( 3 5 )
EFFECTIVENESS OF CROSS‑LINKED GELATIN GLUE IN CANINE LUNG SURGERY MODELS
NORIK AZU KAWAI , MD1 , ・ SHUKOSUZUKI, PhD 2 ' 3 , KEIGO YAMASHITA, MD, PhD 1 , KOSUKE NIWA, MD¥ TAK A S H I TOJO, MD, PhD ¥ N O R I Y O S H I SAWABATA, M D , PhD ¥ TOKIKO N AKAI, MD, P h D 4 , Y U K I T E R U O U J I , PhD , 5 MASA
回DE YOSHIKAWA. MD, PhD 5 ,
YOSHITO IKADA, PhD 2 ・ 6 , S H I G E K I TANIGUCHI, MD, PhD1
Abstract:
Dφ
artment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeη,Nara Medical University1 Department of Medical Engineerinι
Nara Medical University2Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane3 Department of Pathology, Nara Medical Universiか4
De
ρ
artment of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University5 Kyoto University6R e c e i v e d Apr l i 1 1 , 2 0 1 9
Background.
A i r l e a k a g e i s a common p o s t o p e r a t i ve c o m p l i c a t i o n i n p u l monary s u r g e r y , an d s u r g i c a l s e a l a n t s hav e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o p r e v e n t o r r e d u c e t h
巴i n c i d e n c eo f a i r l e a k s . I n t h i s s t u d y , we e v a l u a t e d t h e e f f i c a c y o f c r o s s ‑ l i n k e d g e l a t i n g l u e ( g e l a t i n p l u s g l u t a r a l d e h y d e ) i n c a n i n e l u n g s u r g e r y m o d e l s .
Methods.
Pulmonary f i s t u l a s and i n j u r i e s were c r e a t e d i n d o g s and s e a l e d w i t h g e l a t i n g l ue , f i b r i n g l u e , o r f i b r i n g l u e w i t h a p o l y g l y c o l i c a c i d (PGA) s h e e t . S e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s were measured i n t h e f i s t u l a m o d e l , and p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s were a s s e s s e d 2 8 d a y s p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y i n t h e l u n g i n j ury m o d e l .
Results.
The s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s f o r c a n i n e c a d a v e r an d l i v i n g l u n g s u r g e r i e s ( t ; h e m aximum p r e s s u r e s were 8 0 and 4 0 cm H 2 0 ) were r e s p e c t i v e l y : g e l a t i n g l u e , 7 7
±6 and 3 2 . 3
± 8 . 9 c m H 2 0 :,
五b r i ng l u e u s i n g s p r a y , 3 9 . 2 ± . 9 . 3 and 3 2 ± 6cm H 2 0 ; f i b r i n g l u e u s i n g t h e rub‑
a n d ‑ s o a k m e t h o d , 3 5 ± 1 3 . 4 and 4 0 ± 0 c m H 2 0 ; and
五b r i ng l u e w i t h a PGA s h e e t , 5 5 . 5 ± 1 8 . 2 and 3 9
±2cm H 2 0 . In t h e l u n g i n j u r y m o d e l , t h e r e were no c h e s t w a l l a d h e s i o n s i n t h e g e l a t i n and f i b r i n g l u e a l o n e g r o up s , w h i l e s t r o n g a dh e s i o n s were o b s e rv
巴dwhen t r e a t e d w i t h f i b r i n g l u e w i t h a PGA s h e e t .
Conclusions.
Ge l a t i n g l u es s e a l i n g e f f e c t was s u p e r i o r t o t h a t o f f i b r i n g l u e w h i l e p r e v e n t i n g p o s t o p e r a t i v e p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s . These f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t g e l a t i n g l u e may be e f f e c t i v e a s a s u r g i c a l s e a l a n t o r a n t i ‑ a d h e s i o n m a t e r i a l i n l u n g s u r g e r y .
Key words ・ g e l a t i n , b i o m a t e r i a l , l u n g s u r g e r y , s u r g i c a l s e a l a n t , a n t i ‑ a d h e s i o n
I n t r o d u c t i o n
I n l u n g s u r g e r y , t h e most popu l a r s u r g i c a l s e a l a n t i s f i b r i n g l u e , whic h h a s b e e n u s e d t o
p r e v e n t a i r l e a k s o v e r t h e l a s t t w e n t y y e a r s 1 ‑ 5 A , > l t h o u g h f i b r i n g l u e d o e s r e d u c e p o s t o p e r a t i v e
a i r l eak s 6 , l i t h a s s o me d i s a d va n t a g e s , i n c l u d i n g bond i n g s t r e n g t h i n a d e q u a c y , which i s
( 3 6 ) N o r i k a z u KAW A I , e t a l .
