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧߦଥࠆ⺑ᬌ⸽ߔࠆޕ 5) 1 ߩᏒ᳃␠ળߪ NGO㧘NPO ╬ࠍ߇㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃␠ળߩਛߩᏒ᳃ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡታ⸽ಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕ
㪈㩷 䉝䉪䉺䊷䊶䊐䉜䉪䉺䊷䊶䊙䊃䊥䉪䉴䋨ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷䋩㩷 ╷䊶ኻ╷⹏ଔ䋨⍮⼂ౣ↢↥䋩 ╷䊶ኻ╷ᒻᚑ䋨⍮⼂ഃ⊒䊶↪䋩 㪧䋺╷䊶ኻ╷䈱ㆀⴕ⢻ജ 㩿㫇㫆㫃㫀㪺㫐㩷㩽㩷㫄㪼㪸㫊㫌㫉㪼㪀 㪢䋺⍮⼂䊶ᖱႎ䊶ᛛⴚ䈱ឭଏ⢻ജ 㩿㫂㫅㫆㫎㫃㪼㪻㪾㪼㩷㩽㩷㫋㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㪀 㪞䋺 ⴕ 䂾ⷙ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷䈮ଥ䉎ᴺⷙ䈱ቯ䊶ㆇ↪ 䇭䊶ⅣႺၮḰ䋬ឃၮḰ䈱⸳ቯ䊶⋙ⷞ 㩷㩷䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷᧦䇮ၮᧄ⸘↹䈱╷ቯ䊶ㆇ↪ 䇭䊶┙ᬌᩏ╬䈮䉋䉎⋙ⷞ 䂾⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ⅣႺ⒢䇮⺖ᓽ㊄䊶ഥ㊄ᐲ䈱ᢛ䊶ㆇ↪ 䂾⥄ਥ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ኂ㒐ᱛදቯ㩿ᴺ⊛ᩮ䈭䈚㪀䈱✦⚿ 㩷㩷䊶ⅣႺቇ⠌䊶ᢎ⢒╷䈱ផㅴ 䂾ੱຬ䊶⚵❱ 䇭䊶ⅣႺ㑐ㅪㇱ⟑䈱⸳⟎䊶ᵴേ 㩷㩷䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷⚵❱㩿ᆔຬળ䋬ክ⼏ળ䋬ડᬺ䊶Ꮢ᳃ 䇭㩷ද⼏ળ㪀䈱⸳⟎䊶ᵴേ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ㇱ⟑⡯ຬᢙ䈱ల䊶ᵴേ 䂾⾗㊄䊶੍▚ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷੍▚䈱ల䊶ᵴ↪ 䂾ᣉ⸳䊶⸳╬ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ䊝䊆䉺䊥䊮䉫䉲䉴䊁䊛䈱ᢛ䊶ㆇ↪ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⼊ႎ⸳䇮ᖱႎ䉲䉴䊁䊛䈱ᢛ䊶ㆇ↪ 䂾⺞ᩏ䊶⎇ⓥ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ䈱ⷐ࿃䊶䊜䉦䊆䉵䊛╬䈱⎇ⓥ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ᛛⴚ䈱㐿⊒䇮䊉䉡䊊䉡䈱⫾Ⓧ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷䈱╷⎇ⓥ 䂾ᖱႎ㐿䊶 㩷㩷䊶ᄢ᳇⾰ታᘒ䋬ᄢ᳇ኻ╷ᖱႎ䈱㐿 䇭䊶⡯ຬᢎ⢒䊶⎇ୃ䈱ታᣉ 㪝䋺 ડᬺ 䂾ⷙ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷䈮ଥ䉎ᴺⷙ䈱ㆩ 䇭䊶ⅣႺၮḰ䋬ឃၮḰ䈱ㆩ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷᧦䇮ၮᧄ⸘↹䈻䈱ኻᔕ 䂾⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ഥ㊄ᐲ╬䈱ᵴ↪䈮䉋䉎ኻ╷ 䂾⥄ਥ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ኂ㒐ᱛදቯ㩿ᴺ⊛ᩮ䈭䈚㪀䈱✦⚿ 䇭䊶⽷䊶䉰䊷䊎䉴↢↥╬䋬ో䊒䊨䉶䉴䈪䈱ⅣႺ⽶⩄ᛥ 㩷㩷䊶㪠㪪㪦㪈㪋㪇㪇㪈䈱ขᓧ䋬㪜㪪㪚㪦ᬺ䈱ዉ╬ 䂾ੱຬ䊶⚵❱ 䇭䊶ⅣႺ㑐ㅪㇱ⟑䈱⸳⟎䊶ᵴേ 䇭䊶ⅣႺ㑐ㅪㇱ⟑⡯ຬᢙ䈱ల䊶ᵴേ 䇭䊶ⅣႺ▤ℂ⠪ᢙ䋬ኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪ᢙ䈱ల䊶ᵴേ 䂾⾗㊄䊶੍▚ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷੍▚䈱ల䊶ᵴ↪ 䂾ᣉ⸳䊶⸳╬ 䇭䊶⥄␠䊝䊆䉺䊥䊮䉫䉲䉴䊁䊛䈱ᢛ䊶ㆇ↪ 䇭䊶⼊ႎ⸳䈱⸳⟎䇮ᖱႎ䉲䉴䊁䊛䈱ᢛ䊶ㆇ↪ 䂾⺞ᩏ䊶⎇ⓥ 䇭䊶Ꮏ႐䊶ᬺᚲ䈱⥄␠䊝䊆䉺䊥䊮䉫 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ᛛⴚ䈱㐿⊒䋬䊉䉡䊊䉡䈱⫾Ⓧ 䂾ᖱႎ㐿䊶 䇭䊶ⅣႺႎ๔ᦠ䋬ⅣႺળ⸘䈱ᚑ䊶㐿 䇭䊶⡯ຬᢎ⢒䊶⎇ୃ䈱ታᣉ 㪚䋺 Ꮢ᳃ ␠ળ 䂾ⷙ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷䈮ଥ䉎ᴺⷙ䈱ㆩ㩿㊁䈐╬㪀 䇭䊶ⴕ䈱ᳪᨴ⋙ⷞ䈱ቢ㩿㪪㪦㪉䈱◲ᤃ᷹ቯ╬㪀 䂾⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᴺ 䇭䊶ഥ㊄ᐲ╬䈱ᵴ↪䈮䉋䉎ኻ╷㩿㪥㪞㪦䋬㪥㪧㪦㪀 䂾⥄ਥ⊛ᚻᴺ 㩷㩷䊶⧰ᖱ䋬ⷐᦸ䋬䊨䊎䉟䊮䉫䋬ኂ㒐ᱛදቯ䈻䈱ෳട 䇭䊶䉣䉮䊄䊤䉟䊑䋬ㅢ↪╬䋬⋭䉣䊈䊶⋭⾗Ḯ 䇭㩷↢ᵴ䈻䈱ォ឵ 㩷㩷䊶䉫䊥䊷䊮⾼䋬䉣䉮䊐䉜䊮䊄 䂾ੱຬ䊶⚵❱ 䇭䊶ⅣႺኻ╷ੱຬᢙ䈱ల䊶ᵴേ㩿㪥㪞㪦䋬㪥㪧㪦㪀 㩷㩷䊶㪥㪞㪦䋬㪥㪧㪦ᵴേ䈻䈱ෳട䊶ᵴേ 䇭䊶ⅣႺ䉟䊔䊮䊃䋬ⅣႺ⻠ᐳ╬䈻䈱ෳട䊶ᵴേ 䂾⾗㊄䊶੍▚ 䇭䊶ⅣႺኻ╷㑐ㅪ੍▚䈱ల䊶ᵴ↪ 䂾ᣉ⸳䊶⸳╬ 䇭䊶ⅣႺኻ╷䈮ଥ䉎ᣉ⸳䊶⸳䈱⏕䊶ㆇ↪㩿㪥㪞㪦䋬㪥㪧㪦㪀 䇭䊶ⅣႺ㈩ᘦຠ䈱ዉ䊶ᵴ↪㩿⋭䉣䊈䋬ᣂ䉣䊈ᯏེ㪀 䂾⺞ᩏ䊶⎇ⓥ 䇭䊶⺞ᩏ䊶⎇ⓥ㩿㪥㪞㪦䋬㪥㪧㪦㪀 䇭䊶⋙ⷞ䊶䊝䊆䉺䊥䊮䉫㩿㪥㪞㪦䋬㪥㪧㪦㪀 䂾ᖱႎ㐿䊶 䇭䊶ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⁁ᴫ䈱ᛠី 㩷㩷䊶ⅣႺ㑐ㅪᖱႎ䈱₪ᓧ 䇭䊶ⅣႺቇ⠌䋬ⅣႺᢎ⢒䈱ታᣉ 䊐䉜䉪䉺䊷 䉝 䉪 䉺 䔭 ╷䊶ኻ╷ㆀⴕ䋨⍮⼂ታ〣䋩 ╷䊶ኻ╷⺖㗴⸳ቯ㩿⍮⼂ഃㅧ䊶⫾Ⓧ㪀 㪩䋺ⅣႺኻ╷⾗Ḯ䈱ㆇ↪⢻ജ 㩿㫉㪼㫊㫆㫌㫉㪺㪼㩷㫄㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㪀 ⢻ജ ⷐ⚛ 䉰䉟 䉪䊦 ᚲ㧦᧻ጟ(2006b) ࿑ 㪍㩷 ᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼ䊝䊂䊦䈮䉋䉎ಽᨆኻ⽎㩷 GK GR GP FK FR FP CK CR CP SO2 NO2 GRP SCEM ENV ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳 ᄢ᳇⾰ Fcap Ccap Gcap 䋨㪊䋩䊂䊷䉺㩷 ฦࠕࠢ࠲㧔G㧘F㧘C㧕ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ 3 ߟߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛㧔P㧘R㧘K㧕ߢߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ߘߒߡ㧘3 ߟߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߪ㧘 1 ߩޟࠨࠗࠢ࡞ޠߩ㗄ߦ␜ߐࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘╷ኻ╷ࠨࠗࠢ࡞㧘⍮⼂ ࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߩ3 ಽߦኻᔕߒߡࠆޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘ᜰᮡൻߪ㧘ฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩၮᧄ⊛ߥ␠ળ⊛ᓎഀ㧙ⴕ㧦╷㧘 ડᬺ㧦↢↥㧘Ꮢ᳃㧦ᶖ⾌㧙ߩߘࠇߙࠇߩࡊࡠࠬߢߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻ㅪߩ⽎ⴕേࠍ㧘3 ߟߦ ಽߒ࠺࠲ㆬᛯࠍⴕ߁ޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ߦଥࠆ⋥ធ⊛㧘㑆ធ⊛ߥ╷㧘↢↥㧘ᶖ⾌ ߩࡊࡠࠬࠍ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ3 ಽߒ࠺࠲ㆬᛯࠍⴕ߁ޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘ฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ㧘SO2㧘NO2 Ớᐲᡷༀߣ߁ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߣߩ㑐ଥߦ߅ߡ㧘ߘߩ㆐ᚑߦߌߚࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻㧔K㧘R㧕㧘ࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻㧔P㧕 ߦߚࠆ3 ߟߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߢߐࠇࠆ㧔 2㧕ޕ
