ÑÅËÜÑÊÎÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÅÍÍÀß ÁÈÎËÎÃÈß, 2013, ¹ 1, ñ. 3-14
Îáçîðû, ïðîáëåìû, èòîãè
ÓÄÊ 631.45:546.16 doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2013.1.3rus ÔÒÎÐÈÄÍÎÅ ÇÀÃÐßÇÍÅÍÈÅ ÏÎ×ÂÛ È ÔÈÒÎÐÅÌÅÄÈÀÖÈß (îáçîð) Â.È. ÏÎËÎÍÑÊÈÉ, Ä.Å. ÏÎËÎÍÑÊÀß Íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ ëèòåðàòóðû àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ ñóùåñòâóþùèå ìåõàíèçìû ïîñòóïëå-íèÿ, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è àêêóìóëÿöèè ôòîðèäîâ â ïî÷âå è ðàñòåíèÿõ. Ðàññìîòðåíî âëèÿíèå ôòî-ðèäîâ íà ïî÷âó, ðàñòåíèÿ è æèâîòíûõ. Ïðèâåäåíû âèäû ðàñòåíèé-ãèïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðîâ ôòîôòî-ðèäîâ, êîòîðûå ïîòåíöèàëüíî ñïîñîáíû îñóùåñòâëÿòü ïðîöåññ ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû âîç-ìîæíûå ñïîñîáû ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè ïðè çàãðÿçíåíèè ïî÷â ôòîðèäàìè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ôòîð, ôèòîðåìåäèàöèÿ, ðàñòåíèÿ, æèâîòíûå, ïî÷âà, ñîäåðæàíèå ôòî-ðèäîâ, çàãðÿçíåíèå ñðåäû, ðàñòåíèÿ-ãèïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðû. Ôòîð ïðèñóòñòâóåò â îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì â âèäå ôòîðèñòîãî âîäîðîäà, ôòîðèäîâ ìåòàëëîâ è ãàçîîáðàçíîãî ôòîðà. Ïîñëåä-íèé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé æåëòî-çåëåíûé ãàç ñ ðåçêèì çàïàõîì. Õèìè÷åñêè ñîåäèíÿÿñü ñ ìåòàëëàìè, ôòîð îáðàçóåò ôòîðèäû, â ÷àñòíîñòè ôòîðèä íàò-ðèÿ èëè ôòîðèä êàëüöèÿ. Ïåðâûé â îòëè÷èå îò âòîðîãî ëåãêî ðàñòâîðÿåò-ñÿ â âîäå. Ôòîðèñòûé âîäîðîä (ïðîäóêò ðåàêöèè ôòîðà ñ âîäîðîäîì) — áåñöâåòíûé ãàç, ëåãêî ðàñòâîðèìûé â âîäå (ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ñîîòâåòñò-âóþùåé êèñëîòû). Ïðè ñîâðåìåííûõ òåõíîëîãèÿõ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àëþìèíèÿ íà 1 ò ïðîèç-âåäåííîãî ìåòàëëà â àòìîñôåðó âûáðàñûâàåòñÿ íåñêîëüêî êèëîãðàììîâ ôòî-ðà â ôîðìå HF, NaF, ïûëè.  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû îñîáåííî îñòðî ñòîèò ïðî-áëåìà ëîêàëüíîãî ôòîðèäíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ àãðîýêîñèñòåì, íåïîñðåäñòâåí-íî ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê ïðîìûøëåííûì ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì, êîòîðûå ñëóæàò èñòî÷-íèêàìè òàêèõ âûáðîñîâ. Ýòî àêòóàëüíî äëÿ ðÿäà ñòðàí, â ÷èñëå êîòîðûõ Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ (1, 2), ÑØÀ (3), Ãåðìàíèÿ (4), Íîðâåãèÿ (5, 6), Èíäèÿ (7), Áðàçèëèÿ (8), Íîâàÿ Çåëàíäèÿ (9), Ãðåöèÿ (10). Ðîññèÿ ïðîèçâîäèò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî «êðûëàòîãî» ìåòàëëà, è âû-ïóñê àëþìèíèÿ â íàøåé ñòðàíå ïîñòîÿííî ðàñòåò. Íàïðèìåð, â Êðàñíîÿð-ñêîì êðàå â ðàéîíå ñòðîÿùåéñÿ Áîãó÷àíñêîé ÃÝÑ çàïëàíèðîâàíî âîçâåäå-íèå åùå îäíîãî ãèãàíòà öâåòíîé ìåòàëëóðãèè. Ñåðüåçíóþ îïàñíîñòü ïðåä-ñòàâëÿþò ñèáèðñêèå êîìáèíàòû ïî âûïóñêó àëþìèíèÿ, â ÷èñëå êîòîðûõ òà-êèå êðóïíåéøèå, êàê Êðàñíîÿðñêèé, Ñàÿíñêèé, Áðàòñêèé, Èðêóòñêèé, êîòî-ðûå âûáðàñûâàþò â îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó ôòîðèäû. Ê ñëîâó, Êðàñíîÿðñêèé àëþìèíèåâûé çàâîä åæåãîäíî âûïóñêàåò â àòìîñôåðó îêîëî 2,6 òûñ. ò ôòî-ðèñòîãî âîäîðîäà è îêîëî 3,6 òûñ. ò òâåðäûõ ôòîðèäîâ (11).  çîíå âëèÿ-íèÿ Ñàÿíñêîãî àëþìèíèåâîãî çàâîäà íà òåððèòîðèè Õàêàñèè ïî÷òè äëÿ 10 % ïëîùàäè (îêîëî 25 òûñ. ãà) õàðàêòåðíî ïîâûøåííîå (0,5-1,0 ÏÄÊ) ñîäåðæàíèå âîäîðàñòâîðèìîãî ôòîðà (12). Èñòî÷íèêîì àíòðîïîãåííîãî ôòîðà â ïî÷âå âûñòóïàåò íå òîëüêî àëþìèíèåâîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî (13). Çàãðÿçíåíèå ôòîðèäàìè ðàñòåíèé è æè-âîòíûõ ìîæåò áûòü âûçâàíî ñîñåäñòâîì çàâîäà ïî âûïóñêó ìèíåðàëüíûõ óäîáðåíèé, à òàêæå ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèì èíòåíñèâíûì âíåñåíèåì ôîñôîðíûõ óäîáðåíèé ïîä ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå êóëüòóðû (14). Ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ðàñòåíèÿõ, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèõ íà çàãðÿçíåííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (â íåñêîëüêèõ êèëîìåòðàõ îò ïîäîáíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà), áûëî â 4-10 ðàç âûøå, ÷åì íà íåçà-ãðÿçíåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (15), à â ãðóíòîâûõ âîäàõ — ñîîòâåòñòâåííî â 100 ðàç âûøå (16). Äîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïîñòîÿííîå ïðèìåíåíèå íà ïîëÿõ â êà÷åñòâåóäîá-ðåíèé ïðîñòîãî ñóïåðôîñôàòà (30 è 60 êã/ãà â ãîä) çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîâûøàåò ñîäåðæàíèå îáùåãî è ïîäâèæíîãî ôòîðà â ïàõîòíîì ñëîå ïî÷âû (9). Ñî-ãëàñíî ðàñ÷åòàì Þ.Ï. Òàíäåëîâà (17), ïðè ñóùåñòâóþùåé òåõíîëîãèè è ìàñ-øòàáàõ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ôîñôîðíûõ óäîáðåíèé íà ïëàíåòå (30 ìëí ò Ð2Î5 åæå-ãîäíî) ñ íèìè ðàññåèâàåòñÿ â àòìîñôåðó 2-3 ìëí ò ôòîðà. Êðîìå óêàçàííûõ ïðè÷èí çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ôòîðîì ïî÷â, ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü àãðîïðèåìû, ñâÿçàí-íûå ñ ìåëèîðàöèåé è èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé ôîñôîãèïñà, îòõîäîâ ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, òåïëîýíåðãåòèêè (14, 18), à òàêæå ðàáîòû ñ ïðèìåíåíè-åì õèìè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ çàùèòû ðàñòåíèé (19). Ð à ñ ï ð î ñ ò ð à í å í è å ô ò î ð à â ï î ÷ â å. Ïîâåäåíèå ôòî-ðà â îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå â êîëè÷åñòâåííîì îòíîøåíèè îñòàåòñÿ ïëîõî èçó-÷åííûì. Ïîýòîìó òåîðåòè÷åñêèå è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìå-õàíèçìîâ ïîñòóïëåíèÿ, ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ, ïîãëîùåíèÿ, íàêîïëåíèÿ, ïðåâðà-ùåíèÿ ôòîðà â ïî÷âå, ðàñòåíèÿõ, îðãàíèçìå æèâîòíûõ è ÷åëîâåêà ÷ðåçâû-÷àéíî àêòóàëüíû. Ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ âàæíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ïîèñê ýôôåêòèâ-íûõ ïðèåìîâ ñíèæåíèÿ ñòåïåíè çàãðÿçíåíèÿ óêàçàííûì ïîëëþòàíòîì îê-ðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, â ÷àñòíîñòè ïî÷âû, è ïðîáëåìà ïðåæäå âñåãî çàêëþ÷àåò-ñÿ â ìíîãîëåòíåé òåíäåíöèè íàêîïëåíèÿ ôòîðà â âåðõíåì ñëîå ïî÷âû. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ôòîð ÷àñòè÷íî ïðîíèêàåò â ãëóáîêèå ñëîè ïî÷âû (íè-æå 40-80 ñì). Òàê, ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî çàïàñû ôòîðèäîâ óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ â êàðáî-íàòíûõ ãîðèçîíòàõ è ïî÷âîîáðàçóþùåé ïîðîäå, äîñòèãàÿ 65-85 êã/ãà. Ãëóá-æå 5 ñì êîíöåíòðàöèÿ âîäîðàñòâîðèìîãî ôòîðà ðåçêî óáûâàåò â ñâÿçè ñ åãî ïåðåõîäîì â èíåðòíûå ôîðìû, íàïðèìåð íåðàñòâîðèìîå ñîåäèíåíèå ôòîðèäà êàëüöèÿ (20). Ïðè ýòîì ñîðáöèÿ ôòîðà ïî÷âîé óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ñ ãëóáèíîé. Ó âåðõíåãî, áîãàòîãî îðãàíè÷åñêèì âåùåñòâîì ïî÷âåííîãî çîíòà ñïîñîáíîñòü ê àäñîðáöèè ôòîðèäîâ íèæå, ÷åì ó ìèíåðàëüíîãî ãîðè-çîíòà (6, 21).  íåïàõîòíûõ ïî÷âàõ ôòîð â îñíîâíîì êîíöåíòðèðóåòñÿ â âåðõíåì ãîðèçîíòå. Íà ïàøíå â ðåçóëüòàòå ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè ïî÷-âû ôòîð ëåãêî ïåðåìåøèâàåòñÿ è âñëåäñòâèå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ïî÷âîé áû-ñòðåå ïåðåõîäèò â íåàêòèâíûå ôîðìû çà ñ÷åò ïðîöåññîâ àäñîðáöèè, ìè-ãðàöèè è âûíîñà ðàñòåíèÿìè (22). Õèìè÷åñêèé è ìåõàíè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ïî÷âîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä îêà-çûâàåò ñóùåñòâåííîå âëèÿíèå íà ïðîöåññû ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ôòîðà â ïî÷-âåííûõ ãîðèçîíòàõ (23). Íàéäåíî, ÷òî ñîðáöèÿ ôòîðèäîâ ïî÷âîé êîððåëè-ðóåò ñ ñîäåðæàíèåì â íåé àëþìèíèÿ è æåëåçà êàê ïîâåðõíîñòíî-àêòèâíûõ àìîðôíûõ è êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèõ ôàç (24). Ïî÷âû â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âåëè÷èíû ðÍ îáëàäàþò ðàçëè÷íîé ïîãëîòèòåëüíîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ â îòíîøåíèè ôòîðà (25, 26).  ñèëó áîëüøîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïî÷âåííûõ ìèêðîóñëîâèé ôîíîâîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ïî÷âå îáû÷íî çíà÷èòåëüíî âàðüèðóåò (27). Êàê ïðàâèëî, ôòîð ñèëüíî àäñîðáèðóåòñÿ ïî÷âîé, è âîçìîæíîñòü åãî ïîãëîùåíèÿ ðàñòåíèÿìè ñíèæàåòñÿ. Ïîýòîìó êîëè÷åñòâî âîäîðàñòâîðèìî-ãî ôòîðà â ïî÷âå — áîëåå àäåêâàòíûé ïîêàçàòåëü ñòåïåíè åâîäîðàñòâîðèìî-ãî äîñòóïíîñòè äëÿ ðàñòåíèé, ÷åì ñîäåðæàíèå îáùåãî ôòîðà. Ïðè îäíîé è òîé æå ñòåïåíè ôòîðèäíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ âûðàùèâà-íèå ðàñòåíèé íà áåäíûõ ïåñ÷àíûõ ïî÷âàõ ïðèâîäèò ê áîëüøåìó ïîãëîùå-íèþ ôòîðèäîâ (ïðè ñîïîñòàâëåíèè ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè íà áîãà-òûõ ïî÷âàõ). Ýòîò ôàêò áûë ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàí â 4-ìåñÿ÷íûõ ýêñïåðèìåí-òàõ ñ âûðàùèâàíèåì íàïåðñòÿíêè (28).  ëàáîðàòîðíûõ îïûýêñïåðèìåí-òàõ ñ êóëüòè-âèðîâàíèåì ïøåíèöû è ïëåâåëà ìåòîäîì ãèäðîïîíèêè îòìå÷åí ñèíåð-ãèçì ìåæäó êèñëîòíîñòüþ ðàñòâîðà è íàêîïëåíèåì ôòîðèäîâ â ôèòîìàñ-ñå. Êàê ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò áëàãîäàðÿ òîìó, ÷òî ïîëëþòàíò ïðè íèçêèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ðÍ íàõîäèòñÿ â äðóãîé ôîðìå è ëåã÷å ïîãëîùàåòñÿ
êëåòî÷íûìè ìåìáðàíàìè (29). Ïðàâäà, â ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ ñ ïî÷âåííîé êóëü-òóðîé íå áûëî çàìå÷åíî ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî ýôôåêòà îò ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ êè-ñëîòíîãî äîæäÿ. Âèäèìî, ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ áóôåðíîñòü ïî÷âû è ôèêñàöèÿ â íåé ôòîðèäîâ. Ãëàâíûé èñòî÷íèê ôòîðèäîâ â ïî÷âå — çàãðÿçíåííàÿ àòìîñôåðà, à íå îòìèðàþùàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíàÿ ìàññà. Òàê, íà ïðèìåðå áîðåàëüíûõ ëåñîâ ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî îòëîæåíèå ôòîðèäîâ â ïî÷âåííîì ãóìóñå èç âûïàäàþùèõ îñàäêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü â 5 ðàç èíòåíñèâíåå, ÷åì ïðè ðàçëîæåíèè ëèñòî-âîé ïîäñòèëêè. Íàêîïëåíèå ýòîãî ïîëëþòàíòà â ïî÷âå èç àòìîñôåðû ïðî-èñõîäèëî ñî ñêîðîñòüþ îò 0,15 äî 3,4 êã/ãà â ãîä, èç ðàçëàãàþùåéñÿ ïîä-ñòèëêè — âñåãî 0,01-0,72 êã/ãà â ãîä (30). Âûñîêîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ïî÷âå âûçûâàåò óãíåòåíèå åå ôåðìåí-òàòèâíîé àêòèâíîñòè, çàìåäëåíèå ðîñòà ïî÷âåííûõ ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ, ïðåä-ñòàâëÿþùèõ áîëüøèíñòâî ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï, íàðóøåíèå àçîòíîãî ðå-æèìà è â öåëîì ñíèæåíèå ïëîäîðîäèÿ ïî÷âû (31, 32). Î ï à ñ í î ñ ò ü ô ò î ð à ä ë ÿ æ è â î ò í û õ. Ôòîðèäû ïðîÿâ-ëÿþò îñòðóþ òîêñè÷íîñòü. Ïî äåñòðóêòèâíîìó äåéñòâèþ ôòîð ñòîèò íà âòîðîì ìåñòå ïîñëå ðòóòè. Ïðè ýòîì â íèçêèõ êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ ôòîðèäû ìîãóò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü çàùèòå çóáîâ îò êàðèåñà, òîãäà êàê âûñîêèå êîí-öåíòðàöèè âûçûâàþò ïîâðåæäåíèÿ çóáîâ è êîñòåé. Ôòîðèñòûé âîäîðîä è ôòîð ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñèëüíûå ðàçäðàæèòåëè äëÿ êîæè, ãëàç è äûõà-òåëüíûõ ïóòåé. Ïîëëþòàíò ñïîñîáåí íàêàïëèâàòüñÿ â ðàñòèòåëüíîì êîðìå, â ðå-çóëüòàòå ó ïîåäàþùèõ åãî æèâîòíûõ ìîæåò ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ôëóîðîç. Îá