ᆅ⌮ᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ 㸫༡⡿ࢆࡋ࡚㸫
᯽ᮌ ⣧㤶 㺃 ᯽ᮌ Ⰻ᫂
せ ⣙
㏆ᖺࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢᥦ♧ࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀྂ࠸ࡇࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶᆅ⌮
Bࡢᩍ⛉᭩࡛ྲྀࡾ࠶ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ
⌧ᅾ㐣ཤࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡢ㐪࠸╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆ㧗ᰯࡢᤵᴗ࡛
⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋࡋ࡚ࠊ༡⡿ࡢࣃࢱࢦࢽ࣐ࢰࣥࢆྲྀࡾ࠶ࡆ ࡓࠋᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨
1ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗẼೃ༊
ࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊ ほ ⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ
2ࡘࡢẼೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡢ್࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ➨
2ࠊ ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢᆅᇦ࡛Ẽೃ༊ࡢㄝ᫂⌧ᐇ ࡢẼೃ㱈㱒ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢゎỴ⟇ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᭱᪂ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᫎ
ࡉࢀࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊྛẼ
ೃ༊ࡢᬒほ┿ࢆከᩘ⤂ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ
ᆅ⌮ᩍ⫱ Ẽೃ༊ศ ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ ࣃࢱࢦࢽ ࣐ࢰࣥ
ࡣࡌࡵ
ே⏕࡛ᐇ㝿⾜ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᅜࡣ㝈ࡽ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᏛᰯ࡛Ꮫࢇࡔୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢẼ
ೃࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊಟṇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢࡲࡲ
▱㆑ࡋ࡚✚ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊୡ⏺ྛᆅ ࡢẼೃࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⏕ᚐࡀࡼࡾṇ☜࡞▱㆑ࢆ
⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿᩍᤵἲࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡣ㔜せ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ✵Ẽࡣ㐃⥆య࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢼࣟࢢⓗ
ࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࠊୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢ Ẽೃࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡣᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ௨๓
ࡼࡾࠊࢼࣟࢢ⌧㇟ቃ⏺⥺ࢆᘬࡃࡇ࡛
ୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢẼೃࢆ⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀࠊ ከᩘᐇࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊ᭱ࡶ୍⯡
ⓗ࡞ቃ⏺⥺ࡢタᐃ᪉ἲࡣࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡀ⪃
ࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศ
1࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢ
᳜⏕ศᕸࡢቃ⏺╔┠ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㏆ࡢẼೃ
せ⣲ࢆゎᯒࡋẼೃ༊ศࢆヨࡳࡓࠋẼೃせ⣲
ࡋ࡚ࠊ᳜≀ࡢ⏕⫱㛵ಀࡀ῝࠸Ẽ 㝆 Ỉ㔞ࡢ᭶ูᖹᆒ್ࠊࡑࡢᏘ⠇ⓗኚࢆྲྀࡾ
࠶ࡆࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ
1867ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᩘ༑ᖺ௨ୖ⥆
ࡅࡽࢀࡓ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ
2ࠋࡇࡢ◊✲ࢆᘬ ࡁ⥅࠸ࡔ࣮࢞࢞ࡽࡼࡾࠊ1961 ᖺࡑࡢ
᭱⤊∧ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
3ࠋ
ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢẼೃ༊ศࡣࠊẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞
࠸࠺ୡ⏺୰ࡇ࡛ࡶẚ㍑ⓗධᡭࡋࡸࡍ࠸㈨
ᩱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊỗ⏝ᛶࡀ㧗࠸
4ࠋࡑࡢࡓ
ࡵࠊ㧗ᰯࡢࠕᆅ⌮ࠖࡢᩍ⛉᭩ࡸᆅᅗᖒ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢẼೃ༊ศࡀ㛗ᖺ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢᥦ♧ࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศ
ᅗࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀྂ࠸ࡇࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡀ
㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ
5ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲
6࡛ࡣࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ
ࡢẼೃ༊ศᚑ࠸ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ
⏝ࡋ࡚Ẽೃ༊ศᅗࢆᥥࡁ┤ࡋࠊẼೃኚືࡢ ᑗ᮶ண ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗࡣࠊᆅ⌫ࢆ
⦋ᗘ࣭⤒ᗘ᪉ྥࢢࣜࢵࢻ࡛ศࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀྛほ ⅬࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆෆᤄࡋ࡚Ẽೃ
