*Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University
111 Kuboki, Soja-shi, Okayama-ken 719-1197 **Faculty of Social Studies, Doshisha University
Karasuma-Higashi-iru, Imadegawadori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-shi,Kyoto-fu 602-8580
Ⅰ．Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to comparatively examine how the creation and implementation of programs for parents who abused their children in Japan and Korea conform to the characteristics of abuse in those countries, the family relationships (parent/child relationships and partner relationships) in the background of this, and the household education culture and, further, to comparatively examine what these issues are, based on interview surveys conducted in both Japan and Korea between 2008 and 2010. In addition, and on top, this paper proposes a paradigm for future programs in Japan and Korea (hereinafter called the “parental programs”). The survey subjects in Japan were the staff at Kobe Boys’ Town (a child protective care institution), the Child Abuse Prevention Center (a private sector), and the Empowerment Center (a private sector), and the survey subjects in Korea were the staff at
the Central Child Protection Agency, and at child protection agencies in Seongnam City, Suwon City, and Ulsan City. This paper does not, however, handle parents who committed sexual abuse, out of an awareness that programs are required for those parents alone.
In the West, which has made child abuse a social problem earlier than in Japan or Korea, programs for parents who abuse their children have also been implemented earlier. Merely imitating the Western programs, however, would not be suitable for the characteristics of child abuse in Japan and Korea, or for Japanese and Korean culture. Consequently, what sort of programs conforms to Japanese and Korea culture? The problem and concern of this paper is this very point. At this time, we want to search for a paradigm for Japanese and Korean programs by comparing Japan and Korea, which has a similar culture to Japan’s, such as Confucianist culture and a culture
Research into Programs for Abusive Parents in Japan and Korea (1)
RIE KONDO*，MASAFUMI KIRINO*，YASUHIRO KUROKI**
Abstract：The description of this research is divided into two parts, the first half and the second half.
This manuscript, which is the first half, describes the statistics of child abuse in Japan and Korea, and the laws and regulations of the programs for abusive parents, before clarifying the details of the programs for abusive parents in Japan and Korea. This research is a comparative study of programs implemented in Japan and Korea for parents who have abused their children, based on interviews carried out in Japan and Korea. It examines the characteristics of child abuse in Japan and Korea, the ways in which the programs are conducted in order to adapt to family relationships (parent-child relationships and spousal relationships) and educational culture in families behind this issue, and the tasks to be faced.
Keywords：the characteristics of child abuse, Japanese and Korean culture
11
in which mother and child are closely bonded, etc. None of the existing research compares Japan and Korea. In addition, the existing research regarding Japanese programs is as follows: Jun’ ichi Shoji (Shoji, 2003)1), Yoko Kato (Kato, 2003)2),
Child Abuse Prevention Countermeasures Support and Therapy Research Association(Support and Therapy Research Association, 2004)3), Jun
Saimura (Saimura, 2005)4), Yuri Morita (MY TREE
Parents Program practice group, 2006)5), Keiji
Noguchi (Noguchi, 2008)6), and Tomoko Hirooka
et al. (Otsuka, Tamura, Hirooka, 2009)7). The
problem remains, however, that comparative research between the programs is lacking. In addition, the following exist as theoretical research: Satoru Nishizawa (Nishizawa, 1994)8) and Tadashi
Nakamura (Nakamura, 2010)9).
In the midst of this, our research firstly clarifies the statistics on child abuse in Japan and Korea, and the legal regulations on programs for parents; secondly, clarifies the details of programs for parents in Japan and Korea, and thirdly clarifies the characteristics of child abuse in Japan and Korea and the paradigm of the programs for parents that conform to Japanese and Korean culture. This paper elucidates points 1 and 2, and will elucidate point 3 in a separate continuation paper.
Ⅱ．TheStatisticsofChildAbuseinJapan and Korea, and Legal Regulations on ProgramsforAdults
１．GovernmentStatisticsonChildAbuse
It was around the start of the 1990s, approximately 20 or 30 years behind the West, that child abuse became a social problem and the Japanese government came to focus on it. In Korea, it was around the end of the 1990s, approximately a further 10 years later, that child abuse became a social problem and the government came to focus on it. Since then, the number of cases of child abuse consultation has continued to grow widely in both Japan and Korea (Japan: from 1,101 cases in
FY1990 to 44,211 cases in FY2009; Korea: from 4,133 cases in FY2001 to 9,478 cases in FY2007). The description below is based on national Japanese data for FY2009 (Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, hereinafter “MHLW”, 2010)10) and national
Korean data for FY2007 (Central Child Protection Agency, 2008)11) (*1).
