Title
PKO要員による性的搾取およぴ虐待に対する国連の取組み
Author(s)
坂本, 一也
Citation
[岐阜大学教育学部研究報告. 人文科学] vol.[67] no.[2] p.[49]-
[64]
Issue Date
2019
Rights
Version
岐阜大学教育学部社会科教育
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/77996
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PKO
せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᚅᑐࡍࡿᅜ㐃ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳ
UN Responses to the Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Peacekeeping Operations Personnel
ᆏ ᮏ ୍ ஓSAKAMOTO Kazuya
II ࡣࡌࡵ
1 ᅜ㐃ࡢᖹ⥔ᣢάື(PKO)࠾ࡅࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᚅ(Sexual Exploitation and Abuse)
෭ᡓ⤊⤖௨㝆ࠊᅜ㝿♫ࡀᑐᛂࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡿṊຊ⣮தࡀෆᡓࡸ」ྜᆺṊຊ⣮தኚࡍࡿక࠸ࠊᅜ㐃ࡢᖹ ⥔ᣢάືࡣఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᡓࡸ㌷ࡢ᧔㏥ࡢ┘ど࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢຍ࠼࡚ࠊ㑅ᣲ┘どࡸἲࡢᨭ㓄ࡢᨭ࠸ࡗࡓᖹᵓ⠏ άືࠊே㐨ᨭࡸᩥẸࡢಖㆤ࠸ࡗࡓ⣮தᚋ♫ࡢᵓ⠏ᐦ᥋㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢࡑࡢ௵ົࢆከᵝࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
2018ᖺ 11 ᭶ᮎ⌧ᅾࠊPKO ࡣ 14 ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ124 ᅜࡽ 10 ே௨ୖࡢせဨ㸦ྖ௧㒊せဨ⣙
2༓ேຍ࠼ࠊྛᅜࡽὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿ㌷㒊㝲せဨࢆྵࡴ㌷せဨ⣙ 7 5 ༓ேࠊྛᅜࡽὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せ
ဨ(uniformed police unit)ࢆྵࡴ㆙ᐹせဨ⣙ 1 1 ༓ேࠊ⌧ᆅ⫋ဨ࣭ᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸ(UN volunteer)࡞ࢆྵ
ࡴᩥẸせဨ 1 4 ༓ே㸧ࡀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢつᶍࡶࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ1ࠋࡲࡓࠊ2000 ᖺ᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓᏳಖ⌮Ỵ
㆟ 13252ࡀ PKO ࠾ࡅࡿዪᛶࡢᙺ㈉⊩ࡢᣑࢆồࡵ࡚௨㝆ࠊPKO ᚑࡍࡿせဨ㸦௨ୗࠊPKO せဨ㸧
༨ࡵࡿዪᛶࡢྜࡣቑ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᅽಽⓗ⏨ᛶࡀከ࠸≧ἣኚࡣ࡞࠸㸦㌷せဨ 4.2㸣ࠊ㆙ᐹせဨ 12.1㸣 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊయ࡛ࡶ 5.1㸣㐣ࡂ࡞࠸3㸧ࠋ ࡑࡢ௵ົࡢኚࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊPKO ࡀὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣᅜᐙไᗘࡀᔂቯࡋࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᆅ ᇦ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᨭࡸಖㆤࢆᚲせࡍࡿఫẸࡣࠊ≉ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࣭㌟యⓗ࣭⢭⚄ⓗ⬤ᙅ࡞❧ሙ࠶ࡿዪᛶࡸᏊࡶ࡛ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺≧ἣࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᆅᇦࡢ⣮த࡛ࡣᡓதࡢᡭẁࡋ࡚ᛶⓗᭀຊࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ ከ࠸4ࠋྖἲไᗘࡸ♫ไᗘࡀᔂቯࡋࠊዪᛶࡸᏊࡶࡀᐙ᪘ࡸᆅᇦඹྠయࡽࡢᨭࡸಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸୰࡛ࠊ ᴟᗘࡢ㈋ᅔ≧ែ࠾ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⤒῭ⓗせᅉࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡸዪᛶࡸᏊࡶᑐࡍࡿᗈ⠊࡞ᕪูࡸேᶒᐖࡀ ୍⯡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡣࠊᙉࢇࠊே㌟㈙ࠊ࠸ࢇ࡞ࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡉࢀࡿ5ࠋࡑࡇࠊ ⏨ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿ PKO せဨࡀከᩘὴ㐵ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ௵ົ㐙⾜ࡢ㐣⛬࡛⌧ᆅࡢఫẸ㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡇ ࡽࠊPKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢၥ㢟ࡀ㢧ᅾࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ6ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊPKO せဨࡀᛶⓗ ᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࡣࠊࠊࡑࡢಶேⓗ㈨㉁㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢࡀከ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨እ PKO せဨࢆྲྀࡾᕳ ࡃ♫ⓗࠊᩥⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗせᅉࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ⌧ᆅࡢዪᛶࡣ⮬ᅜࡢዪᛶࡼࡾࡶຎ ࡋࡓࡶࡢᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜࠺ࡀࠊ⮬ᅜ࡛ࡣ PKO せဨࡣ㈙ࡋࡓࡾࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸ዪᛶࢆᛶⓗᦢྲྀࡋࡓ ࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࡢሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡿ7ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ PKO せဨࡢὴ㐵ᅜ⌧ᆅࡢே✀ࠊᩥࠊゝㄒ➼ࡢ┦㐪ࡸ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸ ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ᱁ᕪࡀᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆቑ㛗ࡉࡏࡿせᅉ࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ8ࠋ 2 ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐࡍࡿᐶᐜᨻ⟇ࡢ᥇⏝
1 ᅜ㐃PKO ᒁ(DPKO)ࡀබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡿࠋDPKO, “United Nations Peacekeeping, Data”, at
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data㸦௨ୗࠊᮏ✏࠾ࡅࡿࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢ㈨ᩱࡢࢡࢭࢫࡣ2018 ᖺ12 ᭶ 25 ᪥࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧
2 UN Doc. S/RES/1325 (31 October 2000), para.4.
3 ヲ⣽࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊDPKO, “United Nations Peacekeeping, Data: Gender”, at https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/gender.࡞࠾ࠊ
1957ᖺࡽ1989 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡛㌷せဨ༨ࡵࡿዪᛶࡢྜࡣ 0.1㸣㐣ࡂࡎࠊ1993 ᖺࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡶ1㸣⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋSee O. Simic, Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operation (Springer, 2012), p.18.
4 R. S. Burke, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Military Contingents: Moving beyond the Current Status Quo and
Responsibility under International Law (Brill, 2014) [hereinafter Burke (2014)], p.4; V. Kent, “Protecting civilians from UN peacekeepers and humanitarian workers: Sexual exploitation and abuse”, in C. Aoi, C. de Coning & R. Thakur eds., The “Unintended” Consequences of Peace Operations (United Nations University Press, 2007), pp.51-52.
5 P. Higate, “Case Studies: The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone”, Gender and Peacekeeping Monograph
No.91 (Institute for Security Studies, 2003), p.7. See Burke (2014), p.6.
6 O. Simic, op. cit., pp.31-38. 7 Higata, op. cit., p.13.
8 Melanie O'Brien, Criminalising Peacekeepers: Modernising National Approaches to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (Palgrave
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ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓࡢᡓ୰࣭ᡓᚋࡢ࡛ࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊ㌷㝲ᵓᡂဨ➼ࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡣ࠸ࡘ ࡢ௦ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊPKO ࡶእ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ1960 ᖺ௦ࡢࢥࣥࢦᅜ㐃㌷(ONUC)࠾࠸࡚㈙ࡀ⾜
ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡉࢀࡿ9ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊPKO ࡢ௵ົつᶍࡀኚࡋࡓ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊࣔࢨࣥࣅ࣮ࢡᅜ㐃࣑ࢵ
ࢩࣙࣥ(ONUMOZ)ࡢ PKO せဨࡼࡿዪඣ࠸ࢇே㌟㈙ࡢ㛵10ࠊ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࠾ࡅࡿ UNTAC㸦ᅜ㐃
࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪᬻᐃ⤫ᶵᵓ㸧฿╔ᚋࡢ࠸ࢇᚑࡍࡿ⪅ࡢᛴቑ11ࠊ࣎ࢫࢽ࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼ࠾ࡅࡿᙉไ࠸
ࢇ┠ⓗࡢே㌟㈙ࡢ㛵12࡞ PKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭
ᚅࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡛࠶ࡿዪᛶࡸᏊࡶ⮬㌟ࡀ㌟యⓗ࣭⢭⚄ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚Ꮚ
ࡶࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓሙྜ㸦ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᏊࡶࡣࠕPKO せဨࡢᏊࡶ(peacekeepers baby)ࠖࡤࢀࡿ㸧ࠊࡑࡢᏊࡶ
ࡶ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀᐙ᪘ࡸᆅᇦඹྠయࡽ㏣ᨺࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊࡉࡽࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᅜ࡛ࡣᛶឤᰁࡸ HIV/AIDS
ࡢᘏ࠸ࡗࡓ♫ⓗၥ㢟ࢆࡶ⏕ࡌࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓ13ࠋᙜึࠊࠕ⏨ࡣ࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡓࡗ࡚ࡶᑡᖺ(boys will be boys)ࠖࡢ
ㄆ㆑ࡽࠊᅜ㐃ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࢆ㔜࡞ၥ㢟ࡣᤊ࠼࡚ࡣ࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡉࢀࡿ14ࠋࡋࡋࠊᡓᛶᭀຊࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ ࢆྵࡴ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡢಖㆤࢆ┠ⓗὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡓ PKO せဨࡀྠᵝࡢ⿕ᐖࢆ࠼ࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ ࡣࠊᅜ㝿♫ࡁ࡞⾪ᧁࢆ࠼ࡓ15ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊࠕᅜ㐃ࡀάືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡰࡍ࡚ࡢᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡲࡓ ࡣ㛵ಀせဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࠖ16ᅜ㐃⮬㌟ࡶㄆࡵࡓࡼ࠺ࠊPKO ࡀὴ㐵ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྛᅜ ࡛せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀከࡃࡢ࣓ࢹྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡣᅜ㐃࠾ࡅࡿ ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢὶࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡸṊຊ⣮த࠾ࡅࡿᛶⓗᭀຊᑐࡍࡿ≢⨥࠸ࡗࡓᅜ㝿♫ࡢㄆ㆑ࡢኚࡀ࠶ ࡗࡓࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓែࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊᅜ㐃ົ⥲㛗ࡣ 2003 ᖺࠕᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᛶⓗᚅࡽࡢಖㆤࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉ูᥐ⨨ࠖ 㢟ࡍࡿ࿌♧㸦௨ୗࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧㸧ࢆฟࡋࠊᅜ㐃ࡣ PKO せဨࡼࡿ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ(misconduct)ࠊ≉ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ ᚅᑐࡍࡿᐶᐜ (zero-tolerance)ᨻ⟇ࢆࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ17ࠋࡇࡢ࿌♧࡛ࡣᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡀ⾜࠺ࡇࢆ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ ࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢᐃ⩏ࡶࠊࡑࡢ㐪ᑐࡍࡿᠬᡄࡸྛ㒊ᒁࡢ㛗ࡀྲྀ⤌ࡴෆᐜࡀつᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡶࢃ ࡽࡎࠊ2004 ᖺࢥࣥࢦẸඹᅜ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ(MONUC)せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀࡁࡃሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡓࡇ ࡽࠊࡼࡾཝࡋ࠸ᑐᛂࢆࡿࡼ࠺ᅜ㐃ࡢᅽຊࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊྠᖺᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㐃ົ⥲㛗 ࢻࣂࢨ࣮ᣦྡࡉࢀࡓࣚࣝࢲࣥࡢ Zeid ⋤Ꮚᑟ࡛ሗ࿌᭩ࠕᅜ㐃ᖹ⥔ᣢάື࠾ࡅࡿᑗ᮶ࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼ ࡧᚅࢆ᧞⁛ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢໟᣓⓗᡓ␎ࠖࡢసᡂࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ2005 ᖺᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢሗ࿌᭩㸦௨ୗࠊZeid ሗ࿌᭩㸧 ࡛ࡣࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ⌧≧ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⌧⾜ࡢつ๎ࠊㄪᰝ࣭ᤚᰝᡭ⥆ࠊᅜ㐃ࡼࡿ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞࢝࢘ࣥࢱࣅࣜࢸ ไᗘࠊಶேࡢᠬᡄฎศ࣭ฮ㈐௵ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢໟᣓⓗ࡞᳨ウࡑࢀక࠺୍㐃ࡢᥐ⨨ࡀ່࿌ࡉࢀࡓ18ࠋ 2003ᖺ௨㝆ࠊົ⥲㛗ࡣࠕᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᚅࡽࡢಖㆤࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉ูᥐ⨨ࠖ㢟ࡍࡿᖺḟሗ࿌᭩ࢆฟࡋ࡚ 9 㔠Ṋ┿ᬛᏊࠕᅜ㐃ᖹ⥔ᣢせဨࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐࡍࡿᐶᐜᨻ⟇̿ㄡࡼࡿᐶᐜࡀၥ㢟ࠖ᪥ᮏᅜ㝿㐃ྜᏛ⦅ࠗᅜ㐃◊✲ࡢ ㄢ㢟ᒎᮃ࠘㸦ᅜ㝿᭩㝔ࠊ2009 ᖺ㸧208 㡫ࠋ