༊ศࢆุᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊほ Ⅼࡢᩘࡶࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡀẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆసᡂࡋ ࡓᙜࡼࡾቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
7ࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓヨࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ㛵ࢃࡽ
ࡎࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
8ࡢ⏝ࡘ
࠸࡚ࠊᆅ⌮ᩍ⫱ࡢほⅬࡽ᳨ウࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶ㧗ᰯ࡛ୡ⏺ࡢẼೃࢆᩍ࠼
ࡿ㝿ࡣࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡀసᡂࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗ ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࢱࡀྂࡗࡓࡾࠊほ Ⅼࡢᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡍࢀࡤࠊ⌧ᐇࡢẼ
ೃࢆṇ☜ᫎࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡞ሗࢆ⏕ᚐᥦ౪ࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ࡛
⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶
ࢁ࠺ࠋ
௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ㐣ཤࡢẼ
ೃ༊ศᅗࡢ㐪࠸╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆ㧗ᰯࡢᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࠋ ලయⓗࡣࠊձ⌧ᅾࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ
࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ࡛ࠊ␗࡞ࡿẼೃ༊ศ㢮ࡉࢀ
ࡿᆅᇦ⨨ࡍࡿほ ⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ
≉ᚩࡣఱࠊղࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
ࢆᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟 ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࠊࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ࠶
ࡆࡿࡢࡣࠊ༡⡿ࡢࣃࢱࢦࢽ࣐ࢰ࡛ࣥ
࠶ࡿࠋᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࡢ
2ᆅᇦࡣẼೃ
༊ࡢኚࡀぢࡽࢀࡓᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ 㸯
࡛ࡣᆅ⌮
Bࡢᩍ⛉᭩ࡢグ㏙ࠊᤵᴗ๓ࡲ࡛
Ꮫ⏕
9ࡀ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ▱㆑ࡘ࠸࡚♧ࡍࠋ ḟࠊ㸰࡛ࡣ⌧ᅾࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ⏝ࡉࢀ
ࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠋ 㸱࡛ࡣࠊࣃࢱࢦࢽ࣐ࢰࣥ
ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊẼೃ༊ࡀኚࡋࡓᆅᇦᏑ ᅾࡍࡿほ ⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣࡢࡼ࠺
࡞≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࢆࠊ㞵 ᅗࢆ⏝࠸࡚᫂ࡽ
ࡍࡿࠋ 㸲࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ㐣ཤࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ ࡢ㐪࠸╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊
ศᅗࢆ㧗ᰯࡢᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ
ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊᩥ⊩ㄪᰝ࠾ࡼ
ࡧ
3ࡘࡢᏛࡢᏛ⏕ࡢࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ
ࡼࡾᚓࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟
⪅ࡢከᩘࡣᩥ⣔࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㧗ᰯ௦ࠕᆅ
⌮ࠖࢆᒚಟࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㧗ᰯ࡛
ࠕᆅ⌮ࠖࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿ⏕ᚐᆅ⌮ⓗ㇟ᑐ ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡀ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
㸯. ᩍ⛉᭩ࡢグ㏙Ꮫ⏕ࡀ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ▱
㆑
㸯ᆅ⌮㹀ࡢᩍ⛉᭩ࡢグ㏙
ᆅ⌮
Bࡢᩍ⛉᭩
10ࡣࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢ Ẽೃ༊ศᅗẼೃ༊ࡢุᐃ᪉ἲࠊྛẼೃ༊
ࡢ≉ᚩࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕẼೃ༊ศࡢᇶ‽ࠖ
ࡢㄝ᫂ᚋࠕኚࡍࡿẼೃࠖ࠸࠺ᑠぢฟࡋ
࡛ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢᥦ♧ࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࡢẼೃ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀྂ࠸ࡇࡀ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺♧ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ
11ࠋ
1
ᆅⅬࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡸẼ ࡞ࢆ♧ࡍࡣࠊ 㐣ཤ
30ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್㸦ᖹᖺ್㸧ࡀᇶ‽
ࡋ࡚ࢃࢀࡿࠋ㺃㺃㺃㸦୰␎㸧㺃㺃㺃ࢣࢵ࣌
ࣥࡢẼೃ༊ࡣ␗࡞ࡿẼೃ༊ศ㢮ࡉ
ࢀࡿሙᡤࡶ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊி
ࡣ௨๓ࡣ෭ᖏᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸
ᖹᖺ್࡛ࡣᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ⇱㝈⏺್ࡼࡾ
ࡶࢃࡎᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࢫࢸࢵ
ࣉẼೃ㸦BS㸧༊ศࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊྛẼೃ༊ࡢ≉ᚩࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ࠶ࡆࡿࣃࢱࢦࢽ࣐ࢰࣥᏑ ᅾࡍࡿ⇕ᖏ
12⇱ᖏ