In Japan, regarding people who abuse children, biological mothers are far more prevalent than biological fathers (58.5% of biological mothers, 25.8% of biological fathers), whereas in Korea, biological fathers are more prevalent than biological mothers (biological fathers 50.0%, biological mothers 27.2%). Further, Japan is characterized by the prevalence of non-biological fathers (Japan 7.0%, Korea 1.1%). (See Fig. 1.) In addition, in Korea, 30.6% of families in which abuse occurs are father-child families.
The majority of abused children in both Japan and Korea are of nursing and preschool age, or elementary school age. In Japan, pre-school age children are somewhat more prevalent than
12 岡山県立大学保健福祉学部紀要 第18巻１号2011年
2
conforms to Japanese and Korea culture? The
problem and concern of this paper is this
very point. At this time, we want to search for
a paradigm for Japanese and Korean
programs by comparing Japan and Korea,
which has a similar culture to Japan’s, such as
Confucianist culture and a culture in which
mother and child are closely bonded, etc.
None of the existing research compares
Japan and Korea. In addition, the existing
research regarding Japanese programs is as
follows: Jun’ichi Shoji (Shoji, 2003)
1), Yoko
Kato (Kato, 2003)
2), Child Abuse Prevention
Countermeasures Support and Therapy
Research Association(Support and Therapy
Research Association, 2004)
3), Jun Saimura
(Saimura, 2005)
4), Yuri Morita (MY TREE
Parents Program practice group, 2006)
5), Keiji
Noguchi (Noguchi, 2008)
6), and Tomoko
Hirooka et al. (Otsuka, Tamura, Hirooka,
2009)
7). The problem remains, however, that
comparative research between the programs
is lacking. In addition, the following exist as
theoretical research: Satoru Nishizawa
(Nishizawa, 1994)
8)and Tadashi Nakamura
(Nakamura, 2010)
9).
In the midst of this, our research firstly
clarifies the statistics on child abuse in Japan
and Korea, and the legal regulations on
programs for parents; secondly, clarifies the
details of programs for parents in Japan and
Korea, and thirdly clarifies the characteristics
of child abuse in Japan and Korea and the
paradigm of the programs for parents that
conform to Japanese and Korean culture.
This paper elucidates points 1 and 2, and will
elucidate point 3 in a separate continuation
paper.
II. The Statistics of Child Abuse in Japan
and Korea, and Legal Regulations on
Programs for Adults
1. Government Statistics on Child Abuse
It was around the start of the 1990s,
approximately 20 or 30 years behind the
West, that child abuse became a social
problem and the Japanese government came
to focus on it. In Korea, it was around the end
of the 1990s, approximately a further 10 years
later, that child abuse became a social
problem and the government came to focus
on it. Since then, the number of cases of child
abuse consultation has continued to grow
widely in both Japan and Korea (Japan: from
1,101 cases in FY1990 to 44,211 cases in
FY2009; Korea: from 4,133 cases in FY2001 to
9,478 cases in FY2007). The description below
is based on national Japanese data for FY2009
(Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare,
hereinafter “MHLW”, 2010)
10)and national
Korean data for FY2007 (Central Child
Protection Agency, 2008)
11) (*1).
In Japan, regarding people who abuse
children, biological mothers are far more
prevalent than biological fathers (58.5% of
biological mothers, 25.8% of biological
fathers), whereas in Korea, biological fathers
are more prevalent than biological mothers
(biological fathers 50.0%, biological mothers
27.2%). Further, Japan is characterized by the
prevalence of non-biological fathers (Japan
7.0%, Korea 1.1%). (See Fig. 1.) In addition, in
Korea, 30.6% of families in which abuse
occurs are father-child families.
Fig. 1. People who abuse children (%)
5 8 .5 2 5 .8 7 .0 1 .3 7 .3 2 7 .2 5 0 .0 1 .1 2 .8 1 8 .9 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .0 3 0 .0 4 0 .0 5 0 .0 6 0 .0 7 0 .0 biological mot hers biological f at hers non-biolog ical f at hers non-biological mot hers ot hers Japan Korea Fig.1.Peoplewhoabusechildren(%) 3
The majority of abused children in both
Japan and Korea are of nursing and
preschool age, or elementary school age. In
Japan, pre-school age children are somewhat
more prevalent than elementary school
children (preschoolers 42.0%, elementary
school children 37.6%), whereas in Korea,
elementary school children outnumber
pre-school age children (preschoolers 23.0%,
elementary school children 52.7%). (See Fig.