10 G. Machel, “Impact of Armed Conflict on Children”, UN. Doc. A/51/306 (26 August 1996), para.98.
11 UNTAC฿╔ᚋࠊ1992-3ᖺ࡛࠸ࢇᚑࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ6000ேࡽ10000㸦࡛᭱25000ே㸧ቑຍࡋࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋSee S. Martin, Must
Boys Be Boys? Ending Sexual Exploitation & Abuse in UN Peacekeeping Missions (Refugees International, 2005), p.4. ࡞࠾ࠊࡇ ࡢࡁࡢᅜ㐃ࡢࡓࡿ㛵ᚰࡣࠊ࠸ࢇᚑࡍࡿ⪅ࡢ⃭ቑక࠺ HIV/AIDS ࡢᘏ(UNAIDS Cambodia, HIV/AIDS Situation (at http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cambodia)࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊᛶឤᰁண㜵ࡢࡓࡵ㑊ዷලࡢ㓄ᕸࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
12࠼ࡤࠊ࣎ࢫࢽ࡛ᅜ㐃ࡀே㌟ྲྀᘬ㛵ࡋࡓࡉࢀࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊJ. Murray, “Who Will Police the Peace-Builders? The
Failure to Establish Accountability for the Participation of United Nations Civilian Police in the Trafficking of Women in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina”, Columbia Human Rights Law Review Vol. 34 (2003), pp.475-527.
13 See Burke (2014), pp.6-7; V. Kent, op. cit., p.53. PKOせဨࡼࡿHIV/AIDSࡢឤᰁࡑࢀࡼࡿὴ㐵ᆅᇦࡢᘏ㜵Ṇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
Ᏻಖ⌮Ỵ㆟1308(UN Doc. S/RES/1308 (17 July 2000))࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
14 Simic, op. cit., p.40-42. PKOෆ࡛ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿ⏨ᛶⓗᩥࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ཱྀእࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ఏ⤫ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋSee Martin, op. cit., p.5; Higata, op. cit., pp.61-63.
15 N. Quénivet, “The Role of the International Criminal Court in the Prosecution of Peacekeepers for Sexual Offences”, R. Arnold
ed. Law Enforcement within the Framework of Peace Support Operations (Martinus Nijhoff, 2008) [hereinafter Quénivet (2008)], p.399.
16 Letter dated 25 May 2006 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly, Annex A (Draft United
Nations policy statement and draft United Nations comprehensive strategy on assistance and support to victims of sexual exploitation and abuse by United Nations staff or related personnel), UN Doc. A/60/877 (5 June 2006), para.4. See V. Kent, op. cit., p.45.
17 Secretary-General’s Bulletin, “Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse”, UN Doc.
ST/SGB/2003/13 (9 October 2003).
18 Secretary-General, “A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations
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࠾ࡾࠊZeid ሗ࿌᭩ࡢ່࿌ἢࡗ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ2017 ᖺࡢᖺḟሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳ
ᑐࡍࡿㄢ㢟ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ㸦⿕ᐖ⪅➨୍⩏ࠊฎ⨩ࡢ⤊⤖ࠊᕷẸᅋయ࠾ࡼࡧእ㒊༠ຊ⪅ࡢ
㐃ᦠࠊᩍ⫱࠾ࡼࡧ㏱᫂ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᡓ␎ⓗᑐヰࡢಁ㐍19㸧ࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊᅜ㐃ࡢᑐᛂࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿ≉ู
ㄪᩚᐁࡢ௵ࡸୖ⣭ᑓ㛛ጤဨ(high-level task force)ࡢタ⨨ࠊ2017 ᖺ 9 ᭶ࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ㜵Ṇ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ 㐃ࡢࣁࣞ࣋ࣝྜࡢ㛤ദ࡞ࠊPKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡣᅜ㐃ࡗ࡚᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟 ࡢ୍ࡘ⨨ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊPKO ࡣᅜ㐃ࢆ㇟ᚩࡍࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢせဨࡢ୍㒊ࡀ⾜ࡗࡓᛶⓗ ᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ୰❧බᖹࢆཎ๎ࡍࡿ PKO ࡑࢀ⮬యࠊࡉࡽࡣᅜ㐃ࡢಙ㢗ࡸ࣓࣮ࢪࢆᦆ࡞࠺ࡇ ࡞ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜ㐃⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡢಙ㢗㔊ᡂࢆ㞴ࡋࡃࡋࠊࡑࡢ௵ົࡢ㐙⾜ࡸࡢせဨࡢᏳ☜ಖ 㔜࡞ᐖᝏࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࠺ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ20ࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊPKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡣ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚ Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊヲ⣽࡞⤫ィ21ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ 2010 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ PKO せဨ㸦せဨู㸧ᑐࡍ ࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ㏻ሗ௳ᩘࠊ❧ド௳ᩘࡣୗグࡢ⾲ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ㏻ሗࠖࡣᅜ㐃ົ ᒁࡢୗ㒊⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿෆ㒊┘ᰝᐊ(UN Office of Internal Oversight Services: OIOS)ሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ1 ௳ ࡘࡁࠊ」ᩘࡢ㏻ሗࢆཷࡅࡓせဨ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀྵࡲࢀ࠺ࡿ㸧ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㏻ሗࡣịᒣࡢ୍ゅ㐣ࡂࡎࠊࡑࡢ ᐇᩘࡣࡉࡽከ࠸ࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㏻ሗࢆཷࡅࡓせဨࡢᅜ⡠ࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ 2015 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ ࡼࢀࡤࠊ44 ᅜࡢせဨᑐࡍࡿ㏻ሗࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢୖ 5 ᅜࡣࠊ༡ࣇࣜ࢝ඹᅜ 28 ྡ㸦㌷せဨࡢࡳ㸧ࠊ ࢥࣥࢦẸඹᅜ 27 ྡ㸦㌷せဨࡢࡳ㸧ࠊࢥࣥࢦඹᅜ 18 ྡ㸦㌷ேせဨ 17 ྡ㸧ࠊ࣓࣮࢝ࣝࣥ 16 ྡ㸦㌷せဨ 13ྡ㸧ࠊࣔࣟࢵࢥ 14 ྡ㸦㌷せဨࡢࡳ㸧࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜࡣὴ㐵ேᩘࡶከࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ㌷㝲➼ࡢつᚊࡸᅜෆἲไᗘࡢ༑ศࡉ࡞ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྠᮇ㛫࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㒊࡛ 283 ௳ ࡢ㏻ሗࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ㏻ሗ௳ᩘࡀከ࠸࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡣᅜ㐃୰ኸࣇࣜ࢝ከ㠃ⓗ⤫ྜᏳᐃ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ (MINUSCA)111௳ࠊᅜ㐃ࢥࣥࢦẸඹᅜᏳᐃ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ(MONUSCO)75 ௳ࠊᅜ㐃ࣁࢳᏳᐃ࣑ࢵࢩࣙ ࣥ(MINUSTAH)20 ௳࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉ᐃࡢ࣑ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋ 㸦 㸦࡞࠾ࠊ㌷㛵㐃せဨࡣࠊྛᅜࡽὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡓ㒊㝲せဨࡢᅜ㐃ࡢ㌷せဨࡸ㌷┘どဨ࡞ࢆྵࡴࠋ㆙ᐹ㛵㐃⫋ဨࡣࠊྛᅜࡽὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡓ㆙ᐹ㒊 㝲せဨࡢࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹ⫋ဨࢆྵࡴࠋᩥẸせဨࡣࠊ⌧ᆅ⫋ဨࠊᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸࠊࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ࣭ಶேዎ⣙⪅ࢆྵࡴࠋ㸧 2003ᖺ࿌♧ࡀฟࡉࢀ࡚௨㝆ࠊPKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐࡍࡿᐶᐜᨻ⟇ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚᮶ࡓ ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡣᘬࡁ⥆ࡁⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶᅜ㐃ࡢ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᅜ㐃ࡀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓᵝࠎ࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ࠊ≉ࠊPKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ㐪ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ᥐ⨨ࡀࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᥐ⨨ࡀᢪ࠼ࡿㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡍࡿࠋ
19 Secretary-General, “Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and abuse: a new approach”, UN Doc. A/71/818
(28 February 2017), Summary and paras.20-73.
20 G. Simm, Sex in Peace Operations (Cambridge UP, 2013), pp.12-13; 㔠Ṋࠕ๓ᥖㄽᩥࠖ198-199 㡫ཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ
ࡽࡢಖㆤᑐࡍࡿ≉ูᥐ⨨ࠖ㛵ࡍࡿົ⥲㛗ࡢ᭱᪂ࡢᖺḟሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡶྠ᪨ࡢぢゎࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋUN Doc. A/72/751 (15 February 2018), paras.1-2.
