Cl i ni cal St udy of Ski n Toxi ci t y As s oci at ed wi t h Gef i t i ni b i n Advanced Non ‑ Smal l Cel l Lung Cancer:
I s Ski n Toxi ci t y A Predi ct or of Survi val?
Rei r i O
NODERA,Fut os hi K
OTAJIMA,Tomohi s a Y
AMAJI,Tai chi M
OCHIZUKI,and Tet s uo S
ATO
Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
ABSTRACT
Gefitinib is a new epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of non‑small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). The mai n adverse effects of this drug are diarrhea and skin toxicity. In recent studies,patients with ski n toxicity have shown a good response to gefitinib.
In this study,we reviewed 43 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with gefitinib from August 2002 through July 2004 at The Jikei University Hos pital in Tokyo. Two patients had a complete response,and 3 patients had a partial response. The r esponse rate was 11.6%. Skin toxicity developed in 23 patients(53.5%)during treatment with gefitinib.Contrary to our expectations,we did not find a significant difference in survival bet ween patients with skin toxicity and those without (p=0.8588). However,this failure to find a difference in survival might have been influenced by our study being retrospective with a small number of patients and a relatively low response rate.
Further research is needed regarding the mechanism of skin toxicity in patients with NSCLC treated with gefitinib. (Jikeikai Med J 2006;53:15‑21)
Key words:non‑small cell lung cancer,gefitinib,skin toxicity,survival
I
NTRODUCTION
Lung cancer has become t he mos t common caus e of cancer ‑r el at ed deat h i n many count r i es . Al t hough pl at i num‑bas ed chemot her apy has become t he s t an- dar d t r eat ment f or advanced non‑s mal l cel l l ung cancer( NSCLC) ,t he 5‑year s ur vi val r at e wi t h chemo-
t her apy al one i s near l y 0% . Ther ef or e,new ant i can- cer agent s ar e needed.Wi t h r ecent devel opment s i n mol ecul ar bi ol ogy,s ever al bi omar ker s r el evant t o neopl as ms have been di s cover ed,one of whi ch i s epi der mal gr owt h f act or r ecept or( EGFR) .
EGFR i s a member of t he Er bB f ami l y of t r ans - membr ane t yr os i ne ki nas e r ecept or s whi ch i ncl udes Er bB1( or HER‑1,or EGFR) ,Er bB2( or HER‑2/neu) , Er bB3( or HER‑3) ,and Er bB4( or HER‑4) . The
expr es s i on of EGFR i s commonl y obs er ved i n nor mal epi t hel i al t i s s ues and i s enhanced i n s ome s ol i d t umor s . I n s ever al s t udi es of NSCLC,EGFR was over expr es s ed i n mor e t han hal f t he cas es . Thes e s t udi es have al s o i dent i f i ed EGFR expr es s i on as a negat i ve pr ognos t i c f act or i n pat i ent s wi t h r es ect ed ear l y NSCLC .
Gef i t i ni b( I r es s a,As t r a Zeneca,Wi l mi ngt on,DE, USA)i s an or al l y act i ve,s el ect i ve EGFR t yr os i ne ki nas e i nhi bi t or( EGFR‑TKI )t hat bl ocks s i gnal t r ans - duct i on pat hways i mpl i cat ed i n t he pr ol i f er at i on and s ur vi val of cancer cel l s and ot her hos t ‑dependent pr oces s es pr omot i ng cancer gr owt h. Two l ar ge‑
s cal e,mul t i cent er ,r andomi zed phas e I I t r i al s ,t he I r es s a Dos e Eval uat i on i n Advanced Lung Cancer ( I DEAL)1 and I DEAL 2 s t udi es ,s howed t hat gef i t i ni b
Received for publication,November 29,2005
小野寺玲利,古田島 太,山路 朋久,望月 太一,佐藤 哲夫
Mailing address:Reiri ONODERA,Division of Pulmonary Diseases,Department of Internal Medicine,The Jikei University School of Medicine,3‑25‑8,Nishi‑shimbashi,Minato‑ku,Tokyo 105‑8461,Japan.
15
has s ubs t ant i al ef f ect s even when us ed al one as a s al vage t r eat ment i n pat i ent s pr evi ous l y t r eat ed wi t h convent i onal chemot her apy .