ýòîì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò ðåçóëüòàòû 5-ëåòíèõ íàáëþäåíèé, âûïîëíåííûõ â Èíäèè íà íåñêîëüêèõ òûñÿ÷àõ äîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ (îâöàõ, êîçàõ, êðóïíîì ðîãà-òîì ñêîòå), êîòîðûå íàõîäèëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ âëèÿíèÿ êðóïíåéøåãî àëþìè-íèåâîãî çàâîäà. Ïàòîëîãèè ó÷àñòêîâ ñêåëåòà èëè çóáîâ, ïðåäïîëàãàþùèå íàëè÷èå ôëóîðîçà, íàáëþäàëèñü ó 6-65 % æèâîòíûõ. Ïðè ýòîì ôòîðèäû íàêàïëèâàëèñü â ñûâîðîòêå êðîâè, ìî÷å, ìîëîêå è êîñòÿõ (7). Ñëåäóåò îò-ìåòèòü, ÷òî ó æèâîòíûõ ôòîðèäû àêêóìóëèðóþòñÿ â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü â êîñ-òÿõ èëè òâåðäûõ ïîêðîâàõ, à íå â ìÿãêèõ òêàíÿõ. Îïèñàí ñëó÷àé çíà÷èòåëüíîãî ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ôëóîðîçà ó òðàâîÿäíûõ æèâîòíûõ íà òåððèòîðèè Ìàðîêêî. Çàáîëåâàíèå áûëî âûçâàíî óïîòðåáëå-íèåì çàãðÿçíåííîãî ïûëüþ êîðìà (íåîòìûòàÿ ñîëîìà ÿ÷ìåíÿ) ñ âûñîêèì ñîäåðæàíèåì ôòîðèäîâ. Õèìè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîêàçàë, ÷òî îòìûòûå îáðàç-öû ñîëîìû è öåëûõ ðàñòåíèé ÿ÷ìåíÿ ñîäåðæàëè ìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî òîê-ñèêàíòà, ÷åì íåîòìûòûå (33). Ïîåäàíèå çàãðÿçíåííûõ ôòîðèäàìè ðàñòå-íèé è âäûõàíèå ýòîãî ïîëëþòàíòà ñ âîçäóõîì îáóñëîâèëè âûñîêîå ñóòî÷-íîå ïîãëîùåíèå ôòîðèäîâ æèâîòíûìè, ÷òî ïðîÿâëÿëîñü â ïðèçíàêàõ çóá-íîãî ôëóîðîçà (15). Òîêñèêàíò ìîæåò ïîïàäàòü èç çàãðÿçíåííîé ïî÷âû â îáèòàþùèõ â íåé áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ. Âûñîêîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ïî÷âàõ (10 ã/êã) ïðè-âåëî ê ïîâûøåííîìó íàêîïëåíèþ ýòîãî ýëåìåíòà â ðàñòèòåëüíîì îïàäå (4 ã/êã), â òêàíÿõ ó áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ (0,4-4 ã/êã), à òàêæå ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïè-òàþùèõ Microtus agrestis (0,12-0,36 ã/êã) è Sorex araneus (0,14-0,25 ã/êã). Ïðè ýòîì ó M. agrestis îáíàðóæèëè ôëóîðîç çóáîâ (34). Âûÿâëåíà ñèëüíàÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó êîëè÷åñòâîì ôòîðà â ïî÷âå, ëèñòîâîì îïàäå è ìîêðèöàõ. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå è ìèíèìàëüíîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â òêàíÿõ ó ìîêðèö ðàçëè÷àëîñü â 50 ðàç (35). Èññëåäî-âàíèå ðàçíûõ ãðóïï áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ, ñîáðàííûõ íà òåððèòîðèè âîêðóã àëþìèíèåâîãî çàâîäà, ïîêàçàëî ïîâûøåíèå àêêóìóëÿöèè ïîëëþòàíòà.
Ñà-ïðîôèòû, äâóïàðíîíîãèå è ìîêðèöû íàêàïëèâàëè íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ôòîðà (ïðèìåðíî 1,1 ã/êã). Çà íèìè ñëåäîâàëè õèùíûå ïàóêè (ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà — 0,4 ã/êã), ñëèçíè è óëèòêè (0,2 ã/êã), ïèòàþùèåñÿ ðàçëàãàþùèìñÿ è ñâåæèì ðàñòèòåëüíûì ìàòåðèàëîì, ÷åðâè (0,18 ã/êã), ïîòðåáëÿþùèå îð-ãàíè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë ïî÷âû, âñåÿäíûå æóêè (50 ìã/êã). Òðàâÿíûå êóçíå-÷èêè ñîäåðæàëè íàèìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ôòîðà (îêîëî 20 ìã/êã) (2). Ó êðî-òîâ è îáûêíîâåííûõ çåìëåðîåê â òêàíÿõ íàêàïëèâàëîñü âûñîêîå êîëè÷åñò-âî ôòîðà (äî 1,4 ã/êã) (36). Èñòî÷íèêîì ïîñòóïëåíèÿ ôòîðà â îðãàíèçì ÷åëîâåêà ìîãóò áûòü ïèùåâûå ïðîäóêòû è ïèòüåâàÿ âîäà. Òàê, ëèñòüÿ ÷àÿ, ïðîèçðàñòàþùåãî íà òåððèòîðèè êèòàéñêîãî Òèáåòà, ñïîñîáíû àêêóìóëèðîâàòü ôòîð â îãðîì-íûõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ — äî 500-600 ìã/êã (37).  ïðîöåññå ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ ÷àé-íîãî íàïèòêà ôòîðèäû ëåãêî ïåðåõîäÿò èç ëèñòüåâ â âîäíûé ðàñòâîð. Ïðè ýòîì îòìå÷åíà ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó ñîäåðæàíèåì ôòîðèäîâ â ëèñòüÿõ è èõ âîçðàñòîì (38). Ï î ã ë î ù å í è å ô ò î ð à ð à ñ ò å í è ÿ ì è. Õèìè÷åñêèé ýëå-ìåíò ôòîð íå îòíîñèòñÿ ê íåîáõîäèìûì äëÿ ðîñòà ðàñòåíèé è ìîæåò áûòü òîêñè÷íûì äëÿ íèõ ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêèõ êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ. Ïîãëîùåíèå ôòîðèäîâ ðàñòåíèÿìè ïðèâîäèò ê ïîâðåæäåíèþ ïîñëåäíèõ. Äëÿ òîãî ÷òî-áû îöåíèòü ïîòåíöèàëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå ôòîðèäîâ íà ðàñòèòåëüíûå îðãàíèç-ìû, íåîáõîäèìî ïîíÿòü ìåõàíèçîðãàíèç-ìû, ïîñðåäñòâîì êîòîðûõ âîçäóøíûå ïîë-ëþòàíòû ïîïàäàþò â ðàñòåíèÿ è ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ â íèõ.  îñíîâíîì ôòî-ðèäû ïðîíèêàþò ÷åðåç óñòüèöà è êóòèêóëó íà ëèñòîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, à òàêæå ÷åðåç êîðíåâóþ ñèñòåìó (39). Ðåçóëüòàòû êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè âíåøíèõ ìå-õàíèçìîâ ïîñòóïëåíèÿ ôòîðèäîâ â ëèñòüÿ, âûïîëíåííîãî íà âèäàõ-êñåðî-ôèòàõ, ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ïîãëîùåíèå ïðîèñõîäèò ÷åðåç âíåøíþþ ëèñòîâóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü, çàòåì îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ìåäëåííûé ïðîöåññ äèôôóçèè â ìåçî-ôèëë, êîòîðûé ðåãóëèðóåòñÿ âåëè÷èíîé âîäíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà ïîêðîâíûõ òêàíåé. Ïðè ýòîì â ïîäóñòüè÷íûõ ïîëîñòÿõ ôòîðèäû íå íàêàïëèâàëèñü. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ïðåäïîëîæèëè, ÷òî ïîãëîùåíèå ãàçîîáðàçíûõ ôðàêöèé ÷å-ðåç óñòüèöà ó êñåðîôèòîâ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ìàëîé âåëè÷èíîé (40). Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïîâûøåíèå çàñóõîóñòîé÷èâîñòè ó òàêèõ âèäîâ îáåñïå-÷èâàåòñÿ ñïåöèàëüíîé àíàòîìî-ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðîé ëèñòüåâ (óñòü-èöà ïîãðóæåíû, âîêðóã íèõ èìååòñÿ îïóøåíèå). Ê òîìó æå áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü âðåìåíè óñòüèöà çàêðûòû. Ó ðàñòåíèé-ìåçîôèòîâ ôòîðèäû â îñíîâíîì ïðîíèêàþò â ëèñòîâûå òêàíè ÷åðåç óñòüèöà, ÷òî áûëî äîêàçàíî â ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíè-åì ñòàíäàðòíîãî äëÿ áèîèíäèêàöèè âèäà Lolium multiflorum (41). Îáðàáîòêà (îáìûâàíèå) ëèñòüåâ âîäîé ñíèæàëà ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðèäîâ â áèîìàññå íà 22 %. Ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, ýòèì ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî îñíîâíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîëëþòàíòà íàõîäèëîñü íå ñíàðóæè, à âíóòðè ëèñòà, êóäà ôòî-ðèäû ïîïàëè ÷åðåç óñòüèöà. Ðàñòåíèÿ ñïîñîáíû ïîãëîùàòü ôòîðèäû íå òîëüêî íàäçåìíîé ÷à-ñòüþ, íî è ÷åðåç êîðíåâóþ ñèñòåìó. Íàëè÷èå ïîâûøåííûõ êîíöåíòðàöèé ôòîðèäîâ â ïî÷âåííîì ðàñòâîðå óêàçûâàåò íà âîçìîæíîñòü ïîãëîùåíèÿ ýòîãî ïîëëþòàíòà êîðíÿìè èç ïî÷âû íà çàãðÿçíåííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (6).  êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ óñëîâèÿõ êóëüòèâèðîâàíèÿ ìåòîäîì ãèäðîïîíèêè áûëî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêîé êîíöåíòðàöèè ôòîðà â ïèòàòåëü-íîì ðàñòâîðå (15 ìã/ë) ñîäåðæàíèå ýòîãî ýëåìåíòà â ñòåáëÿõ, ëèñòüÿõ è êîðíÿõ êèòàéñêîé êàïóñòû âîçðàñòàëî áîëåå ÷åì â 300 ðàç ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîíòðîëåì (42). Ïîñëå ïîãëîùåíèÿ èç ïî÷âû ôòîðèäû àêêóìóëèðóþòñÿ â
êîðíÿõ è âîçäóõîíîñíûõ òêàíÿõ. Ïàññèâíîå ïîãëîùåíèå ïîëëþòàíòà êîð-íåâîé ñèñòåìîé ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ åãî íàêîïëåíèåì â àïîïëàñòå, àêêóìóëÿ-öèÿ ôòîðèäîâ â ñòåáëÿõ è ëèñòüÿõ òðåáóåò àêòèâíîãî òðàíñïîðòíîãî ìåõà-íèçìà (P. Venkateswarlu et al., 1965; öèò. ïî 43). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìåõàíèçìû ïîñòóïëåíèÿ ôòîðèäîâ â ðàñòåíèå âè-äîñïåöèôè÷íû. Åñëè ôòîðèäû ïîãëîùàþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì íàäçåìíîé ÷à-ñòüþ ðàñòåíèé (èç àòìîñôåðíîãî âîçäóõà), òî íàêîïëåíèå ýòîãî ïîëëþòàí-òà â ôèòîìàññå áóäåò ñèëüíåå çàâèñåòü îò ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî èñòî÷íèêà çàãðÿç-íåíèÿ, ÷åì îò ñîäåðæàíèÿ â ïî÷âå. Ïîäîáíûé ôàêò ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî ïîä-òâåðæäåí íà äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèÿõ-áèîèíäèêàòîðàõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè íà áåðåçå (4). Åñëè æå ôòîðèäû ïîñòóïàþò ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ÷åðåç êîðíè, òî äîëæíà ñóùåñòâîâàòü ñâÿçü ìåæäó íàêîïëåíèåì ýòîãî ïîëëþòàíòà â ðàñòåíèÿõ è åãî êîëè÷åñòâîì â ïî÷âå. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ýòî íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà ðàéãðàñå (44) è ðàçëè÷íûõ òðàâÿíèñòûõ ðàñòåíèÿõ (10). Áîëåå òîãî, â ëèòåðàòóðå äî-êàçûâàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ âåðîÿòíîñòü ïðåäñêàçàíèÿ ñòåïåíè çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ôòîðîì ñóõîé ìàññû ðàçíîòðàâüÿ íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ î ñîäåðæàíèè ýòîãî òîêñè-êàíòà â ïî÷âå (11). Êàê îòìå÷àåòñÿ, ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ïî÷âå ñòàëî ñâîåîá-ðàçíûì ìàðêåðîì è âî ìíîãîì îïðåäåëÿåò âîçìîæíîñòü ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû ïîëó÷åíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêè ÷èñòîé ïî ôòîðó ïðîäóêöèè íà ïî÷âàõ ñ ðàçíîé ñòåïåíüþ çàãðÿçíåíèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ïîçâîëÿåò ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü çàãðÿçíåíèå òåõ èëè èíûõ ðàñòåíèé ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè (18). Ïî-âèäèìîìó, èìååòñÿ îïðåäåëåííàÿ çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó ñïîñîáîì ïîãëîùåíèÿ ôòîðèäîâ ðàñòåíèÿìè è æèçíåííîé ôîðìîé (ãàáèòóñîì) ïî-ñëåäíèõ: ïðè íàëè÷èè áîëüøîé ïðèåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè (êðîíà äðåâåñíûõ) îñíîâíîå êîëè÷åñòâî òîêñèêàíòà ïîãëîùàåòñÿ ëèñòüÿìè èç àòìîñôåðû (45), òîãäà êàê ó ôîðì ñ íåáîëüøîé íàäçåìíîé ÷àñòüþ (òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ) ïîëëþòàíò ïîñòóïàåò èç ïî÷âû ÷åðåç êîðíè (46).  ë è ÿ í è å ô ò î ð à í à ð à ñ ò å í è ÿ. Ôòîð ñ÷èòàåòñÿ íàèáî-ëåå ôèòîòîêñè÷íûì âîçäóøíûì ìèêðîïîëëþòàíòîì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðó-ãèìè çàãðÿçíÿþùèìè âåùåñòâàìè, òàêèìè êàê îêèñü óãëåðîäà, ñåðíèñòûé ãàç, äâóîêèñü àçîòà (47). Ïîýòîìó âîïðîñû âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé ôòîðà, íàõî-äÿùåãîñÿ â îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå, è ðàñòåíèé øèðîêî îáñóæäàþòñÿ â ëèòåðà-òóðå (48-50). Ó îäíèõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ âèäîâ íàêîïëåíèå áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñò-âà ôòîðèäîâ â ëèñòüÿõ ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îñòðûì ïðîÿâëåíèåì ïîâðåæäåíèé, ó äðóãèõ — âèçóàëüíûõ ñèìïòîìîâ îòðàâëåíèÿ íå îòìå÷àåòñÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà âûñîêóþ èíòåíñèâíîñòü àêêóìóëÿöèè òîêñèêàíòà â òêàíÿõ. Ñòåïåíü ïðî-ÿâëåíèÿ ïîâðåæäåíèé ìåíÿåòñÿ â øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ ó ðàçíûõ èíäèâèäóó-ìîâ èëè äàæå ó îäíîãî ðàñòåíèÿ â ðàçíûõ ëèñòüÿõ. Åñëè ðàñòåíèÿ íàêàï-ëèâàþò èçáûòî÷íîå êîëè÷åñòâî ôòîðà, ìîæåò íàñòóïèòü êðàåâîé è ìåæ-æèëêîâûé õëîðîç ëèñòüåâ, à â äàëüíåéøåì íåêðîç è óñûõàíèå. Êàê ïðàâè-ëî, ãàçîóñòîé÷èâîñòü ó ðàñòåíèé — ýòî êîìïëåêñíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà. Íà-ïðèìåð, óñòîé÷èâûå ê ñåðíèñòîìó ãàçó äðåâåñíûå ïîðîäû (âÿç, ëîõ, êëåí) îäíîâðåìåííî óñòîé÷èâû ê âîçäåéñòâèþ õëîðà, ôòîðà, äèîêñèäà àçîòà (51).