13ࡢグ㏙ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊྛẼೃ༊ࡢẼ ࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊ᳜⏕ࠊ ᅵተ㛵ࡋ࡚ゎㄝࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ௦⾲ⓗ࡞㒔ᕷࡢ 㞵 ᅗࣁࢧ࣮ࢢࣛࣇࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ≉ᚩⓗ࡞ᬒほࡢ┿ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡓࠋලయⓗࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝ᮾ㒊ࡢࢧࣂࢼࡢ㞵 ᏘᏘࠊࢧࣁࣛ◁₍ࡢ◁◁₍࣭♟◁₍࣭ᒾ
▼◁₍ࠊ࣮ࣔࣜࢱࢽࡢ◁₍࠶ࡿ࢜ࢩ ࢫࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࣆ࣎ࢵࢺ
ࡼࡿ℺₅ࠊࣔࣥࢦࣝࡢࢤࣝᨺ∾ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡢ┿ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
㸰Ꮫ⏕ࡀ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ▱㆑
ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ࠶ࡆࡿࣃࢱࢦࢽ㛵ࡍ
ࡿᏛ⏕ࡢ▱㆑ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᒱ㜧┴
ឡ▱┴࠶ࡿ
3ࡘࡢᏛࡢ
134ྡᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ
⡆༢࡞ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇࡋࡓࠋ ࠕࣃࢱࢦ ࢽࡢ༳㇟ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
5ࡘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥㸦⇱࣭
ᐮ࠸ࠊ⇱࣭ᬬ࠸ࠊ‵₶࣭ᐮ࠸ࠊ‵₶࣭ᬬ࠸ࠊ
ࢃࡽ࡞࠸㸧ࡽ
1ࡘ㑅ᢥࡉࡏࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧 ࠋ ᅇ⟅⪅ဨࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡳࡿࠊయࡢ
34㸣ࡀࠕࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠊ
33㸣ࡀࠕ⇱࣭ᐮ࠸ࠖࠊ
15㸣ࡀࠕ‵₶࣭ᐮ࠸ࠖᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṇゎࡢ㑅 ᢥ⫥ࡣࠊ ࠕ⇱࣭ᐮ࠸࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊయࡢ
3ศࡢ
1ࡀṇࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼
ࡿࠋṧࡾࡢ
3ศࡢ
2ࡢᏛ⏕ࡣ㛫㐪ࡗࡓ▱㆑
ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࣃࢱࢦࢽࡢẼೃ㛵ࡍ
ᅗ ࣃࢱࢦࢽࡢ༳㇟
ฟ ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡼࡾసᡂ
ࡿ▱㆑ࢆࡃᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
௨ୖࡢࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡽࠊࣃࢱࢦࢽࡢẼ
ೃࡘ࠸࡚Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ๓ࠊṇࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆᣢ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡣᑡ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋ ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊṇࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ꮫ⏕ࡢ
࠺ࡕࠊ༙ᩘࡣࣃࢱࢦࢽࡢẼೃࡘ࠸࡚
ࡃീ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ ḟࠊ࣐ࢰࣥ㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊB ᏛࡢᏛ⏕ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࢆᐇ
ࡋࡓࠋ ࠕ࣐ࢰࣥ㛵ࡋ࡚▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠖ
ࢆ⮬⏤グ㏙ࡉࡏࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ༙ࡢᏛ⏕
ࡀࠊ⇕ᖏ㞵ᯘࡀ⦾ⱱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ⇕ᖏ㞵ᯘࡢ◚
ቯࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᅇ⟅ࡋࡓࠋࡕࡽࡶṇゎ
࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦࡢ㞵Ꮨ࣭ᏘࡢᏑᅾࡸࠊ ࡑࢀక࠺Ỉኚືࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࡣᣢࡕ
࠶ࢃࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ 㸰. Ẽೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡿẼೃ༊ࡢ㐪࠸
⌧ᅾࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡿẼೃ༊ศᅗࡋ
࡚ࠊ
Beck et al. (2018)ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ
Beck et al.(2018)
ࡣࠊ
1980㹼2016ᖺࡢᖹᆒ್ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ
⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᆅ⌫ࢆ⦋ᗘ࣭⤒ᗘ᪉ྥ
1 km1 km ࡢࢢࣜࢵࢻ࡛ศࡋࠊྛࢢࣜࢵࢻࡢ
ࢃࡽ࡞࠸
⇱࣭ᐮ࠸
‵₶࣭ᬬ࠸
⇱࣭ᬬ࠸
‵₶࣭ᐮ࠸
Ẽೃ༊ࢆ」ᩘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢯ࣮ࢫࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ
ุู࡚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢほ Ⅼࡣ
34542Ⅼ௨ୖࠊẼ ࡢほ Ⅼࡣ
20268Ⅼ௨ୖ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡋ
࡚ࠊᆅ⌮
Bࡢᩍ⛉᭩
14ᆅᅗᖒ
15ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᅗ ࠊBeck
et al. (2018)ࢆᅗ ♧ࡍࠋ࡞࠾ࠊBeck et al
(2018)ࡣࠊ1 km1 km ࡢ㧗ゎീᗘ࣓ࢵࢩࣗ
ᅗ ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
ฟ ᒣᮏṇ୕࣭▼ⱥஓ࣭ᡭሯ❶࣭ụ⏣ᩔ࣭ෆᒣᖾஂ࣭ᑠ⏣ᏹಙ࣭᯽ᮌⰋ࣭᫂⳥ᆅಇኵ࣭⳥ụ⨾༓ୡ࣭࿋⩚ṇ࣭୰
すኴ㑻࣭ᯇᒣὒ࣭ᐑཎᘯ࣭ᒣᕝಟ 㸬ࠗ᪂⦅ヲゎᆅ⌮ % ᨵゞ∧࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬
ᅗ %HFNHWDOࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
ฟ %HFN+(=LPPHUPDQQ1(0F9LFDU759HUJRSRODQ1%HUJ$DQG:RRG()3UHVHQW DQGIXWXUH.¸SSHQ*HLJHUFOLPDWHFODVVLILFDWLRQPDSVDWNPUHVROXWLRQ6FLHQWLILF'DWD
⾲ Ẽೃ༊ࡢ㐪࠸
ͤྛᆅᇦࡢ୰࡛≉ᐃࡢẼೃ༊ࡀࡢẼೃ༊ኚࡋࡓࠋ ฟ ᐑ᭩ᗑ⦅㞟㒊 㸬ࠗᇶᮏᆅᅗᖒ ᨵゞ∧
࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬
ᒣᮏṇ୕࣭▼ⱥஓ࣭ᡭሯ❶࣭ụ⏣ᩔ࣭ෆᒣᖾஂ࣭
ᑠ⏣ᏹಙ࣭᯽ᮌⰋ࣭᫂⳥ᆅಇኵ࣭⳥ụ⨾༓ୡ࣭࿋⩚
ṇ࣭୰すኴ㑻࣭ᯇᒣὒ࣭ᐑཎᘯ࣭ᒣᕝಟ