2.)
Fig. 2. Age of abused children (%)
The types of abuse are characterized as
follows: in Japan, the most common is
physical abuse, followed by neglect (physical
abuse 39.3%, neglect 34.3%), whereas in
Korea, neglect is most common, followed by
psychological abuse (neglect 37.6%,
psychological abuse 30.1%). (See Fig. 3.)
Fig. 3. Types of child abuse (%)
2. Legal Regulations of Programs for
Parents Who Have Abused Their Children
In Japan, the “Act on the Prevention, etc.
of Child Abuse”, which was established and
enacted in 2000, exists as a legal regulation on
child abuse. Meanwhile, in Korea, the events
of child abuse have been regulated since 2000
by the revised Child Welfare Act. Further, in
recent years, there has been a movement in
Korea to attempt to enact special laws that
specifically target child abuse.
There are also countries involved with
courts having abusive parents undertake
programs. In Japan, however, despite
“instructions to guardians who have
committed child abuse” is regulated by
Paragraph 11 of the Act on the Prevention,
etc. of Child Abuse and by Paragraph 28 of
the Child Welfare Act, there is no legal
regulation for the family courts to instruct
abusive parents to undertake programs
directly. In this way, Japan’s problem is the
point that the family courts do not have the
legal regulation to order abusive parents to
undertake programs directly, it is not the case
that all parents that have abused their
children undertake programs. In Korea as
well, although there are movements that
present new legal proposals on making
programs obligatory to the Diet, they are
embracing the same problems as Japan.
III. The Implementation Status and Details
of Programs for Parents who Have Abused
their Children in Japan and Korea
1. The Implementation Status of Programs
for Parents in Japan and Korea
1 8 . 3 2 3 .7 3 7 .6 1 4 . 7 5 .7 Jap an
0 - 3 years pre-school (over 3 years) element ary school j unior hig h-school hig h-school and ot hers
2 .4 7 .3 1 3 .3 2 5 .5 2 7 . 2 1 7 .8 6 .3 Kor ea
under 1 years 1 - 3 years 4 - 6 years 7 - 9 years 1 0 - 1 2 years 1 3 - 1 5 years 1 6 - 1 8 years 5 2 .7 2 3 .0 3 9 .3 3 4 .3 2 3 .3 3 .1 2 6 .1 3 7 .6 3 0 .1 5 .1 1 .1 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 physical abuse neglect psychological abuse sexual abuse abandonment Japan Korea Fig.2.Ageofabusedchildren(%)
elementary school children (preschoolers 42.0%, elementary school children 37.6%), whereas in Korea, elementary school children outnumber pre-school age children (prepre-schoolers 23.0%, elementary school children 52.7%). (See Fig. 2.)
The types of abuse are characterized as follows: in Japan, the most common is physical abuse, followed by neglect (physical abuse 39.3%, neglect 34.3%), whereas in Korea, neglect is most common, followed by psychological abuse (neglect 37.6%, psychological abuse 30.1%). (See Fig. 3.)
２．Legal Regulations of Programs for Parents Who Have Abused Their Children
In Japan, the “Act on the Prevention, etc. of Child Abuse”, which was established and enacted in 2000, exists as a legal regulation on child abuse. Meanwhile, in Korea, the events of child abuse have been regulated since 2000 by the revised Child Welfare Act. Further, in recent years, there has been a movement in Korea to attempt to enact special laws that specifically target child abuse. There are also countries involved with courts having abusive parents undertake programs. In Japan, however, despite “instructions to guardians who have committed child abuse” is regulated by Paragraph 11 of the Act on the Prevention, etc. of Child Abuse and by Paragraph 28 of the Child Welfare Act, there is no legal regulation for the family courts to instruct abusive parents to undertake programs directly. In this way, Japan’
s problem is the point that the family courts do not have the legal regulation to order abusive parents to undertake programs directly, it is not the case that all parents that have abused their children undertake programs. In Korea as well, although there are movements that present new legal proposals on making programs obligatory to the Diet, they are embracing the same problems as Japan.
Ⅲ．The Implementation Status and Details of Programs for Parents who Have Abused their Children in Japan andKorea
１． T h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n S t a t u s o f Programs for Parents in Japan and Korea
Owing to the legal regulations described above, it is not the case that all Japanese child consultation offices implement systematic programs for parents who have abused their children. Besides, although only some do, family and child consultation rooms in social welfare offices, health centers, child protective care institutions and NPOs implement systematic programs. In Japan, there are three comparatively widespread systematic programs (*2).
