権利
Copyrights 日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ）アジア
経済研究所 / Institute of Developing
Economies, Japan External Trade Organization
(IDE-JETRO) http://www.ide.go.jp
シリーズタイトル(英
)
Occasional Papers Series
シリーズ番号
38
journal or
publication title
Power in a Philippine City
page range
113-118
year
2002
abaca industry, 23 Abella, 26 Abella family, 33
Abinales, Patricio N., 12–13
Aksyon Demokratiko (Democratic Action) Party, 49–50 Alfelor, Ciriaco R., 37–38, 42, 44 Alfelor, Felix, Jr., 42, 44–45 American rule, 3 colonial government, 1 colonial rule, 54–55, 58 institutions, 3 political institutions, 15 Andaya, Rolando R., 37–38, 42, 44, 62
apat na agila (the four eagles), 37–38
Aquino, Benigno, Jr., 38 Aquino, Corazon, 38–39 Asence, Lourdes V., 45, 47–51 Aureus, Leon SA., 32 Baguio, Celso O., 47–48, 50 Bagumbayan Norte, 26 Bagumbayan Sur, 26 Balatas, 26
barangay
chiefs, 5, 88–89, 96
socioeconomic backgrounds of, 91–92 various patterns for recruiting, 96 coordinator, 89
Index
councilors, 88–89 officials, 88, 96 roles of, 88 of Naga City, 25Barangay People’s Foundation, 75, 77–78, 97
Barangay People’s Organization, 75, 77– 78
Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), 24, 30, 37
Bicol Development Company (BIDECO), 32
Bicol Region, 3, 22–23
Bicol Regional Development Council, 47 Bicol River Basin Development Program
(BRBDP), 43, 52 Bicol Saro Party, 35, 46 Bicolano, 6
“big people” and “little people,” 8 boss, 11–12
Bulaong, Jose M., 47
Bunyog Banuaan (Unity of Community), 83
business capitalists, 59
See also urban capitalists
cacique, 11 Calauag, 26 Camarines, 24
Camarines (continued) Ambos Camarines, 24 Camarines Norte, 24 Camarines Sur, 22–24 Cararayan, 26 Carolina, 26 casual employees, 57–58 Cea, Edmundo B., 33, 37–38, 42 central-local relations, 14
See also local government system
City Council, 57, 59 city councilors, 84
roles of, 87
socioeconomic backgrounds of, 90–91 recruitment process for members of the,
95
city government, 5
access to the resources of the, 89 budget, 58
city government employees, 57 expenditures, 59
organizational structure, 55 revenues, 59
City Mayor’s Office, 56–57, 79, 84 City Social Welfare and Development
Office, 79, 84–85 Cojuangco, Eduardo, 47
Community Organization of the Philippines Enterprise Foundation (COPE Founda-tion), 81
compadrazgo (ritual kinship), 8
Conception Grande, 26 Conception Pequeña, 26
Congressional Initiative Allocation (CIA), 62 contractors, 68–69
Cory Coalition, 44, 47 coterminous employees, 58
Countrywide Development Fund (CDF), 62 Couples for Christ, 68
cultural approach, 7
cultural values of the traditional society, 7 Dayangdang, 26
de Venecia, Jose, 49–50
decentralization in the Philippines, 55 del Castillo, Carlos G., 30–31, 35–36, 43,
46, 53, 81
Del Rosario, 26
Development Office for Livelihood, Em-ployment, Cooperatives and Manpower (DOLECOM), 56, 82–84
livelihood program of, 82 Dinaga, 26
EDSA (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue) Revolution, 10, 30, 32, 38–39
Estrada, Joseph, 47, 50 exercise of violence, 11 factions, 8
family rule (dynastic rule), 11 Felipe, Ramon B., Sr., 33
Felipe, Ramon H., Jr., 30–39, 50, 101 Felipe and Sibulo vs. Villafuerte, 35 Felipe-Sibulo coalition, 34
socioeconomic background of, 34 Fuentebella, Arnulfo, 37 Fuentebella family, 37, 42 Fuentebella, Felix, 37 Garcia, Carlos P., 32 good governance, 4, 17 good performance, 101–2 Robredo’s performance, 63 grassroots organizations, 73
grassroots-level leaders (liders), 10, 73–74, 88, 96–97 101 of Naga City, 87 Grossholtz, Jean, 8 Handiong, 46 Hollnsteiner, Mary, 8 House of Representatives, 24 Hutchcroft, Paul D., 12, 54 Igualdad Interior, 26 Ileto, Reynald, 19 indigent services, 79, 84
Interim Batasang Pambansa (National As-sembly, 1978–84), 24, 30, 34–35 internal revenue allotment, 55, 59 Jacksonian Democracy, 15 Jacob, Jaime DLS., 31, 48–50, 89
jueteng (illegal gambling), 52–53, 68
Kaantabay sa Kauswagan (Partners in De-velopment Program), 81