㸬ࠗ᪂⦅ヲゎᆅ⌮ % ᨵゞ∧࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬 %HFN+(=LPPHUPDQQ1(0F9LFDU7
59HUJRSRODQ1%HUJ$DQG:RRG() 3UHVHQW DQG IXWXUH .¸SSHQ*HLJHU FOLPDWH FODVVLILFDWLRQ PDSV DW NP UHVROXWLRQ6FLHQWLILF'DWDࡼࡾసᡂ
ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ㒔ᕷෆ࡛ࡶሙᡤ
ࡼࡗ࡚Ẽೃ༊ࡀ␗࡞ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ
ࡋࠊ㧗ᰯᩍ⫱ࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㒔ᕷෆࡢᆅ༊ูẼ
ೃ༊ࢆㄽࡌࡿᚲせᛶࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊୡ⏺ᆅᅗ
࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᕸᅗࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋ
┠どࡼࡾẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ㢧ⴭ࡞㐪
࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓᆅᇦࢆ⾲ ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ㸱࡛ࡣࣃࢱࢦࢽ࣐
ࢰࣥࢆࡋ࡚ࠊẼೃ༊ࡀኚࡋࡓᆅᇦ
Ꮡᅾࡍࡿほ ⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ≉ᚩࢆࠊ 㞵 ᅗࢆ⏝࠸࡚᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ
㸱Ẽ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ≉ᚩ
㸯ࣃࢱࢦࢽ
ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥࡢࣃࢱࢦࢽᆅ᪉ࡣࠊࣥ
ࢹࢫᒣ⬦ࡢᮾഃ⨨ࡍࡿࠋኴᖹὒഃࡽ
೫す㢼ࡀ༟㉺ࡋࠊ㢼ୖഃࡢࢳ࡛ࣜࡣ㝆Ỉ㔞 ࡀከ࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㢼ୗഃࡣ⇱ࡋࡓ㢼ࡀ྿ࡁ
ୗࢁࡍࡓࡵࠊࣃࢱࢦࢽ࡛ࡣ
1ᖺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࣃࢱࢦࢽᆅ᪉ࡢ
3ࡘࡢほ Ⅼ㸦ࢿ࢘ࢣ
ࣥࠊࢺࣞࣞ࢘ࠊࢦ࣋ࣝࢼࢻࣝࢢࣞࢦࣞࢫ㸧
ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᭱᪂ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦1981㹼2010 ᖺ ࡢᖹᖺ್㸧ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㞵 ᅗࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋࡇ
ࢀࡽࡢ㒔ᕷࡢ⨨ࢆᅗ ♧ࡍࠋ
ྛ㒔ᕷࡢ㞵 ᅗࢆぢࡿࠊᅗ D ࡢࢿ࢘
ࢣࣥࡣᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᖹᖺ್ࡀ
212 mm࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⇱㝈⏺್
16ࡢ
2ศࡢ
1ࡢ್ࡀ
218 mm࡛࠶
ࡿࡓࡵࠊ◁₍Ẽೃ㸦BW㸧༊ศࡉࢀࡿࠋᅗ E ࡢࢺࣞࣞ࢘ࡣࠊᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᖹᖺ್ࡀ
218 mm࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⇱㝈⏺್ࡢ
2ศࡢ
1ࡢ್ࡀ
206 mm
࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉẼೃ㸦BS㸧
༊ศࡉࢀࡿࠋᅗ F ࡢࢦ࣋ࣝࢼࢻࣝࢢࣞࢦ
ᅗ ほ Ⅼ㸦ࢿ࢘ࢣࣥࠊࢺࣞࣞ࢘ࠊࢦ࣋ࣝࢼࢻࣝ
ࢢࣞࢦࣞࢫ㸧ࡢ⨨
ฟ (VUL +(5( *DUPLQ ,QWHUPDS LQFUHPHQW 3
&RUS*(%&286*6)$213615&$1*HR%DVH ,*1.DGDVWHU1/2UGQDQFH6XUYH\(VUL-DSDQ 0(7, (VUL &KLQD +RQJ .RQJ F 2SHQ6WUHHW0DSFRQWULEXWRUVDQGWKH*,68VHU
&RPPXQLW\ ࢆຍᕤ
ᅗ ࣃࢱࢦࢽࡢ㞵 ᅗ
ฟ Ẽ㇟ᗇᖹᖺ್ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾసᡂ
ࣞࢫࡣࠊᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᖹᖺ್ࡀ
155 mm࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ ⇱㝈⏺್ࡢ
2ศࡢ
1ࡢ್ࡀ
163 mm࡛
࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ◁₍Ẽೃ㸦BW㸧༊ศࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࢿ࢘ࢣࣥࡣࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢ Ẽೃ༊ศᅗ
Beck et al. (2018)ࠊ㞵 ᅗ࡛ࡍ࡚ྠࡌẼೃ༊༊ศࡉࢀࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧 ࠋࡋ
ࡋࠊṧࡾࡢ
2㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣ㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࢺ
ࣞࣞ࢘ࡣࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
Beck et al. (2018)࡛◁₍Ẽೃ㸦BW㸧ࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ㞵⾲ ほ Ⅼ㸦ࢿ࢘ࢣࣥࠊࢺࣞࣞ࢘ࠊࢦ࣋ࣝࢼࢻࣝ
ࢢࣞࢦࣞࢫ㸧ࡢẼೃ༊
ฟ ᐑ᭩ᗑ⦅㞟㒊 㸬ࠗᇶᮏᆅᅗᖒ ᨵゞ∧
࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬
ᒣᮏṇ୕࣭▼ⱥஓ࣭ᡭሯ❶࣭ụ⏣ᩔ࣭ෆᒣᖾஂ࣭
ᑠ⏣ᏹಙ࣭᯽ᮌⰋ࣭᫂⳥ᆅಇኵ࣭⳥ụ⨾༓ୡ࣭࿋⩚
ṇ࣭୰すኴ㑻࣭ᯇᒣὒ࣭ᐑཎᘯ࣭ᒣᕝಟ
㸬ࠗ᪂⦅ヲゎᆅ⌮ % ᨵゞ∧࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬 %HFN+(=LPPHUPDQQ1(0F9LFDU7
59HUJRSRODQ1%HUJ$DQG:RRG() 3UHVHQW DQG IXWXUH .¸SSHQ*HLJHU FOLPDWH FODVVLILFDWLRQ PDSV DW NP UHVROXWLRQ6FLHQWLILF'DWD Ẽ㇟ᗇᖹᖺ್ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾసᡂ
ᅗ࡛ࡣࢫࢸࢵࣉẼೃ 㸦BS㸧 ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࢦ࣋ࣝࢼࢻࣝࢢࣞࢦࣞࢫࡣࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ
௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ࡛ࡣࢫࢸࢵࣉẼೃ㸦BS㸧
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊBeck et al. (2018)㞵 ᅗ࡛ࡣ
◁₍Ẽೃ㸦BW㸧࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࠸
ࡎࢀࡢᆅⅬࡶࠊ⇱㝈⏺್ࡢ
2ศࡢ
1ࡢ್
ࡼࡾࠊᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀࢃࡎከࡗࡓࡾࠊࢃࡎ
ᑡ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡋࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀࡢẼೃ༊༊ศࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ
ࡽࠊ᭱᪂ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᆅⅬࡶ
Ẽೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞࡛࠶ࡿ
࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
㸰࣐ࢰࣥ
࣐ࢰࣥᕝὶᇦࡣࠊ㉥㐨ࡽ༡ᗈࡀ
ࡾࠊὶᇦ㠃✚ࡣ
700 km
2ࡶཬࡪࠋẼ ࡢᖺ㍑ᕪࡣᑠࡉࡃࠊ᪥㍑ᕪࡣࡁ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ Ꮨ⠇ⓗ࡞㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚࡣᆅᇦᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ
ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡶ㞵ᏘᏘࡀ Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ
17ࠋ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚక࠸ࠊ࣐ࢰࣥ
ᕝࡢỈࡣࡁࡃኚືࡍࡿࠋᖺ㛫࡛
5㹼10 mࡢỈᕪࡀ࠶ࡿᆅᇦࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ ὶᇦࡢ
2㸣ࡣࣂࣝࢮࡤࢀࡿ㞵ᏘỈἐࡍࡿሙᡤ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊṧࡾࡢ
98㸣ࡣࢸࣛࣇ࣓ࣝࡤ⾲ ほ Ⅼ㸦ࢿ࢘ࢣࣥࠊࢺࣞࣞ࢘ࠊࢦ࣋ࣝࢼࢻࣝ
ࢢࣞࢦࣞࢫ㸧ࡢẼೃ༊
ฟ ᐑ᭩ᗑ⦅㞟㒊 㸬ࠗᇶᮏᆅᅗᖒ ᨵゞ∧
࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬
ᒣᮏṇ୕࣭▼ⱥஓ࣭ᡭሯ❶࣭ụ⏣ᩔ࣭ෆᒣᖾஂ࣭
ᑠ⏣ᏹಙ࣭᯽ᮌⰋ࣭᫂⳥ᆅಇኵ࣭⳥ụ⨾༓ୡ࣭࿋⩚
ṇ࣭୰すኴ㑻࣭ᯇᒣὒ࣭ᐑཎᘯ࣭ᒣᕝಟ
㸬ࠗ᪂⦅ヲゎᆅ⌮ % ᨵゞ∧࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬 %HFN+(=LPPHUPDQQ1(0F9LFDU7
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Ẽ㇟ᗇᖹᖺ್ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾసᡂ
ᅗ ほ Ⅼ㸦ࢱࢶ࣮ࣂࠊ࣐ࢼ࢘ࢫࠊ࢟ࢺࢫࠊ
ࣉ࢝ࣝࣃ㸧ࡢ⨨
ฟ (VUL +(5( *DUPLQ ,QWHUPDS LQFUHPHQW 3
&RUS*(%&286*6)$213615&$1*HR%DVH ,*1.DGDVWHU1/2UGQDQFH6XUYH\(VUL-DSDQ 0(7, (VUL &KLQD +RQJ .RQJ F 2SHQ6WUHHW0DSFRQWULEXWRUVDQGWKH*,68VHU
&RPPXQLW\ ࢆຍᕤ
ᅗ ࣐ࢰࣥࡢ㞵 ᅗ
ฟ Ẽ㇟ᗇᖹᖺ್ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾసᡂ
ࢀࡿ⇕ᖏᖖ⥳ከ㞵ᯘࡀ⏕࠸ⱱࡿሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ
18
ࠋ
࣐ࢰࣥᕝὶᇦࡢ
4ࡘࡢほ Ⅼ㸦ࢱ
ࢶ࣮ࣂࠊ࣐ࢼ࢘ࢫࠊ࢟ࢺࢫࠊࣉ࢝ࣝࣃ㸧
ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᭱᪂ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦1981㹼2010 ᖺ ࡢᖹᖺ್㸧ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㞵 ᅗࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋྛ
㒔ᕷࡢ⨨ࢆᅗ ♧ࡍࠋ
㞵 ᅗࢆぢࡿࠊᅗ D ࡢࢱࢶ࣮ࣂ
ࡣ᭱ᑡ㞵᭶㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ
58 mm࡛ࠊᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ
2048 mm
࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⇕ᖏࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥẼೃ
㸦Am㸧༊ศࡉࢀࡿࠋ ᅗ E ࡢ࣐ࢼ࢘ࢫࡣ
᭱ᑡ㞵᭶㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ
66 mm࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⇕ᖏ
㞵ᯘẼೃ㸦Af㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ F ࡢ࢟ࢺࢫ
ࡣ᭱ᑡ㞵᭶㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ
178 mm࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
⇕ᖏ㞵ᯘẼೃ㸦Af㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ G ࡢࣉ࢝
ࣝࣃࡣ᭱ᑡ㞵᭶㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ
47 mm࡛ࠊᖺ㝆Ỉ
㔞ࡣ
1425 mm࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⇕ᖏࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥ
Ẽೃ㸦Am㸧༊ศࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ࢟ࢺࢫࣉ࢝ࣝࣃࡣࠊࢣࢵ
࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
Beck et al. (2018)ࠊ㞵 ᅗ࡛ࡍ࡚ྠࡌẼೃ༊࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 㸦⾲ 㸧 ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊṧࡾࡢ
2㒔ᕷࡣẼೃ༊ࡀኚࡋ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋࢱࢶ࣮ࣂࡣࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ
༊ศᅗ࡛ࡣࢧࣂࢼẼೃ㸦Aw㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ 㞵 ᅗ࡛ࡣ
Beck et al. (2018)ྠࡌࡃ⇕ᖏࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥẼೃ㸦Am㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣐ࢼ
࢘ࢫࡣࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ࡛ࡣ⇕ᖏ
ࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥẼೃ㸦Am㸧ࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ㞵 ᅗ࡛
ࡣ
Beck et al. (2018)ྠࡌࡃ⇕ᖏ㞵ᯘẼೃ㸦Af㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊ᭱ᑡ㞵᭶㝆Ỉ㔞
ࡀ
60 mmࢆࢃࡎୗᅇࡗࡓࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣࠊ
ୖᅇࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⇕ᖏࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥẼೃ㸦Am㸧
⇕ᖏ㞵ᯘẼೃ㸦Af㸧ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ༊ศࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽࠊࢱࢶ࣮ࣂ࣐ࢼ
࢘ࢫࡣẼೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞࡛
࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
㸲ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ
ሙྜࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ
ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ
ྂࡃࠊほ Ⅼࡶᑡ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊẼೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺⥺
ࡢᘬࡁ᪉⦓ᐦࡉࡀḞࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊቃ⏺㏆
ࡢᆅⅬࡢẼೃ༊ࡣṇ☜ᛶࡀప࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
Beck et al. (2018)ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ᪂ࡋࡃࠊほ Ⅼࡶከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࡼࡾ⦓ᐦቃ⏺⥺ࡀᘬࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ቃ⏺㏆ࡢᆅⅬ࡛ࡶṇ☜ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㞵 ᅗࡣ
1ᆅⅬࡢẼೃ༊ࢆṇ☜⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊձ⌧ᅾࡢẼೃࢹ
࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࠊ
ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ࡛ࠊ␗࡞ࡿẼೃ
༊ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿᆅᇦ⨨ࡍࡿほ ⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ≉ᚩࡣఱࠊղࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢ Ẽೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࠊࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡎձࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊
ศᅗẼೃ༊ࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊほ Ⅼࡢ Ẽ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ
2ࡘࡢẼೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡢ
್࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊࣃࢱࢦࢽ
࡛ࡣᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ᖺᖹᆒẼ ࡀࠊ࣐ࢰࣥ
࡛ࡣ᭱ᑡ㞵᭶㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀࠊẼೃ༊ࡢุᐃᙳ 㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ḟղࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⾲ ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࠊ⌧ᅾࡢẼೃ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗ࡛ࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ
࢝ᮾ㒊ࠊ࣐ࢰࣥࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝ༡㒊ࠊࣃࢱࢦ ࢽࠊࢫࣛࣥࢻ༡㒊ࠊࣇࣜ࢝す㒊ࠊ ࢻࢶᮾ㒊࿘㎶ࠊ࢘ࢡࣛࢼ༡㒊ࠊࢺࣝࢥᮾ 㒊࿘㎶ࠊࣥࢻ༡ᮾ㒊ࠊࢫ࣐ࢺࣛᓥ୰ᚰ㒊ࠊ
࣐࢝ࣜࣥࢱࣥᓥ୰ᚰ㒊ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ
す㒊㹼ᮾ㒊ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜᮾ㒊ࠊྎ‴ࠊ
᪥ᮏࡢᮾᆅ᪉ࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᮾ㒊ࡢ
17⟠ᡤࡀ 㢧ⴭኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡲࡗࡓ㠃✚࡛Ẽೃ༊ࡀኚ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦ╔┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡉࡽ
ヲ⣽࡞ẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ┦㐪Ⅼࡀ ฟ࡚ࡃࡿணࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ
௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢᆅᇦ࡛Ẽೃ༊ࡢㄝ᫂⌧ᐇࡢẼ
ೃ㱈㱒ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠼
ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞
2ࡘࡢゎỴ⟇
ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ᭱᪂ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱ ࡀᫎࡉࢀࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ
᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱᪂ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᫎࡉࢀ
ࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࡣࠊほ Ⅼࡢቑຍࡼࡾゎീ
ᗘࡶୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊṇ☜ᛶࡀ㧗࠸⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊBeck et al. (2018)ࡢẼೃ༊
㞵 ᅗࡢẼೃ༊ࡀࠊࢺࣞࣞ࢘௨እࡣࡍ
୍࡚⮴ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸Ẽೃ༊ศ ᅗࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡞ሗࢆ⏕
ᚐᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ୕ୖ
㸦2020㸧
19ࡀᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊClimate
Change & Infectious Diseasesࡀබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
Google Earth
∧ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
20ࢆ
⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡞ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡘ┠ࡣࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆ
⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊྛẼೃ༊ࡢᬒほ┿ࢆከᩘ⤂
ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡢ࠾ࡾࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ
௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡣࠊ㒊ศⓗ⌧ᐇࡢẼೃ