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o s t o p e r a t i v e a i r l e a k s 7 1 , and t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s a b l o o d p r o d u c t . B e c a u s e f i b r i n g l u e a l o n e i s c o n s i d e r e d i n a d e q u a t e f o r s t o p p i n g a i r l e a k s , a p o l yg l y c o l i c a c i d (PGA) s h e e t ( N e o v e i l . GUNZE Ltd . . K y o t o , J a p a n ) i s o f t e n used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h f i b r i n g l u e i n J a p a n . A l t h o u g h t h i s c o m b i n a t i o n h a s been r e p o r t e d t o be more e f f e c t i v e t h a n f i b r i n g l u e a l o n e 8 ‑ 1 0 1 , we h a v e s o m e t i m e s o b s e r v e d a i r l e a k s a f t e r l u n g s u r g e r y e v e n when f i b r i n g l u e was u s e d w i t h a PGA s h e e t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e a r e c o n c e r n s t h a t t h i s c o m b i n a t i o n may i n d u c e p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s
11. 12)
Our l a b o r a t o r y h a s c r
巴a t e da b i o l o g i c a l g l u e composed o f g e l a t i n and g l u t a r a l d e h y d e ( c r o s s ‑ l i n k e d g e l a t i n g l u e , h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s g e l a t i n g l u e ) w i t h h i g h a d h e s i v e s t r e n g t h an d g o o d b i o c o m p a t i b i l i t y , a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y 3 1 . U s i n g a r a t l u n g s u r g e r y m o d e l . we p r e v i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h i s g e l a t i n g l u e h a d a b o n d i n g s t r e n g t h two‑ t o t h r e e ‑ f o l d h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f f i b r i n g l u e 1 4 1 a n d t h a t i t i n h i b i t e d p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s 1 5 1 . I n t h i s s t u d y , we i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e s e a l i n g e f f e c t a n d o c c u r r e n c e o f p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s g e l a t i n g l u e r e l a t i v e t o f i b r i n g l u e ( w i t h o r w i t h o u t a PGA s h e e t ) i n c a n i n e l u n g s u r g e r y m o d e l s t o a s s e s s t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n .
M a t e r i a l s and Methods Mα
:t e r i αl s
G e l a t i n g l u e was p r e p a r e d and mixed a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d 1 3 ‑ 1 5 1 . B r i e f l y , t h e g l u e wasp r e p a r e d by m i x i n g a 26% ( w/v ) a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n o f g e l a t i n ( a l k a l i n e ‑ p r o c e s s e d g e l a t i n , M W 8 9 , 0 0 0 ; N i p p i , T o k y o , J a p a n ) an d a 1 % ( w / v ) g l u t a r a l d e h y d e s o l u t i o n ( m i x r a t i o ; 1 0 0 : 1 3 ) ( b o t h s t e r i l e . ) I t was h e a t e d a t 4 5 ℃ u s i n g t h e h e a t i n g a p p l i c a t o r , a n d 3 8 ℃a t t h e t i m e e x t r u d e d o n t o t h e t i s s u e s u r f a c e . F i b r i n g l u e ( B e r i p l a s t P C o m b i ‑ S e t ; CSL B e h r i n g , T o k y o , J a p a n ) was p u r c h a s e d from Waken C o . L t d . ( J a p a n ) , a n d PGA s h e e t s ( N e o v e i l ; 0 . 1 5 m m t h i c k ) were k i n d l y s u p p l i e d by GUNZE L t d . Fema l e b e a g l e d o g s ( 8 ‑ 1 2 months o l d , weigh i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 ‑ 1 2 k g ) were p u r c h a s e d f r o m J a p a n O r i e n t a l B i o S e r v i c e , I n c . ( K y o t o , J a p a n ) . A l l a n im a l h o u s i n g , c a r e , a nd s u r g i c a l p r o c e d u r e s were p e r f o r m e d i n a c c o r d a n c e wi t h t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l g u i d e l i n e s o f t h e an im a l r e s e a r c h c o m m i t t e e s o f Nara M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y .