Karetela Association, 77 Kerkvliet, Benedict J., 17
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement: KBL), 34
in Camarines Sur, 37
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of the Democratic Filipino: LDP), 38, 46 Laban ng Makabayan Masang Pilipino (Struggle of the Nationalist Filipino Masses: LAMMP), 50
Lakas ng Bansa (Power of the Nation), 38, 44
Lakas ng Kababaihan Cooperative, 77 Lakas ng Kababaihan ng Naga Federation
(Power of Women of Naga Federation), 74–77, 79, 83, 93–94, 96
function of, 75 structure of, 74
Lakas-NUCD Party, 47, 49–50 land title acquisition, 81 Landé, Carl, 8–10 landlords, 9, 27–28, 69
See also landowners
landowners, 59
large-scale businessmen, 69
See also urban capitalists
League of Cities, 47, 62 Legazpi City, 23, 25
Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de, 23 Lerma, 26
Liberal Party, 8, 32–33, 50 Liboton, 26
liders. See grassroots-level leaders
Liga ng mga Barangay (League of Baran-gays), 57, 90
Lingkod Barangay Office (Serve Barangay Office), 56, 58, 77, 79–80, 84, 93, 96–97 function of, 79
Local Government Code of 1991, 24, 28, 55, 57, 59, 84
local government system, 54–55
See also central-local relations
Lynch, Frank, 8 Mabolo, 26 Macapagal, Diosdado, 33–34 McCoy, Alfred, 11 Machado, Kit G., 9–10 Madrigal, Vicente, 33 Magtuto, Pura Luisa V., 46–48 manual workers, 28
Marcos, Ferdinand E., 1, 10, 14, 34–35, 39, 101
martial law regime, 24, 30 marginal businessmen, 28 Market Stallholders Federation, 77 martial law, 1, 10, 34
government, 14, 39 regime, 24, 30, 39 mechanism of local power, 1
Metro Naga Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 69
Metro Naga Development Council, 47, 62 Metro Naga Venders Federation, 77 middle class, 59, 67–68, 101 Migdal, Joel S., 11 Mitra, Ramon V., Jr., 46 modernization school, 9–10 moral appeals, 17 morality, 17, 102
See also moral appeals
mutual accommodation between the state and the society, 13
Nacionalista Party, 8, 32–33
Naga City, 3–6, 18, 22–28, 30–40, 43–52, 54–69, 73–85, 87–98, 100–104 background of, 22–28
barangays of, 25–26
congressional district of, 24–25 economy of, 25–27
geography of, 25 history of, 23–25 Naga City Charter, 24 political elite of, 87–98 population of, 25–26
socioeconomic classes in, 27–28 Naga City Filipino-Chinese Chamber of
NagaCityUrbanPoorFederation(NCUPF), 81
Naga City Youth Federation, 77 national resources, 62
from the national government, 61
See also state resources
Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC), 47 new breed of local politicians, 17–18 “new men,” 9
“no dole-out” policy, 85 Nueva Caceres, 23–24 Obias, Siegfredo, 36 Ojeda, Victorino L., 31–32 Osmeña family, 18 Osmeña, Sergio, Sr., 13 Owen, Norman G., 23 Pacol, 26
Padyak Operators & Drivers Association, 77
Palarong Pambansa (National Games), 62 Panicuason, 26
Partido area, 37
Partido ng Masang Pilipino (Filipino Mass Party: PMP), 47
patrimonial state, 12
See also predatory state
patron-client relationship, 2–3, 8, 12, 100 Peñafrancia, 26
People’s Council, 65 people’s organizations, 5
See also sector-based organizations
Perez, Virginia F., 34, 38 Philippine bureaucracy, 15 Philippine state, 12–13
institutional structure of the, 12 political culture, 8
political elite, 97, 101
initiatives of the, on political machine, 15
of Naga City, 87–98
strategic choices of the, on political ma-chine, 15
political machine, 3–4, 10, 15–17, 58, 73– 74, 101–2
advantages of, 16
elite’s strategic choices on, 15 functions of, 16
exchange of loyalty and rewards through, 16
imbalance of rewards, sanctions, and de-mands, 103
initiatives of the political elite on, 15 Robredo’s political machine, 72–73
advantages of, 73 sanction through, 16 political resources, 95
access to, 89, 97
access to the, of the city government, 89
monopoly over, 16
strategic utilization of material resources, 103
See also state resources
poll watchers, 75
pork barrel, 14, 62, 74, 102 Prado family, 33
predatory state, 12
See also patrimonial state