21⤫ィࡣ௨ୗࡼࡗࡓࠋConduct in UN Field Missions, “Date: Sexual exploitation and abuse”, at
https://conduct.unmissions.org/date. 2010ᖺ 2011ᖺ 2012ᖺ 2013ᖺ 2014ᖺ 2015ᖺ 2016ᖺ 2017ᖺ 2018ᖺ ㏻ሗ௳ᩘ 86 75 60 66 52 69 104 63 47 ❧ド 28 28 8 21 17 25 25 27 5 ᎘䛺䛧䞉༑ศ 49 35 37 37 28 30 39 11 2 ㄪᰝಀᒓ୰ 1 3 1 12 33 25 40 䛭䛾 9 11 15 5 6 2 7 2010ᖺ 2011ᖺ 2012ᖺ 2013ᖺ 2014ᖺ 2015ᖺ 2016ᖺ 2017ᖺ 2018ᖺ ㌷㛵㐃せဨ䠄❧ド㻛ㄪᰝ䠅 38 (13/36) 40 (15/33) 19 (4/15) 37 (14/30) 25 (11/22) 38 (11/26) 73 (17/40) 41 (15/24) 38 (2/2) ㆙ᐹ㛵㐃せဨ䠄❧ド㻛ㄪᰝ䠅 14 (9/13) 10 (4/9) 9 (3/9) 7 (5/7) 13 (4/13) 16 (9/15) 7 (1/6) 11 (8/8) 3 (2/2) ᅜ㐃⫋ဨ➼䛾ᩥẸせဨ䠄❧ド㻛ㄪᰝ䠅 35 (6/29) 25 (9/21) 31 (1/21) 22 (2/21) 14 (2/10) 15 (5/14) 24 (7/18) 11 (4/6) 6 (1/1) ղPKOせဨูࡢ㏻ሗ௳ᩘࠊ❧ド௳ᩘ࠙࡞࠾ࠊ2012 ᖺࡣᆅ᫂ࡢ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ㏻ሗࡀ1௳࠶ࡾࠚ ⾲ࠉձPKOせဨᑐࡍࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ㏻ሗ௳ᩘࠊㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ㸦2010 ᖺࡽ2018 ᖺ11᭶ࡲ࡛㸧
- 4 - ϩ ϩ ᅜ㐃ࡼࡗ࡚⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ 1 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢෆᐜ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧࡛ᐶᐜᨻ⟇ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿ㸦1 㡯㸧ࠋ ࣭ᛶⓗᦢྲྀࡣࠊᛶⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠊ⬤ᙅᛶࠊຊ㛵ಀࡲࡓࡣಙ㢗ᇶ࡙ࡃᆅࡢᐇ㝿ࡢ℃⏝ࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢヨ ࡳ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊேࢆᛶⓗᦢྲྀࡍࡿࡇࡽ㔠㖹ⓗࠊ♫ⓗࡲࡓࡣᨻⓗ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇࢆྵࡴࡀࠊࡑࢀ 㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣭ᛶⓗᚅࡣࠊᛶⓗᛶ㉁ࢆᣢࡗࡓᐇ㝿ࡢ㌟యࡢධࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ⬣ጾ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊຊࡼࡿࡶࡢࡲࡓࡣᑐ➼ ࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡋࡃࡣᙉไⓗ࡞≧ἣࡢୗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢࡣၥࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣࠕᬑ㐢ⓗㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ㝿ἲつ⠊࠾ࡼࡧᇶ‽ࡢᐖ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊᅜ㐃⫋ဨつ๎࣭⣽๎(Staff Regulations and Rules)࡛⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡍࡿ(3.1 㡯)ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ≉ࠊዪᛶࡸᏊࡶࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕ㸦18 ṓᮍ‶ࡢ㸧Ꮚࡶࡢᛶⓗ⾜Ⅽࠖ㸦3.2 㡯(b)㸧ࠕ㔠㖹ࠊ㞠⏝ࠊ≀ရࡲࡓࡣᙺົࡋࡓᛶ㸦ᛶⓗ⾜Ⅽཪࡣ ࡑࡢࡢᙧែࡢⓗࠊయ㠃ࢆởࡍⱝࡋࡃࡣᦢྲྀⓗែᗘࢆྵࡴࠋࡇࢀࡣᨭࡢཷ┈⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᨭࡢ ࡶྵࡴࡶࡢࡍࡿࠋ㸧ࠖ㸦3.2 㡯 (c)㸧ࡣࠊ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕᅜ㐃⫋ဨᨭࡢཷ┈⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢᛶⓗ 㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗᑐ➼࡛࡞࠸ᶒຊ㛵ಀᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࠊᅜ㐃ࡢ௵ົࡢಙ⏝ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ⤫୍ᛶࢆẋᦆࡍࡿࡶ ࡢࠖࡋ࡚ࠊ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙉࡃᢚไ(strongly discouraged)ࡉࢀࡿ㸦3.2 㡯(d)㸧ࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ࿌♧ࡼࡾᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ⾜Ⅽࡣࠊᙉࢇࡸᙉไ࠸ࢇ࠸ࡗࡓ≢⨥⾜Ⅽヱᙜࡶࡢࡽࠊ⌧ᆅࡢዪᛶࡸᏊ ࡶᑐࡍࡿ㈙ࡲ࡛ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕᑐ➼࡛࡞࠸ࠖ㛵ಀࡢୗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓᛶⓗ㛵ಀࡶᛶⓗᚅ ヱᙜࡍࡿࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ࿌♧ࡀᅜ㐃⫋ဨ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡣࠕᮏ㉁ⓗᑐ➼࡛࡞࠸ᶒຊ㛵ಀࠖ࠶ࡿᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊᅜ㐃⫋ဨ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡢᛶⓗ㛵ಀࡣᛶⓗᚅࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿ22ࠋ☜ࠊᅜ 㐃⫋ဨࡀ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡼࡾࡶ⤒῭ⓗࠊ♫ⓗඃ࡞❧ሙ࠶ࡿࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࠕᑐ➼࡛࡞࠸ᶒຊ㛵ಀࠖࡘ ࠸࡚᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ࠺࠸ࡗࡓሙྜᛶⓗᚅࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿ23ࠋࡉࡽࠊࠕᙉไⓗ ࡞≧ἣࡢୗࠖ࠸࠺せ௳ࡣࠊṊຊ⣮த࠾ࡅࡿᛶⓗᭀຊࡢ≢⨥ࡢᩥ⬦࡛Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ24ࠊPKO ࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࢆసࡾฟࡍࡘ࠸࡚ࡣၥࡀṧࡿࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ25ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㠀ᖖᗈ⠊࡞⾜Ⅽࡀᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅྵࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡀࠊᐶᐜᨻ⟇࡛ࡣ㏻ᖖࡢᛶⓗ㛵ಀࡢ ቃ⏺ࡀ᭕࡞⾜Ⅽࡸ㈙ࢆᙉࡃ㠀㞴ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶᐶᐜᨻ⟇ࡀ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᛶⓗ㛵ಀࢆ༴㝤 ࡞ࡶࡢࡋࠊዪᛶࢆಖㆤࡉࢀࡿࡁᙅ࠸Ꮡᅾ࠸࠺ࢫࢸࣞ࢜ࢱࣉ࡛ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊ⮬ࡽࡢពᛮ࡛ PKO せဨ㛵ಀࢆᣢࡕࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ⌧ᆅࡢዪᛶࡸᑡዪࡀᛶⓗ⮬ᚊࢆไ㝈ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫỴᐃࡀጉࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᙉ࠸ᢈุ ࡶ࠶ࡿ26ࠋࡋࡋࠊఫẸࢆಖㆤࡋࠊேᶒࡢᑛ㔜ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ௵ົࢆᢸ࠸ࠊ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡽࡣ⌮ⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾㄆ㆑ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡀ㈙࡞ࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ≢⨥⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊᅜ㐃ࡑࢀ⮬యࡢಙ 㢗ࢆᦆ࡞࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢㄆ㆑ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼᪉ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢ࿌♧ࡀࡇ ࢀࡽࡢ⾜Ⅽࡶᬑ㐢ⓗㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ㝿ἲつ⠊ࡸᇶ‽ࢆᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࡢෆᐜ ࡢᩚྜᛶࢆḞࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ27ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ࠸ࢇࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕዪᏊࡢ࠸ࢇࡽࡢᦢྲྀࠖࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿዪᛶᕪู᧔ ᗫ᮲⣙ 6 ᮲࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᙧែࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᛶⓗᚅࡽඣ❺ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࠖࡇࢆᐃࡵࡿᏊࡶᶒ ᮲⣙ 34 ᮲࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࢆ㐪ἲࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙉไࡸᦢྲྀࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡢࡳࡀ⚗Ṇࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ☜ࠊᏊࡶࡢ㈙➼㛵ࡍࡿ㑅ᢥ㆟ᐃ᭩ 3 ᮲ 1 㡯(b)࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊඣ❺㈙ࡀ≢⨥ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡀࠊࡇࢀࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᬑ㐢ⓗ࠸࠺ࡢࡣၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 22 㔠Ṋࠕ๓ᥖㄽᩥࠖ196 㡫ཧ↷ࠋ 23 ࡓࡔࡋࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧4.5 㡯࠾࠸࡚ࠊ18 ṓ௨ୖࡢ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓᛶⓗ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᛶⓗᚅࡢእࡳ࡞ࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ㔞 ࡀྛ㒊ᒁࡢ㛗࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 24 ᙉࢇࡘ࠸࡚ࠊྠពࡢ᭷↓ࢃࡽࡎ㸦ᙧᘧⓗ࡞ྠពࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸧ࠊࠕᙉไⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡌ࡚ࠖ⾜ࢃࢀࡓሙྜࡶ≢⨥ࡀᡂ❧ࡍ ࡿࡉࢀࡓࠋᅜ㝿ฮἲୖࡢᙉࢇࡢᐃ⩏ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢫࢸࣇࢽ࣮࣭ࢡ࣮ࣉࠗᅜ㝿ฮἲ࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᭀຊ࠘㸦᪥ᮏホㄽ♫ࠊ 2012ᖺ㸧50-61 㡫ཧ↷ࠋ≉ࠊྠពࡢᚲせᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྠ 58 㡫௨ୗࠋ
25 N. Quénivet, “The Dissonance between the United Nations Zero-Tolerance Policy and the Criminalisation of Sexual Offences
on the International Level”, International Criminal Law Review Vol.7 (2007), [hereinafter Quénivet (2007)] p.671; Simm, op. cit., p.169.
26 Eg. see Simic, op. cit., pp.50-69. ࡞࠾ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᢈุᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊPKO ࡢᩥ⬦࡛ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃࡀࡃ␗
࡞ࡿᆅᇦࠊᖹࡢࠊࡑࢀࡶ≉Ḣ⡿ㅖᅜࡢዪᛶᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࡶ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢㄽࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋO’Brien, op. cit., p.10.