㪉㩷 䊂䊷䉺㩷 䊂䊷䉺 ᚲ 㪾㫂 㩷㩷㩷㪞㪢 ╷ᩮ䈫䈭䉎⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥ䈱ታᣉ 䋺Ꮢ┙䈱ⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ䈱⎇ⓥᚑᨐ䈮ଥ䉎⺰ᢥ䈱ឝタᢙ 㪾㫉 㩷㩷㩷㪞㪩 ⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥ䉕〯䉁䈋䈢╷ൻ䈮ଥ䉎⚵❱䈱ᢛ 䋺Ꮢ䈱ⅣႺㇱ⟑䈍䉋䈶ⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ䈱⡯ຬᢙ㬍ᐔဋൕോᐕᢙ 㪾㫇 㩷㩷㩷㪞㪧 ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ╷䈱ㆀⴕ 䋺Ꮢ䈍䉋䈶ⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ䈮䉋䉎Ꮏ႐䊶ᬺ႐╬䈻䈱ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴᬌᩏઙᢙ 㪽㫂 㩷㩷㩷㪝㪢 ⸳䈮ൻ䈘䉏䈢⾗Ḯല₸⊛䈭↢↥䈮ଥ䉎ᛛⴚ䊶䊉䉡䊊䉡䈱⫾Ⓧ 䋺ㅧᬺㇱ㐷䈱ᒻ࿕ቯ⾗↥䈱ᐕᧃ㜞䋨ታ⾰୯䋩 㪽㫉 㩷㩷㩷㪝㪩 ኂ㒐ᱛ䉇↢↥Ꮏ⒟▤ℂ䈱䈢䉄䈱⚵❱䈱ᢛ 䋺ኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪䋨ᄢ᳇㑐ଥ䋩䈱࿖ኅ⹜㛎วᩰ⠪䋨⚥⸘୯䋩 㪽㫇 㩷㩷㩷㪝㪧 ⾗Ḯല₸⊛䈭↢↥ 䋺ㅧᬺㇱ㐷䈱ㅧຠ⩄㗵䋯ේ᧚ᢱ↪㗵 㪺㫂 㩷㩷㩷㪚㪢 ⅣႺᗧ⼂㉯ᚑ䈭䈬䈮ଥ䉎⍮⼂䊶ᖱႎൻ 䋺ㅢା䋬ᢎ⑼ᦠ䊶ቇ⠌ෳ⠨ᦠ䋬ᦠ☋䊶ઁ䈱ශ‛䈮ଥ䉎ᡰ㗵䋨ታ⾰୯䋩 㪺㫉 㩷㩷㩷㪚㪩 ੱ䈱ⅣႺᗧ⼂䉕ⅣႺⴕേ䈮ଦ䈜䇸႐䇹䈱ഃㅧ 䋺Ꮢ䈱␠ળᢎ⢒⾌䋨ታ⾰୯䋩 㪺㫇 㩷㩷㩷㪚㪧 ㅢᯏ㑐䈱↪ 䋺䊋䉴䊶㔚ゞ䈱ㅢቇ䈍䉋䈶ㅢൕቯᦼ䈮ଥ䉎ᡰ㗵䋨ታ⾰୯䋩 㪈ੱᒰ䈢䉍Ꮢౝ✚↢↥䋨ታ⾰୯䋩 ౝ㑑ᐭ䇸⋵᳃⚻ᷣ⸘▚ᐕႎ䇹㩿ฦᐕ 㪀 㪪㪦㪉 ੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛㩿㪪㪦㪉㪀Ớᐲ㩿㫇㫇㫄㪀㩷㩿৻⥸᷹ቯዪ䈮䈍䈔䉎ᐕᐔဋ୯㪀 㪥㪦㪉 ੑ㉄ൻ⓸⚛㩿㪥㪦㪉㪀Ớᐲ㩿㫇㫇㫄㪀㩷㩿ห㪀 ⅣႺ⋭䇸ᣣᧄ䈱ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⁁ᴫ䇹䋨ฦᐕ 䋩 㪜㪥㪭 㩿ᄢ᳇⾰㪀 㪚㪺㪸㫇 㩿Ꮢ᳃㪀 ✚ോ⋭䇸ኅ⸘⺞ᩏᐕႎ䇹㩿ฦᐕ 㪀 ᣇ⽷⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥળ䇸ᣇ⽷⛔⸘ᐕႎ䇹㩿ฦᐕ 㪀 ✚ോ⋭䇸ᐔᚑ㪈㪉ᐕၮḰ䇭ᶖ⾌⠪‛ଔធ⛯ᜰᢙ䇹 ⚻ᷣડ↹ᐡ䇸࿖᳃⚻ᷣ⸘▚ᐕႎ䇹㩿ฦᐕ 㪀 㪞㪩㪧 㩿⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㪀 ⅣႺ⑼ቇ䋨ஜ䋩⎇ⓥᚲႎ㩿ฦㇺᏒ䋬ฦᐕ 㪀 ⅣႺ⊕ᦠ╬㩿ฦㇺᏒ䋬ฦᐕ 㪀 ෘ↢⋭䇸ⴡ↢ⴕᬺോႎ๔䇹䋨ฦᐕ 䋩 ᣇോຬ⛎ਈᐲ⎇ⓥળ䇸ᣇോຬ⛎ਈ䈱ታᘒ䇹㩿ฦᐕ 㪀 㗄⋡ ⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⋭䇸Ꮏᬺ⛔⸘䇹㩿ฦᐕ 㪀 ↥ᬺⅣႺ▤ℂදળ䇸↥ᬺኂ䇹䋬䇸ⅣႺ▤ℂ䇹䋨ฦᐕ 䋩 ౝ㑑ᐭ䇸࿖᳃⚻ᷣ⸘▚䇭㔛ⷐ㗄⋡ᤨ♽䇭ᐕᐲ䊂䊐䊧䊷䉺䇹 㪞㪺㪸㫇 㩿ⴕ㪀 㪝㪺㪸㫇 㩿ડᬺ㪀 ࠺࠲ߪ㧘1 ߩ 33 ߩࡑ࠻ࠢࠬߦၮߠ߈㧘3 ㇺᏒߣ߽ߦ 1971㨪2000 ᐕߢ⛮⛯⊛ߦ㓸น⢻ߥ࠺ ࠲߆ࠄㆬᛯߐࠇࠆޕߎߩ⛔⸘࠺࠲ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ㗼ൻߒߚฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩᵴേߩ⒟ᐲߪ㧘ẜ⊛ߥ⢻ജ᳓Ḱ ߦଐሽࠆߪᤋߐࠇࠆߚ㧘ߎࠇࠍઍℂᜰᮡߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕߎߎߢߪ㧘3 ㇺᏒ30 ᐕ㑆ㅢߦ 㓸ߢ߈ࠆ⛔⸘࠺࠲ߦࠃࠅ㧘⢻ജࠍઍℂ⊛ߦߔߎߣߣߥࠆޕߥ߅㧘ⴕߪᏒ߅ࠃ߮Ꮢ┙ߩⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ ᚲ6)ߚࠅ㧘ડᬺߪᬺᚲߚࠅ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߪᏪߚࠅߦടᎿߒ㧘ࠕࠢ࠲ߏߣߦනࠍ⛔৻ߔࠆߎߣߢᜰ ᮡൻߔࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰㧔ENV㧕ߦߟߡ㧘SO2Ớᐲ㧘NO2Ớᐲߪ㧘࿑4㧘࿑ 5 ߩࠃ߁ߦ৻⥸᷹ቯዪߦ߅ ߌࠆᐕᐔဋ୯ߣߔࠆ7)ޕߥ߅㧘SO2㧘NO2ߪ㧘ࡈࡠဳߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ‛⾰ߢࠅ㧘⫾Ⓧဳߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ‛⾰ߣ⇣ ߥࠅ㧘ฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩᵴേߦ߁ኻ╷߇ขࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢ㧘⋥ߜߦឃ㊂߅ࠃ߮Ớᐲߩૐਅ߇ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣ ᝒ߃ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߦ߅ߡߪ㧘SO2Ớᐲ㧘NO2ỚᐲߣⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪหᐕᐲߢߩಽ ᨆߣߔࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧔GRP㧕ߪ 1 ੱᒰߚࠅᏒౝ✚↢↥ߣߒ㧘GDP࠺ࡈ࠲ߢታ⾰ൻߔࠆޕ 㽲ⴕ䈱ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ䋨㪞㪺㪸㫇䋩㩷 ⴕߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ3 ߟߩᜰᮡߢߐࠇࠆޕ߹ߕ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ߦ㑐ߔࠆޟ╷ޠߩࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߣ ߒߡ㧘ޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ╷ߩㆡಾߥㆀⴕ㧔gp㧕ޠ߇⸳ቯߢ߈ࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘ߎߩ㆐ᚑߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘ޟ╷┙᩺ታ ᣉߩၮ␆ߣߥࠆ⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥ㧔gk㧕ޠ㧘ޟ⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥࠍ〯߹߃ߚ╷ൻߦଥࠆ⚵❱㧔gr㧕ޠ߇ሽߒ㧘gkψ grψgp ߣ߁ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦኻߔࠆ৻ㅪߩޟ╷ޠࡊࡠࠬ߇ዉ߆ࠇࠆޕߎߎߢ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦኻᔕߔࠆ⢻ജⷐ⚛ ࠍ㧘2 ߦࠆ Gcap ߩ GKޟᏒ┙ߩⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߢߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߦଥࠆ⺰ᢥឝタᢙޠ㧘GRޟᏒߩⅣႺㇱ⟑ ߅ࠃ߮ⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߩ⡯ຬᢙᐔဋൕോᐕᢙޠ㧘GPޟᏒ߅ࠃ߮ⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߦࠃࠆᎿ႐ᬺ႐╬߳ ߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴᬌᩏઙᢙޠߩ3 ߟߩ࠺࠲ߢઍᦧߔࠆޕⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߪ㧘ᮮᵿᏒⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧘ฬฎደᏒ ⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧘ᄢ㒋ᏒⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ߇ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆޕ 6) ᄢ᳇ⅣႺቇળผᢱᢛℂ⎇ⓥᆔຬળ(2000)ߪ㧘ᣇኂ⹜㛎⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⎇ⓥផㅴߦᨐߚߒߚᓎഀߪᄢ߈ߣ⹏ଔߒ㧘᳖(1988)߽ห᭽ ߩ⹏ଔࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⚻㛎ᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ(1997)ߪ㧘ኂኻ╷ߦଥࠆᏒ┙ߩ⎇ⓥᚲߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߣߪߒߡߪߥ߇㧘ޟડᬺߩ ข⚵߇චಽߢߥ߆ߞߚኂ㗴ߩೋᦼߦ߅ߡߪ㧘᷹ቯᛛⴚ㧘ኻ╷ᛛⴚߩ㐿⊒╬ߦ߽ᣇ࿅ߩᛛⴚ⠪߇ᄢ߈ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߚޠߣ⹏ଔ ߒߡࠆޕ 7) ৻⥸ߦⅣႺᇦਛߩᳪᨴ‛⾰ỚᐲߩಽᏓߪኻᢙᱜⷙಽᏓࠍ␜ߔߣ߁ᜰ៰߽ࠅ㧔ⅣႺ⋭(2002)㧕㧘߹ߚ㧘ࡅࠬ࠻ࠣࡓߢ߽ኻᢙᱜⷙಽᏓߦ ㄭᒻ⁁ࠍ␜ߒߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘Უ㓸࿅ಽᏓߣߒߡᄙᄌ㊂ᱜⷙಽᏓࠍᗐቯߔࠆಽᨆᚻᴺࠍ↪ࠆߚ㧘ಽᨆߢߪ㧘ᱜⷙಽᏓߦㄭૃߐߖࠆߚߦ㧘 SO2Ớᐲ㧘NO2Ớᐲࠍኻᢙൻߒߚޕ߹ߚ㧘1971㨪2000 ᐕߩోᦼ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡߩㇺᏒߩ SO2㧘NO2ឃ㊂ߩ࠺࠲ߪߥޕ