primitive accumulation, 12
Productivity Improvement Program, 63, 103 propaganda group, 66
public works, 59 Quezon, Manuel, 13 Rabuz Naga, 77
Ramon Magsaysay Award, 4, 66 Ramos, Fidel V., 47, 52, 62, 101 reciprocal relationships, 8
reformist movement in American urban politics, 17
Regional Development Council, 62 rent seeking, 11–12
rich families in Naga City, 28
See also urban capitalists
Rivera, Temario, 19
Robredo, Jesse M., 3–5, 17–18, 30–32, 39– 40, 43–52, 54–55, 57, 59–60, 62–69, 72– 75, 77, 79–82, 84–85, 87–90, 95–97, 100–104
advantages of Robredo’s political ma-chine, 73
consultation with citizens of Robredo ad-ministration, 64
infrastructure development of Robredo administration, 63
Robredo-Roco coalition vs. Villafuerte, 50
Robredo’s career, 44
Robredo’s control over state resources, 51
Robredo’s monopoly over state re-sources, 52
Robredo’s performance, 63 Robredo’s political machine, 72–74 Villafuerte and Robredo, 43
rift between, 46 Roco, Ramon S., 36, 44–45 Roco, Raul S., 31, 38–39, 44, 46–50
Robredo-Roco coalition vs. Villafuerte, 50 Villafuerte-Roco coalition, 46 Roco, Sulpicio S., Jr., 31–32, 49–51 Romualdez, Norberto, 33 Sabang, 26 sample ballots, 75
San Buenaventura, Leopoldo E., 48, 50 San Felipe, 26
San Francisco, 26 San Isidro, 26
Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council), 57 Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council),
55, 87 Santa Cruz, 26 Scott, James, 9 sector-based organizations, 89, 93 officers of, 88, 96 roles of, 89
socioeconomic backgrounds of, 93–94 various patterns for recruiting, 96 Senior Citizens League, 77
Sibulo, Antonio, 33 Sibulo, Mariano M., 37, 45 Sibulo, Nena B., 36 Sibulo, Pablo, 33
Sibulo, Vicente P., 30–39, 50–51, 73, 101–2 Felipe and Sibulo vs. Villafuerte, 35 Felipe-Sibulo coalition, 34
socioeconomic background of, 34 Villafuerte and Sibulo, 35 Sidel, John T., 12
Social Welfare and Development Office, 56 society-centered structural approach, 7 sociocultural approaches, 2, 7–11, 15 factors, 100 perspectives, 3, 11 socioeconomic transformation, 10 Spice Boys, 17 spoils system, 3, 14–15, 58 state
importance of the presence of the, 102 state apparatus, 12–13
discretionary control by elected officials over the, 15
state institutions, 2–3, 14–15 state resources, 2, 14
access to and monopoly over, 101 access to, 13, 73, 101
monopoly over, 103 Robredo’s control over, 51 Robredo’s monopoly over, 52 state-centered
approach, 11–15 structure, 2 strategic choice
of elite on political machine, 15 on political machine, 16
strategic utilization of material resources, 103
strong societies and weak states, 11–12 Tabuco, 26
Tagalog, 6
Thompson, Mark R., 17 Tinago, 26
Tinio, Manuel, 13
trapo (traditional politicians), 11, 17
Tria, A. J. Agapito M., II, 48, 50–51 Tria, Alfredo R., 46
Trianglo, 26
Trimobile Operators & Drivers Association, 77
Tuazon, Pedro, 33
Umehara, Hiromitsu, 13
United Nationalist Democratic Organiza-tion (UNIDO), 37
urban capitalists, 27–28
political involvement of economic elite, 90
See also business capitalists
urban politics, 10
See also reformist movement in
Ameri-can urban politics urban poor, 72, 81, 101
in Naga City, 27, 80
Urban Poor Affairs Office, 56, 80–82 urbanization, 15
utang na loob (sense of gratitude), 8
Vegetable Planters Federation, 77 vice mayor, 87
socioeconomic backgrounds of, 90–91 Villafuerte, Luis, 30–31, 34–40, 43–48, 50–
52, 73–74, 83, 100–102 career of, 35
defection of, 37
Felipe and Sibulo vs. Villafuerte, 35 left the KBL, 37
Robredo-Roco coalition vs. Villafuerte, 50
Villafuerte after EDSA Revolution, 38 Villafuerte and Robredo, 43
rift between, 46 Villafuerte and Sibulo, 35 Villafuerte-Roco coalition, 46 Villafuerte’s grassroots leaders, 73 Villafuerte, Luis Raymund, Jr., 50–51 Villafuerte, Mariano Jose, III, 50 Villafuerte, Mariano R., Jr., 31–32, 35 Villafuerte, Mariano, Sr., 35
warlord, 11–12, 102
weak state and strong families, 11
See also strong societies and weak states
white-collar workers, 28 Wolters, Willem, 39