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㆟ㄽࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ(serious
misconduct)ࠖࡋ࡚༶ゎ㞠ࢆྵࡴᠬᡄฎศࡀ⛉ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ(3.2 㡯(a))ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㐺ษ࡞ㄪᰝࡢᚋࠊᛶⓗᦢ ྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡍࡿドᣐࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊᅜ㐃ἲົ㒊(Office of Legal Affairs)ࡢ༠㆟ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊฮッ㏣ࡢࡓࡵ ᅜᐙࡢᶒ㝈࠶ࡿᙜᒁク࡛ࡁࡿ(5 㡯)ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ヲࡋࡃ㏙ࡿࡀࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇࡀ❧ド ࡉࢀࡓࡋ࡚ࡶᅜ㐃⮬㌟ࡣ PKO せဨᑐࡋ࡚ฮᡭ⥆ࢆࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊࡑࡢッ㏣࣭ฎ⨩ࡣฮุᶒࢆ⾜ ࡋ࠺ࡿᅜጤࡡࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢࡍ࡚ࡀྛᅜࡢᅜෆἲ௧ୖࠊ ≢⨥ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ㝈ࡽࡎࠊッ㏣࣭ฎ⨩ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ 2 2 ࡍ࡚ PKO せဨᑐࡍࡿ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㐺⏝ 2003ᖺ࿌♧ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࠕᅜ㝿㐃ྜࡢࡍ࡚ࡢ⫋ဨ(staff)ࠖ㸦2.1 㡯㸧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕᅜ㐃ࡢ
ᣦ࠾ࡼࡧ⤫ไࡢୗ࡛άືࢆ⾜࠺ᅜ㐃㌷(United Nations forces)ࠖࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊPKO せဨࡢ㒊ศࢆ༨ࡵࡿ㌷ 㒊㝲せဨ࡞ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠕᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᩥゝࡽࡍࡿ 1999 ᖺࡢ ࠕࠗᅜ㐃㌷ࡼࡿᅜ㝿ே㐨ἲࡢ㑂Ᏺ࠘(ST/SGB/1999/13) 㢟ࡍࡿᅜ㐃ົ⥲㛗࿌♧28ࡢ 7 㡯㸦ᩥẸ࠾ࡼࡧᡓ㜚 እ⨨ࢀࡓ⪅ࡢྲྀᢅ࠸㸧ᚑ࠺ࠖ㸦ᣓᘼෆࡣ➹⪅⿵㊊㸧ࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡶࡢ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸(2.2 㡯)ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇ ࢀࡽࡢせဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊṊຊ⣮தୗ࡛ࡢᩥẸ➼ࡢಖㆤࡢᩥ⬦࡛ዪᛶࡸᏊࡶᑐࡍࡿᙉࢇࠊᙉไ࠸ࢇࠊᛶⓗ ᭀ⾜࡞ヱᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃ ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
PKOࡣᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊྛᅜࡽὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿ㌷㒊㝲せဨࡸ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨ(uniformed police unit)ࠊಶே
ࡢ㈨᱁࡛ཧຍࡍࡿ㌷┘どဨ(military observers)ࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨ(UN Police/civil police)ࠊᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸ(UN volunteer)ࠊዎ⣙⫋ဨ(individual contractors)ࡸࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ(consultant)࡞ከᵝ࡞せဨࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡾࢃࡅࠊPKO せဨࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡀ㌷㒊㝲せဨ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡍ࡚ ࡢせဨ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡀ⤫୍ⓗᇶ‽ࡋ࡚㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋZeid ሗ࿌᭩࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡓ່࿌࡛ᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓⅬ ࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᐶᐜᨻ⟇ࡘ࠸࡚ PKO せဨࡣ␗࡞ࡿᇶ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇᑐࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡀᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ ࡢᢚṆࢆᐖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ29ࠋ ᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃᠇❶ 101 ᮲ 1 㡯ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ไᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸦ࡑࡢ㞠⏝᮲௳࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸧ࠕᅜ㐃⫋ဨつ๎࣭ ⣽๎(Staff Regulations and Rules)ࠖ30ࡢつ๎ 1.2(c)࣭⣽๎ 1.2(a)ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ௵ᶒ⪅࡛࠶ࡿົ⥲㛗ࡢ௧࣭ ᣦ♧(directions and instructions)ᚑ࠺⩏ົࢆ㈇࠺ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋົ⥲㛗࿌♧ࡣᅜ㐃ࡢ⾜ᨻᩥ᭩࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡇࡢ⫋ဨつ๎࣭⣽๎ែࡶົ⥲㛗࿌♧ࡼࡗ࡚ไᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡶ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ ࡞ࡿ31ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊᅜ㐃⫋ဨ௨እࡢ PKO せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࢆᅜ㐃⫋ဨྠᵝࡢ᪉ἲ࡛⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊせဨࡸ㒊㝲せဨὴ㐵ᅜࡢ㛫࡛⥾⤖ࡍࡿྲྀỴࡵ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࢆྵࡴࡼ࠺ᨵᐃࡉࢀ ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ32ࠋࡲࡎࠊಶேࡢ㈨᱁࡛ཧຍࡍࡿྛせဨࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ2006 ᖺࡢ PKO ≉ูጤဨ(C 34)ࡢሗ࿌᭩33 ࡼࢀࡤࠊ2005 ᖺࡢⅬ࡛ࠊᅜ㐃ࡢ௵ࡼࡗ࡚ཧຍࡍࡿ㌷┘どဨᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௵ົ㛤ጞ࠶ ࡓࡗ࡚⨫ྡࡍࡿ⣙᮰᭩(undertaking) 34ࢆᨵᐃࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࠊᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃㛤 28 ࡇࡢ࿌♧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪂ிࠕࠗᅜ㐃㌷ࡼࡿᅜ㝿ே㐨ἲࡢ㑂Ᏺ࠘㛵ࡍࡿົ⥲㛗࿌♧ࠖࠗி㒔ᏛᅬἲᏛ࠘➨ 1 ྕ(2000 ᖺ)1-49 㡫ཧ↷ࠋ
29 Zeid report, paras.23-25. ࡇࡢ່࿌ࢆཷࡅ࡚㛤ദࡉࢀࡓPKO 㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㐃⥲≉ูጤဨ࡛ࡣࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࢆPKO せဨࡢඹ㏻つ
๎ࡍࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡓࠋUN Doc. A/59/19/Add.1 (11 April 2005), para.8.
30 2018ᖺᨵゞࡉࢀࡓ⫋ဨつ๎࣭⣽๎ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊSecretary-General’s bulletin, “Staff Regulations and Rules”, UN Doc.
ST/SGB/2018/1 (1 January 2018).
31 ࡞࠾ࠊ2013 ᖺࡢ⫋ဨつ๎࣭⣽๎ᨵゞ࡛ࡣࠊ⫋ဨࡢᇶᮏⓗ⩏ົࢆᐃࡵࡿ⫋ဨ⣽๎ 1.2 ᮲(e)࠾࠸࡚2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࢆᫎࡋࡓᛶⓗᦢྲྀ
࠾ࡼࡧᚅࢆ≉⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽࡋ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ
32 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྲྀỴࡵࡢᨵᐃ௨እࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࢆࡍ࡚ࡢPKO せဨ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡋ࡚ࠊᅜ㐃ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿసᡓୖࡢᣦ
(operational command)ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊྛPKO ࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅㸦Head of Mission㸧࡛࠶ࡿົ⥲㛗≉ู௦⾲ࡸ㒊㝲ྖ௧ᐁ(Force Commander)ࡀⓎࡍࡿᣦ௧ࡼࡗ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞᭹ົつ๎ࢆ⟇ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡢᣦࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㔠Ṋࠕ๓ᥖㄽᩥࠖ200-201 㡫ཧ↷ࠋ
33 General Assembly, “Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group at the 2006
substantive session”, UN Doc. A/60/19 (22 March 2006), para.65.
34 See Undertaking and Declaration by Experts on Mission: UN Police Officer/Collections Officer/Military Observers/Military
Liaison Officer, paras.3-7.ࡇࡢᩥ᭩ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊDPKO ࡀసᡂࡋࡓᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡢᒓᩥ᭩㸦Annex 3㸧ῧࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋSee DPKO, “Guidelines for United Nations Police office on Assignment with Peace Operations”, UN Doc.
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Ⓨィ⏬ࡢୗ㒊⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸィ⏬(United Nations Volunteers programme)ࡀᐃࡵࡿົ᮲௳
(Conditions of Service)35ࢆᨵᐃⲡࡀసᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀᚑ࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡀ⩏ົ࡙ ࡅࡽࢀࡓࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊዎ⣙⫋ဨࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㞠⏝ࢆ⾜࠺ᅜ㐃ົᒁࡢ⾜ᨻᣦ௧ (administrative instruction)ࡀ࠸ࡲࡔᨵᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࢆྵࡴࡼ࠺ᨵᐃࡢせㄳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢせㄳࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ2006 ᖺࠊົᒁࡣዎ⣙⫋ဨࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺࡢዎ⣙᮲௳(General Conditions of Contracts)ࢆᐃࡵࡿ⾜ᨻᣦ㔪 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡘ࠸࡚ྠពࢆồࡵࡿ᮲㡯ࢆ㏣ຍࡋࠊࡉࡽࠊ2013 ᖺࠊྠ࿌ ♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿᨵᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ36ࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊྛᅜࡽ㒊㝲༢࡛ὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿ㌷㒊㝲せဨ࣭㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢせဨ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜ 㐃㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜ㛫ࡢゎぬ᭩(MoU)ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ືᇶ‽ࡀỴࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢྛᅜࡀ⥾⤖ࡍࡿ MoU ࡢࡦ ࡞ᙧ࡞ࡿࣔࢹࣝ MoU ࡀ 2007 ᖺᨵṇࡉࢀࠊᅜ㐃ࡢ⾜ືᇶ‽(United Nations standards of conduct)㛵ࡍ
ࡿつᐃࡀ᪂ࡓຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ37ࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡑࢀ⮬య࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࢆᫎࡋࡓᒓᩥ᭩㸦DPKO
ࡀᐃࡵࡓ PKO せဨࡢ⾜ືᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠕᡃࠎࡣᅜ㐃ᖹ⥔ᣢせဨ(We are United Nations peacekeeping
personnel)ࠖ㸧ᚑ࠺ࡇࡀつᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢᒓᩥ᭩࡛ࡣࠕᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᚅࠊ18 ṓᮍ‶ࡢᏊࡶ
ࡢᛶⓗ⾜Ⅽࡲࡓࡣ㔠㖹ࠊ㞠⏝ࠊ≀ရࡶࡋࡃࡣᙺົࡋࡓᛶࢆྵࡴ࠸࡞ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡶ㛵ࢃࡿࠖࡇࢆࠕᡃࠎ ࡣࡋ࡞࠸(We will never)ࠖつᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢᩥゝࡽࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ㒊㝲せဨࡀἲⓗ⩏ົࢆ㈇࠺࠸࠼ࡿࡣ
᫂ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸38ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ2003ᖺ࿌♧ࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྛ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜጤࡡࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨྠᵝࡑࡢ௵ົ㛤ጞᙜࡓࡗ࡚⣙᮰᭩⨫ྡࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ39ࠊせဨಶேࡋ࡚ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡀ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᅜ㐃⫋ဨ௨እࡢ PKO せဨᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡀ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ≉ูࡢἲⓗᆅࢆᣢࡘ㌷㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᑐᛂࢆࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓࡎࠊ࡚ࡢ PKO せဨ ⤫୍ⓗ࡞ᇶ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Ϫ Ϫ PKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ㐪ᑐࡍࡿᥐ⨨ 1 ◊ಟࠊ㏻ሗㄪᰝ ୖ㏙ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ⚗Ṇࡘ࠸࡚ࡍ࡚ࡢ PKO せဨ⤫୍ⓗᇶ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㐪ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ࡢ㈐௵ࡀ㏣ཬࡉࢀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀᩆ῭ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊᐶᐜᨻ⟇ ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ40ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ண㜵ⓗᥐ ⨨ࢆࡿࡇࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓண㜵ⓗᥐ⨨ࡋ࡚ࠊZeid ሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣ PKO せဨ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡢ᥋ゐࢆ㜵ࡄ https://police.un.org/en/guidelines-un-police-officers-assignment-with-peacekeeping-operations-2007. ࢞ࢻࣛࣥ⮬యࡣ㛵ಀᅜ ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨࡣ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ ᚑ࠺ࡇ(para.20, 23)ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
35 ⌧ᅾࡢົ᮲௳ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊUnited Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme, Conditions of Service for national UN Volunteers
(31 January 2017), at https://www.unv.org/publications/overview-unv-conditions-service-national-un-volunteers. ࡑࡢ⾜ືᣦ㔪 (UNV Code of Conduct) III㡯࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2003 ᖺ࿌♧(Appendix V)ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡀつᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢ᮲㡯࡛ࡣࠊ“appendix VIII” ㄗグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ
36 Secretariat, “Administrative instruction: Consultants and individual contractors”, UN Doc. ST/AI/2013/4 (19 December 2013),
Section 5.5, Annex I (General Conditions of Contracts for the Services of Consultants and Individual Contractors), 2 (Standards of conduct).