(1) MCG (Mother and Child Group); (2) MY TREE Parents Program; (3) Commonsense Parenting Program.
In Korea, there are 44 child protection agencies nationwide that handle child abuse, and one central child protection agency that unifies them. As of March 2009, three of the child protection agencies had implemented programs for parents that they had each themselves created. The three sites in question are the Seongnam City Child Protection Agency, Suwon City Child Protection Agency, and Ulsan City Child Protection Agency. Moreover, the names of these programs are as follows:
(1) Child Abusers Group Therapy Program: Hope rewritten;
(2) Child Abusers Education and Therapy Program: Becoming truly good parents;
13 Research into Programs for Abusive Parents in Japan and Korea (1) RIE KONDO
3
The majority of abused children in both
Japan and Korea are of nursing and
preschool age, or elementary school age. In
Japan, pre-school age children are somewhat
more prevalent than elementary school
children (preschoolers 42.0%, elementary
school children 37.6%), whereas in Korea,
elementary school children outnumber
pre-school age children (preschoolers 23.0%,
elementary school children 52.7%). (See Fig.
2.)
Fig. 2. Age of abused children (%)
The types of abuse are characterized as
follows: in Japan, the most common is
physical abuse, followed by neglect (physical
abuse 39.3%, neglect 34.3%), whereas in
Korea, neglect is most common, followed by
psychological abuse (neglect 37.6%,
psychological abuse 30.1%). (See Fig. 3.)
Fig. 3. Types of child abuse (%)
2. Legal Regulations of Programs for
Parents Who Have Abused Their Children
In Japan, the “Act on the Prevention, etc.
of Child Abuse”, which was established and
enacted in 2000, exists as a legal regulation on
child abuse. Meanwhile, in Korea, the events
of child abuse have been regulated since 2000
by the revised Child Welfare Act. Further, in
recent years, there has been a movement in
Korea to attempt to enact special laws that
specifically target child abuse.
There are also countries involved with
courts having abusive parents undertake
programs. In Japan, however, despite
“instructions to guardians who have
committed child abuse” is regulated by
Paragraph 11 of the Act on the Prevention,
etc. of Child Abuse and by Paragraph 28 of
the Child Welfare Act, there is no legal
regulation for the family courts to instruct
abusive parents to undertake programs
directly. In this way, Japan’s problem is the
point that the family courts do not have the
legal regulation to order abusive parents to
undertake programs directly, it is not the case
that all parents that have abused their
children undertake programs. In Korea as
well, although there are movements that
present new legal proposals on making
programs obligatory to the Diet, they are
embracing the same problems as Japan.
III. The Implementation Status and Details
of Programs for Parents who Have Abused
their Children in Japan and Korea
1. The Implementation Status of Programs
for Parents in Japan and Korea
1 8 . 3 2 3 .7 3 7 .6 1 4 . 7 5 .7 Jap an
0 - 3 years pre-school (over 3 years) element ary school j unior hig h-school hig h-school and ot hers
2 .4 7 .3 1 3 .3 2 5 .5 2 7 . 2 1 7 .8 6 .3 Kor ea
under 1 years 1 - 3 years 4 - 6 years 7 - 9 years 1 0 - 1 2 years 1 3 - 1 5 years 1 6 - 1 8 years 5 2 .7 2 3 .0 3 9 .3 3 4 .3 2 3 .3 3 .1 2 6 .1 3 7 .6 3 0 .1 5 .1 1 .1 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 physical abuse neglect psychological abuse sexual abuse abandonment Japan Korea Fig.3.Typesofchildabuse(%)
4