GKޟ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߦଥࠆ⺰ᢥឝタᢙޠߪ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⁁ᴫߩಽᨆ㧘ᳪᨴ㒰ᛛⴚߩ⹏ଔ╬㧘⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ㧘⹜㛎ᬌ ᩏߥߤ㧘Ꮢ┙ߩⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߩᓎഀߣߒߡߩ⑼ቇ⊛⍮ߩ⫾Ⓧឭଏ⢻ജࠍઍℂ⊛ߦߔߣᝒ߃ࠆ 8)ޕ ޟⅣႺ㗴⸃ߦߪ⑼ቇ⊛⍮⼂߇ᔅⷐޠ㧔ችᧄ(1989)㧕ߣߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ൎේ(2001)㧘⮮ୖ(2002)ߪ㧘ኂኻ ╷ߦ߅ߌࠆ⑼ቇ⊛࠺࠲ߩലᕈࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ GRޟ⡯ຬᢙᐔဋൕോᐕᢙޠߦߟߡ㧘 1 ߩޟR㧦ⅣႺ╷⾗Ḯߩㆇ↪⢻ജޠߪ㧘ੱຬ⚵❱㧘⾗㊄ ੍▚㧘ᣉ⸳⸳╬ߣ߁㧘ࠊࠁࠆࡅ࠻㧘ࡕࡁ㧘ࠞࡀߩㆇ↪⢻ജߣߒߡ⚦ಽ㘃ߐࠇߡࠆ߇㧘ᧄಽᨆߢ ߪ㧘ߘࠇࠄ⾗Ḯࠍ✚ว⊛ߦࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߔࠆੱຬ⚵❱ࠍ㧘Rߦ߅ߌࠆᦨ߽ఝవ⊛ߥ⢻ജⷐ⚛㧘ߟ߹ࠅR ߩઍᕈࠍߔ߽ߩߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆ9)ޕߥ߅㧘ᧃᑝ(2000)ߪ㧘ᐭߩᎿᬺൻߦଥࠆ␠ળ⊛⢻ജߩⷐ⚛ߣߒߡ㧘 ╷ߩ┙᩺ታᣉߦଥࠆ⚵❱⸳┙ߣੱ⊛⾗Ḯᛩࠍ╙৻ߦߍߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ੱຬ⚵❱ߪ㧘㊂ߛߌߢߥ ߊ㧘⾰ߩᛠី߇㊀ⷐߣߥࠆߚ㧘Barro(1991)㧘Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin(1997)ࠄ߇㧘ഭജߩ⾰ߩ⸘᷹ߦ㓙 ߒߡ㧘ᢎ⢒ᐕᢙ߿ഭ⠪ᚲᓧ╬ࠍઍℂᄌᢙߢ↪ߡࠆߎߣࠍ〯߹߃㧘ⅣႺ╷ߦ៤ࠊࠆੱຬ⚵❱ߩ⾰ ࠍ㧘⚻㛎߅ࠃ߮ᾫ✵ࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߣߒߡߩᐔဋൕോᐕᢙࠍ⸳ቯߒ㧘ੱຬᢙߣដߌวࠊߖߡ␜ߒߚޕ GPޟᎿ႐ᬺ႐╬߳ߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴᬌᩏઙᢙޠߪ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ㒐ᱛᴺ߿ኂ㒐ᱛ᧦߅ࠃ߮Ꮢ᳃߆ࠄߩ⧰ᖱ ╬ߦၮߠߊᎿ႐ᬺ႐߳ߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦ㑐ߔࠆ┙ᬌᩏߢࠆޕΆᢱ߿ේᢱណขߦࠃࠆᬌᩏ㧘ᯏེߩല₸ ್ቯ߿⛽ᜬ▤ℂ⁁ᴫᬌᩏߥߤߩዯౝኈ߿ၮḰㆡว⁁ᴫߩᬌᩏߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ኂ㒐ᱛ⚵❱ߩᢛ⁁ᴫ߿ኂ 㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪ߩᵴേ⁁ᴫߩᬌᩏ╬ࠍⴕ߁10)ޕ ᧻ਅ(2002)ߪ㧘ⅣႺࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘╷ࡊࡠࠬࠍ㧘⺖㗴⸳ቯ㧘╷ᒻᚑ㧘╷ታᣉߦ 3 ಽ ߒ㧘ⅣႺ㗴ߩሽߣⴕ⊛⺖㗴ߣߒߡߩ⼂㧘╷ቯߣታߩ╷ታᣉߥߤߦࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇ࠅ㧘ߘߩ ⷐ࿃ᛠីߩߚߦ╷ࡊࡠࠬಽߏߣߩᬌ⸛ߩᔅⷐᕈࠍㅀߴߡࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘⑼ቇ⊛⎇ⓥ㧘╷ൻ ߦଥࠆ⚵❱㧘╷ㆀⴕࠍ㧘╷ࡊࡠࠬಽߦኻᔕߔࠆߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߣߒߡ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߪᅷᒰߣ ߃ࠆޕ 㽳ડᬺ䈱ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ䋨㪝㪺㪸㫇䋩㩷 ડᬺߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ3 ߟߩᜰᮡߢߐࠇࠆޕ߹ߕ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ߦ㑐ߔࠆޟ↢↥ޠߩࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߣ ߒߡ㧘ޟ⾗Ḯല₸⊛ߥ↢↥㧔fp㧕ޠ߇⸳ቯߢ߈ࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘ߎߩ㆐ᚑߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘ࠢ࠽ࡊࡠ࠳ࠢࠪ ࡚ࡦᛛⴚ╬ߦࠃࠆޟ⾗Ḯല₸⊛ߥ↢↥ߦଥࠆᛛⴚࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙ߩ⫾Ⓧ㧔fk㧕ޠ㧘ޟኂ㒐ᱛ߿⾗Ḯല₸⊛ߥ↢↥ Ꮏ⒟▤ℂߩߚߩ⚵❱㧔fr㧕ޠ߇ሽߒ㧘fkψfrψfp ߣ߁ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦኻߔࠆ৻ㅪߩޟ↢↥ޠࡊࡠࠬ 8) Ꮢ┙ߩⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߪ㧘1960 ᐕઍߦኂ߇ᷓೞൻߒߚߎߣߥߤߦ㧘Ꮢ┙ߩⴡ↢⎇ⓥᚲ߆ࠄ㧘ⅣႺ߅ࠃ߮ኂ⎇ⓥࠍኾ㐷ߦ⎇ⓥߔࠆᯏ 㑐ߣߒߡ⁛┙ߒߚ⚻✲߇ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᧄಽᨆߢߪ㧘Ꮢ┙ߩⅣႺ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ߇ᒰᏒߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ╷߳ߩ⋥ ធߩ⽸₂ᐲ߇㜞ߣߺߥߒ㧘ઍℂ࠺࠲ߣߒߡណ↪ߒߚޕ߽ߜࠈࠎⴡ↢⎇ⓥ߽╷ߦᵴ↪ߐࠇߡࠆㇱಽߪࠆߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ߇㧘ᓎഀߣߒߡ ਥߦஜⴡ↢╷ߦ⾗ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡࠆ߽ߩߣߺߥߒߚޕ߹ߚ㧘ઁߩᏒ┙ߩ⎇ⓥᚲ㧔ㇺᏒ⸘↹㧘ᧁߥߤ㧕߽㧘ߘߩࡔࠗࡦߩ╷ಽ㊁ߦ ኻߔࠆ⽸₂ߣߺߥߒߚޕ߹ߚ㧘╷ൻߦ߅ߡߪ㧘ઁㇺᏒ߿࿖ߩ⎇ⓥേะ߽㧘ᒰὼߥ߇ࠄᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ 9) ߹ߚ㧘ᣉ⸳⸳ࠍ‛ઙ⾌╬㧘ੱຬ⚵❱ࠍੱઙ⾌ߣߒߡౝ൮ߔࠆᔨߣߒߡߩ⾗㊄੍▚ߪ㧘ᢛว⊛ߥ 30 ᐕ㑆ߩ࠺࠲߇ឥࠊߥߣ߁ ࠺࠲⚂߽ࠆޕ 10) ޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ㒐ᱛᴺߩ৻ㇱࠍᡷᱜߔࠆᴺᓞߩᣉⴕߦߟߡޠ(1981 ᐕ 8 19 ᣣ㧘Ⅳᄢડ 3)㧘߅ࠃ߮㧘Ფᐕᐲ㐿ߐࠇߡࠆో࿖ㇺᐭ⋵ ᜰቯㇺᏒᄢ᳇ਥ▤ᜂᒰ⺖㐳ળ⼏ߦࠃࠅ㧘ⅣႺ⋭ߪ㧘ᄢⷙᮨߥ߫ᾍ╬⊒↢ᣉ⸳ߥߤߦኻߒߡ㧘ᦨૐᐕ1 ࿁એ┙ᬌᩏߢ⏕ߔࠆࠃ߁ᜰዉ ߒߡࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘✚ോᐡⴕ⋙ኤዪ(1996)ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘┙ᬌᩏታᣉߦਇ߇ࠆㇺᐭ⋵㧘Ꮢߩሽ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆޕ߃߫㧘┙ᬌ ᩏߩታᣉᣇ㊎ታᣉ⸘↹ߦ߅ߡ㧘ᐕ৻࿁એߩ┙ᬌᩏࠍ੍ቯߒߡߥ㧔14 ㇺᐭ⋵ 12 Ꮢ㧕㧘⸘↹⥄╷ቯߒߡߥ㧔3 ㇺᐭ⋵ 4 Ꮢ㧕ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ᬌᩏታᣉᓟߩᡷༀភ⟎╬ߦߟߡ㧘Ꮏ႐ᬺ႐ߩ⥄Ꮖ᷹ቯᧂታᣉߩ⪭ߣߒ㧔6 ㇺᐭ⋵ 3 Ꮢ㧕㧘ᡷༀᜰ ዉភ⟎⁁ᴫߩᧂ⏕㧔6 ㇺᐭ⋵ 4 Ꮢ㧕ߥߤ߇␜ߐࠇߡࠆޕਛߦߪ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦଥࠆ┙ᬌᩏࠍోߊታᣉߒߡߥ㧘߹ߚ㧘৻ㇱᣉ⸳ߩ ߺߦ㒢ቯߒ⊛⏕ߥ┙ᬌᩏࠍታᣉߒߡߥ㧘3 ᐕ㑆 1 ᐲ߽┙ᬌᩏࠍฃߌߡߥᎿ႐ᬺ႐߇ 30%એࠍභࠆ㧘ࠟࠬឃ㊂ߩᄢ߈ᣉ ⸳ߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߦ10 ᐕߦ 1 ࿁⒟ᐲߒ߆┙ᬌᩏࠍታᣉߒߡߥߥߤߩ߽ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩታᖱࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘ⅣႺ⋭ߦኻߒߡ㧘ᚑ ഞߣߒߡ㧘ᐕ1 ࿁એ┙ᬌᩏࠍታᣉߒߡࠆㇺᐭ⋵ߩታᣉᣇ㊎߅ࠃ߮ታᣉ⸘↹߿㧘┙ᬌᩏߩല₸⊛㧘ലᨐ⊛ߥᣇᴺߩ㓸 ࠍߒߡ㧘ㇺᐭ⋵߅ࠃ߮Ꮢߦ␜ߔߴ߈ߣ൘๔ߒߡࠆޕߎࠇࠄࠃࠅ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴᬌᩏઙᢙߣߒߡࠊߐࠇࠆGP㧔ⴕߩ╷ኻ╷ߩㆀⴕ⢻ ജ㧕ߪ㧘ㇺᏒߏߣߦ⇣ߥࠆߎߣ߇ታ㓙㕙߆ࠄ߽⏕ߐࠇࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘⡯ຬᢙᐔဋൕോᐕᢙߣߒߡߐࠇࠆGR㧔ⅣႺኻ╷⾗Ḯߩㆇ↪⢻ജ㧕ߩ᳓ Ḱߦቢోߦଐሽߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߎߣ߽ផ᷹ߐࠇࠆޕ