I DEAL 1 was conduct ed mai nl y i n Japan and Eur ope. Pat i ent s who had pr evi ous l y been t r eat ed wi t h one or t wo chemot her apy r egi mens i ncl udi ng a pl at i num compound wer e r andoml y as s i gned t o r ecei ve 250 or 500 mg of gef i t i ni b per day. The r es pons e r at e appr oached 20% i n bot h ar ms ,and t he r at e of s ympt om i mpr ovement was appr oxi mat el y 40%. The hi gher dos e of gef i t i ni b( 500 mg)was mor e t oxi c and mor e of t en i nduced an acne‑l i ke r as h and di ar r hea. Dr y s ki n,acnei f or m s ki n,and pr ur i t i s wer e obs er ved i n 10. 6%,30. 8% and 45. 5% of pat i ent s , r es pect i vel y. Ther eaf t er ,gef i t i ni b was wel l t ol er at ed at a dos e of 250 mg per day.
Subs et anal ys i s of t he I DEAL 1 s t udy s howed t hat et hni ci t y pl ayed an i mpor t ant r ol e i n t he r es pons e t o gef i t i ni b. The r es pons e r at e was s i gnf i cant l y hi gher i n Japanes e pat i ent s( 27. 5%)t han i n non‑Japanes e pat i ent s( 10. 4%) . Fur t her mor e,mul t i var i at e anal ys i s al s o s howed s i gni f i cant l y hi gher r es pons e r at es i n f emal e pat i ent s and pat i ent s wi t h adenocar ci noma.
The mai n adver s e ef f ect s of gef i t i ni b ar e di ar - r hea,s ki n t oxi ci t y,and l i ver dys f unct i on. Di ar r hea was t he dos e‑l i mi t i ng t oxi ci t y i n phas e I t r i al s . Ski n t oxi ci t y has been document ed i n s ever al cas e r epor t s . I nt er s t i t i al l ung di s eas e has been al s o obs er ved i n pat i ent s r ecei vi ng gef i t i ni b;i n Japan, i nt er s t i t i al l ung di s eas e has devel oped i n 5. 81% of pat i ent s ,wi t h appr oxi mat el y a t hi r d of cas es bei ng f at al.
Some r ecent r epor t s s ugges t t hat s ki n t oxi ci t y i s r el at ed t o pr ognos i s i n s uch pat i ent s . Ezr a et al .
have s hown t hat i n a s er i es of 52 pat i ent s wi t h r ecur - r ent or met as t at i c s quamous cel l car ci noma of t he head and neck t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b a per f or mance s t at us( PS)and t he devel opment of s ki n t oxi ci t y wer e s t r ong pr edi ct or s of r es pons e,pr ogr es s i on,and s ur - vi val. Mohamed et al have r epor t ed t hat i n a s er i es of 199 pat i ent s who had NSCLC t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b,
medi an s ur vi val i n pat i ent s wi t h r as h of any gr ade ( 10. 8 mont hs )was l onger t han t hat i n pat i ent s wi t hout r as h( 4. 0 mont hs ).
Ther ef or e,t he ai m of t hi s s t udy was t o exami ne
t he r el at i on bet ween s ki n t oxi ci t y and s ur vi val i n pat i ent s wi t h NSCLC t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b at our hos pi t al .
P
ATIENTS ANDM
ETHODS
We r evi ewed pat i ent s wi t h NSCLC t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b f r om Augus t 2002 t hr ough Jul y 2004 at The Ji kei Uni ver s i t y Hos pi t al i n Tokyo. Al l pat i ent s wer e t r eat ed wi t h a s i ngl e r egi men of gef i t i ni b,250 mg or al l y per day. Dat a col l ect ed i ncl uded s ex,age, hi s t ol ogi c t ype of l ung cancer ,cl i ni cal s t age,s moki ng hi s t or y,and t he pr es ence of s ki n t oxi ci t y. We coul d not conf i r m pat i ent s ʼPS becaus e t he cl i ni cal r ecor ds wer e i ncompl et e. The r es pons e r at e and t he over al l s ur vi val r at e wer e cal cul at ed.Res pons es wer e def i ned accor di ng t o t he Res pons e Eval uat i on Cr i t er i a i n Sol i d Tumor s cr i t er i a ,and t he s ever i t y of al l adver s e event s r el at ed t o gef i t i ni b was as s es s ed wi t h t he Nat i onal Cancer I ns t i t ut e‑Common Toxi ci t y Cr i t er i a
( NCT‑CTC)ver s i on 2. 0 gr adi ng s ys t em .