M C G M Y T R E E P ar ents P rogr am C om m onsense P ar enti ng P rogr am C hi ld a b user s gr oup ther ap y p rogr am : H op e rew ri tten C hi ld ab user s gr oup ther ap y p rogr am : B ec om ing tr ul y good p ar ents C hi ld assai lant p rogr am : P ar ents w ho w il l d o anythi ng Sour ce : T he de sc ri pt ions f or Jap an ar e quo te s and re fe re nc es f rom t he Japan C hi ld re n A ss oc ia ti on "Supp or ti ng and T re at ing C hi ldr en and the ir Fam ilie s" , 2 0 0 4 , ed s. "C h ild A b u se P re v en tio n and C oun te rm eas ur e Su ppor t and T re at m en t R es ear ch C o u n cil" . Jap an K or ea P rogr am N am e T a b le 1 : P ro g ra m D e t a il s O p en G roup w or k Sup p lyi ng a safe loc ati on and heal ing thr ough the p ar ti ci p ants b ei ng ab le to d isc uss w hatever they li ke. T otal 1 5 sessi ons (1 c o ur se: 6 m onths) 1 . G roup p rep ar ati on m eeti ng , 2 . A saf e m eeti ng p la ce, 3 . P ar ent and c hi ld em p ow er m ent, 4 . Shar ed " I am i m p or t ant" w or k, 5 . T he fuel of re sp ec t, the "am ou nt of sp ir it ener gy" , 6 . P rac ti ce in li steni ng to feel ings, and p rac ti ce in sp eaki ng ab out feel ings, 7 . T he 6 p rob lem s of p uni shm ent, 8 . C ontr ol li ng em oti ons, 9 . N ew m ethod s of teac hi ng m an ner s for us to tr y, 1 0 . Feel ings of sel f-w or th and el im ina ti ng negati ve tal k to onesel f, 1 1 . P rac ti ce in p rai si ng your se lf , p rac ti ce i n b ei ng p rai sed , p rac ti ce in p rai si ng chi ld ren, 1 2 . A sser ti ve ness (exp ressi ng op ini ons) , b or row ing ot her p eop le' s str ength, 1 3 . Im p ri soned b y fem ini ni ty, m asc ul ini ty, and b ei ng a "p rop er " m other , the d istor ti on of soc iety b y gend er -b ased r ol es and w or k, 1 4 . M Y T R E E , 1 5 . A lum ni assoc iati on, w or k on looki ng b ac k T otal 6 ses si ons (1 c ou rse: 3 m onths) 1 . E asy- to-und er stand c om m uni cati on (P rogr am i ntr od uc ti on, se lf-intr od uc ti on, th oughts on m anner s tr ai ni ng. L ear ni ng m ethod s of c om m uni cati ng to chi ld ren w hat w e w ant th em to d o in an easy w ay to un d er stand , rather than am b iguous ex p ressi ons) , 2 . G ood r esul ts and b ad r esul ts (L ear ni n g m ethod s of inc reasi ng d esi rab le ac ti ons b y chi ld ren, and r ed uc ing und esi rab le ac ti ons) , 3 . E ffec ti ve m et hod s of p ra ise, 4 . H ints for keep ing cal m ( lear ni ng m ethod s of m anagi ng anger ), 5 . C hi ld gr ow th and the rol e of p ar ents (A d justi ng p ar ental exp ec tati ons w hi le consi d er ing the d evel op m ent of the chi ld ), 6 . E d uc ati onal m ethod s to contr ol on esel f (L ear ni ng m ethod s to cop e w ith hi gh-st ress si tuati ons suc h as the chi ld b ec om ing em oti onal a nd op p osi ng p ar ents, and c ryi ng an d sc ream ing) R evi si on, i ntr od uc ing them es (l ec tur es) , w atc hi ng vi d eos, r ol e-p lay and d isc ussi on, conc lusi on T otal 1 3 sessi ons (1 c our se: 5 m onths) 1 . L ear ni ng the d evel op m ent and char ac ter isti cs of chi ld ren b y age (5 sessi ons) 2 . Ind ivi d ual c onsul tati ons w ith p ar ents w ho have ab used thei r chi ld ren, 3 . G roup w or k for p ar ents w ho have ab used thei r ch il d ren (8 sessi ons : (1 ) D is cussi ng cur rent li festyl es and h um an angui sh to cheer up p ar ti ci p ants, ( 2 ) D isc ussi ng m ar ital p rob lem s, and t hen d isc uss ing p rob lem s w ith the chi ld ren, ( 3 ) D isc ussi ng the d iffi cul t ies of rai si ng c hi ld ren, ( 4 ) D isc ussi ng ha rsh exp er ienc es in chi ld hood t ogether w ith und er stand ing how c hi ld hood exp er ienc es ar e li nked to tod ay, ( 5 ) C o nsi d er ing the an gui sh of chi ld ren fr om a chi ld 's stand p oi nt, ( 6 ) D isc ussi ng anger c ontr ol and str ess m anagem ent w hen angr y w ith your c hi ld ren, (7 ) L ear ni ng w ays of com m u ni cati ng w ith chi ld re n , (8 ) D isc u ssi ng li festyl es fr om now on) 4. Fam il y C am p s T otal 6 sessi ons (1 c our se : 1 m onth ) 1 . G roup or ientati on, 2 . U nd er stand ing chi ld ren' s p er sonal iti es (C hi ld ren 's p er sonal iti es ar e al l d iffer ent just as thei r fac es ar e al l d iffer ent, so c om m uni cati ng the im p or tanc e of und er stand ing thi s f ac t. C om m uni cati ng that if thi s fac t is not und er stood , the ri sks of the chi ld ren reb el li ng, r esul ti ng in p ar ental ab use, inc rease. ), 3 . U nd er stand in g chi ld ren' s d evel op m ent (e. g. , p layi ng vi d eos ab out b ond ing, and c om m uni cati ng the im p or tanc e of b ond ing for c hi ld ren' s d evel op m