Me α surem e
ηt o f S e a l ‑ E r e α k i n g Pr e s s ur e s i n C
仰i n e Ca d a v e r Lungs
E n d o t r a c h e a l i n t u b a t i o n was performed an d a r e s p i r a t o r was c o n n e c t e d (Mod e l CT ‑ 7 F I I ,
ACOMA Me d i c a l I n d u s t r y Co L . . t d . . Tok y o , J a p a n ) . A wound s u f f i c i e n t t o c a u s e a i r l e a k s was
c r e a t e d a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d , b y p r i c k i n g t h e l e f t l u n g u s i n g a 2 3 ‑ g uag e n e e d l e t o a d e p t h o f
2 m m from t h e l u n g s u r f a c e
14l̲The a i r l e a k was c o n f i r m e d by bubb l e f o r m a t i o n a t t h e wound
s i t e when t h e l u n g was m a n u a l l y i n f l a t e d . G e l a t i n g l u e ( n = 5 ) , f i b r i n g l u e by s p r a y ( n = 6 ) . f i b r i n
g l u
巴by r u b ‑ a n d ‑ s p r a y ( n = 5 ) , o r f i b r i n g l u e by r u b ‑ a n d ‑ s o a k wi t h a PGA s h e e t (lOmm
×l O m m .
n = 6 ) was a p p l i e d o v e r t h e pulmonary p u n c t u r e w o u n d . The volum e o f g l u e app l i e d w a s 0 . 2
ml f o r b o t h g e l a t i n and f i b r i n g l u e s a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d . 1 4 1 The r u b ‑ a nd ‑ s o a k m e t hod f o r
f i b r i n g l u e was p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d p r o t o c o a . l nd t h i s m e t h o d wa s
u s e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n w i t h a PGA s h e e t 9 1 . We w a i t e d f o r 5 min a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h e g l u e s t o
s o l i d i f y a nd a d h e r e t o t h e l u n g s u r f a c e . To measur e t h e s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e , t h e l ung was
i n f l a t e d m a n u a l l y a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e t h r o u g h t h e e n d o t r a c h
巴a l t u b e (m a x imum p r e s s u r e l i m i t
o f 80cm H 2 0 ) . and a i r l e a ka g e was i d e n t i f i e d b y o b s e r v i n g b u b b l e f o r m a t i o n from t h e s e a l e d
EFFECTIVENESS OF CROSS‑LINKED GELATIN GLUE I N CANINE LUNG SURGE RY MODELS ( 3 7 )
n e e d l e p u n c t u r e s i t e . The p r e s s u r e i n t h e r e s p i r a t o ry t r a c t a t which a i r l e a k a g e o c c u r r e d was r e c o r d e d f o r e a c h m a t e r i a l . A f t e r measurement, t h e t r e a t e d a r e a was i s o l a t e d w i t h a s u r g i c a l clamp f o r c e p s , and t h e same p r o c e d u r e was performed on a d i f f e r e n t a r e a o f t h e l u n g . T h i s was r e p e a t e d 5‑6 t i m e s f o r e a c h c a n i n e c a d a v e r ; o n e t y p e o f g l u e was a p p l i e d f o r e a c h d o g .
Measurement o f S e a l ‑ B r e a k i n g P r e s s u r e s i n C a n i n e L i v i n g Lungs
Dogs were g i v e n i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l i n j e c t i o n s o f p e n t o b a r b i t a l sodium (30mg / k g ) and p l aced on t h e s u r g i c a l t a b l e with an e l e c t r i c b l a n k e t t o m a i n t a i n body t e m p e r a t u r e . E n d o t r a c h e a l i n t u b a t i o n was t h e n performed and a r e s p i r a t o r was connected (Model CT 7 F I I , ACOMA M e d i c a l I n d u s t r y C o . , L t d . Dogs wer
巴v e n t i l a t e da t
;三20 cm H20. When s t a b l e r e s p i r a t i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d , a l a t e r a l t h o r a c o t o m y was performed i n an i n t e r c o s t a l s p a c e . An a i r ‑ l e a k i n g wou nd was c r e a t e d by p r i c k i n g t h e l u n g s u r f a c e u s i n g a 23‑guage n e e d l e t o a d e p t h o f 2 m m from t h e l u n g s u r f a c e , a s d e s c r i b ed p r e v i o u s l y ( F i gure 1 , A and B ) . H e m o s t a s i s was a c h i e v e d by p r e s s i n g w i t h c o t t o n g a u z e , and t h e a i r l eak was c o n f i r m e d by o b s e r v i n g b u b b l e f o r m a t i o n a t t h e wound s i t e when t h e l u n g was m a n u a l l y i n f l a t e d . A f t e r a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n was s t o p p e d , g e l a t i n g l u e ( n = 5 ) ( F i g u r e l C ) , f i b r i n g l u e by s p r a y ( n = 6 ) , f i b r i n g l u e by rub‑and‑ s p r a y ( n = 5 ) , o r f i b r i n g l ue by rub‑and‑soak w i t h a PGA s h e e t (lOmm