Íà äâóõ òðàâÿíèñòûõ òðîïè÷åñêèõ âèäàõ Panicum maximum è Chloris
gayana áûëè îïèñàíû ñèìïòîìû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ðàñòåíèé ôòîðîì, êîòîðûå âûðàæàëèñü â âûñîêîé óòå÷êå ýëåêòðîëèòîâ. Íàéäåííàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó îáùåé èîííîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòüþ è ñîäåðæàíèåì ôòîðà â ëèñòüÿõ óêàçûâàëà íà âëèÿíèå ïîëëþòàíòà íà ñòðóêòóðíóþ öåëîñòíîñòü è ôóíêöèè êëåòî÷íûõ ìåìáðàí. Ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ëèñòüåâ (ïî ïëîùàäè íåêðîòè÷åñêèõ ïÿòåí) ó âèäîâ ðàçëè÷àëèñü: îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî Panicum maximum ÷óâñòâèòåëüíåå ê òîêñèêàí-òó, ÷åì Chloris gayana. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè ñóùåñòâåííûõ ðàçëè÷èé ìåæäó âèäàìè â îòíîøåíèè èíòåíñèâíîñòè
ôîòî-ñèíòåçà, óñòüè÷íîé ïðîâîäèìîñòè, òðàíñïèðàöèè, ôëóîðåñöåíöèè è ñîäåð-æàíèÿ õëîðîôèëëà â ëèñòüÿõ (52). Âûñîêîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ïî÷âå èíäóöèðîâàëî õëîðîç èëè íåê-ðîç êðàåâ ëèñòüåâ ó ÿñåíÿ ëàíöåòíîãî, òþëüïàííîãî äåðåâà è êèïàðèñà áî-ëîòíîãî.  ýòèõ æå óñëîâèÿõ ãèáðèäíàÿ èâà, ïëàòàí è èâà ÷åðíàÿ ïîêàçû-âàëè âûñîêóþ èíòåíñèâíîñòü òðàíñïèðàöèè è ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà êîðíåé (43). Ðàñòåíèÿ ñïîñîáíû ïîâûøàòü óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê çàãðÿçíåíèþ îêðó-æàþùåé ñðåäû ôòîðèäàìè íå òîëüêî â òå÷åíèå âåãåòàöèè (íàïðèìåð, ñâÿ-çûâàÿ ïîëëþòàíò ñ ïîìîùüþ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ñîåäèíåíèé â êëåòêå) (53), íî è çà ñ÷åò ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ áîëåå ïðèñïîñîáëåííîãî ê ôòîðèäàì ñåìåííîãî ïîòîìñòâà (29). Íà ïîñëåäíåå óêàçûâàþò ðåçóëüòàòû îïûòîâ ñ ñåìåíàìè Plantago lanceolata, êîòîðûå áûëè ñîáðàíû íà ðàçíîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò çàâîäà, çàãðÿçíÿþùåãî ñðåäó ôòîðèäàìè. Ðàñòåíèÿ, âûðàùåííûå èç ñîáðàííûõ âîç-ëå çàâîäà ñåìÿí, ðîñëè ìåäâîç-ëåííåå âûðàùåííûõ èç ñåìÿí, êîòîðûå ïîëó÷è-ëè â îòñóòñòâèå ïîëëþòàíòà. Ïðè ýòîì ïåðâûå ðîñïîëó÷è-ëè áûñòðåå â ïðèñóòñò-âèè ôòîðèäà â ïî÷âå. Ðàçíûå âèäû ðàñòåíèé îáëàäàþò íåîäèíàêîâîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ê íà-êîïëåíèþ ôòîðà (òàáë.). Ðåêîðäñìåíîì ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ÷àé (Camellia sinensis), ðàñòåíèÿ êîòîðîãî ñïîñîáíû àêêóìóëèðîâàòü óêàçàííûé ïîëþòàíò â ëè-ñòüÿõ (äî 4000 ìã/êã) ïðè îòñóòñòâèè âèçóàëüíûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ïîâðåæäåíèé (Z.M. Xie et al., 2001; öèò. ïî 43). Èç èçó÷åííûõ A.M.D. Junior ñ ñîàâò. (54) âîñüìè òðàâÿíèñòûõ âèäîâ (Baccaharis dracunculifolia, Bidens pilosa, Borreria
verticillata, Calopogonium mucunoides, Erigeron bonariensis, Hedychium coronar-ium, Ipomoea purpurea è Ipomoea cairica) âûäåëèëèñü äâå ãðóïïû — ñèëüíûõ
(Baccaharis dracunculifolia, Bidens pilosa) è ñëàáûõ (Ipomoea cairica,
Hedy-chium coronarium, Borreria verticillata) àêêóìóëÿòîðîâ ôòîðèäîâ. Ñëåäóåò
ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî â íàäçåìíîé ÷àñòè áèîìàññû Baccaharis dracunculifolia íàêîïëåíèå ôòîðà äîñòèãàëî 1500 ìã/êã áåç êàêèõ-ëèáî ïðèçíàêîâ ïî-âðåæäåíèÿ ðàñòåíèé. Ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà (ìã/êã ñóõîé ìàññû) â ïî÷âå è â íàäçåìíîé ÷àñòè áèîìàññû ó ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ðàñòåíèé Âèä ðàñòåíèÿ Ïî÷âà Íàäçåìíàÿ ÷àñòü ðàñòåíèÿ Ññûëêà ëèòåðàòóðû Ïøåíèöà 45,0 14,9 ß÷ìåíü 62,5 26,2 Îâåñ 110,0 74,0 Êîñòåð áåçîñòûé 110,0 75,0 Ëþöåðíà 100,0 61,0 Âîëîñíåö 500,0 117,0 Ðàçíîòðàâüå 210,0 158,0 (11) Òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ 824,0 257,0-621,0 Òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ 298,0 64,0-144,0 Òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ 95,0-109,0 8,0-15,0 (10) Òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ 10000 300,0-1000 (34) Baccaharis dracunculifolia – 1500 (54) Ñðåäíåå äëÿ 75 âèäîâ ñàäîâûõ ðàñòåíèé – 3725 (55)
Oryza sativa, Cynodon dactylon 0,3-2,0 2,9-100,6 (7)
Òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ – 700 (15) Áåðåçà – 963 (4) Ðàçíîòðàâüå – 10-10000 (1) Ï ð è ì å ÷ à í è å. Ïðî÷åðêè îçíà÷àþò, ÷òî äàííûå íå ïðèâåäåíû.  îïûòàõ ñ ðàñòåíèÿìè ðàéãðàñà, âûðàùèâàåìûìè íà îòõîäàõ, ñî-äåðæàùèõ ôòîðèäû, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî, ÷òî êàæäîå óâåëè÷åíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ïîëëþòàíòà â ïî÷âå íà 100 ìã/êã ïîâûøàëî íàêîïëåíèå ôòîðà â íàäçåì-íîé ÷àñòè ðàñòåíèé íà 18 ìã/êã (â ðàñ÷åòå íà ñóõóþ ìàññó) ïðè ïåðâîì óêîñå, íà 8 ìã/êã — ïðè âòîðîì è íà 5 ìã/êã — ïðè òðåòüåì (44).