37 General Assembly, “Revised draft model memorandum of understanding”, UN Doc. A/61/19 (Part III) (12 June 2007), Annex,
Article 7 bis para.1. ࣔࢹࣝMoU ࡣ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢ㒊㝲ᡤ᭷ഛ࣐ࢽࣗࣝ(COE Manual)ࡢᒓᩥ᭩࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋManual on Policies and Procedures Concerning the Reimbursement and Control of Contingent-Owned Equipment of Troop/Police Contributors Participating in Peacekeeping Missions, (COE Manual), UN. Doc. A/C.5/69/18 (Jan. 20, 2015), Ch.9. ࡞࠾ࠊࡑࡢἲⓗ ᆅࡢ┦㐪ࡽࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨࡢMoU ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྠ࣐ࢽࣗࣝ185-220 㡫 㸦௨ୗࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨMoU 㸧ࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡢMoU ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྠ221-237 㡫 㸦௨ୗࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨMoU㸧༊ูࡋ࡚ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊୖグࡢᨵṇࡣࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨ MoU, Article 7 bis, 7.2ࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨMoU, Article 7 bis, 7.5ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
38 ᑜᮌ┿ஓࠕᅜ㐃ᖹ⥔ᣢάື㸦PKO㸧せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࠾ࡼࡧᚅࡢつไࠖࠗ᪩✄⏣Ꮫ♫Ᏻᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ⣖せ࠘8 ྕ㸦2016
ᖺ㸧94 㡫ࠋ
39 ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨMoU Article 7 bis, 7.7. ⣙᮰᭩ࡢ⨫ྡ࡞ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊDPKO ࡼࡿ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨ࢞ࢻࣛࣥつᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
DPKO, ‘Guidelines for Formed Police Units on Assignment with Peace Operations’, UN Doc. DPKO/PD/2006/00015 (8 May 2006), para.37. ⣙᮰᭩ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨྠ୍ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ(Ibid., Annex 3)ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せ ဨࡣ2003 ᖺ࿌♧ཝ᱁ᚑ࠺(para.23)ࡶࠊࡇࢀつᐃࡉࢀࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࢆཝࡋࡃ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿ(para.17 (b))ࠋ
- 7 - ᥐ⨨ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ㛛㝈ࡢタᐃࡸ❧ධ⚗Ṇ༊ᇦࡢᣦᐃࠊࣃࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡢᙉࡸఫẸࡢᇶᆅࡢࢡࢭࢫ⚗Ṇ࡞ ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿ PKO せဨࡢ◊ಟࠊ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᑐࡍࡿ࢘ ࢺ࣮ࣜࢳࡸၨⓎάືࡶ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊ༑ศ◊ಟࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸せဨࡢᏑᅾࡀࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⏕ ࡴࡁ࡞せᅉ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡇࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ◊ಟࡢ㉁ⓗ࣭㔞ⓗᨵၿࡢᚲせᛶࡀၐ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ41ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ ࡍ࡚ࡢ PKO せဨࡘ࠸࡚╔௵◊ಟࡀ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀ PKO ὴ㐵๓◊ಟࢆ⾜࠺㈐௵ࢆ㈇ ࠺㌷࠾ࡼࡧ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࢆ㝖ࡁࠊࡍ࡚ࡢᩥẸせဨࡣ DPKO ࡼࡿ๓◊ಟࢆཷࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡉࢀ ࡓ42ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊྠᮇ⾜࠺ࡁసᴗࡶከࡃࠊࡍ࡚ࡢせဨࡀ╔௵◊ಟࢆཷࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࡸ㒊㝲せဨ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 3-6 ࢝᭶࡛௦ࡍࡿ࠸࠺࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࠊྠ◊ಟࢆᖖ㛤タࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ43ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ PKO せဨᑐࡍࡿ◊ಟࡣᙉࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᢚṆຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࡢ ࢆ▷ᮇⓗホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊ಟࡸ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸᑐࡍࡿ࢘ࢺ࣮ࣜࢳࡣࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ ᚅࢆᐶᐜࡍࡿ⎔ቃࢆసࡾฟࡍࡇ㈨ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡉ࡚ࠊPKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐࡍࡿ㈐௵㏣ཬࡢ➃⥴࡞ࡿࡢࡀࠊ㏻ሗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ༑ศᶵ⬟ ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࡑࡢᚋࡢᥐ⨨ࢆࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㏻ሗࡣ PKO せဨࠊNGOࠊ┠ᧁ⪅ࡸ⿕ᐖ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ⌧ᆅࡢ ఫẸࡽ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋPKO せဨࡣᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿ㏻ሗ⩏ົࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ44ࠊࡇࡢ⩏ົᇶ࡙ ࡁ㏻ሗࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ௰㛫ࢆࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡢㄆ㆑ࡸ㏻ሗ⪅ࡣࡢ せဨࡽሗࢆཷࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢᠱᛕࡀ࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿ45ࠋ≉ࠊ㏻ሗ⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡼࡿሗࢆᛧࢀ࡚ࠊ⩏ົ ࢆᯝࡓࡉ࡞࠸ࡇࡣၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊ2017 ᖺົ⥲㛗ࡀࠕ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡢ㏻ሗ࠾ࡼࡧṇᘧㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ┘ᰝࡲ ࡓࡣㄪᰝࡢ༠ຊᑐࡍࡿሗࡽࡢಖㆤࠖ46㢟ࡍࡿ࿌♧ࢆฟࡋࡓࡇࡽࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྠㄪᅽຊࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ ࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ㏻ሗ⩏ົࡣㄢࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡲࡓࠊ㏻ሗࡼࡿ ሗࡢᛧࢀࠊPKO せဨᑐࡍࡿᩗព⬣ጾࠊゝㄒୖࡢ㞀ቨࠊ㏻ሗᡭ⥆ᑐࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢḞዴࡀၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ᣦࡉ ࢀࡿࠋ≉ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㏻ሗࡼࡾධ※ࢆኻ࠺ࡇࡢᛧࢀࠊᙜヱ♫࡛ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿつ⠊ࡸᩥ ࡢ㞀ቨࠊࡉࡽࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡢㄆ㆑ࡢḞዴ࠸ࡗࡓ㏻ሗᑐࡍࡿ㞀ᐖࡀ࠶ ࡿࡉࢀࡿ47ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊୖ㏙ࡢ◊ಟࡸ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸᑐࡍࡿ࢘ࢺ࣮ࣜࢳࡣ㔜せ࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ ࡼ࠺ࠋ ㏻ሗࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᪉ἲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊ୍⯡ⓗࡣ PKO ࡢྛ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࠾ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⾜ືつᚊࢳ࣮࣒(CDTs) ࡲࡓࡣᅜ㐃ᮏ㒊࠾ࢀࡓ OIOS ࡢㄪᰝㄢࡶࡋࡃࡣ CDTs ࢆ⤫ᣓࡍࡿ⾜ືつᚊࣘࢽࢵࢺ(CDU)ᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ ࡿࠋ⌧ᆅ࠾ࢀࡿ CDTs ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ㏻ሗࢆ୍ḟⓗཷࡅࡿᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ㛵ࡍࡿ㏻ሗࢆ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥ ࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅(SCSG)ሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋCDTs ⮬ࡽࡣㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㏻ሗࡢᐇࡽㄪᰝࡍࡁ㠀㐪 ⾜Ⅽࡀ࠶ࡗࡓྰࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ48ࠋࡲࡓࠊCDTs ㏻ሗࡉࢀࡓሗࡣ CDU ࡀ㐠⏝ࡍࡿ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ㏣㊧ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
(Misconduct Tracking System: MTS)㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢ CDTsࠊCDU ࡣᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ
ண㜵ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ◊ಟࢆᢸ࠺ᶵ㛵࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ㏻ሗࢆཷࡅࡿᶵ㛵ࡋ࡚㐺ษ࠸࠺ᢈุࡶ࠶ࡿ49ࠋ
41 Zeid Report, paras.39-40, 47, 62-63.
42 J. Stern, “Reducing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peacekeeping: Ten Years after the Zeid Report”, Stimson Policy Brief
No. 1 (2015), pp.12-13. ࡉࡽࠊ2009 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ DPKO ᅜ㐃ࣇ࣮ࣝࢻᨭᒁ(DFS)ࡀసᡂࡋࡓᅜ㐃ὴ㐵๓◊ಟᚲಟ㈨ᩱ(CPTM) ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊ಟࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ2016 ᖺࡽ࡛࢜ࣥࣛࣥࡢ◊ಟࡶᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ CPTMࡣ 2017 ᖺᨵゞࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ᅾࡢ◊ಟෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊDPKO/DFS, Core Pre-deployment Training Materials for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (CPTM 2017), Module 3, Lesson 3.4, pp.1397-1465ཧ↷ࠋ
43 O’Brien, op. cit., p.9.
44 UN Doc. ST/SGB/2003/13, Section 3.2 (e).ᅜ㐃⫋ဨࠊᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸࠊዎ⣙⫋ဨ࣭ࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ2003ᖺ࿌♧ᇶ࡙
ࡁࠊ㌷┘どဨࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⣙᮰᭩(Undertaking and Declaration by Experts on Mission, para.6) ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㏻ሗ⩏ົࢆ㈇࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
45 ከࡃࡢPKO ࣑ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ㸦㌷㒊㝲せဨࢆ㏦㑏ࡽᏲࡿࡓࡵ㸧ỿ㯲ࡢᩥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㏻ሗᑐࡍࡿྰᐃⓗែᗘ㸦㏻ሗ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ⅹ
༳ࢆᢲࡍࡇ࡞㸧ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋE. Defeis, “UN Peacekeepers and Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: An End to Impunity” (2008) Washington University Global Studies Law Review Vol.7 (2008), p.192; Zeid report, para.13.
46 Secretary-General’s bulletin, “Protection against retaliation for reporting misconduct and for cooperating with duly authorized
audits or investigations”, UN Doc. ST/SGB/2017/2/Rev.1 (28 November 2017).
47 See C. Csáky, No One to Turn To: The Under-Reporting of Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Aid Workers and
Peacekeepers (Save the Children, 2008), pp.12-14; Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, Draft: Model Complaints and Investigation Procedures and Guidance Related to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation (Mar. 2004) , p.19.