×lOmm, n=6) was a p p l i e d o v e r t h e pulmonary p u n c t u r e wound. The vo lum e o f g l u e ap p l i e d was 0 . 2 ml f o r b o t h g e l a t i n and f i b r i n g l u e s a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . The w a i t i n g p r o c e s s a f t e r c o v e r i n g t h e wound w a s p e r f o r m e d a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y
(1min a f t e r app l i c a t i o n , a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n was s t a r t e d a g a i n and mainta i ned f o r 4 m i n ) 1 4 1 . To measure t h e s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e , t h e l u n g was i n f l a t e d m a n u a l l y a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e t h r o u g h t h e e n d o t r a c h e a l t u b e (m ax imum p r e s s u r e l i m i t o f 40cm H 2 0 ) , an d a i r l e a k a g e was i d e n t i f i e d by o b s e r v i n g b u b b l e f o r m a t i o n from t h e s e a l e d n e e d l e p u n c t u r e s i t e ( F i gure l D ) . The p r e s s u r e i n t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t a t which a i r l eakag e o c c u r r e d was r e c o r ded f o r each ma t e r i a l . T h i s p r o c e d u r e was t h e n r e p ea t e d 5 ‑ 6 t i m e s f o r e a c h d o g , a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . F i n a l l y , d o g s were e u t h a n i z e d w i t h o v e r d o s e s o f p e n t o b a r b i t a l sodium (250m g / k g ) .
F i g u r e
1.P h o t o g r a p h s s h o w i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e f o r s e a l i n g t h e w o u n d i n t h e c a n i n e p u l m o n a r y f
i s t u l a m o d e . l
(A)T h e p u l m o n a r y f i s t u l a w a s c r e a t e d i n t h e l u n g u s i n g a 2 3 ‑ g a u g e n e e d l e i n s e r t e d t o a d e p t h
o f 2 mm f r o m t h e s u r f a c e .
(B)N e e d l e h o l e . ( C ) T h e f i s t u l a s e a l e d w i t h g l u e ( 0 . 2 m ) l ; g e l a t i n g l u e w a s u s e d i n t h i s
p h o t o g r a p h . ( D ) Th e s e a l b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e w a s m e a s u r e d u s i n g a wa t e r b u b b l e .
( 3 8 ) N o r i k a z u KA WA I , e t a l .
P r e par α t i o n o f C αn i n e Lung I
吋u r y Model t o A s s e s s I n t r a p l e u r a l Adh e s i on
A f t e r i n d u c t i o n o f g e n e r a l an e s t h e s i a a nd i n i t i a t i o n o f v e n t i l a t i o n , a l a t e r a l t h o r a c o t o m y was p e r f o r m e d a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . A wound ( 5 ‑ 1 0 m m l o n g , lmm d e e p ) was t h e n c r e a t e d o n t h e l u n g s u r f a c e u s i n g s u r g i c a l s c i s s o r s . Hemostas i s wa s a c h i e v e d by p r e s s i n g w i t h c o t t o n g a u z e f o r a few m i n u t e s . A r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n was t h e n s t o pped b e f o r e a p p l y i n g g e l a t i n g l ue ( n = 5 ) , f i b r i n g l u e ( n = 5 ) , o r f i b r i n g l u e w i t h a PGA s h e e t ( 2 5 m m
×2 5 mm, n = 5 ) o v e r t h e pu l mon a r y w o u n d . One m i n u t e a f t e r app l i c a t i o n , a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i on was r e s t a r t e d and ma i n t a i ned f o r 4 m i n , and t h e c h e s t was c l o s e d ( F i g u r e s 2 , 3 ) . Twenty ‑ e i g h t d a y s a f t e r s u r g e r y , t h e t r e a t e d a r e a was e x p o s e d by l a t e r a l t h o r a c o t o m y u n d e r g e n e r a l a n e s t h e s i a and a s s e s s e d f o r a d h e s i o n s by a t h o r a c i c s u r g e o n who was b l i n d t o t h e t r e a t m e n t g r o u p .
Ra η domi z α t i o ηo f Gro
吟s , Measu rem e n t o f S e α l ‑ B γ e a k i n g P r e s s u r e , and S t α t i s t i c α l A η αl y s e s Th e f o u r d i f f e r e n t s e a l a n t s were randomly a l l o c a t e d t o o n e c a n i n e c a d a v e r o r l i v i n g l u n g , wi t h 5 ‑ 6 l e s i o n s a nd o n e t y p e o f s e a l a n t p e r l u n g . A l l s e a l ‑b r e a k i n g v a l u e s were mean ± s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n . The r e s u l t s were s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a l y z e d by Kruskal‑Wa l l i s t e s t u s i n g GraphPad P r i s m s o f t w a r e ( V e r s i o n 6 . 0 ) . A l l p ‑ v a l u e s l e s s t h a n . 0 5 were c o n s i d e r e d t o i n d i c a t e s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . No s t a t i s t i c a l po we r c a l c u l a t i o n s were un d e r t aken . Observer b l i n d i n g d u r i n g measurement o f s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s was n o t po s s i b l e b e c a u s e o f o b v i o u s d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o d u c t a p p e a r a n c e .
E v a l u a t i on o f Adhesion Model
Th e t h r e e d i f f e r
百i ts e a l a n t s were randoml y a l l o c a t e d t o t h e d o g s , w i t h o n e l e s i on a n d o n e s e a l a n t pe r d og . No s t a t i s t i c a l power c a l c u l a t i o n was u n d e r t a k e n . A t h o r a c i c s u r g e o n who was b l i n d t o t h e t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s a s s e s s e d a d h e s i o n s 2 8 d a y s p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y .
H i s t o l o g i c Ex α min α t i o
冗o f Adhesion Model
Th e l u n g , i n c l u ding t h e s u r g i c a l s i t e , was subseque n t l y r e s e c t e d a nd f i x
巴d i n 10%
f o r m a l d e h y d e a q u e o u s s o l u t i on . T h e f i x e d s p e c i m e n s were c r o s s ‑ s e c t i o n e d and s t a i ned w i t h hematoxy l i n and e o s i n f o r h i s t o l o g i c a n a l y s i s . The wounds were e v a l u a t e d h i s t o l o g i c a l l y an d a s s e s s e d b y a bo a r d ‑ c e r t i f i e d pa t h o l o g i s t .
Results
Bonding S t r e n g t h o f G e l α t i
托α
冗d F i b
γiηG l u e s t o Lung T i s s u e
The p h o t o g r a p h s i n F i g u r e 1 show t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e bu r s t i n g p r e s s u r e o f t h e p r i c k e d l ung s e a l ed w i t h t h e v a r i o u s mat e r i a l s . Both g e l a t i n a nd f i b r i n g l u e s a d h e r e d t o t h e c a n i n e l u n g s u r f a c e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n . The ge l a t i n g l u e r e s p ond e d prompt l y t o l ung e x p a n s i o n and c o n t r a c t i o n ow i n g t o t h e g l u e
Si n h e r e n t e l a s t i c i t y .
I n t h e c a n i n e c a d a v e r l u n g e x pe r i m e n t , t h e g e l a t i n g l u e a d h e r e d f i r m l y t o t h e l u n g s u r f a c e
and p r e v e n t e d a i r l e a k a g e , w i t h s t a n d i n g a p r e s s u r e o f o v e r 70cm H 2 0 . The g e l a t i n g l u e h a d a
s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e ( 7 7 ± 6cm H z O ) t h a n t h e f i b r i n g l u e a l on e g r o up s
( s p r a y , 3 9 . 2
±9 . 3cm H 2 0 ; r u b a nd ‑ s oak m e t h o d , 3 5
土1 3 . 4 c mH 2 0 ) o r t h e f i b r i n g l u e w i t h a
EFFECTIVENESS OF CROSS‑LINKED GELATIN GLUE IN CANINE L UN G SURGERY MODELS
(3 9 )
PGA sheet ( 5 5 . 5
±1 8 . 2 cm H20). The p‑values f o r comparisons b
巴tween t he g e l a t i n and f i b r i n ( s p r ay ) groups and the g e l a t i n and f i b r i n (rub‑and‑soak) groups were . 034 and . 0 0 5 , respec t i v e l y ( F i g u r e 4 ) . The g e l a t i n g l u e adhered s t r o n g l y t o the lung t i s s u e , and i t was d i f f i c u l t t o remo v e the g e l a t i n g l u e from the t i s s u e using f o r c e p s .