ࢆṇ☜ᫎࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ᭱᪂ࡢࢹ
࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ㞵 ᅗࢆぢࡿࠊẼೃ༊ࡢ ኚࡀ࠶ࡗࡓᆅⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣࠊ
2ࡘࡢ Ẽೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡢ್࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋẼ 㝆 Ỉ㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣᩘ༑ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦࡢࡳࡀࡁ࡞Ẽ
ೃኚືࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊᑡࡋࡢẼ
ೃኚືࡼࡾẼೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺ࡢᩘ್ࢆࢃࡎ
㉸࠼ࡓ࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑ ࡢࡓࡵࠊẼೃ༊ࡢኚࢆ㐣ᗘẼࡍࡿᚲ せࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
Ẽೃ༊ࡽࢃࢀࡎࠊ⌧ᐇࡢẼೃ㛵ࡍ
ࡿṇ☜࡞ሗࢆ⏕ᚐࡼࡾከࡃᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀ㔜せࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࣃࢱࢦࢽ
࣐ࢰࣥࡢࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝࡽࠊᏛ⏕ࡣ≉
ᐃࡢᆅᇦࡢẼೃࡘ࠸࡚ࡃ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚
࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊ㠀ᖖ༢⣧ࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࢆ
ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᬒほ┿ࢆ⤂ࡍࢀࡤࠊどぬⓗ
ࡼࡾከࡃࡢሗࢆᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓᩍ⛉᭩
࡛ࡣࠊ㝆Ỉࡢᮇࡸࡑࡢ㔞ࠊẼ ࡢኚࠊᶞ ᮌࡢ᭷↓ࡸࡑࡢ✀㢮࡞ࡀㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊẼೃ༊ࡢ≉ᚩࡀ⡆₩グ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡀࡺ࠼ࠊࡑࡢẼೃ༊⨨ࡍࡿᆅᇦ ࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࡀ⏬୍ࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࠋᬒほ┿
ࢆ」ᩘぢࡏࡿࡇ࡛ࠊྛᆅᇦࡢẼೃࡘ࠸
࡚⏕ᚐࡀಶู⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ▱㆑
ࡢ㇏ᐩ⧅ࡀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ↓
ࡃࠊ┿ຍ࠼ࠊື⏬ࡸ
google mapࡢࢫࢺ
࣮ࣜࢺࣅ࣮ࣗ࡞ࡶά⏝࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ㐣ཤࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡢ㐪
࠸╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗ
ࢆ㧗ᰯࡢᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᫂
ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࠋᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱
ぢࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨
1ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗẼ
ೃ༊ࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊほ ⅬࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ 㔞ࡣ
2ࡘࡢẼೃ༊ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡢ್࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
➨
2ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ
࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢᆅᇦ࡛Ẽೃ༊
ࡢㄝ᫂⌧ᐇࡢẼೃ㱈㱒ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠸࠺
ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢゎỴ⟇ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᭱᪂ࡢ Ẽೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᫎࡉࢀࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆᤵᴗ
࡛⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊
ศᅗࢆ⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊྛẼೃ༊ࡢᬒほ┿ࢆ
ከᩘ⤂ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
2022ᖺᗘࡼࡾࠕᆅ⌮⥲ྜࠖࡀᚲಟ⛉┠
ࡋ࡚㧗ᰯᩍ⫱ᑟධࡉࢀࡿࠋṔྐࢆᑓ㛛
ࡍࡿᩍဨࡀࡇࡢ⛉┠ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿᶵࡶከ࠸
ணࡉࢀࡿࠋྛᩍဨࡀᐜ᫆ᬒほ┿ࢆ
ධᡭ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࠊୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢᬒほ┿ࢆ
㔞ᥖ㍕ࡋࡓࢹࢪࢱࣝ㈨ᩱ㞟ࡢᐇࡀᮃࡲ
ࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ2021 ᖺࡽᖹᖺ್ࡀ
10ᖺ⧞ࡾୖ
ࡀࡾࠊ1991㹼2020 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᖹᆒ್᭦᪂ࡉ
ࢀࡿࠋᚋࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸Ẽೃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓẼ
ೃ༊ศᅗࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᳨ウࢆຍ࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶
ࢁ࠺ࠋ
Ⓨ⾲ࡢᶵࢆ࠼࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓᮅ᪥
Ꮫᩍ⫋ㄢ⛬ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㛗᭹㒊ဴ᫂ᩍᤵࠊ
ྠᏛᏛ➨㒊㛗㔝ᮧᡂගᵝឤㅰ ࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡲࡍࠋ
ࠝトࠞ
1) Köppen, W. 1884. Die wärmezonen der erde, nach der dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten zeit und nach der wirkung der wärme auf die organische welt betrachtet.