48 See OIOS Investigations Division, OIOS Investigation Manual (January 2015), p.10. 49 O’Brien, op. cit., p.4.
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ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊCDTs ࡞ࡀཷ⌮ࡍࡿ㏻ሗࡣࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆྵࡴ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ(Category I)㏻ᖖࡢ㠀㐪⾜
Ⅽ(Category II)ࡁࡃศࡅࡽࢀ50ࠊOIOS ࡣ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽヱᙜࡍࡿࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿ51ࠋ
ࡾࢃࡅࠊ2005 ᖺࡢ⥲Ỵ㆟࡛ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂♧ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡽࠊ2007 ᖺ ᅜ㐃㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢ㛫ࡢࣔࢹࣝ MoU ࡀᨵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨᑐࡍࡿ㏻ሗࡶྵࡵ࡚ OIOS ࡣ✚ᴟⓗ ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡉࢀࡿ52ࠋࡋࡋࠊPKO ࡢ㌷㒊㝲せဨࡣ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢ㌷㝲ࡢᵓᡂဨ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊOIOS ࡢㄪᰝᶒ㝈ࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᨵᐃࣔࢹࣝ MoU ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨ㛵ࡍࡿ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿ せ࡞ᶒ㝈ࡣ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜ࠶ࡿࡋ53ࠊᅜ㐃ࡀ㏻ሗࢆཷࡅࡓሙྜࡣ㐜࡞ࡃᙜヱᅜሗ࿌ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ ࡍࡿ54ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀ⊂⮬ࡢᐇㄪᰝᡭ⥆ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊドᣐࢆಖ ࡍࡿࡓࡵᅜ㐃ࡀணഛⓗ࡞ᐇㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸࠺ࡿࡉࢀࡿ55ࠋࡉࡽࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀᅜ㐃ࡽ㏻▱ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࡽ 10 ᪥௨ෆㄪᰝࢆ㛤ጞࡏࡎࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀㄪᰝࡍࡿពᛮࡸ⬟ຊࢆḞࡃ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡣࠊᅜ㐃ࡣࠕ⾜ᨻㄪᰝ (administrative investigation)ࠖࢆ㛤ጞ࡛ࡁࡿࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ56ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ PKO せဨࡢᆅࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ≉ࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࠊㄪᰝయࡀ␗ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢ⤫୍ᛶࢆ☜ಖ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⮬ᅜ㒊㝲せဨࡀᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡓࡉࢀࡿⅹ༳ᑐࡍࡿᙉ࠸ឤࢆᣢࡘ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜᙜヱせဨࡢㄪᰝᶒ㝈ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࡣ┈┦ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ ࡶࡑࡶ㐺ษ࡞ㄪᰝࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ᠱᛕࡉ࠼࠶ࡿ57ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊZeid ሗ࿌᭩࡛ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺58ࠊ㒊㝲ὴ 㐵ᅜࡼࡿㄪᰝࡢ㛵ࡣᡭ⥆ࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊྛᅜࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ⓗ▱㆑ࡢά⏝ࡸࡑࡢᚋࡢᠬ⨩ ➼㛵ࢃࡿᅜෆἲ௧ྜ⮴ࡋࡓドᣐࡢ㞟࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣホ౯࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 2 2 ᠬᡄ 2003 ᖺ࿌♧ࡣࠊㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓᐇࡀ❧ドࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊࡑࢀࢆ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡋ ࡚ᠬᡄฎศࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᅜ㐃ࡀࡑࡢᠬᡄᶒࢆ⾜࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣࠊᅜ㐃㞠⏝㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘᅜ㐃 ⫋ဨ࡞ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡀᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓሙྜࡣࠊᅜ㐃⫋ဨつ๎࣭⣽๎ᚑࡗ࡚ᠬᡄ ฎศࡀ⛉ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋලయⓗࡣࠊ⫋ဨつ๎ 10.1 ᮲(a)࠾࠸࡚ົ⥲㛗ࡢ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽᑐࡍࡿᠬᡄᶒࡀつ ᐃࡉࢀࠊྠ᮲(b)࠾࠸࡚ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊฎศෆᐜࢆつᐃ ࡍࡿ⣽๎ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ᭱ࡶ㔜࠸ฎศ࡛࠶ࡿゎ㞠(dismissal)ࢆྵࡴฎศࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ59ࠋࡲࡓࠊ2016 ᖺࡽ ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᥐ⨨ࡋ࡚ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ࡛ゎ㞠ࡉࢀࡓ⫋ဨᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᖺḟఇᬤࡢ᭰ᡶ࠸ࡣ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡢ㈈ᨻ ୖࡢฎศ㛵ࡍࡿ⣽๎ࡀ㏣ຍࡉࢀࡓ60ࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᅜ㐃ࡣᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡢ㌟ศಖ㞀ࢆᢸ࠺ෆ㒊ྖἲᶵ㛵61㸦ᅜ㐃⣮தุᡤ(United Nations Dispute Tribunal:
UNDT)ᅜ㐃ୖッุᡤ(United Nations Appeals Tribunal: UNAT)㸧ࡀ࠾ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ ࡼࡾᠬᡄฎศࢆཷࡅࡓ⫋ဨࡽࡢッ࠼ࡶᩘከࡃᑂ㆟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢุᡤࡢุ᩿ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡉࡽ࡞ࡿศ ᯒࢆせࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ୰࡛ᠬᡄฎศࡢἲⓗጇᙜᛶࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓุ᩿ࡢ✚ࡣᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ
ᑐࡍࡿᢚṆຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ62ࠋࡋࡋࠊ2010 ᖺ UNAT ࠾࠸࡚ࠕOIOS ᑐࡋ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓ
50Ibid., p.9; Secretary-General, “Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on strengthening the investigation functions in
the United Nations”, UN Doc. A/58/708 (10 February 2004), paras.26-27; UN Doc. A/RES/59/287 (21 April 2005), paras.6, 9.
51 OIOSࡀ㌷㒊㝲せဨࢆ㝖ࡁࠊࡢ PKO せဨࡢ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊOIOS Investigations
Division, op. cit., pp.19-26.
52㔠Ṋࠕ๓ᥖㄽᩥࠖ202 㡫ࠋ
53㌷㒊㝲せဨMoU Art.7 quater, 7.10. ࡞࠾ࠊྠࡌࡃ㒊㝲ࡋ࡚ὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃ࡀ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿᶒ
ࢆᣢࡘࡋࠊOIOS ࢆྵࡴᅜ㐃ࡢㄪᰝᶵ㛵ࡼࡿㄪᰝࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨ Mou, Art.7 quater, 7.14.
54ྠୖArt.7 quater, 7.12. 55ྠୖࠋ
56ྠୖArt.7 quater, 7.13.
57 See OIOS, “Evaluation of the Enforcement and Remedial Assistance Efforts for Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by the United
Nations and Related Personnel in Peacekeeping Operations”, IED-15-001(15 May 2015), pp.15-16.
58 Zeid Report, paras. 33-36.
59 Secretary-General’s bulletin, Staff Regulations and Rules, Rule 10.2 (a) (i)(ᩥ᭩ࡼࡿㆢ㈐)-(ix)㸦ゎ㞠㸧. 60 Staff Regulations and Rules, Rule 9.9 (b).
61ࡇࢀࡽࡢྖἲᶵ㛵ࡣ2009 ᖺᅜ㐃⾜ᨻุᡤࢆᨵ⤌ࡍࡿᙧ࡛タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࠋUN Doc. A/RES/63/253 (17 March 2009), Annex I
(Statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal), Annex II (Statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal).
62 G. L. Moli, “Autonomy and Accountability of the UN in Peacekeeping Operations: The Case of the Central African Republic”,
- 9 - ༏ྡࡢ㝞㏙ࡢࡳᇶ࡙ࡃ࿌Ⓨࡣᨭᣢ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ༏ྡࡢ㝞㏙࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓሗࡣゎ㞠ࢆṇᙜ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࡢุ᩿ࡀ♧ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ63ࠋᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿ㏻ሗࡢከࡃࡀ༏ྡࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢุ᩿ࡢᇶ‽ ࡼࢀࡤᅜ㐃ࡼࡿᠬᡄࡣ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢㄪᰝᡭ⥆࡞ࡢぢ┤ࡋࡶᚲせ࡞ࢁ࠺64ࠋ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊࡢせဨᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐᛂࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡎࠊᅜ㐃ዎ⣙ࢆ⤖ࢇ࡛ PKO ཧຍࡍࡿዎ⣙⫋ဨ࣭ࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊົᒁࡀᐃࡵࡿዎ⣙᮲௳࠾࠸࡚65ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀዎ⣙ࡢ 㔜せ㡯ࡢ㐪࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅜ㐃ࡣዎ⣙ࢆ⤊ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟࠊ㌷┘どဨ࣭ᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃ࡢ㛫࡛ࢃࡍ⣙᮰᭩ࡢ 5 㡯(a)࠾࠸࡚ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࢆᵓᡂࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ௵ ⏝⤊ࢆྵࡴᠬᡄฎศࡢ⌮⏤࡞ࡿࡇࡀグ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽᑐࡍࡿᠬᡄฎศࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊDPKO ࡀ సᡂࡋࡓࠕᩥẸ㆙ᐹ⫋ဨ࠾ࡼࡧ㌷┘どဨࡢᠬᡄ⏤㛵ࡍࡿᣦ௧ࠖ66ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢᣦ ௧࠾࠸࡚ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡣ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿࡉࢀ㸦4 㡯㸧ࠊࡑࡢ㐪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㏦㑏ฎศ(repatriation) ࡸ㓄⨨㌿࡞ࡢ⾜ᨻୖࡢᥐ⨨࠾ࡼࡧ㸭ࡲࡓࡣᠬᡄฎศࢆཷࡅࡿ㸦23 㡯㸧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜ㐃ࡼࡿᠬᡄ࡞ ࢃࡽࡎࠊྛせဨࡣᅜ⡠ᅜࡼࡿᠬᡄᡭ⥆᭹ࡍࡿࡉࢀࡿ㸦24 㡯㸧ࠋᅜ㐃⫋ဨࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢせ ဨࡀᅜ⡠ᅜࡢ㆙ᐹࡸ㌷㝲ᡤᒓࡋࡘࡘὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿಶே࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡽࠊᅜ㐃ࡣ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ᠬᡄᶒࡢࡳࡀㄆ ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸィ⏬ࡼࡾ㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࡑࡢົ᮲௳ XVIII ⠇ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡿ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽᠬᡄᡭ⥆ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ฎศࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ67ࠋ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿᛶⓗᦢ
ྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ࡣ UNV ᠬᡄࣃࢿࣝ(UNV disciplinary panel)ࡼࡿᠬᡄᡭ⥆ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊ༶ ゎ㞠ࢆྵࡴᠬᡄฎศࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ㌷㒊㝲せဨ࣭㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢᅜᐙᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿ㌷㝲ࡸ㆙ᐹࡑ ࢀ⮬యࡋ࡚ PKO ཧຍࡍࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡢせဨࡣ␗࡞ࡿᆅࢆᣢࡘࠋᅜ㐃ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ㒊㝲㛵ࡍࡿ㠃ⓗ
࡞ᣦࡢ࠺ࡕࠊPKO ࡢάືࢆつᚊࡍࡿసᡓୖࡢᣦ(operational command)ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡾ68ࠊࡇࢀࡣせ
ဨࡢᠬᡄᶒࡸ௨ୗ࡛㏙ࡿฮุᶒࡢ⾜ࡣྵࡲࢀ࡞࠸ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㌷㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ1991 ᖺࡢࣔࢹࣝරຊᥦ౪༠ᐃⲡ࠾࠸࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺69ࠊఏ⤫ⓗ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀᠬᡄᶒࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢࡉࢀ ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㌷┘どဨ࣭ᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨᑐࡍࡿᠬᡄฎศࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ DPKO ࡢᣦ ௧࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢᣦ௧ࡀ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡣ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡎࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀᠬᡄᶒࢆᣢࡘࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊࡸࡸ᭕ ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ70ࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚ᠬᡄᶒࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᅜ㐃ࡶᠬᡄฎศ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ⾜ᨻୖࡢᥐ⨨ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ71ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㌷㸦㆙ᐹ㸧㒊㝲せဨᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕὴ㐵㒊㝲せဨ㛵 ࡍࡿᠬᡄ⏤ಀࡿᣦ௧ࠖ72ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㏦㑏ฎศࡢỴᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㒊㝲せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐࡍࡿᠬᡄࡣࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢ㛵ࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ 2007ᖺᨵṇࡉࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝ MoU ࡛ࡣࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀᠬᡄᶒࢆᣢࡘࡇࢆ๓ᥦࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀ㒊㝲せဨࡼ ࡿ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ᠬᡄᡭ⥆ࢆࡿࡇࢆᅜ㐃ᑐࡋ࡚☜⣙ࡍࡿ(assure)ࡇࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᙜヱࢆ㐺ษ࡞
63 Liyanarachchige c/ Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, ARRET, 2010-TANU-087 (27 octobre 2010),
para.20.