߇ዉ߆ࠇࠆޕߎߎߢ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦኻᔕߔࠆ⢻ജⷐ⚛ࠍ㧘2 ߦࠆ Fcap ߩ FKޟㅧᬺㇱ㐷ߩᒻ࿕ቯ⾗↥ ߩᐕᧃ㜞ޠ㧘FRޟኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪㧔ᄢ᳇㑐ଥ㧕ߩ࿖ኅ⹜㛎วᩰ⠪ߩ⚥⸘ޠ㧘FPޟㅧᬺㇱ㐷ߩㅧຠ ⩄㗵㧛ේ᧚ᢱ↪㗵ޠߩ3 ߟߩ࠺࠲ߢઍᦧߔࠆޕFKޟᒻ࿕ቯ⾗↥ߩᐕᧃ㜞ޠߪ㧘᳃㑆ડᬺ⸳࠺ ࡈ࠲ߦࠃࠅታ⾰ൻߔࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘SO2㧘NO2ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ߘߩਥⷐߥឃ⠪ߣߒߡߩㅧᬺ ಽ㊁ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ࠺࠲ㆬᛯࠍⴕߞߚޕ FKޟᒻ࿕ቯ⾗↥ߩᐕᧃ㜞ޠߪ㧘↢↥ᵴേో⥸ߦଥࠆ⾗↥ߢࠅ㧘ࠢ࠽ࡊࡠ࠳࡚ࠢࠪࡦᛛ ⴚߩߺࠍ▸࿐ߣߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ߇㧘ડᬺߪ⾗Ḯല₸⊛ߥ↢↥ߦነਈߔࠆ⸳ߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥዉߣߘߩㆇ↪ ߦଥࠆᛛⴚࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙ߩ⫾Ⓧߣ߁วℂ⊛ߥⴕേࠍߣࠆߣᗐቯߢ߈ࠆߚ㧘K㧦⍮⼂ᖱႎᛛⴚߩឭଏ ⢻ജߣߒߡઍᦧߔࠆ11)ޕ FRޟኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪╬࿖ኅ⹜㛎วᩰ⠪ޠߪ㧘ో࿖ 9 ળ႐ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ޟ㧔ળ႐วᩰ⠪ᢙ㧕㧔ᒰ ㇺᏒੱญ㧛ᒰᣇ⚻ᷣ↥ᬺዪߩ▤ロၞౝੱญ㧕ޠߦࠃࠅផ⸘ߒߚ㧔ᧄ↰(2004)㧕ޕߘߒߡ㧘1971 ᐕߩ ╙1 ࿁⹜㛎วᩰ⠪ߩᐔဋᐕ㦂߇⚂ 30 ᱦߢࠅ㧘ኂ㒐ᱛߦଥࠆ⍮⼂ࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙ࠍᜬߞߚੱ᧚߇ડᬺౝߢ⛮ ⛯ߒߡ⽸₂ߒߡࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ⚥⸘୯ߣߔࠆޕ FPޟㅧຠ⩄㗵㧛ේ᧚ᢱ↪㗵ޠߪ㧘Άᢱ㧘↪᳓ߥߤࠍේ᧚ᢱ⾗᧚ߣ߁⾗Ḯᛩ㊂㧔ࠗࡦࡊ ࠶࠻㧕ߣ㧘ㅧຠߩ↥㧔ࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻㧕߆ࠄ᷹ቯߐࠇࠆ↢↥ᕈߢࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍ⾗Ḯല₸ᕈߣߒߚޕ⾗Ḯ ല₸ᕈߩะߦࠃࠅ㧘ⅣႺ⽶⩄ૐᷫߦ❬߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ ⚬㊁㊁ਛ(1995)ߪ㧘⢻ജࡌࠬ⚻༡ߦ߅ߡ㧘⢻ജࠍ⚵❱⾗Ḯࡌ࡞㧔⍮⼂⾗Ḯ㧘⍮⊛⢻ജ㧕㧘⍮⼂ ᄌ឵ࡌ࡞㧔ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧘ࡊࡠࠬ㧘ࠬࠠ࡞㧕㧘ࡊࡠ࠳ࠢ࠻ࡌ࡞㧔ࠦࠕࡊࡠ࠳ࠢ࠻㧘ቢ⊛ຠࠨࡆ ࠬ㧕ߩਃጀߦಽ㘃ߒ㧘ߘࠇࠄ߇⋧ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ડᬺߩ✚⊛ߥ⢻ജ߇ታൻߒߡࠆߣㅀߴߡ ࠆޕߎࠇߪ㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥߩડᬺߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛K㧘R㧘P ߩಽ㘃ߣᢛวߔࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ᧄಽᨆߢߩޟR㧦ⅣႺ╷⾗Ḯ ߩㆇ↪⢻ജޠߦߚࠆ⍮⼂ᄌ឵ࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߡ㧘ޟਛߢ߽㊀ⷐߥߩߪ㧘࠴ࡓ㧔ࠣ࡞ࡊࠆߪࡊࡠࠫ ࠚࠢ࠻㧕ࠍࡊ࠶࠻ࡈࠜࡓߣߔࠆ㧘⍮ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓ߇⊒ើߐࠇࠆ⚵❱ㆇ༡߿࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧘ߘߎߢ ߩഃㅧᕈߣല₸ᕈߩਔ┙ߢࠆޠ㧔⚬㊁㊁ਛ(1995)㧕ߣߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ޟR㧦ⅣႺ╷⾗Ḯߩㆇ↪⢻ജޠߩਛߢ ߽ੱຬ⚵❱ߦ㑐ࠊࠆⷐ⚛ߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ධ(1992)ߪ㧘ᛛⴚዉߩ␠ળ⊛⢻ജߩⷐ⚛ ߣߒߡ㧘╙৻ߦડᬺߩੱ⊛⾗Ḯࠍߍߡ߅ࠅ㧘ޟR㧦ⅣႺ╷⾗Ḯߩㆇ↪⢻ജޠߦ߅ߌࠆੱຬ⚵❱ߣߒߡ ߩFRޟኂ㒐ᱛ▤ℂ⠪╬࿖ኅ⹜㛎วᩰ⠪ޠߪ㧘R ߩઍᕈࠍߔ߽ߩߣߒߡᅷᒰߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ 㽴Ꮢ᳃䈱ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ䋨㪚㪺㪸㫇䋩㩷 Ꮢ᳃ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ3 ߟߩᜰᮡߢߐࠇࠆޕ߹ߕ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ߦ㑐ߔࠆޟᶖ⾌ޠߩࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߣ ߒߡ㧘ޟㅢᯏ㑐ߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥ↪㧔cp㧕ޠ߇⸳ቯߢ߈ࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘ߎߩ㆐ᚑߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘ޟⅣႺᗧ⼂㉯ᚑ ߥߤߦଥࠆ⍮⼂ᖱႎൻ㧔ck㧕ޠ㧘ޟੱߩⅣႺᗧ⼂ࠍⅣႺⴕേߦଦߔޡ႐ޢߩഃㅧ㧔cr㧕ޠ߇ሽߒ㧘ckψ crψcp ߣ߁ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦኻߔࠆ৻ㅪߩޟᶖ⾌ޠࡊࡠࠬ߇ዉ߆ࠇࠆޕߎߎߢ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦኻᔕߔࠆ⢻ജⷐ⚛ ࠍ㧘2 ߦࠆ Ccap ߩ CKޟㅢା߅ࠃ߮ᦠ☋ઁߩශ‛ߦଥࠆᡰ㗵ޠ㧘CRޟᏒߩ␠ળᢎ⢒⾌ޠ㧘CPޟࡃ ࠬ㔚ゞߩㅢቇ߅ࠃ߮ㅢൕቯᦼߦଥࠆᡰ㗵ޠߩ3 ߟߩ࠺࠲ߢઍᦧߔࠆޕCK㧘CP ߪㇺᏒຠ⋡࠺ࡈ ࠲㧘CR ߪᢎ⢒ᡰ࠺ࡈ࠲ߢታ⾰ൻߔࠆޕ CKޟㅢା߅ࠃ߮ᦠ☋ઁߩශ‛ߦଥࠆᡰ㗵ޠߪ㧘ⅣႺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨߃߿ଔ୯ⷰ㧘ၮᧄ⊛⢻ജߩ᳓Ḱࠍ ઍᦧߔࠆޕߎߎߢ㧘ᑝ᧻(1986)ߩᖱႎൻᜰᮡᚑߦଥࠆᖱႎᵹㅢ᭴ㅧߩಽ㘃ߢࠆࡄ࠰࠽࡞㧛ࡑࠬࠦ 11) ኂኻ╷ߦ߅ߌࠆ EP ᛛⴚ㧔ࠛࡦ࠼ࠝࡉࡄࠗࡊ㧕ߪ㧘⾗Ḯല₸ᕈࠍ⋥ធะߐߖࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߚ㧘ᩮᧄ⊛ߥኂኻ╷ߣߒߡߩࠢ ࠽ࡊࡠ࠳࡚ࠢࠪࡦᛛⴚ㧔CP ᛛⴚ㧕ࠍಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߒߚޕ߹ߚ㧘ㇺᏒߏߣߩ EP ᛛⴚߩ࠺࠲ߪߥޕ
ࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦಽࠍ〯߹߃ࠆޕ㔚㧘ߪ߇߈╬ߩㅢା⾌ࠍࡄ࠰࠽࡞ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ㧘ᣂ⡞㧘 㔀╬ߩᦠ☋ઁߩශ‛⾌ࠍࡑࠬࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩઍߣߒߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩࠍ⍮⼂ᖱႎൻߦଥ ࠆᜰᮡߣߔࠆޕߥ߅㧘ᣂ⡞㧘㔀߆ࠄߪၮᧄ⊛⢻ജߩᒻᚑߦଥࠆ⍮⼂ᖱႎߛߌߢߥߊ㧘࿑7 ߩࠃ߁ߦᄢ ᳇ᳪᨴ㧘ⅣႺ㗴ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ᖱႎ߽ቯᦼ⊛ߦᓧࠄࠇࠆߎߣߣߥࠆ 12)ޕޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⎇ⓥߪ᳃ㆇേߦᓇ 㗀ࠍਈ߃㧘ࡑࠬࠦࡒႎ߽ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ╷ߩ⊒┵ߣߥߞߚޠ㧔ᄢ᳇ⅣႺቇળผᢱᢛℂ⎇ⓥᆔຬળ(2000)㧕ߣߐ ࠇ㧘World Bank(1996)ߪ㧘ᣣᧄߩࡑࠬࡔ࠺ࠖࠕߪ᳃߳ߩⅣႺᖱႎឭଏߦᄢ߈ߊ⽸₂ߒߚߣ⹏ଔߒߡࠆ13)ޕ ߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘CKߪ㧘ⅣႺᗧ⼂㧘ⅣႺ߳ߩ⽿છᗵߩ⒟ᐲࠍ᷹ࠆ߽ߩߣߥࠆޕ ࿑ 㪎㩷 ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ䋬ⅣႺ㗴䈮ଥ䉎ᖱႎ䈱ផ⒖㩷 㪇 㪈㪇 㪉㪇 㪊㪇 㪋㪇 㪌㪇 㪍㪇 㪎㪇 㪈㪐㪎㪈 㪈㪐㪏㪇 㩿ᐕ㪀 䇸ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ䇹㑐ㅪ⸥ 㩿ઙᢙ㪀 䇸ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ䇹㑐ㅪ࿑ᦠ 㪈㪐㪐㪇㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷䇭䇭㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㪉㪇㪇㪇 䇸ⅣႺ㗴䇹㑐ㅪ࿑ᦠ 䇸ⅣႺ㗴䇹㑐ㅪ⸥ ᚲ㧦NDL-OPAC㧘ᦺᣣᣂ⡞ᚢᓟߒ DB ࠃࠅᚑ CRޟᏒߩ␠ળᢎ⢒⾌ޠߪ㧘᳃㙚⾌㧘࿑ᦠ㙚⾌㧘ᢥൻળ㙚⾌㧘␠ળᢎ⢒ᵴേ⾌ߥߤࠍ߽ߩߢࠅ㧘 ⊛ߥଥࠅߦ߅ߡ㧘␠ળⷙ▸㧘ᘠ⠌⠌ᘠߩ⛽ᜬߦነਈߔࠆ14)ޕ߹ߚ㧘ᢎ⢒ߩᄖㇱᕈ㧘ߟ߹ࠅੱߦᢎ ⢒㔛ⷐߩቯࠍᆔߨࠆߣ␠ળోߦߣߞߡᦸ߹ߒᢎ⢒᳓Ḱ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇߥน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ߚ㧔ዊႮ (2002)㧕㧘␠ળᢎ⢒ߪੱߩ⍮⼂ᖱႎൻࠍቢߒ㧘㓸࿅ߢߩᵴേࠍଦㅴߐߖࠆᯏ⢻ࠍߔޕߎࠇࠄߦ㑐ߒ ߡ㧘⍮⼂ߪ․ቯߩᤨ㑆㧘႐ᚲ㧘ઁ⠪ߣߩ㑐ଥᕈߩਛߢഃ⊒㧘ୃᱜߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢࠅ㧔㊁ਛઁ(2003)㧕㧘ߎߩ ޟ႐ޠߩഃㅧߦ␠ળᢎ⢒ߪ⽸₂ߔࠆ߽ߩߣ߃ࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ޘੱߩኅᐸߢߩቇ⠌ߦၮߠߊⅣႺᗧ⼂ߪ㧘 ઁ⠪ߣߩᗧ឵߿ᖱႎߦࠃࠅ㧘ⅣႺⴕേߦߟߥ߇ࠆ᳓Ḱߦ߹ߢ㜞߹ࠆޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥ ㅢᯏ㑐ߩ↪ߣ߁ᶖ⾌ⴕേߩᄌൻ㧔ⅣႺⴕേ㧕߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥࠆޕᬀ↰(1996)ߪ㧘ⅣႺ⎕უߩේ ࿃ߩ1 ߟߣߒߡ㧘ⅣႺ㗴ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼ቇ⊛⍮߿ᖱႎਇ⿷ߣߘߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍߍ㧘⑼ቇ⊛⍮ࠍჇ߿ߒᖱ ႎࠍൻߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ੱ߿ડᬺ߇ⅣႺ㗴ߦኻߔࠆ⼂ࠍ㜞ࠆߎߣߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘 12) ޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴޠ㑐ㅪ࿑ᦠ㧘ޟⅣႺ㗴ޠ㑐ㅪ࿑ᦠ㧦NDL-OPAC㧔࿖┙࿖ળ࿑ᦠ㙚⬿ᦠᬌ⚝ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧕ߢߩ㧘ޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴޠ㧘ޟⅣႺ㗴ޠࠍ࠲ࠗ࠻ ࡞ߦ࿑ᦠߩ ᐕߏߣߩᬌ⚝⚿ᨐઙᢙߢࠆޕޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴޠ㑐ㅪ⸥㧘ޟⅣႺ㗴ޠ㑐ㅪ⸥㧦ᦺᣣᣂ⡞ᚢᓟߒ࠺࠲ࡌࠬ(1945́ 1999)ߩᦺೀᄕೀᧄ⚕᧲੩ ߢߩ㧘ޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴޠ㧘ޟⅣႺ㗴ޠࠍߒߦᣂ⡞⸥ߩᥲᐕߏߣߩᬌ⚝⚿ᨐઙᢙߢࠆޕ 13) ᯅᧄ(2001)ߪ㧘ޟ㊁ߩᮭജߣߒߡߩႎᯏ㑐߇ᮭജ߆ࠄ⁛┙ߒߚᵴേߦࠃߞߡ⺰ࠍ⢒ߡ㧘ᮭജࠍᛕ್ߔࠆߣ߁વ⛔߇㧘ታߪⅣႺⴕߩ ⊒ዷࠍ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ߽ߚࠄߒߚޠߣߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘⮮ୖ(1998)ߪർᎺᏒߩኂኻ╷ߦߟߡ㧘ޟࡑࠬࠦࡒߪ㧘ኂߩታᘒࠍᏒ᳃ߦ⍮ࠄߖᗧ⼂ ࠍ⊒ߔࠆߩߦਛᔃ⊛ߥᓎഀࠍ␜ߒߚޠߣߒߡࠆޕ 14) ␠ળᢎ⢒ߦ㒢ࠄߕ㧘ⴕࠨࡆࠬߩឭଏ㊂㧔੍▚㈩ಽ㧕ߪ㧘ⷙ▸⊛ߦߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃࠾࠭ࠍల⿷ߐߖࠆ㊂ࠍㆊਇ⿷ߥߊឭଏߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕߒ ߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ᣉ⸳ㆇ༡╬ߦଥࠆ੍▚ߪ㧘ฦᣉ⸳ߩ↪⁁ᴫ㧘߅ࠃ߮⻉㓸ળ߿ቇ⚖⻠ᐳ㧘⻠⠌ળ߳ߩෳട╬ߩ↪ታ❣㧘߹ߚᏒ᳃ߩⷐᦸߦၮߠ ߈ቯ߹ࠆߣ߃ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘␠ળᢎ⢒⾌ߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩⅣႺ╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ᖱႎߩ឵ߦଥࠆޟ႐ޠߩᵴᕈൻߩ⒟ᐲߦㄭૃߔࠆߣᝒ ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ታߦߪ㧘ⴕࠨࡆࠬߩല₸ᕈ߿㧘Ꮢߩ⽷ᖱߦࠃࠅᱡߺ߇↢ߓߡࠆน⢻ᕈ߽ࠆޕߥ߅㧘␠ળᢎ⢒⾌ ߩᡰ㗄⋡ౝ⸶㧔ో࿖ᐔᚑ16 ᐕᐲ㧕ߣߒߡߩ㧘ᶖ⾌⊛ᡰ㧘⾗ᧄ⊛ᡰ㧘ௌോఘㆶ⾌ߩഀวߪ㧘56.5%㧘17.2%㧘26.3%ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
␠ળᢎ⢒ߪ㧘⥄ὼⅣႺ⼔ߥߤߩ␠ળᢎ⢒࿅ߩᵴേᡰេ߽ߺ㧘ᓐࠄߩⅣႺ㗴ߦኻߔࠆ⋙ⷞ⠪㧔Watch dog㧕ߣߒߡߩᓎഀ߽ᡰ߃ࠆ15)ޕ CPޟࡃࠬ㔚ゞߩㅢቇ߅ࠃ߮ㅢൕቯᦼߦଥࠆᡰ㗵ޠߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘 1 ߩ CP ߩ࡞ߦࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘 ኂ㒐ᱛදቯ߳ߩෳട㧘ⴕߩᳪᨴ⋙ⷞߩቢߥߤ߽ߦ߇ࠆޕߚߛ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪ࠺࠲⚂ߣߣ߽ ߦ㧘࿕ቯឃḮߦട߃ߡ㧘⥄േゞឃࠟࠬߩነਈ߇ᄢ߈NO2ߦኻߔࠆⅣႺⴕേࠍ߽ߩߣߪ⸒߃ߥޕ ߐࠄߦ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߦኻߔࠆ৻ㅪߩޟᶖ⾌ޠࡊࡠࠬߢߪߥޕⴕ㧘ડᬺߢߩᜰᮡൻߦ߅ߡ߽ ฦࠕࠢ࠲ࠍⅣႺࠨࡆࠬߩឭଏਥߣߒߡᝒ߃㧘࠺࠲ㆬᛯߒߡࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘⥄േゞߩ↪⠪ߢ ߽ࠆᏒ᳃ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߪ㧘NO2ߛߌߢߥߊSO2ࠍᄢ᳇ᳪᨴో⥸ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ߩ㜞߹ࠅߣߒߡ㧘ޟ ㅢᯏ㑐ߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥ↪ޠߣ߁ⅣႺⴕേߦ⚿߮ߟߊߣᝒ߃ࠆޕ߃߫㧘ᤓߩࡁࡑࠗࠞ࠺ ߿ࡄࠢࠕࡦ࠼ࠗ࠼ߩផㅴ⁁ᴫߪ㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩⅣႺᗧ⼂ߩ㜞߹ࠅߦࠃࠆⅣႺⴕേߣ߁㧘Ꮢ᳃ߩⅣႺ▤ ℂ⢻ജߦࠃࠅⷙቯߐࠇࠆޕᬀ↰(2005)ߪ㧘ੱ㑆ߩⅣႺߦኻߔࠆ⼂߿⹏ଔߦߟߡ㧘ޟᣂߚߥ⥄ὼ⑼ቇ⊛⍮ ߩ₪ᓧ߿ઁ⠪ߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߿⸛⼏ߩㆊ⒟ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ⅣႺ⼂߇ㅴൻߔࠆޠߣߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ⅣႺ 㗴ߦଥࠆ⍮ߩ₪ᓧ㧘⼂ߩᷓൻߦࠃࠅ㧘ⅣႺⴕേ߇ዉ߆ࠇࠆߣ߁ࡊࡠࠬࠍ⺑ߢ߈ࠆޕ Stern(2000)ߪ㧘ੱߩⅣႺⴕേߣߘߩⷐ࿃ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍᢛℂߒ㧘ⅣႺⴕേࠍ㧘ޟ1㧚ⅣႺᵴേ⚵❱߳ߩ ෳട㧔environmental activism㧕㧘ޟ2㧚ⅣႺࠗࡌࡦ࠻ෳട߿ⅣႺ╷߳ߩ⾥ห㧔non activist behaviors in the public sphere㧕ޠ㧘ޟ3㧚ૐⅣႺ⽶⩄ߩ⽷ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾼ᶖ⾌㧔private-sphere environmentalism㧕ޠ㧘ޟ4㧚ડᬺ㧘࿅
╬ߩ᭴ᚑຬߣߒߡߩⅣႺⴕേ╬㧔other㧕ޠߦ 4 ಽ㘃ߒߡࠆޕ৻ᣇ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩⅣႺⴕേߩⷐ࿃ࠍ㧘ޟa㧚
ᓼ㧘ାᔨ㧘ଔ୯ⷰߥߤߩ⠨߃㧔attitudinal㧕ޠ㧘ޟb㧚ᢎ㙃ߥߤߩၮᧄ⊛⢻ജ㧘ᔕ↪⊛ߥ⍮⼂ᛛⴚ㧔personal capabilities㧕ޠ㧘ޟc㧚⚻ᷣᕈ㧘ᴺⷙ㧘␠ળⷙ▸ߥߤߩᄖ⊛ⷐ࿃㧔external /contextual forces㧕ޠ㧘ޟd㧚ᘠ⠌⠌ ᘠ㧔habit and routine㧕ޠߦ 4 ಽ㘃ߒ㧘ⶄᢙߩⷐ࿃ߩ⋧↪ߦࠃࠅ㧘․ቯߩⅣႺⴕേ߇ዉ߆ࠇࠆߎߣࠍ⼂ ߔߴ߈ߣߒߡࠆޕᧄಽᨆߢߪ㧘ⅣႺⴕേߪޟ3㧚ૐⅣႺ⽶⩄ߩ⽷ࠨࡆࠬߩ⾼ᶖ⾌ޠߣߒߡߩ ㅢᯏ㑐ߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥ↪㧔cp㧕ߣߥࠅ㧘ߘߩⷐ࿃ߪ㧘a㧘b ߦߚࠆޟⅣႺᗧ⼂㉯ᚑߥߤߦଥࠆ⍮⼂ᖱႎ ൻ㧔ck㧕ޠ㧘c㧘d ߦߚࠆޟੱߩᗧ⼂ࠍⅣႺⴕേߦଦߔޡ႐ޢߩഃㅧ㧔cr㧕ޠߣߥࠆޕ
䋳䋮ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ㩷