Ñóììè-ðîâàíèå ýòèõ çíà÷åíèé ïðèâîäèò ê ðåçóëüòàòó, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþùåìó î íà-êîïëåíèè â íàäçåìíîé áèîìàññå çà âåãåòàöèþ ñóùåñòâåííîé äîëè îò âíî-ñèìîãî â ïî÷âó ôòîðà — ñâûøå 30 %. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûå íà äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèÿõ ïðè âûñîêîì ñîäåðæàíèè ôòîðà â ïî÷âå, ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ïîëëþòàíò çíà÷èòåëüíî íàêàï-ëèâàëñÿ â ëèñòüÿõ èâû. Êîëè÷åñòâî ôòîðà â ïî÷âå ìîæåò áûòü ñíèæåíî çà ñ÷åò âûíîñà ïîëëþòàíòà ñ îò÷óæäàåìîé áèîìàññîé ðàñòåíèé (43). Ñîäåð-æàíèå ôòîðèäîâ â ëèñòîâûõ òêàíÿõ òóòîâîãî äåðåâà ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî ïî-âûøàëîñü ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì êîëè÷åñòâà ïîëëþòàíòà â ïî÷âå è äîñòèãàëî çíà-÷èòåëüíûõ âåëè÷èí — îêîëî 80 ìã/êã (56). Ô è ò î ð å ì å ä è à ö è ÿ ê à ê ò å õ í î ë î ã è ÿ ñ í è æ å í è ÿ ñ î ä å ð æ à í è ÿ ô ò î ð à â ï î ÷ â å. ×òîáû îñòàíîâèòü íàêîïëåíèå ôòîðà â ïî÷âå â çîíå òåõíîãåííîãî âëèÿíèÿ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, ïðîèçâîäÿùèõ âûáðîñû ýòîãî ïîëëþòàíòà, íåîáõîäèìî, âî-ïåðâûõ, óñî-âåðøåíñòâîâàòü òåõíîëîãèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà (ñ ïîâûøåíèåì ñòåïåíè î÷èñò-êè ïðîìûøëåííûõ âîçäóøíûõ âûáðîñîâ), âî-âòîðûõ, ïðîâîäèòü õèìè÷å-ñêóþ äåçàêòèâàöèþ ôòîðà â ïî÷âå (íàïðèìåð, ñ ïîìîùüþ èçâåñòêîâàíèÿ èëè ãèïñîâàíèÿ) (57, 58), â-òðåòüèõ, ïðèìåíÿòü ýôôåêòèâíûå ñïîñîáû î÷è-ñòêè ãðóíòîâûõ âîä îò ôòîðèäîâ (â ÷àñòíîñòè, ìåìáðàííóþ òåõíîëîãèþ) (59) è, â-÷åòâåðòûõ, èñïîëüçîâàòü âîçìîæíîñòè åñòåñòâåííûõ ïîãëîòèòåëåé ïîëëþòàíòà — ïî÷âåííûõ ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ è âûñøèõ ðàñòåíèé. Ôèòîðåìåäèàöèÿ — ñîâðåìåííûé íèçêîçàòðàòíûé ïðèåì âîññòàíîâ-ëåíèÿ çàãðÿçíåííûõ ïî÷â çà ñ÷åò ýíåðãèè Ñîëíöà. Îíà ìîæåò èñïîëüçî-âàòüñÿ äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ èîíîâ òÿæåëûõ ìåòàëëîâ, ïåñòèöèäîâ, ðàñòâîðèòåëåé, íåôòåïðîäóêòîâ, ïîëèöèêëè÷åñêèõ àðîìàòè÷åñêèõ óãëåâîäîðîäîâ è äðóãèõ ïîëëþòàíòîâ èç çàãðÿçíåííîé ïî÷âû è ãðóíòîâûõ âîä. Ýòî ðàçâèâàþùèéñÿ ïîäõîä, ýôôåêòèâíûé êàê äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåì çàãðÿçíåííûõ ñåëüñêîõî-çÿéñòâåííûõ çåìåëü, òàê è ïðè áîëåå èíòåíñèâíîì çàãðÿçíåíèè òåððèòîðèé, íà êîòîðûå âîçäåéñòâóþò èíäóñòðèàëüíûå âûáðîñû. Ôèòîðåìåäèàöèÿ áàçèðóåòñÿ íà ñïîñîáíîñòè ðàñòåíèé ïîãëîùàòü èç ïî÷âû èîíû ìåòàëëîâ è îïðåäåëåííûå îðãàíè÷åñêèå âåùåñòâà, ÷àñòè÷-íî ðàñòâîðèìûå â âîäå; èñïîëüçîâàòü ôåðìåíòû äëÿ ðàñùåïëåíèÿ ñëîæíûõ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ìîëåêóë äî ïðîñòûõ (â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå äî ÑÎ2 è âîäû); àê-êóìóëèðîâàòü èëè ïðåâðàùàòü õèìè÷åñêèå âåùåñòâà ïîñðåäñòâîì ìåòàáî-ëèçìà, ëèãíèôèêàöèè, ìèíåðàëèçàöèè, ïåðåâîäà â ãàçîîáðàçíûå ñîåäèíå-íèÿ (òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ äî ÑÎ2 è âîäû); ïîâûøàòü ñîäåðæàíèå óãëåðîäà â ïî÷-âå êîðíåâîé çîíû ÷åðåç ýêñêðåöèþ õèìè÷åñêèõ ïî÷-âåùåñòâ (êîðíåâûõ ýêññóäà-òîâ), ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê óñèëåíèþ àêòèâíîñòè ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ; äîáûâàòü ïîä-çåìíóþ âîäó (äàæå çàãðÿçíåííóþ) è óòèëèçèðîâàòü åå äëÿ ñâîèõ íóæä. Áîëüøèíñòâî òèïîâ ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè âêëþ÷àþò ôèòîèçîëÿöèþ (ïî-ãëîùåíèå, êîíöåíòðèðîâàíèå è îñàæäåíèå ïîëëþòàíòîâ êîðíÿìè ðàñòå-íèé, óìåíüøåíèå èõ ïîäâèæíîñòè è ïðåäîõðàíåíèå îò ìèãðàöèè â ãðóíòî-âûå âîäû, àòìîñôåðíûé âîçäóõ èëè ïèùåâóþ öåïü); ôèòîýêñòðàêöèþ (àê-êóìóëÿöèÿ ïîëëþòàíòîâ â ñîçðåâøèõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ òêàíÿõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ñòåá-ëè è ñòåá-ëèñòüÿ); ôèòîäåãðàäàöèþ (ðàçðóøåíèå ñëîæíûõ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ìîëå-êóë äî ïðîñòûõ è ââåäåíèå ýòèõ ìîëåìîëå-êóë â òêàíè ðàñòåíèé); ðèçîäåãðàäà-öèþ, èëè ñâÿçàííóþ ñ ðàñòåíèÿìè áèîðåìåäèàöèþ (ñòèìóëÿöèÿ ðàáîòû áàêòåðèé è ãðèáîâ çà ñ÷åò âûäåëÿåìûõ êîðíÿìè ýêññóäàòîâ).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâóþò òðè ãëàâíûå ñòðàòåãèè â ôèòîýêñ-òðàêöèè íåîðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ èç ïî÷â: ïåðâàÿ ïðåäïîëàãàåò èñïîëüçî-âàíèå ïðèðîäíûõ ãèïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðîâ, âòîðàÿ — óñèëåíèå ïîãëîùåíèÿ