I n the canine l i v i n g lung experiments, the g e l a t i n g l u e adhered s t r o n g l y t o the lung s u r f a c e and performed e q u i v a l e n t l y t o the f i b r i n g l u e groups ( g e l a t i n g l u e , 3 2 . 3
±8 . 9cm H 2 0; f i b r i n g l u e using s p r a y , 32 ± 6 cm H 2 0; f i b r i n g l u e using t he rub‑and‑soak method, 40 ± Ocm H20;
f i b r i n g l u e with a PGA sheet , 39
±2cm H 2 0 [ F i gure 5 ] ) . The maximum pressure f o r l i v i ng l u n g experiments was s e t a t 40cm H 2 0 . Six out o f the e l e v e n g e l a t i n g l u e s (55%) r emai ned s t a b l y adherent t o the lung a t 40cm H 2 0 .
A n t i ‑ A d h e s i v e E f f e c t s o f G e l a t i n G l u e i n t h e P l e u r a l C a v i
かFigures 4 and 5 show photographs o f the ex pe r im e n t a l wound‑s e a l i n g procedure and the l u n gs 28 days p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y f o r t he i n t r a p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n m o d e l . The r e s u l t s f o r each dog i n t he d i f f e r e n t groups a r e summarized i n Table 1 . There were no a d h e s i o n s o f t h e c h e s t w a l l i n any o f t h e dogs i n t h e g e l a t i n g l u e ( F i g u r
巴2C)and f i b r i n g l u e a l o n
巴groups , whereas s t r o n g ad hes i o n s were observed i n a l l f o u r dogs i n wh i c h f i b r i n g l u e was used with a PGA s h e e t ( F i g u r e 3 C ) .
Inthe g e l a t i n g l u e an d f i b r i n g l u e a l o n e g r o u p s , t h e g l u e s were c o m p l e t e l y absorbed with no o r o n l y mild i n f l ammatio n a f t e r 28 days ( F i g ure 6 , A ‑ D ) . When f i b r i n g l u e was us e d w i t h a PGA s h e e t
,the PGA s h e e t s remain e d and inflamm a t i o n e x i s t e d a round t h e wound ‑se a l i n g s i t e ( F i gure 6 . E and F ) .
F i g u r e
2. Ex p e r i m e n t a l wound
‑seali n g p r o c e d u r e i n t h e c a n i n e p u l m o n a r y i n c i s i o n m o d e l . T y p i c a l e x a m p l
es ofl u n g l e s i o n s s e a l e d w i t h g e l a t i n
gl u e a r e s h o w n . ( A ) A f i s t u l
a (5‑10mm ) w a s c r
eated i n
the lu n g u s i n g
surgical sci
ssor s .
(B)T h e f i
st u l a w a s
seal
ed w i t h g e l a t i n g l u e
. (C)T h
ewou n d a p p e a r a n c e a t
28d a y s p o s t o p e r a t i
vel
y.F i g u r e 3 . E x p e r i m e n t a l wou n d
‑seal i n g p r o c e d u r
ei n t h
ec a n i n
ep u l m o n a r y i n c i s i o
nm o d e l . Typ i c a l e x a m p l e s o
fl u n g l e s i o n s s e a l e d w i t h
且b r i n g l u
e and ap o l y g l y c o l i c a c i d s h e e t a r e s h o w n . ( A ) A f i s t u l a
(5‑10mm) w a s c r e a
ted
i n t h
el u n g u s i n
g su r g i c a l
sci
ssor
s. (B) Fi b r i n g l u e a n d a p o l y g l
yco i l c a c i d s h e e t w
ere applied .
(C)The
wou n
d had ad h e
red t o t h e c h
est wal l
at 28d
aysp o s t o p e r a t i v e l
y(40) Norikazu KAW AI, et al.