ᄢ᳇⾰㧔ENV㧕㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧔GRP㧕㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ㧔SCEM㧕ߩ㑐ଥߦߟߡ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ৻࿃ߦ ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߣ߁࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧߦଥࠆ⺑㧘ߟ߹ࠅ㧘࿑6 ࠍ〯 ߹߃㧘᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ࿑8 ߩࠃ߁ߦ⸳ቯߒߚޕࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛R㧘Pߩ⺋Ꮕᄌᢙ㑆ߦ ಽᢔࠍ⸳ቯߒߚ16)ޕ߹ߚ㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ߩ⼂ᕈ⏕ߩߚ17)㧘ẜᄌᢙ߆ࠄߩࡄࠬߢ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ࿑ߢᦨ߽ ߦࠆࡄࠬଥᢙ㧔K߳ߩࡄࠬ㧘SCEMψGcap㧘ENVψSO2㧕ࠍ 1 ߦ࿕ቯߔࠆ⚂ࠍ⺖ߔߎߣߢ⸃ࠍ᳞ ߚޕ߹ߚ㧘ᮡᧄᄌേߩᓇ㗀ߣ್ᢿߒ㧔⁚㊁ਃᶆ(2002)㧘⼾↰(2003)㧕㧘3 ㇺᏒߩe10㧘ᮮᵿᏒߩe2㧘d1㧘d2㧘 15) ߹ߚ㧘ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧘ㇺᐭ⋵⍮ㇱዪᏒ↸㐳ㇱዪ߅ࠃ߮␠ળᢎ⢒㑐ଥᣉ⸳߇ታᣉߒߚቇ⚖⻠ᐳߪ㧘ᢎ㙃ߩะ㧘⢒ࠢࠛࠪ ࡚ࡦ㧘ኅᐸᢎ⢒ኅᐸ↢ᵴ㧘⡯ᬺ⍮⼂ᛛⴚߩะ㧘Ꮢ᳃ᗧ⼂␠ળㅪᏪᗧ⼂㧔ⅣႺ㗴㑐ଥ㧘␠ળ㑐ଥ㧕ߣಽߐࠇ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ ⢻ജߩᒻᚑ߽ផㅴߐࠇߡࠆߣ߃ࠆޕ 16) Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥℂ↱߇ߥ႐วߦߪ㧘⺋Ꮕᄌᢙ㑆ߩಽᢔߪ 0 ߣቯߔࠆߩ߇᥉ㅢߛ߇㧘ẜᄌᢙએᄖߩㅢᄌേⷐ࿃߇ሽߔࠆߣᗐቯߐࠇࠆ႐ วߦߪ㧘⺋Ꮕᄌᢙ㑆ߦಽᢔࠍቯߢ߈ࠆ㧔⼾↰(2003)㧕ޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘㊁ਛ┻ౝ(1996)߇␜ߔ R㧘P ߦᒰߔࠆᲧセ⊛ኈᤃߦવ㆐น⢻ߥޟᒻ ᑼ⍮ޠߪ㧘K ߦᒰߔࠆޟᥧ㤩⍮ޠߣߩᲧセߦ߅ߡ㧘⋧ኻ⊛ߥᵹേᕈߩ㜞ߐࠁ߃ߦ㧘ฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߆ࠄⷙቯߐࠇࠆએᄖߩⷐ࿃ ߆ࠄ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆ߽ߩ㧔ẜᄌᢙએᄖߩㅢᄌേⷐ࿃߇ሽߔࠆ㧕ߣᗐቯߒ㧘ಽᢔࠍ⸳ቯߒߚޕ 17) ࡕ࠺࡞߇⼂ߐࠇߥ⁁ᘒߣߪ㧘᳞ࠆ⥄↱Უᢙߣᣇ⒟ᑼߩᢙߩ㑐ଥߢ㧘ᗐቯߔࠆࡕ࠺࡞ߢߩ⸃߇৻ߟߦቯ߹ࠄߥ⁁ᘒߢࠆޕߘߩߚ㧘 ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ⼂ߐߖࠆߚߦ㧘ࡄࠬଥᢙ߿ಽᢔࠍ࿕ቯߐߖࠆߥߤߩ⚂ࠍ⺖ߔᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ৻⥸⊛ߦ㧘ẜᄌᢙߩಽᢔࠍ1㧘ẜᄌᢙ߆ࠄ᷹ⷰᄌ ᢙߩࡄࠬଥᢙߩ৻ߟࠍ1 ߦ࿕ቯߔࠆ⚂ᣇᴺ߇↪ࠄࠇࠆޕฬฎደᏒߩe2㧘e5㧘d1㧘d3㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮢߩd3 ߩಽᢔࠍ 0 ߣߒߚ18)ޕ ࿑ 㪏㩷 ᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼ䊝䊂䊦㩷 GK GR GP FK FR GRP FP CK SO2 CR NO2 CP SCEM ENV Gcap Fcap Ccap e11 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 e10 d1 d2 d3 d5 d4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳 ᄢ᳇⾰ Ꮢ᳃䊶ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ ડᬺ䊶ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ ⴕ䊶ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ ฦㇺᏒߩಽᨆ⚿ᨐߪ࿑9㨪11 ߣߥࠆޕ⺋Ꮕᄌᢙ㧔e~㧕㧘ᡬੂᄌᢙ㧔d~㧕ߪ⋭⇛ߒߚޕࡕ࠺࡞ߩㆡวᐲߪ㧘 ᮮᵿᏒߪǿ2=56.490㧔df47㧕㧘P=0.162㧔>0.05㧕㧘GFI=0.675㧘RMSEA=0.083㧔<0.1㧕ޕฬฎደᏒߪǿ2=56.483 㧔df48㧕㧘P=0.188㧔>0.05㧕㧘GFI=0.675㧘RMSEA=0.078㧔<0.1㧕ޕᄢ㒋Ꮢߪǿ2=49.577㧔df45㧕㧘P=0.296㧔>0.05㧕㧘 GFI=0.715㧘RMSEA=0.059㧔<0.1㧕ߣߥࠅ㧘3 ㇺᏒߣ߽৻ቯߩㆡวᐲࠍ␜ߒߚ19)ޕߥ߅㧘ߎߎߢߩǿ2ᬌቯ ߪ㧘Ꮻή⺑ࠍޟࡕ࠺࡞߇ᱜߒޠߣ߅ߊߚ㧘P୯߇ 0.05 એߢ⺑߇᫈ළߐࠇߥߎߣߢ㧘5%ߩᗧ
᳓Ḱߢߩߎࠇࠄ3 ߟߩࡕ࠺࡞ߩណᛯ߇ߥߐࠇࠆ20)ޕ߹ߚ㧘GFI㧔goodness of fit index㧕߇⧯ᐓૐ߇㧘ߎࠇ ߪ㧘ᮡᧄࠨࠗ࠭߇ዊߐߎߣߦࠆ21)㧔⁚㊁(1998)㧕ޕ ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ㧔SCEM㧕ߩ᭴ㅧ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ㧘SCEM ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆฦࠕࠢ࠲ߩⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ Gcap㧘Fcap㧘 Ccap㧘߅ࠃ߮ߘࠇࠄࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ⢻ജⷐ⚛ K㧘R㧘P ߦߟߡ㧘ᮡḰൻߐࠇߚࡄࠬଥᢙߪᄢ߈ߥᢙ୯ߣߥࠅ㧘 ẜᄌᢙߪ᷹ⷰᄌᢙߦࠃࠅㆡಾߦ᷹ቯߐࠇ㧘࿃ᨐߩⷙቯജߪ㜞ߣ߃ࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ᮮᵿᏒߩ GcapψGP㧘 ฬฎደᏒߩGcapψGP㧘CcapψCP ࠍ㒰߈㧘ࡄࠬଥᢙߪోߡ⛔⸘⊛ߦᗧߣߥߞߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘 1 ߩ⢻ജ ⹏ଔࡈࡓߦၮߠߡㆬᛯߐࠇߚ᷹ⷰน⢻ߥ࠺࠲߆ࠄ㧘ẜ⊛ߥ⢻ജߩ᳓Ḱ߇ផቯߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇⏕ ߐࠇߚޕ 18) ⺋ᏅಽᢔߪᏱߦ㕖⽶ߣߥࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘࿃ሶ⽶⩄㧔ࡄࠬଥᢙ㧕߇㕖Ᏹߦᒝ᷹ⷰᄌᢙߩ႐ว㧘⺋Ꮕಽᢔ߇ዊߐߥ୯ߣߥࠅ⽶ߩ㗔ၞߦ⪭ߜࠆน ⢻ᕈ߇ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦߪ⺋Ꮕಽᢔࠍ0 ߣߒߡផ⸘ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢࠆ㧔⼾↰ 2003㧕ޕ߹ߚ㧘ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᢙ߇ዋߥߎߣ߇ߎߩⷐ࿃ߩ৻ߟߣߥࠆޕ 19) ⥄↱ᐲ df ߇ฦㇺᏒߢ⇣ߥࠆߩߪ㧘ฦࡕ࠺࡞ߢߩ⺋Ꮕᄌᢙ㧔e~㧕㧘ᡬੂᄌᢙ㧔d~㧕ߩಽᢔࠍ 0 ߣߔࠆ⚂ߩ㆑ߦࠆޕߎߩಽᢔࠍ⥄↱ࡄ ࡔ࠲ߣߺߥߔ߆ߦߟߡ㧘⁚㊁ਃᶆ(2002)ߪ㧘ޟࡕ࠺࡞ߩ⥄↱ᐲࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߔߴ߈߆ߪ㧘ߩߣߎࠈᧂ⸃ߩ㔍ߒ㗴ޠߣߒߡ ࠆޕ
20) ߹ߚ㧘RMSEA㧔Root Mean Square Error of Approximation㧕߽㧘৻⥸⊛ߦࠃߊ↪ࠄࠇࠆㆡวᐲᜰᮡߢࠆޕߎࠇࠄ 3 ߟߩࡕ࠺࡞ߣ߽ߦ RMSEA
ߪ0.1 ᧂḩߣߥࠅ㧘৻ቯߩㆡวᐲࠍ␜ߒߚޕ
21) ᮡᧄᢙ߇ᄙ߶ߤ⸃ߪቯߔࠆ߇㧘ᔅⷐᦨૐ㒢ߩᮡᧄᢙߪࡕ࠺࡞ߦଐሽߒ㧘৻ߦၮḰߪ␜ߖߥ㧔⼾↰(2003)㧕ޕ⼾↰(1998)ߢߪ㧘․ቯ
࿑ 㪐㩷 ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ䋨ᮮᵿᏒ䋩㩷 GK GR GP FK FR GRP FP CK SO2 CR NO2 CP Ȥ2= 56.490䋨df47䋩, P=0.162, GFI=0.675, RMSEA=0.083 ENV 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 -1.00 Gcap 0.83 1.00 0.40 Fcap 0.98 0.99 0.87 Ccap 0.97 0.96 0.89 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** SCEM 0.01 0.99 *** ࿑ 㪈㪇㩷 ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ䋨ฬฎደᏒ䋩㩷 GK GR GP FK FR GRP FP CK SO2 CR NO2 CP Ȥ2= 56.483䋨df48䋩, P=0.188, GFI=0.675, RMSEA=0.078 ENV 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.92 1.00 -0.77 Gcap 0.63 1.00 0.47 Fcap 0.95 1.00 0.66 Ccap 0.93 0.93 0.46 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** SCEM -0.22 0.98 *** ࿑ 㪈㪈㩷 ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ䋨ᄢ㒋Ꮢ䋩㩷 GK GR GP FK FR GRP FP CK SO2 CR NO2 CP Ȥ2= 49.577䋨df45䋩, P=0.296, GFI=0.715, RMSEA=0.059 ENV 1.00 0.98 0.94 0.58 1.00 -0.97 Gcap 0.86 0.96 0.94 Fcap 0.99 0.99 0.98 Ccap 0.97 0.62 0.73 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** * ** SCEM -0.03 0.98 *** ᵈ㧦*** 1%ᗧ㧘**5%ᗧ㧘*10%ᗧ ࿑8 ߢ 1 ߦ࿕ቯߒߚࡄࠬଥᢙߩᗧᕈߩᬌቯߪߐࠇߥ ߘߒߡ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ㧔SCEM㧕 ߣᄢ᳇⾰㧔ENV㧕ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߦߟߡߪ㧘 SCEMψENV ߪ3 ㇺᏒߣ߽ߦ⽶╓ภߢ⛔⸘ ⊛ߦᗧߣߥࠅ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ㧔߅ ࠃ߮ߘߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛㧕߇ะߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘 ᄢ᳇⾰Ớᐲ߇ૐਅߔࠆߣ߁㑐ଥ߇␜ߖ ߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘3 ߟߩㇺᏒߪ㧘ห᭽ߩ 33 ߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ࠍะߐߖࠆߎߣߢ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷ ༀࠍㅴߚߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߚޕߎࠇߪ㧘ᄢ᳇ ᳪᨴኻ╷ࠍㅴߚ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦห ᭽ߩ⢻ജ᭴ㅧ߇᭴▽ߐࠇߚߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆޕ ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧔GRP㧕ߣ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ 㧔SCEM㧕ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߦߟߡߪ㧘GRPψ SCEM ߪ 3 ㇺᏒߣ߽ߦᱜ╓ภߢ⛔⸘⊛ߦ ᗧߣߥࠅ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ ⢻ജ߇ะߔࠆߣ߁㑐ଥ߇␜ߖߚޕ৻ᣇ㧘 ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧔GRP㧕ߣᄢ᳇⾰㧔ENV㧕ߩ࿃ᨐ 㑐ଥߦߟߡߪ㧘GRPψENV ߪ㧘ᮮᵿᏒߢ ߪᱜ╓ภ㧘ฬฎደᏒߣᄢ㒋Ꮢߢߪ⽶╓ภߣ ߥߞߚ߇㧘ࡄࠬଥᢙߪዊߐߊ⛔⸘⊛ߦᗧ ߢߪߥߊ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟߣ ߪ⸒߃ߥޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘⺑ᬌ⸽ߣߒߡ ߩߎࠇࠄ3 ⠪㑆ߩ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧߣߒߡ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ 㐳ߘࠇ⥄߇⋥ធᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦነਈߒߡ ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ৻࿃ߦᒻᚑߐ ࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦ ነਈߒߡࠆߣᝒ߃ࠆߩ߇ㆡಾߢࠆޕ ߥ߅㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦࠃࠅ⥄േ⊛ߦ␠ળ⊛Ⅳ Ⴚ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߣᝒ߃ࠆߩߪㆡ ಾߢߪߥޕ1 ߩࠕࠢ࠲ࡈࠔࠢ࠲ ࡑ࠻ࠢࠬߦࠆޟR㧦ⅣႺኻ╷⾗Ḯߩㆇ ↪⢻ജޠߪ㧘⾗㊄੍▚㧘ੱຬ⚵❱㧘ᣉ⸳⸳╬ߣ߁⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߣߣ߽ߦ⾗Ḯ㈩ಽߐࠇᒻᚑߐࠇࠆᕈ ⾰߽ߔࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘ޟK㧦⍮⼂ᖱႎᛛⴚߩឭଏ⢻ജޠ㧘ޟP㧦╷ኻ╷ߩㆀⴕ⢻ജޠߪ㧘⸘↹⊛㧘ᗧ ࿑⊛ߦᒻᚑߒߡߊߴ߈ᕈ⾰ߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߢࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ〯߹߃ߡ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ ⢻ജߩ33 ߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߩ᳓Ḱࠍ⹏ଔߒߚߢ㧘ᔅⷐߥ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߩᒻᚑࠍㅴߡߊࡊࡠࠬ߇᳞ࠄࠇ ࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ޟ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߪߘߩઁߩ⋡⊛ߩߚߩᚻᲑߢߒ߆ߥޠ㧔Sen㧔1983㧕㧕ߩߢࠅ㧘ޟ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ ᚲᓧࠍะߐߖࠆߎߣߢ⋡⊛ࠍ㆐ᚑߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘╷ߣ␠ળᄌൻߦࠃࠅ㧘⋥ធߎߩ⋡⊛ ߩ㆐ᚑߦะ߆߁ߴ߈ߢࠆޠ㧔Sen㧔1983㧕㧕ߣ߃ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦߪ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߢߪߥߊ㧘 ⋥ធ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᯏ⢻ࡌ࡞ࠍะߐߖࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳㧘
␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ㑐ଥߦ߅ߌࠆ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᄢ᳇⾰߳ߩ⽸₂ߩታ⸽⚿ᨐࠍ〯߹߃ࠆߣ㧘⚻ ᷣߣⅣႺߩੑర⺰ߢߪߥߊ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߩઍࠊࠅߩ⋡ᮡߣߒߡ㧘╷⊛ߦᠲน⢻ߥ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ ᒻᚑࠍ㧘ⅣႺ╷߿࿖㓙ⅣႺදജߩല₸⊛ലᨐ⊛ታᣉߩ╷⋡ᮡߣߔࠆߎߣߩᅷᒰᕈ߇␜ߐࠇࠆޕ
䋴䋮⚿⺰㩷
ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ᮮᵿᏒ㧘ฬฎደᏒ㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮢߩ1971㨪2000 ᐕߦ߅ߌࠆᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ࠍኻ⽎ߦ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰㧘⚻ᷣᚑ 㐳㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ㑐ଥᕈߦߟߡ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ৻࿃ߦᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ ᡷༀߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߣ߁࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧߦଥࠆ⺑ࠍ㧘᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠅᬌ⸽ߒߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘એਅߩ4 ὐ ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ 㧔1㧕 ⺑ᬌ⸽ߩ೨ឭߢࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ᭴ㅧߣߒߡ㧘3 ߟߩᄢㇺᏒߪ㧘ᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ࠍㅴߚ ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦ33 ߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߢߐࠇࠆห᭽ߩ⢻ജ᭴ㅧ߇᭴▽ߐࠇߚߎߣࠍ㧘᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠅ⏕ߒߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢㇺᏒߩ⚻㛎ߣߒߡߩ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦ⽸₂ߔࠆẜ ⊛ߥ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ᳓Ḱߪ㧘1 ߩ⢻ജ⹏ଔࡈࡓࠍ↪ߚ᷹ⷰน⢻ߥ࠺࠲߆ࠄផቯ ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇⏕ߐࠇߚޕߎߩߎߣߪ㧘Ꮏᬺൻ㧘ࡕ࠲࡚ࠪࡦ߇ㅴዷߒߚㅜ࿖╬ߩᄢㇺ Ꮢߦ߅ߡ㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦ⽸₂ߔࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩផቯߦ㧘1 ߩㆡ↪ᔕ↪น⢻ᕈ߇␜ ໂߐࠇࠆޕ 㧔2㧕 3 