64 Stern, op. cit., p.16.
65 UN Doc. ST/AI/2013/4 , Annex I (General Conditions of Contracts) , art. 2 (Standards of conduct).
66 DPKO, “Directives for Disciplinary Matters Involving Civilian Police Officers and Military Observers”, UN Doc.
DPKO/CPD/DDCPO/2003/001 & DPKO/MD/03/03/00994 (2003), paras.4, 23, 24. ࡇࡢᩥ᭩ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨ࢞ࢻࣛ ࣥ(UN Doc. DPKO/PD/2006/00135)ࡢᒓᩥ᭩㸦Annex 12㸧ῧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ23 㡯グ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⾜ᨻୖࡢᥐ⨨࣭ᠬᡄ ฎศ “Recommendation to repatriate” ࡀ」ᩘグ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡀ “Repatriation” ࡢㄗグ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
67 UNV programme, “Conditions of Service”, XVIII A 2㸦㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ㸧, XVIII C㸦UNV ᠬᡄࣃࢿࣝࡢᡭ⥆㸧, XVIII D 1㸦ᠬᡄฎศ㸧. 68 See M. Bothe, “Peacekeeping” in B. Simma et al. eds., The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary 3rd.ed. (OPU, 2011),
p.1183; ⸨⏣ஂ୍ࠗᅜ㐃ἲ࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ1998 ᖺ㸧371-375 㡫ࠋ
69 See Secretary-General, “Model Agreement between the United Nations and Member States Contributing Personnel and
Equipment to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations”, UN Doc. A/46/185 (23 May 1991), Annex, para. 8.
70 UN Doc. DPKO/CPD/DDCPO/2003/001 & DPKO/MD/03/03/00994 (2003), para.2, ft.1. ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡢ࢞ࢻࣛࣥ(UN Doc.
DPKO/PD/2006/00015)ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ25 㡯ࡀ㔜࡞㠀㐪⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅ㛵ࡍࡿᠬᡄฎศࡣࠕᩥẸ㆙ᐹ⫋ဨ࠾ࡼࡧ㌷ ┘どဨࡢᠬᡄ⏤㛵ࡍࡿᣦ௧ࠖࡼࡿࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊᠬᡄᶒࡣ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜ࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊせဨಶேࡀᅜ 㐃ࡢ㛫࡛⨫ྡࡍࡿ⣙᮰᭩ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ᭱⤊ẁⴠ࡛ࠊ⾜ືᇶ‽ࡢ㐪ࢆࡍࢀࡤᠬᡄᡭ⥆ᚑ࠺ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ᠬᡄᡭ⥆ ࡣࠊᩥゝୖࠊᅜ㐃ࡢᠬᡄᡭ⥆ࡶゎࡋ࠺ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᠬᡄᶒ⾜ࡢయࡘ࠸࡚᭕࡞㒊ศࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
71 See Zeid Report, A.35.
72 DPKO, “Directives for Disciplinary Matters Involving Military Members of National Contingents”, DPKO/MD/03/00993 (2003),
para.24. ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢỴᐃࡣࠊࡑࢀᚑࢃ࡞࠸⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇࢆ๓ᥦࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᚋࡢᑐᛂࡀᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᣊ ᮰ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡣ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋIbid., para.25.
- 10 - ᙜᒁクࡍࡿࡇࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡶࠊົ⥲㛗ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ᭱⤊⤖ᯝࢆྵࡵࠊ㐍ᤖ≧ἣࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿࡇ ࡋࡓ73ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᩥゝࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࢆἲⓗᣊ᮰ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓࠊሗ࿌ᑐࡋ࡚ᅜ㐃ࡀఱࡽ ࡢᥐ⨨ࢆࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶᅜ㐃ᑐࡋ࡚ሗ࿌ࢆ⾜࠺࠸࠺㐨⩏ⓗ࡞㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࡢࡳ ࡛࠶ࡿ74ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡘ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡼ࠺ OIOS ࡼࡿㄪᰝࢆ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀጉᐖࡍࡿ75࠸࠺ࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ ࡶࠊᵝࠎ࡞⌮⏤ࡽᠬᡄᡭ⥆ࢆࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ᾘᴟⓗ࡞ࡿࡇࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ ࡗࡓ㒊㝲せဨࡀ࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ⮬యࡀྡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᐇࢆ㞃ⶸࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊᠬ ᡄࡣ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢᅜෆἲ௧㸦ྛᅜࡢ㌷ἲ࡞㸧ᚑࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ㔜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊἲ௧ୖࡢ≢⨥ࡶ ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅཝࡋ࠸ᠬᡄฎศࢆୗࡉ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢࡇࢁࠊྛᅜࡢᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅᑐ ࡍࡿᠬᡄ➼ࡢᑐᛂࡣ༑ศ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ࠸࠼࡞ࡗࡓ76ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊົ⥲㛗ࡣ㒊㝲せဨࡢ㏦㑏࠸࠺ᚑ᮶ࡢᥐ⨨ຍ࠼ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᥐ⨨ࢆࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋ࠼
ࡤࠊ2015ᖺࡽ㏻ሗࢆཷࡅࡓ㒊㝲せဨࡢᅜ⡠㸦ὴ㐵ᅜࡢᅜྡ㸧ࡢࠕබ⾲ࡑࢀࡼࡿ㠀㞴(naming and shaming)ࠖ
ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ77ࠋࡲࡓࠊᗈ⠊ࡲࡓࡣ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ」ᩘࡢ㒊㝲せဨࡀ࠸ࡿ୍ᛂ ࡢドᣐࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢᡤᒓࡍࡿ㒊㝲యࢆ㏦㑏ࡋ࠺ࡿࡢᥐ⨨ࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ78ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࡇࢁࠊ㒊㝲య ࡢ㏦㑏࠸ࡗࡓᥐ⨨ࡣࡽࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢᐇຠᛶࢆᢸಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ2016 ᖺᏳಖ⌮ࡣỴ㆟ 2272 ࢆ᥇ᢥ ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢỴ㆟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡀᗈ⠊ࡲࡓࡣ⤌⧊ⓗ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ☜࡞ドᣐࡀ࠶ࡿ㒊㝲ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙜ ヱ㒊㝲ࢆ㏦㑏ࡉࡏࡿࡇࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡀᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓせဨࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ㈐௵㏣ཬࡸ ົ⥲㛗ᑐࡍࡿሗ࿌ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣ㒊㝲యࢆ㓄⨨㌿ࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆົ⥲㛗せㄳࡋࡓ79ࠋࡉࡽࠊᛶⓗ ᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࠸ࡢ࠶ࡿ㒊㝲せဨಀࡿ㈝⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊㄪᰝࢆࡋࠊ⿕ᐇࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ ࡞ࡿࡲ࡛ᡶᡠࡋࢆࡋ࡞࠸ࡋ80ࠊ⤒῭ⓗഃ㠃ࡢᥐ⨨ࡶྜࢃࡏ࡚ࡿࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᥐ⨨ࡣࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡣὴ㐵 ࡿ㈝⏝ࢆ⮬ࡽ㈇ᢸࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㸦㌷㒊㝲࣭㆙ᐹ㒊㝲ࡶ㸧㒊㝲せဨ୍ேᙜࡓࡾ 1 ᭶ 1410 ࢻࣝ(2017 ᖺ)ࡢᡶᡠࡋࢆᅜ㐃ࡽཷࡅྲྀࡿ࠸࠺せဨᥦ౪ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝ᑐࡍࡿᡶᡠ㔠(reimbursement payments)ไᗘࢆ㏫⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ81ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ㏻ሗࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡢከ࠸㏵ୖᅜࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢᡶ ᡠ㔠ࡀ㈗㔜࡞እ㈌⋓ᚓࡢᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ࡢ┠ⓗ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡉࢀࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᥐ⨨ࢆࡿࡇ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊົ⥲㛗ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛༑ศᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓᅜᐙᑐࡋ࡚ᅽຊࢆࡅࡿࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ௨ୖ㏙࡚ࡁࡓせဨᑐࡍࡿᠬᡄฎศࡸ⾜ᨻୖࡢᥐ⨨ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶ㔜࠸ࡶࡢ࡛㸦༶㸧ゎ㞠ࠊዎ⣙⤊ ࡲࡓࡣ㏦㑏࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓせဨࢆ PKO ࡽ㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓせဨࡀ ࠸࡞ࡿฎศࡶཷࡅࡎࠊPKO ཧຍࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇࡼࡿᘢᐖࢆ⪃៖ࡍࢀࡤࠊ᭷⏝࡞ᡭẁࡢ୍ࡘ࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡋ ࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓฎศࢆཷࡅࡓಶேࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗᦆኻࡸ㠃┠ࢆኻ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ㝈ࡽࢀࡓไࡢពࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ㔜せ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡢࡣࠊ≢⨥⾜Ⅽヱᙜࡍࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ PKO せဨᑐࡍࡿฮ㈐௵ࡢ㏣ ཬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
73 ㌷㒊㝲せဨMoU, Article 7 quinquiens, 7.23, Article 7 sexiens, 7.24. ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨMoU, Article 7 quinquiens, 7.20, Article 7
sexiens, 7.22.
74 C. Ferstman, International Organization and the Fight for Accountability: the Remedies and Reparations Gap (OPU, 2017),
p.192.
75 General Assembly, “Investigation into sexual exploitation of refugees by aid workers in West Africa: Note by the
Secretary-General”, UN Doc. A/57/465 (11 October 2002), para. 38. See Simm, op. cit., p.59; 㔠Ṋࠕ๓ᥖㄽᩥࠖ204 㡫ࠋ
76 㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜࡢㄪᰝẁ㝵ࡢᾘᴟⓗᑐᛂࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ2015ᖺࡢ OIOS ࡢሗ࿌᭩࡛ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee OIOS, “Evaluation of the
Enforcement and Remedial Assistance Efforts for Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by the United Nations and Related Personnel in Peacekeeping Operations”, IED-15-001 (15 May 2015), paras.9-29.