ent) , 4 . Sel f-aw ar eness of one' s ow n chi ld hood (R em em b er in g how the p ar en ts them sel ves w er e ed uc ated b y thei r p a rents as chi ld ren. T he m aj or ity has exp er ienc ed ab use, b ut the p ar ents d ram ati cal ly reena ct the ab use they them sel ves suffer ed fr om thei r p ar ents in the p ast. D ur ing the reenac tm e nt d ram a, ver b al vi ol enc e su ch as th e p ar ent shouti ng at the chi ld to "d ie" , and p hysi cal vi ol enc e suc h as str iki ng, ar e reenac ted . A lthough they coul d not sp eak up as chi ld ren, they can say "N o" d ur ing the d ram a. T hr ough thi s, th e p eop le in p ar ental r ol es com e to feel sor ry as they cannot und er stand thei r chi ld ren' s feel ings. ), 5 . A nger c ontr ol ( V iew a vi d eo enti tl ed " A nger and the L iv ing T im e B om b " to und er stand the cond iti ons und er w hi ch the p er son th em sel ves gr ow s angr y , and w hat they d o as a conseq uenc e. Fur ther , the p ar ti ci p ants consi d er m ethod s of avoi d ing anger w hen they star t gr ow ing angr y in thei r ever yd ay li ves, for exam p le, c ounti ng 1 , 2 , 3 .. ., or m ovi ng int o another r oo m . In ad d iti on, they ar e taught w hen sc ol d ing chi ld ren not to sc ol d w ithout gi vi ng a reason , and t o exp lai n that they ar e sc ol d ing out of conc er n. M or eover , t o w ri te d ow n inc id e nt s that have hap p ened to thei r chi ld ren rec en tl y, and to jud ge w hether or not that w as real ly a si tuati on in w hi ch i t w as nec essar y to get angr y, and i f the anger w a s unnec es sar y, to tear up the p ap er .) 6 . E ffec ti ve com m uni cati ons m eth od s (P rac ti ci ng love m essages. ) If the ab use is sever e, i nd ivi d ual consul tati ons ar e im p lem ented i n p ar al lel to the gr oup p rogr am s d esc ri b ed ab ove. Fi nal ly, ever yone at tend s fam il y cam p . T otal : 1 2 sessi ons (gener al ly 1 p er w eek ) 1 . G roup for m ati on and c on tr ac ts, 2 . U nd er stand ing and i nsi ght into your sel f and your c hi ld ren (C hi ld d ev el op m ent p roc ess and m ethod s of chi ld rear ing, l ec tur e on chi ld ab use, and i n p ar ti cul ar r ai si ng aw ar eness of w her e to p osi ti on ab use on the li ne exte nd ing fr om teac hi ng m anner s. C om m uni cati ng the p syc hol ogi cal si d e effec ts in ch il d ren of ab use and t he im p or tanc e of t ransfor m ing p ar ental aw ar eness in that regar d w hi le read ing and und er stand ing the resul ts of chi ld p ai nti ng exam inati ons. Fur ther , gr oup w or k to m ap w her e the re sp onsi b il ity li es for the outb reaks of p revi ous ab use, and to confr ont p ar ents' p syc hol ogi cal sc ar s (p syc hod ram as and r ol e p lay usi ng chai rs ), attem p ti ng to ac ti vel y ap p roac h the d es ir es and p rob lem s of the p ar ents them sel ves fr o m chi ld hood to now , and d eep eni ng sel f-ins igh t) , 3 . P rob lem -sol vi ng p rac ti ce and tr ansfor m ati on p rac ti ce (L ear ni ng non-vi ol ent com m uni cati on tec hni q ues, and m ethod s of cop ing w ith d iffer enc es in outl ook b etw een chi ld ren and p ar ents. R ec onstr uc ti ng ac tual events that em b roi led p ar ents and c hi ld ren (i .e. , chi ld ren of el em entar y sc hool age or ol d er w hose tr eatm ent has p rogr essed t o the req ui red extent) , and l ear ni ng to rep lac e the m istaken convi cti ons an d a cti on s of the p ar ents them sel ves w ith the sui tab le ac ti ons they have lear ned to d ate. Fur ther , in contr ol li ng angr y em oti ons, to und er stand the li m its that c an b e exp ressed b y p er sonal anger , an d to lear n m et h od s of sup p ressi ng angr y em oti ons (d eep b reathi n g and avoi d anc e ac ti ons, etc .) thr ough ti m eout m ethod s. I n ad d iti on, to revi ew thei r stud ies to d ate, and to chec k the rel ati onshi p b etw een p ar ents and c hi ld ren, and to chec k the p osi ti ve co p ing w ith chi ld ren' s reac ti ons, and the chang es in p er sonal atti tud e) , 4 . A chi e vi ng p lans an d tr ansfor m ati ons (For m ing sup p or t netw or ks w hi le consi d er ing for m al and i nfor m al soc ia l resour ce s. ) P rogr am D etai ls Source:The descriptions for Japan are quotes and references from eds. Child Abuse Prevention and Countermeasure Support and Treatment Research Council, 2004. Supporting and T reating Children and their Families.