ïîë-ëþòàíòîâ âèäàìè ðàñòåíèé ñ áîëüøîé áèîìàññîé è òðåòüÿ — ôèòîèñïàðå-íèå ýëåìåíòîâ, êîòîðîå ÷àñòî âêëþ÷àåò ïðåâðàùåôèòîèñïàðå-íèå õèìè÷åñêèõ ôîðì âíóòðè ðàñòåíèÿ, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå èõ âûäåëåíèþ â àòìîñôåðó (60). Ôèòîðåìåäèàöèÿ ìîæåò ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ äëÿ ñíèæåíèÿ çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ïî÷âû îò íåôòåïðîäóêòîâ (61), òÿæåëûõ ìåòàëëîâ è ðàäèîíóêëèäîâ (60), ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêîé ñòåïåíè çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ïî÷â ôòîðîì (43). Ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ïðèìåðû ðåàëèçàöèè ïîäîáíîãî ïîäõîäà ñëåäóþùèå: ïîêàçàíà ôèòîðåìåäèàöèÿ âîäû îò èíäóñòðèàëüíûõ çàãðÿçíåíèé ïðè ïî-ìîùè âîäíîãî ãèàöèíòà è âîäíîãî êàøòàíà (62); ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàíà ôè-òîðåìåäèàöèÿ âîäû îò èíäóñòðèàëüíûõ çàãðÿçíåíèé (íàïðèìåð, ôåíîëà) ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè êîðíåé ðàñòåíèé èëè ýíçèìîâ êàê íåäîðîãîé ñèñòåìû î÷èñòêè îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû (63); îïèñàíî óñèëåíèå ðàçëîæåíèÿ ôåíàí-òðåíà â ïî÷âàõ ñ ðàñòåíèÿìè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïî÷âîé áåç ðàñòåíèé (64). Ïðè ýòîì äëÿ ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè ïî÷âû, çàãðÿçíåííîé íåôòåïðîäóêòàìè, ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàí ýôôåêò ðèçîñôåðû (65). Äåãèäðîãåíàçíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü è äåãðàäàöèÿ ïîëëþòàíòîâ â ðèçîñôåðå áûëà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî â 1,6-2,2 è 3-4 ðàçà èíòåíñèâíåå, ÷åì â îòñóòñòâèå ðàñòåíèé. Ï ð è å ì û ï î â û ø å í è ÿ ý ô ô å ê ò è â í î ñ ò è ô è ò î ð å- ì å ä è à ö è è. Íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ ëèòåðàòóðû, îïóáëèêîâàííûõ ïî ýòîé ïðîáëåìå, ïðè ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè íàäçåìíóþ ìàññó òðàâÿíèñòûõ ðàñòå-íèé ñëåäóåò ñêàøèâàòü, ñîáèðàòü è ñêëàäèðîâàòü â äîëãîâðåìåííûå õðàíè-ëèùà ñ íàäåæíîé ãèäðîèçîëÿöèåé, íå ñêàðìëèâàÿ æèâîòíûì. Öåëåñîîá-ðàçíî ñêàøèâàòü ðàñòåíèÿ îäèí ðàç â êîíöå âåãåòàöèîííîãî ïåðèîäà. Íàä-çåìíàÿ ÷àñòü áèîìàññû (êàê è àêêóìóëÿöèÿ ôòîðà) ïðè ýòîì áóäåò íàè-áîëüøåé. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî òàêîé ïîäõîä ê ðåøåíèþ çàäà÷è ñíèæåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ôòîðà â ïî÷âàõ, êàê è ëþáîé äðóãîé, èìååò ñâîè ïëþñû è ìèíóñû. Îïè-ñàííàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêè ÷èñòàÿ, íî âåñüìà âûñîêîçàòðàòíàÿ èç-çà áîëüøèõ êàïèòàëüíûõ âëîæåíèé â ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ñïåöèàëüíûõ õðàíèëèù. Ñëåäóåò èñïîëüçîâàòü âèäû, áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíî íàêàïëèâàþùèå ôòîð (ðàñòåíèÿ-ãèïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðû). Èçâåñòíû óñòîé÷èâûå âèäû ðàñòåíèé, êî-òîðûå ìîãóò áåç âðåäà íàêàïëèâàòü ôòîð äî çíà÷åíèé 1000-1500 ìã/êã, ó äðóãèõ âèäîâ õëîðîç îòìå÷àåòñÿ óæå ïðè 120 ìã/êã (54). Ïðè ýòîì ïîãëîòè-òåëüíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðàñòåíèé (ñîîòíîøåíèå ïëîùàäè ïîâåðõíîñòè ëèñ-òà ê åãî îáúåìó è èíäåêñ ëèñòîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè) â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè îïðåäåëÿþò íàêîïëåíèå ôòîðèäîâ èç âîçäóõà. Ñòðóêòóðà ëèñòà äîëæíà ïðè-íèìàòüñÿ âî âíèìàíèå, êîãäà ñðàâíèâàþò ñîäåðæàíèå ôòîðà â ëèñòüÿõ ó ðàçíûõ âèäîâ (4). Êðîìå ïîäáîðà âèäîâ-ãèïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðîâ, âîçìîæíî ïðèìåíåíèå ñåëåêöèîííûõ ìåòîäîâ äëÿ îòáîðà ôîðì ñ íàèáîëüøåé ïðî-äóêòèâíîñòüþ â óñëîâèÿõ ôòîðèäíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ïî÷âû. Ïîëó÷åíèå òðàíñãåííûõ ðàñòåíèé — ýòî åùå îäèí ïîäõîä ïðè ïî-âûøåíèè ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè (66). Èäåàëüíîå ðàñòåíèå äëÿ î÷èñòêè îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû äîëæíî îáëàäàòü âûñîêîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòüþ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ òîëåðàíòíîñòüþ ê çàãðÿçíèòåëÿì, õîðîøåé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ê íà-êîïëåíèþ è/èëè äåãðàäàöèè ïîëëþòàíòà (â çàâèñèìîñòè îò åãî òèïà è âû-áîðà òåõíîëîãèè ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè). Òèïè÷íûé ïðèìåð ïîâûøåíèÿ íàêîï-ëåíèÿ ìåòàëëîâ ðàñòåíèÿìè êàê ðåçóëüòàò ãåííî-èíæåíåðíîé òåõíîëîãèè — óñèëåíèå àêêóìóëÿöèè ìåòàëëîâ ðàñòåíèÿìè â 2-3 ðàçà (67). Ðàçðàáîòàíû òðàíñãåííûå òåõíîëîãèè ïîëó÷åíèÿ ðàñòåíèé äëÿ ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè ñ öåëüþ î÷èñòêè ïî÷âû îò çàãðÿçíåíèé ðòóòüþ è ìûøüÿêîì (66). Ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè ðàäè íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî óêàçàííûé ïîäõîä ê ïîâûøåíèþ ýôôåê-òèâíîñòè ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè îòíîñèòñÿ ê âåñüìà çàòðàòíûì, ïîñêîëüêó òðå-áóåò íàëè÷èÿ îñíàùåííûõ ñîâðåìåííûì îáîðóäîâàíèåì íàó÷íûõ
ëàáîðà-òîðèé è îáåñïå÷åííîñòè ñïåöèàëèñòàìè âûñî÷àéøåãî êëàññà. Ïðè âûðàùèâàíèè ðàñòåíèé öåëåñîîáðàçíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ýôôåê-òèâíûå ðèçîñôåðíûå áàêòåðèè, à òàêæå ãðèáû. Ïîëîæèòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå ðèçîñôåðíûõ áàêòåðèé è ãðèáîâ-ñèìáèîíòîâ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïîâûøåíèè ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ðàñòåíèé, óñòîé÷èâîñòè èõ ê çàñóõå, óâåëè÷åíèè ôèêñàöèè àçîòà áîáîâûìè, óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê íåìàòîäàì, óñèëåíèè ïîãëîùåíèÿ ôîñôî-ðà (68-70).  