77 Secretary-General, “Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and abuse”, UN Doc A/69/779 (13 February 2015),
para. 55. ⩣ 2016 ᖺࡢᖺḟሗ࿌᭩ࡽࠊᅜྡࡀグ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࠋUN Doc. A/70/729 (16 February 2016), para. 28. ࡇࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡼࡿຠ ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࡣุ᩿ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࠼ࡤࠊConduct in UN Field Missions ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࢀࡤࠊ2008 ᖺࡣᅜ㐃ࡽ㒊㝲ὴ㐵ᅜ㏦ ࡉࢀࡓ㏻ሗࡢሗ࿌69 ௳ᑐࡍࡿྛᅜࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ8 ௳ࠊ2009 ᖺࡣ82 ௳ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ14 ௳㐣ࡂ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ2015 ᖺࡣ107 ௳ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㸦ࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢሗ࿌ᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆྵࡵ࡚㸧115 ௳ࠊ2016 ᖺࡣ189 ௳ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ174 ௳ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋConduct in UN Field Missions, op. cit.
78 UN Doc A/69/779, para.54.
79 UN Doc. S/RES/2272 (11 March 2016), paras. 1-2. ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢỴ㆟ࡢ᥇ᢥಀࡿᑂ㆟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ༢⊂ࡢせဨࡢ㠀㐪⾜Ⅽࡼࡗ࡚㒊
㝲యࡢ㓄⨨㌿ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ2 㡯ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㞟ᅋฎ⨩(collective punishment)ࠖࢆ⛉ࡍࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜࠊ࢚ࢪࣉࢺࠊࣟࢩ࡞ ࡽࡼࡾཝ᱁࡞᮲௳ࢆㄢࡍࡁࡢᑐពぢࡀฟࡉࢀࡓ(UN Doc. S/PV.7643 (11 March 2016), pp. 2, 3)ࠋࡉࡽࠊ㒊㝲ࡢ㏦㑏ࢆཷࡅ ࡓὴ㐵ᅜࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡢPKO ࡢཧຍࡑࢀ⮬యࢆぢྜࢃࡏࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡍࡿࠋIbid., para.3.
80 UN Doc A/69/779, para.64.
- 11 - 3 3 PKO せဨࡀா᭷ࡍࡿච㝖ฮ㈐௵ࡢ㏣ཬ PKO せဨࡼࡿᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᙉࢇࡸᙉไ࠸ࢇ࡞ࡣࠊྛᅜࡢᅜෆἲ௧ୖࡶ≢⨥⾜Ⅽ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2003 ᖺ࿌♧࡛ࡶゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≢⨥⾜Ⅽࡢሙྜࠊᅜࡢᶒ㝈࠶ࡿᙜᒁク࡛ ࡁࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㝿ࠊࡢᅜࡀฮุᶒࢆ⾜࡛ࡁࡿࡣ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜ㝿ฮุᡤࡢᑐ㇟≢⨥࡞ࡿࡼ ࠺࡞ᅜ㝿≢⨥82ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ୍⯡ⓗࡣ≢⨥⾜Ⅽᆅ㸦࠾ࡼࡧ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᅜ⡠ᅜ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ PKO ࡢཷධᅜຍᐖ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ PKOせဨࡢᅜ⡠ᅜࡀุᶒࢆ⾜࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ2017 ᖺົ⥲㛗ࡀᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞ ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࡸᅜ㐃⥲Ỵ㆟83࡞࡛ࡶゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜࡀฮุᶒࢆ⾜࡛ࡁࡎ≢⨥⾜Ⅽ ࡀฎ⨩ࡉࢀࡎ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇࡣࠊPKO せဨࡀா᭷ࡍࡿච㝖ࡸྛᅜࡢฮྖἲไᗘࡀᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ PKO ࡢἲⓗᆅࡣࠊᅜ㐃ࡑࡢཷධᅜࡢ㛫࡛⥾⤖ࡉࢀࡿᆅ༠ᐃࡼࡗ࡚ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ ࡦ࡞ᙧ࡛࠶ࡿࣔࢹࣝᆅ༠ᐃ84ࡼࢀࡤࠊPKO ࡣᅜ㐃≉ᶒච㝖᮲⣙ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊPKO ⮬యࡣᅜ㐃ࡢ⿵ຓᶵ㛵 ࡋ࡚ᅜ㐃ࡢ≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡉࢀࡿࠋPKO せဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢᆅᛂࡌ࡚≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿ ࡉࢀࡿࠋྛ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛗࡛࠶ࡿົ⥲㛗≉ู௦⾲ࡸྛ㒊㛛ࡢྖ௧ᐁ➼ࡣࠊᅜ㐃≉ᶒච㝖᮲⣙ 5 ᮲ 19ࠊ27 㡯 つᐃࡉࢀࡿົ⥲㛗ࡸົḟ㛗ྠ୍ࡢእ≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿ㸦ࣔࢹࣝᆅ༠ᐃ 24 ᮲㸧ࠋᩥẸせဨ࡛࠶ࡿᅜ 㐃⫋ဨࡣࠊᅜ㐃≉ᶒච㝖᮲⣙ 5 ᮲つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠕ⫋ဨࠖࡢ≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿ㸦ྠ 25 ᮲㸧ࠋ㌷┘どဨࠊᅜ㐃 ㆙ᐹせဨ85࠸ࡗࡓᅜ㐃⫋ဨ௨እࡢせဨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃≉ᶒච㝖᮲⣙ 6 ᮲つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠕ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙࠖ ࡢ≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿࡉࢀࡿ㸦ྠ 26 ᮲㸧ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࣔࢹࣝᆅ༠ᐃࡣ᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ዎ⣙⫋ဨࡸࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱ ࣥࢺࡣࠊୖ㏙ࡢዎ⣙᮲௳86࠾࠸࡚ࠕ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙࠖࡢᆅࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢࡉࢀࠊᅜ㐃࣎ࣛࣥࢸࡣୖ㏙ࡢ ົ᮲௳87࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨィ⏬ࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࡚άືࡍࡿࡇࡽࠊᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨィ⏬ᶆ‽ᇶᮏຓ༠ᐃ㸦UNDP
Standard Basic Assistance Agreement (SBAA) 㸧ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠕ⫋ဨࠖྠ➼ࡢ≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨࡣᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨྠᵝࠕ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙࠖࡢᆅࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡇࡢࡇࡣ㆙ ᐹ㒊㝲せဨ MoU ࡞88࠾࠸࡚ࡶつᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤌⧊ࡢែᵝࡽ㌷㒊㝲せဨྠᵝᤊ࠼ࡽ ࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢᣦࡶ࠶ࡿ89ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢࠕ⫋ဨࠖࡸࠕ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙࠖࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᶵ⬟ⓗච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕබⓗ㈨᱁࡛ࠖࡸࠕ௵ົࡢ 㐙⾜୰ࠖ⾜ࡗࡓ⾜Ⅽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡀࠕබົ(on duty)ࠖヱᙜࡍࡿሙྜࡣච㝖ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ 90ࠋࡇࡢච㝖ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊົ⥲㛗ࡀᨺᲠࡍࡿᶒࡸ⩏ົࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ91ࠋ 82 ᮏ✏࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᳨ウࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᛶⓗᦢྲྀ࣭ᚅࡢ࠺ࡕᗈ⠊ࡲࡓࡣ⤌⧊ⓗ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ㔜࡞≢⨥⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ฮุᡤ(ICC)
࡛ࡢッ㏣ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋEg. M. O’Brien, “Sexual Exploitation and Beyond: Using the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to Prosecute UN Peacekeepers for Gender-based Crimes”, International Criminal Law Review Vol.11 (2011), pp.803-827; Quénivet (2008), pp.420-430. ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊICC࡛ッ㏣ࡍࡿࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ᳨ウࡍࡁࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࠼ࡤࠊICC ࡢᑐ㇟≢⨥࡛࠶ࡿே㐨ᑐࡍࡿ≢⨥ࡸᡓத≢⨥ࡢᵓᡂせ௳㸦≉ࠊᩥ⬦ⓗせ௳㸧ヱᙜᛶࠊ⟶㎄ᶒ⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳࡛࠶ ࡿࢺ࣮࣓ࣜ࢞࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡸ⿵ᛶࡢཎ๎ࠊᏳಖ⌮Ỵ㆟ᇶ࡙ࡃᤚᰝཪࡣッ㏣ࡢ12 ࢝᭶㛫ࡢᘏᮇ㸦ඛࡋ࡚ࡣࠊUN Doc. S/RES/1422 (12 July 2002)ࡑࢀࢆ᭦᪂ࡋࡓUN Doc. S/RES/1487 (12 June 2003)ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࡸ㒊㝲せဨࡢICC ⟶㎄ᶒࡽࡢ㝖እ㸦ඛࡋ ࡚ࠊࣜ࣋ࣜከᅜ⡠㌷ὴ㐵ࡿUN Doc. S/RES/1487 (12 June 2003), para.7㸧ࠊICC つ⛬98 ᮲ 2 㡯ᇶ࡙ࡃᅜ㛫༠ᐃࠊ࠸ࢃ ࡺࡿࠕ98 ᮲༠ᐃࠖࡼࡿ㒊㝲せဨࡢICC ⟶㎄ᶒࡽࡢ㝖እ࡞ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㅖၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾࠊR. S. Burke, “United Nations Military Peacekeeper Complicity in Sexual Abuse: The International Criminal Court or a Tri-hybrid Court” in M. Bergsmo ed., Thematic Prosecution of International Sex Crimes 2nd ed. (Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher,
2018)[hereinafter Burke (2018)], pp.323-382.
83 Eg. UN Doc. A/RES/71/278 (10 March 2017), para.6.
84 Secretary-General, “Model status-of-force agreement for peace-keeping operation “, UN Doc. A/45/594 (9 October 1990), Annex.
ྠ༠ᐃ3 ᮲㸦ᅜ㐃≉ᶒච㝖᮲⣙ࡢPKO ࡢ㐺⏝㸧ࠊྠ15 ᮲㸦⿵ຓᶵ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡢPKO㸧ཧ↷ࠋ
85 ᅉࡳࠊᅜ㐃㆙ᐹせဨ࢞ࢻࣛࣥ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙࠖࡢ≉ᶒච㝖ࢆா᭷ࡍࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋUN Doc. DPKO/PD/2006/00135,
para.30.
86 UN Doc. ST/AI/2013/4, Contractual terms and conditions, Section 5.4. 87 UNV programme, op. cit., Introduction C. Privileges and Immunities.
88 ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨMoU, Article 7 quinquiens 7.17. ㆙ᐹ㒊㝲せဨ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡶ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿࠋUN Doc.
DPKO/PD/2006/00015, para.30.
89 ࠼ࡤࠊPKO ࠾ࡅࡿ≢⨥⾜Ⅽ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㐃⫋ဨ࠾ࡼࡧ௵ົࢆ⾜࠺ᑓ㛛ᐙࡢฮ㈐௵㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊᑓ㛛ᐙ㒊ࡢሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡢᣦࡀ
ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋGeneral Assembly, “Report of the Group of Legal Experts Ensuring the Accountability of United Nations Staff and Experts on Mission with Respect to Criminal Acts Committed in Peacekeeping Operations”, UN Doc. A/60/980 (16 August 2006), para.22, ft.8.