And
the
descriptions for Korea are quotes and references from materials by four child protection Agencies (Central center, Seongnam City, Suwon City, and Ulsan City).
14 岡山県立大学保健福祉学部紀要 第18巻１号2011年
Table
1
：Program
(3) Child Assailants Program: Being parents who will do anything.
Further, in 2009, the country asked university professors to create a standardized program for parents who had abused their children, and subsequently, as of December 2011, 25 bodies had implemented programs for parents who had abused their children. It is not the case, however, that all these bodies have implemented the standardized program12)(i.e., another standardized
program was also created in 2003).
２．Program Details for Parents Who HaveAbusedTheirChildren
The details of the programs for parents who have abused their children in Japan are as described below.
１）MCG(MotherandChildGroup)
MCG is a program started by Tomoko Hirooka, director and consultant of the Child Abuse Prevention Center (social welfare foundation), while being modeled on alcohol dependency self-help groups with the support of the psychiatrist Satoru Saito. This is the first self-help style of group work in Japan for mothers who have abused their children. This program is mainly being implemented by child consultation offices, health centers, and the Child Abuse Prevention Center in the Kanto region. In addition, the Tokyo child consultation offices have created three types of family groups, a mothers’ group, a fathers’ group, and an all family members’ group. And they are holding group work under the name of the “Tokyo Method”. The characteristic of this program, which is a “non-program”, is the point that it does not focus on supplying participants with a knowledge of children and child abuse, but that the group workers, although talking for a little, supply a place of relaxation and healing basically by letting the participants discuss whatever they like. Participants speak in turn, and people who do not want to speak may pass. The contents discussed are diverse, including participants’ children and
their fathers, child protective care institutions and child consultation offices, and work, etc., but past events are very rarely discussed. Participants may attend as often as they like, and may also take a break and then resume.
２）MYTREEParentsProgram
The MY TREE Parents Program has for many years nurtured specialists in child abuse and violence against women in America, and currently Yuri Morita, who is the sponsor of the empowerment centers, has created a unique program based on involvement in the enactment of laws concerning the prevention of child abuse, which started in 2001. This program is mainly implemented by child consultation offices and family and child consultation rooms in the Kansai region, and civilian groups that support childrearing in Kamagasaki, which is an impoverished neighborhood.
This program uses group work (including role play) based on 15 themes, but on each occasion, there are the following:
(1) Time for learning (learning work);
(2) Time for everyone to speak (talking about oneself);
(3) Time to follow the individual (individual following time).
The characteristic of this program is the point that not only does its content attempt to heal and empower participants, but also to communicate to participants a knowledge of child abuse and gender.
３）CommonsenseParentingProgram
In 2000, Keiji Noguchi, the head of the child protective care institution Kobe Boys’ Town introduced to Japan the Commonsense Parenting Program, which is held at Boys Town, which is a sister institution to his, to train facilitators to practice the program. This program is implemented at child consultation offices, family and child consultation rooms, and child protective care institutions.