ýòîé ñâÿçè îòìåòèì óñïåøíûå îïûòû, ïðîâåäåííûå â Íîâîé Çåëàíäèè ñ èíîêóëÿöèåé ðàéãðàñà ìíîãîëåòíåãî è êëåâåðà áåëîãî ãðèáàìè, çàâåçåííûìè èç Àíãëèè (71). Áàêòåðèè, óëó÷øàþùèå ðîñò ðàñòåíèé (îñî-áåííî â ñòðåññîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ), ìîãóò áûòü ââåäåíû â êîðíåâóþ çîíó. Òàêèå áàêòåðèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, îòîáðàíû äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ðàñòåíèé æåëåçîì èç ïî÷âû. ×èñòûé ýôôåêò îò èõ äîáàâëåíèÿ ñîñòîèò â çíà÷èòåëüíîì óâåëè-÷åíèè êîëè÷åñòâà áèîìàññû, êîòîðóþ ðàñòåíèÿ ñïîñîáíû íàêîïèòü (72). Ïðè ýòîì èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ñåëåêöèè ìèêðîáíûõ èçîëÿòîâ èç ðèçîñôåðû ðàñòåíèé, ðàñòóùèõ íà çàãðÿçíåííûõ ïî÷âàõ (73), à òàêæå ïî îïòèìèçàöèè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó ðàñòåíèÿìè è ìèêðîîðãà-íèçìàìè (74). Äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ çà ñîäåðæàíèåì ôòîðà â ïî÷âå è ïîâûøåíèÿ äîâåðèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ ê ìåðàì ìîíèòîðèíãà ýìèññèè ôòîðèäîâ è íàêîïëåíèÿ ïîëëþ-òàíòà öåëåñîîáðàçíî ïðèìåíÿòü áèîèíäèêàòîðû (75-78). Èòàê, èñòî÷íèêîì çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ôòîðîì ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ñëóæèò ïðîèçâîäñòâî àëþìèíèÿ, êðîìå òîãî, ê ñóùåñòâåííîé ïðèáàâêå ôòîðà â àãðîýêîñèñòåìàõ ïðèâîäèò èíòåíñèâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå ôîñôîðíûõ óäîáðå-íèé, ñðåäñòâ çàùèòû ðàñòåóäîáðå-íèé, ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ìåëèîðàíòîâ, ïîëó÷àåìûõ èç îòõîäîâ ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è òåïëîýíåðãåòèêè. Íàêàïëèâàÿñü â ïî÷âå, ôòîð ïîãëîùàåòñÿ ðàñòåíèÿìè, áåñïîçâîíî÷íûìè è äàëåå ïî òðîôè÷åñêîé öåïè ïîïàäàåò â îðãàíèçì ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ÷åëîâåêà. Çàãðÿçíÿÿ îêðóæàþ-ùóþ ñðåäó, ôòîð ïðåäñòàâëÿåò áîëüøóþ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîò-íûõ â ñèëó âûñîêîé òîêñè÷íîñòè. Ðàçíûå âèäû ðàñòåíèé îáëàäàþò íåîäè-íàêîâîé óñòîé÷èâîñòüþ ê äåéñòâèþ ôòîðà.  òîì ÷èñëå èçâåñòíû âèäû-ãèïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðû (íàïðèìåð, ÷àé), äëÿ êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíà âûñîêàÿ ñïî-ñîáíîñòü ê íàêîïëåíèþ ôòîðà â òêàíÿõ. Ìíîãèå òðàâÿíèñòûå è äðåâåñíûå ðàñòåíèÿ ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â òåõíîëîãèÿõ ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè äëÿ âîññòà-íîâëåíèÿ çàãðÿçíåííûõ ïî÷â ïîñðåäñòâîì âûíîñà ïîëëþòàíòà ñ îò÷óæäàå-ìîé áèîìàññîé. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ôèòîðåìåäèàöèè ïîâûøàþò ñëåäóþùèå ïðèåìû: ñêàøèâàíèå òðàâÿíèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé â êîíöå âåãåòàöèè è èõ ñêëà-äèðîâàíèå â ñïåöèàëüíûõ õðàíèëèùàõ; èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðèðîäíûõ ëèáî ïîëó÷åííûõ ìåòîäàìè ñåëåêöèè (â òîì ÷èñëå òðàíñãåííûõ) ðàñòåíèé-ãè-ïåðàêêóìóëÿòîðîâ, ñî÷åòàþùèõ çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ñ âûñîêîé òîëåðàíòíîñòüþ; îïòèìèçàöèÿ ïî÷âåííûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ðàñòåíèé çà ñ÷åò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðèçîñôåðíûõ ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ; ïåðèîäè-÷åñêèé áèîìîíèòîðèíã ôòîðèäîâ. Ê îñíîâíûì ïðåèìóùåñòâàì ôèòîðåìå-äèàöèè îòíîñèòñÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü ýòîé òåõíîëîãèè, ïðèìåíå-íèå êîòîðîé ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îáðàçîâàïðèìåíå-íèåì âðåäíûõ äëÿ îê-ðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ïðîäóêòîâ. Îäíàêî ñëåäóåò ïîíèìàòü, ÷òî óêàçàííûé ñïî-ñîá ñíèæåíèÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ ôòîðèäîâ â ïî÷âàõ îòíþäü íå äåøåâ, êàê è áîëüøèíñòâî òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîäõîäîâ, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà î÷èùåíèå îê-ðóæàþùåé ñðåäû áåç ïîáî÷íîãî ýôôåêòà (îäíîâðåìåííîãî èëè îòñðî÷åí-íîãî âî âðåìåíè è ïðîñòðàíñòâå çàãðÿçíåíèÿ). ÔÃÁÎÓ ÂÏÎ Êðàñíîÿðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àãðàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 660049 Ðîññèÿ, ã. Êðàñíîÿðñê, ïðîñï. Ìèðà, 90, e-mail: [email protected] Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 24 íîÿáðÿ 2009 ãîäà
Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2013, ¹ 1, pp. 3-14
FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND PHYTOREMEDIATION (review)
V.I. Polonskii, D.E. Polonskaya
Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 90, prosp. Mira, Krasnoyarsk, 660049 Russia, e-mail: [email protected]
Received November 24, 2009 doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2013.1.3eng
A b s t r a c t
On basis of modern literature the mechanisms for fluoride input, translocation and accu-mulation in soil, plants and animals are briefly observed. The influence of fluoride to plants and animals is viewed. It is shown the plant species with hyperaccumulation of fluoride potentially can provide a phytoremediation process. Some ways for increasing phytoremediation efficacy under fluo-ride soil contamination are discussed.
Keywords: fluorine, phytoremediation, plants, animals, soil, fluoride content, contamina-tion of environment, hyperaccumulating plant species.
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