ㇺᏒߘࠇߙࠇߩ᭴ㅧᣇ⒟ᑼࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆಽᨆߢ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳߆ࠄ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߦߪᱜߩ࿃ᨐ 㑐ଥ߇⏕ߐࠇ㧘߹ߚ㧘␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߆ࠄᄢ᳇⾰Ớᐲߦߪ⽶ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥ߇⛔⸘⊛ߦ⏕ߐ ࠇߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ৻࿃ߦᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇㧘ᄢ᳇⾰Ớᐲߩૐਅߦነਈ ߔࠆߣ߁࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ␜ߒߚޕ 㧔3㧕 ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳߆ࠄᄢ᳇⾰Ớᐲߩ⋥ធߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߪ⛔⸘⊛ߦᗧߣߪߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚޕߎࠇࠃࠅ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ 㐳ߪ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ৻࿃ߣߒߡ߈㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߘࠇ⥄߇⋥ធᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦነਈ ߒߡࠆߩߢߪߥߣ߃ࠆޕ 㧔4㧕 ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦࠃࠅ⥄േ⊛ߦ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ〯߹߃ ߡ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ33 ߩ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߩ᳓Ḱࠍ⹏ଔߒߚߢ㧘ᔅⷐߥ⢻ജⷐ⚛ߩᒻᚑࠍㅴߡ ߊࡊࡠࠬ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕ╷⊛ߦᠲน⢻ߥ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑࠍ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߩઍࠊ ࠅߩ⋡ᮡߣߒߡ㧘ⅣႺ╷߿࿖㓙ⅣႺදജߩല₸⊛ലᨐ⊛ታᣉߩ╷⋡ᮡߣߔࠆߎߣߩᅷᒰᕈ ↪ᕈ߇␜ߐࠇࠆޕ એ㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ৻࿃ߦᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജ߇㧘ᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߣ߁⺑ࠍታ⸽ߒ㧘 ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑߦଥࠆ╷⊛ᗧࠍ␜ߒߚޕᓟߪ㧘ᣂߚߥⅣႺ㗴ߦଥࠆኻ╷߿࿖㓙ⅣႺද ജߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑߦะߌ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢㇺᏒߩ⚻㛎ߣߒߡߩᄢ᳇⾰ᡷༀߦଥࠆ⢻ജ⹏ ଔࡈࡓࠍᔕ↪ടᎿߒ㧘ㅜ࿖ߢߩታ㓙ߩㆡ↪ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘⢻ജ⹏ଔ࠷࡞ߩ⏕┙߅ࠃ߮⹏ଔߩታ〣ࠍ ㅴࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ䋼ෳ⠨ᢥ₂䋾㩷
ᬀ↰ᒄ(1996)ޡⅣႺ⚻ᷣቇޢጤᵄᦠᐫ ᬀ↰ᒄ(2005)ޟᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ⊒ዷߣⅣႺᓮࠪࠬ࠹ࡓޠ㧘ᳰᖳੑችෘ⟤✬ޡੱ㑆⊒㆐ߣᕈߩ⚻ᷣቇޢ ᪉ᦠᐫ㧘185-200 ዊႮ㓉჻(2002)ޡᢎ⢒ߩ⚻ᷣಽᨆޢᣣᧄ⹏⺰␠ ൎේஜ(2001)ޡ᧲ࠕࠫࠕߩ㐿⊒ߣⅣႺ㗴ޢഹ⨲ᦠᚱ ⁚㊁(1998)ޟ࠲ࡦ࠻ᅢᗵᐲ࠺࠲ߩಽᨆޠ㧘⼾↰⑲᮸✬ޡಽᢔ᭴ㅧಽᨆ ✬ޢർᄢ〝ᦠᚱ㧘9-21⁚㊁ਃᶆ㤗ሶ(2002)ޡAMOS, EQS, CALIS ߦࠃࠆࠣࡈࠖࠞ࡞ᄙᄌ㊂⸃ᨆޢઍᢙቇ␠ ⅣႺ⋭(2002)ޡ࠳ࠗࠝࠠࠪࡦ㘃ߦࠃࠆੱߩ㔺ታᘒ⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐߦߟߡޢⅣႺ⋭ ⚬㊁⊓㊁ਛ㇚ᰴ㇢(1995)ޡ⍮ജ⚻༡ޢᣣᧄ⚻ᷣᣂ⡞␠ ᧃᑝᤘ(2000)ޡࠠࡖ࠶࠴ࠕ࠶ࡊဳᎿᬺㅴൻ⺰ޢฬฎደᄢቇ ળ ✚ോᐡⴕ⋙ኤዪ(1996)ޡ⦟ᅢߥᄢ᳇ⅣႺࠍ⛽ᜬోߔࠆߚߦޢᄢ⬿⋭ශዪ ᄢ᳇ⅣႺቇળผᢱᢛℂ⎇ⓥᆔຬળ(2000)ޡᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴߩᱧผΥޢLATTICE ⼾↰⑲᮸(1998)ޡಽᢔ᭴ㅧಽᨆ 㐷✬ޢᦺୖᦠᐫ ⼾↰⑲᮸(2003)ޡಽᢔ᭴ㅧಽᨆ ⇼✬ޢᦺୖᦠᐫ ᯅᧄᄦ(2001)ޟⴕ߆ࠄߺߚⅣႺႎޠ㧘ⅣႺᚢ⇛⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ޡⅣႺࡔ࠺ࠖࠕ⺰ޢਛᄩᴺⷙ㧘288-308 ේ᎑ᵗᐔ↰ᕡᐘ(1995)ޟ᧲ࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߩⅣႺ╷ߩ⊒ዷㆊ⒟ߩᲧセಽᨆޠޡ⸘↹ⴕޢ18(3)㧘73-85 ᳖ᐽੑ(1988)ޟᣇኂ⹜㛎⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߩ⁁ߣ⺖㗴ޠޡో࿖ኂ⎇ળޢ13(3)㧘109-120 ᑝ᧻Პ(1986)ޟᖱႎൻᜰᮡߩ⹜ߺߣޟᖱႎᵹㅢࡦࠨࠬޠޠ㧘ᨋੑਛ㓉⧷✬ޡᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߣ⚻ᷣ⛔⸘ޢ ᧲੩ᄢቇ 㧘97-115 ⮮ୖ⦟(1998)ޟኂኻ╷ߩ␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛ⷐ࿃ޠ㧘ർᎺᏒޡർᎺᏒኂኻ╷ผ ⸃ᨆ✬ޢർᎺᏒ㧘185-247 ⮮ୖ⦟(2002)ޟᣣᧄߩᣇ࿅ߩ⎫㤛㉄ൻ‛ኻ╷ޠ㧘ኹየᔘ⢻ᄢႦஜม✬ޡޟ㐿⊒ߣⅣႺޠߩ╷ㆊ ⒟ߣ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓޢࠕࠫࠕ⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥᚲ㧘37-78 ᧄ↰⋥ሶ᧻ጟବੑ↰ਛൎ(2004)ޟᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ㗴ߦ߅ߌࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑߦ㑐ߔࠆ ࿃ᨐ᭴ㅧಽᨆޠޡHICEC Discussion Paper Vol. 2004-7ޢ
ᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⚻㛎ᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ✬(1997)ޡᣣᧄߩᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ⚻㛎ޢࠫࡖࡄࡦ࠲ࠗࡓ࠭ ㊁ਛ㇚ᰴ㇢┻ౝᒄ㜞(1996)ޡ⍮⼂ഃㅧડᬺޢ᧲ᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠ ㊁ਛ㇚ᰴ㇢ᴰ↰ᒾ᳗↰ᤩ(2003)ޡ⍮⼂࿖ኅ⺰ᐨ⺑ޢ᧲ᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠ ᧻ጟବੑᧁᤘᢥ✬(2003)ޡࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑޢࠕࠫࠕ⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥᚲ ᧻ጟବੑጟ↰⚓ᦝᧁᚭ⻞ᧄ↰⋥ሶ(2004)ޟ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩᒻᚑߣᐲᄌൻޠޡ࿖㓙㐿⊒⎇ⓥޢ 13(2)㧘31-50 ᧻ਅᄦ(2002)ޡⅣႺࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬޢጤᵄᦠᐫ ධ੫ㅴ(1992)ޡᣣᧄߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷ㧔╙ 2 㧕ޢ᧲ᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠ ችᧄᙗ৻(1989)ޡⅣႺ⚻ᷣቇޢጤᵄᦠᐫ ৻⌀᧻ጟବੑ(2006a)ޟ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ⹏ଔᚻᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㧦ㇺᏒᄢ᳇ᳪᨴኻ╷ࠍߣߒ ߡޠޡᣣᧄ⹏ଔ⎇ⓥޢ6(2)㧘43-58 ৻⌀᧻ጟବੑ(2006b)ޟㇺᏒᄢ᳇⾰ߣ␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ▤ℂ⢻ജߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߩಽᨆޠޡⅣႺᖱႎ⑼ቇ⺰ᢥ㓸ޢ 20㧘309-314
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