15 Research into Programs for Abusive Parents in Japan and Korea (1) RIE KONDO
During this program, participants watch videos and implement group work based on six themes, through which the overall aims are as follows: (1) Child management skills training (Changing parent and child actions by looking at patterns that support the child’s actions);
(2) Acknowledgement reconfiguration and troubleshooting training (Changing the view of children’s actions as there is a tendency for parents who abuse their children to take all their child’s actions negatively); (3) Transforming the cycle of escalating abuse into a positive cycle through stress management and anger control.
As this is a behavioral therapy program, the focus is not on the importance of offering healing and communicating knowledge regarding child abuse, but the characteristics of this program are lessons in transforming the actions of the participants while adopting role play and asking the following three questions:
(1) Have I communicated to my child clearly? (2) Have I used expressions that communicate my feelings to my child?
(3) Has my child understood me?
Next, the details of the programs for parents who have abused their children in Korea are as described below.
４） C h i l d A b u s e r s G r o u p T h e r a p y Program:HopeRewritten
This program was created by a university professor, and comprises 13 themes implemented by the professor at the Seongnam City Child Protection Agency. Participants in this program range from parents with light child abuse to parents with serious child abuse invited by the staff. The characteristic of this program is the point that as well as communicating knowledge regarding child abuse, there is a combination of individual counseling and group work (including role play), amidst which, participants not only look back upon their own past, but also consider how their past is linked to the present, as well as
discussing their current parent/child relationship and their relationship with their partner.
５）ChildAbuserEducationandTherapy Program:BecomingTrulyGoodParents
This program was created by psychological specialists, and is a program using group work comprising 12 themes. The program characteristics communicate knowledge regarding child abuse, but also take in psychodramas using chairs to understand parental desires and problems from the past to the present, as well as recreating events in which conflict has actually occurred between parents and children by parents and children (only children who are older than elementary school age and whose “treatment” has progressed to a certain level participate) to replace the mistaken convictions and actions of the parents themselves with the suitable actions they have learned to date.
６）ChildAssailantProgram:ParentsWho WillDoAnything
This program is one with its content shortened by the staff at Ulsan City specialist child welfare organization from the standardized program presented by the country in 2003. This is a group work comprising six themes implemented by the staff of the Ulsan City Child Protection Agency. (For serious abuse, however, individual consultations are also implemented.) The characteristic of the program is the point that as well as communicating knowledge regarding child abuse, it is also reenacts personal understanding of the past. For example, physical violence such as striking, and verbal violence such as the parental character telling the child to “die!” is recreated through role play by the people playing the parent and the child. Through this, the people in parental roles come to feel “sorry as they cannot understand their children's feelings”.
We have shown the contents of the programs for parents who abuse their children in both Japan and Korea, and the details of the Japanese and
Korean program contents are as shown in Table 1. Further, all programs apart from MCG have contents that communicate to the participants techniques for controlling anger and methods of communicating with children.
Ⅳ．Conclusion
The above description has clarified the government statistics on child abuse in Japan and Korea, the legal regulations for abusive parents, and the details of programs for abusive parents.
Regarding government statistics on child abuse in Japan and Korea, in Japan, the majority of abuse is physical abuse and neglect, and abuse by biological mothers. Meanwhile, in Korea, the majority of abuse is neglect and psychological abuse, and abuse by biological fathers (moreover, in single father families).
In Japan and Korea, there is no legal regulation for the family courts to oblige abusive parents to participate in programs, and consequently there is the problem that the opportunities for abusive parents to change are not sufficiently assured. In future, it is hoped that Japan will also revise the law so that family courts will oblige abusive parents to undertake programs.
Further, although we clarified the details of six typical programs for parents who abuse their children that are implemented in Japan and Korea, the results of this analysis will be revealed next time in “Research into Programs for Abusive Parents in Japan and Korea (2)”.
Notes
(*1) The Japanese government did not publish national data regarding the family structure in which child abuse occurs or the factors of child abuse, so this could not be handled.
(*2) There are also programs implemented in addition to the ones described here, but they are not particularly widespread.
References
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17 Research into Programs for Abusive Parents in Japan and Korea (1)
Acknowledgements：We would like to warmly
thank the people from each of the relevant bodies that cooperated with this survey.
Additional note：This paper is based on “A
Study on Social Risk in East Asia, and Theories
and Practices of Social Work” (20330127) by Yasuhiro Kuroki, Science Research funded by Japan from FY 2008 to FY2010.