Table 1. Adhesions associated with injured canine lungs treated with different materials Gelatin glue'
No adhesion No adhesion
Failure土 No adhesion No adhesion
Fibrin glue No adhesion No adhesion No adhesion No adhesion
• Gelatin glue : 26% gelatin + 1 % glutaraldehyde
t
PGA, polyglycolic acid宇Surgeryprolonged because of bleedmg
Fibrin glue with PGA
t
sheet Severe§Severe§ Severe§ Severe§
§ Severe: adhesions requiring sharp dissection to separate
**
90『 一一一」」一ー−−
80
"' 70 コ~~ 60
t 主50
呈~ 40
悶
~ 30
~ 20 UJ 10
。
・Gelatinglue Fibrin glue Fibnn glue Fibrin glue(Spray) (Rub & Soak) (Rub & Soak) with PGA sheet Figure 4. Ex vivo seal breaking pressure after repair in the canine cadaver lung. Groups : gelatin glue, 77 ± 6cm H20; fibrin glue by spray, 39.2 ± 9.3cm H20; fibrin glue by rub and soak, 35 ± 13.4cm H20; fibrin glue by rub‑and‑ soak with polyglycolic acid sheet, 55.5 ± 18.2cm H20.へ p=.034; ..,
ρ
=.005. Maximum pressure was 80cm H2045 40
"' 35
~0 30
{~
25呈中 20
"
'
i1' 15白
石 10
‑‑ 5
。
Gelatinglue Fibnn glue Fibrin glue Fibnn glue(Spray) (Rub & Soak) (Rub & Soak) with PGA sheet Figure 5. Seal‑breaking pressure after repair in canine living lungs. Groups : gelatin glue, 32.3 ± 8.9cm H20; fibrin glue by spray, 32 ± 6cm H20; fibrin glue by rub‑and‑
soak, 40 ± Ocm H20; fibrin glue by rub‑and soak with polyglycolic acid sheet, 39 ± 2cm H20. Maximum pressure was 40cm H20
Figure 6. Histopathologic images of sealed canine lung wou口ds(wounds were 5‑lOmm long, 1 m m in depth) on day 28 after surgery. A: wound sealed with gelatin glue (0.2 mL, prepared by mixing 26% wt/vol gelatin solution and 1% wt/vol glutaraldehyde solution). B: wound sealed with fibrin glue (0.2 mL) alone. C: wound sealed with fibrin glue (0.2 mL) and a polyglycolic acid sheet (10 mm x 10 mm) Hematoxylin and eosin staining, original magnification x 50 (A, C. E)
EFFECTNENESS OF CROSS‑L町KEDGELAT町 GLUE町 CAN町ELUNG SURGERY MODELS
( 4 1 )
Comment
We h a v e p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d t h e s e a l i n g and a d h e s i o n p r e v e n t i o n e f f e c t s o f g e l a t i n g l u e i n a r a t l u n g s u r g e r y m o d e l 1 ・ 4 1 5 l ; i n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y , we u s e d a l a r g e a n i m a l model t o a s s e s s t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n h u m a n s . I n t h i s c a n i n e l u n g s u r g e r y m o d e l , t h e g e l a t i n g l u e a d h e r e d w e l l t o t h e l u n g , and p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s t o t h e a d j a c e n t c h e s t w a l l were n o t o b s
巴r v e d2 8 d a y s p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y .
With r e g a r d t o t h e s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e , t h e g e l a t i n g l u e showed s t r o n g a d h e s i o n i n t h e p r e v i o u s l i v e r a t e x p e r i m e n t s , w i t h a s e a l
田b r e a k i n gp r e s s u r e o f 4 7 . 9
±6 . 7 m m Hg ( 6 5 . l c m H 2 0 ) ;
出i swas s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s o f t h e f i b r i n g l u e g r o u p s ( 1 4 ) . I n t h i s s t u d y u s i n g c a n i n e m o d e l s , t h e g e l a t i n g l u e f i r m l y a d h e r e d t o t h e l u n g s u r f a c e and showed s t r o n g a d h e s i o n , w i t h s t a n d i n g h i g h p r e s s u r e s . I n t h e c a n i n e l i v i n g l u n g e x p e r i m e n t , t h e g e l a t i n g l u e w i t h s t o o d t h e maximum p r e s s u r e o f 40cm H20 i n 6 o u t o f t h e 1 1 c a s e s ( 5 5 % ) ; i n t h e s e c a s e s , t h e g l u e may h a v e s t o o d up t o s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s w e l l o v e r 4 0 cm H 2 0 . I n d e e d , t h e c a n i n e c a d a v e r l u n g e x p e r i m e n t showed a h i g h e r s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e o f 7 7
±6cm H20 f o r t h e g e l a t i n g l u e g r o u p , w h i c h was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e f i b r i n g l u e a l o n e g r o u p s .