Meteorologische Zeitschrift 1: 215-226.
2) ᯽ᮌⰋ᫂ 2008㸬ୡ⏺ࡢẼೃ༊ศ㸬㧗ᶫ
᪥ฟ⏨࣭ᑠἨṊᰤ⦅ࠗᆅ⌮Ꮫᇶ♏ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ
2 ⮬↛ᆅ⌮Ꮫᴫㄽ࠘22-31㸬ᮅ᭩ᗑ㸬3) ୕ୖᓅᙪ 2014㸬ࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢẼೃ༊ศ
Ẽೃኚື㸬ᆅ⌮ࡢ◊✲
4: 1-13㸬 4) ๓ᥖ2)ཧ↷
5) ๓ᥖ3)
࠾ࡼࡧࠊ୕ୖᓅᙪ
2020㸬 ᬮ࡛ኚࡍࡿࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡢẼೃ༊ศ㸬ᆅ⌮
65(9): 63-69㸬
6) ࠼ࡤࠊBeck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A. and Wood, E. F. 2018. Present and future Köppen- Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Scientific Data 5: 1-12.
Chen, D. and Chen, H. W. 2013. Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901- 2010. Environmental Development 6: 69-79. Kalvová, J., Halenka, T., Bezpalcová, K. and Nemešová, I. 2003. Köppen climate types inobserved and simulated climates. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 47: 185-202.
Rubel, F. and Kottek, M. 2010. Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 19:135-141.
7) ๓ᥖ5)
ཧ↷
8) ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥࡀẼೃ༊ศࢆ◊✲
ࡋࡓᙜࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊࢣࢵ࣌ࣥ
ࡑࡢᘵᏊࡀసᡂࡋࡓẼೃ༊ศᅗࢆࠊࢣ
ࢵ࣌ࣥ௦ࡢẼೃ༊ศᅗࡍࡿࠋ
9) ୰Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗࡲ࡛ࠊୡ⏺ࡢẼೃࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⛬ᗘᏛ⩦ࡋࡓࡢࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵ
ࠊ㧗ᰯ࡛ᆅ⌮ࢆᒚಟࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ꮫ⏕
ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࢆᐇࡋࡓࠋ
10)
ᒣᮏṇ୕࣭▼ⱥஓ࣭ᡭሯ❶࣭ụ⏣ᩔ࣭
ෆᒣᖾஂ࣭ᑠ⏣ᏹಙ࣭᯽ᮌⰋ࣭᫂⳥ᆅಇ ኵ࣭⳥ụ⨾༓ୡ࣭࿋⩚ṇ࣭୰すኴ㑻࣭
ᯇᒣὒ࣭ᐑཎᘯ࣭ᒣᕝಟ
2017㸬ࠗ᪂⦅
ヲゎᆅ⌮
Bᨵゞ∧࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬
11)๓ᥖ
10)ࡢ
p. 6412)
๓ᥖ
10)ࡢ
pp. 70-71 13)๓ᥖ
10)ࡢ
pp. 72-73 14)๓ᥖ
10)ࡢ
p. 6415)
ᐑ᭩ᗑ⦅㞟㒊
2020㸬ࠗᇶᮏᆅᅗᖒ ᨵ ゞ∧
2020-2021࠘ᐑ᭩ᗑ㸬16) 3
ᆅⅬࡢ⇱㝈⏺್ࡣࠊኟᏘᏘࡢ㝆
Ỉ㔞ࡢᕪࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡇࡽࠊᖺᖹᆒẼ
ࢆ
20ಸࡋࡓ್
140ࢆຍ࠼࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ
17)す⃝ᰤ࣭ᑠụὒ୍࣭ᮏ㒓㇏࣭ᒣ⏣♸ᙲ
2005㸬
࣐ࠗࢰࣥ㸫ಖ㛤Ⓨ࠘ᮅ᭩ᗑ㸬
Salati, E. 1985. The climatology and hydrology of Amazonia. In Amazonia: Key environments, eds. Prance, G. T. and Lovejoy, T. E., 18-48. London: Pergamon.18)
すἑᰤ࣭ᑠụὒ୍
1992㸬࣐ࠗࢰࣥ㸫
⏕ែ㛤Ⓨ࠘ᒾἼ᪂᭩㸬
Ỉ㔝 ୍࣭すἑᰤ⦅
1997㸬ࠗࣛࢸ࣓ࣥ
ࣜ࢝ࡢ⎔ቃ㛤Ⓨ࠘᪂ホㄽ㸬
19)๓ᥖ
5)ࡢ୕ୖ㸦2020㸧ཧ↷20) Climate Change & Infectious Diseases.
World maps of Köppen-Geiger climate classification. http://koeppen-geiger.vu- wien.ac.at/ (last accessed 30 August 2020)