The c a n i n e l i v i n g l u n g e x p e r i m e n t showed t h a t b o t h t h
巴g e l a t i nand f i b r i n g l u e s had good p r e s s u r e r e s i s t a n c e , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y a r e c l i n i c a l l y a p p l i c a b l e a s s e a l a n t s . How e v e r , a l t h o u g h t h e g e l a t i n g l u e a l w a y s a c h i e v e d s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s o f o v e r 60cm H 2 0 i n t h e c a d a v e r l ung e x p e r i m e n t , t h e s e a l ‑ b r e a k i n g p r e s s u r e s were l e s s t h a n 40cm H 2 0 i n 5 o u t o f t h e 1 1 c a s
巴s ( 4 5 % ) i n w h i c h g e l a t i n g l u e was u s e d i n t h e l i v i ng l u n g e x p e r i m e n t . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e i n h e r e n t n a t u r e o f g e l a t i n g l u e and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t u p t h a t m i g h t h a v e c a u s e d t h e s e r e s u l t s . F i r s t , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f body t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e p h y s i c a l c r o s s l i n k i n g o f g e l a t i n i s a r e l e v a n t f a c t o r . With g e l a t i n g l u e , g l u t a r a l d e h y d e i s u s e d t o c h e m i c a l l y c r o s s l i n k t h e g e l a t i n n e t w o r k w i t h i n 3 0 s o f mi x i n g , a n d t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e g e l i n c r e a s e s o v e r t i m e . Howe v e r , i f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a p p l i e d s u r f a c e i s l o w , t h e p h y s i c a l c r o s s l i n k i n g o f g e l a t i n t e n d s t o b e a c c e l e r a t e d , r e s u l t i n g i n a s t r o n g e r g e l f a s t e r . B e c a u s
巴t h ec a d a v e r l u n g was c o o l e r ( r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e o f
〜2 2 ℃v e r s u s
〜3 8 . 5
℃f o r t h e l i v i n g c a n i n e l u n g ) , p h y s i c a l c r o s s l i n k i n g w o u l d h a v e r e s u l t e d i n f a s t e r g e l a t i o n o n t h e c a d a v e r l u n g s . I n a d d i t i o n , we u s e d a n e l e c t r i c b l a n k e t i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t t o m a i n t a i n t h e d o g s
body t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g t h e s u r g e r i e s , whereas we d i d n o t u s e b l a n k e t s i n t h e p r e v i o u s r a t e x p e r i m e n t . A l t h o u g h t h e body t e m p e r a t u r e o f r a t s ( 3 7 ℃ ) i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f d o g s , t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e r a t l u n g m i g h t h a v e b e e n c o o l e r d u r i n g t h e s u r g e r i e s b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f t h e r m a l s u p p o r t . S e c o n d , i n t h e l i v i n g l u n g e x p e r i m e n t , we had t o s t a r t a r t i 五 c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n o n l y I min a f t e r g l u e a p p l i c a t i o n , a n d t h i s movement m i g h t h a v e p r e v e n t e d g o od a d h e s i o n t o t h e l u n g t i s s u e i n som e c a s e s ; i n c o n t r a s t , t h e c a d a v e r l u n g s r e m a i n e d s t i l l f o r 5 min b e f o r e p r e s s u r e mea s u r e m e n t s , g i v i ng e n o u g h t i m e f o r t h e g l u e t o a n c h o r o n t o t i s s u e s u r f a c e s . F i n a l l y , c h a n g e s i n t h e v i s c o s i t y o f t h e g e l a t i n s o l u t i o n d u e t o v a r i a t i o n s i n a p p l i c a t i on t e mp e r a t u r e c a n a
妊e c t t h e e a s e o f g l u e p e n e t r a t i on i n t o t h e damaged t i s s u e o p e n i n g b e f o r e s o l i d i f i c a t i o n .
Regarding p r e v e n t i o n o f p l e u r a l a d h e s i o n s , no a d h e s i o n s i n v o l v i ng t h e a r e a s e a l e d w i t h
g e l a t i n g l u e w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h i s e x p e rim
巴n t ;t h i s was a l s o t h e c a s e i n t h e p r e v i o u s r e p o r t
i n v o l v i n g r a t s 1 5 l . Th e h e a l i n g o f t h e m a c r o s c o p i c a l l y d a ma g
巴dp o r t i o n o f t h e l u n g was g ood , a n d
t h e g e l a t i n g l u e d i s a p p e a r e d b y t h e 2 8 t h d a y a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n . As we p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d , we
(42)