Sur vi val cur ves wer e es t i mat ed wi t h t he Kapl an‑
Mei er met hod and compar ed bet ween pat i ent s wi t h s ki n t oxi ci t y and t hos e wi t hout by means of t he l og‑
r ank t es t . Di f f er ences wi t h P val ues l es s t han 0. 05 wer e cons i der ed s i gni f i cant .Compar i s ons of back-
gr ound char act er i s t i cs bet ween gr oups wer e per f or - med wi t h t he unpai r ed
t‑t es t . Al l anal ys es wer e per f or med wi t h St at Vi ew Ver s i on 5. 0 f or Maci nt os h ( SAS I ns t i t ut e I nc. ,Car y,NC,USA) .
R
ESULTS
Fr om Augus t 2002 t hr ough Jul y 2004 gef i t i ni b was admi ni s t er ed t o 50 pat i ent s wi t h NSCLC at The Ji kei Uni ver s i t y Hos pi t al i n Tokyo. Seven pat i ent s wer e excl uded f r om anal ys i s becaus e of i ns uf f i ci ent dat a( 4 pat i ent s ) ,l ong‑t er m dr ug ces s at i on ( 2 pat i ent s ) ,or t r eat ment wi t hdr awal due t o vomi t i ng ( 1 pat i ent ) .
The r emai ni ng 43 pat i ent s wer e i ncl uded i n t hi s anal y- s i s . The bas el i ne char act er i s t i cs( Tabl e 1)di d not di f f er s i gni f i cant l y bet ween pat i ent s wi t h and wi t hout s ki n t oxi ci t y.
Two pat i ent s s howed a compl et e r es pons e( CR) , and 3 pat i ent s s howed a par t i al r es pons e( PR)f or a
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r es pons e r at e( CR+PR)of 11. 6%. St abl e di s eas e was achi eved i n 23 pat i ent s ,and pr ogr es s i ve di s eas e( PD)
was obs er ved i n 15 pat i ent s .
Of t he 43 pat i ent s ,23( 53. 5%)had s ki n t oxi ci t y dur i ng t r eat ment wi t h gef i t i ni b. Ras h,i ncl udi ng ac- nei f or m er upt i on,er yt hema,and f l ar e,was t he mos t f r equent s ki n t oxi ci t y( 17 pat i ent s ) . Ot her s ki n t ox-
i ci t i es i ncl uded dr y s ki n,par onychi a,and s t omat i t i s ( Tabl e 2) . Ski n t oxi ci t i es wer e gener al l y mi l d,wi t h mos t bei ng gr ade 1 t o 2 ( Tabl e 3) . Gr ade 3 s ki n t oxi ci t y was obs er ved i n onl y 1 pat i ent .
Over al l s ur vi val di d not di f f er s i gni f i cant l y bet ween pat i ent s wi t h and wi t hout s ki n t oxi ci t y(
p= 0. 8588,l og‑r ank t es t;Fi g.1) . Sur vi val was s l i ght l y but not s i gni f i cant l y l onger i n nons moki ng pat i ent s
Table 1. Patient characteristics
Characteristics No.of patients(%)
skin toxicity no skin toxicity All patients p‑value (t test)
Patients 23 20 43
Age(years)
Median 59 60 60 p=0.8710
Range 36‑80 36‑78 36‑80 Sex
Male 17 13 30 p=0.5369
Female 6 7 13
Histologic subtype
Adenocar cinoma 18 17 35 p=0.5818 Squamous cell carcinoma 4 2 6
Large cell carcinoma 1 1 2 Stage
I B 0 1 1 p=0.3269
IIIB 3 3 6
IV 20 16 36
Smoking
Never 8 9 17 p=0.3360
Ever 15 11 26
Prior chemotherapy regimens
0 8 7 15 p=0.8417
1 11 10 21
2 4 3 7
Table 2. Type of skin toxicity
Skin toxicity Patient No.(%) Rash 17(39.5%) Dry skin 7(16.3%) Paronychia 4(9.3%) Stomatitis 2(4.7%)
Table 3.Incidence of drug related skin toxicity by NCI‑CTC grade
NCI‑CTC
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Total
Skin toxicity 12 10 1 0 23 Fig.1.Kaplan‑Meier plot of overall survival for patients with and without skin toxi city
( Fi g.2,
p=0. 2816)and i n f emal e pat i ent s( Fi g.3,
p= 0. 3419) . However ,hi s t ol ogi c t ype had a s i gni f i cant ef f ect on s ur vi val;pat i ent s wi t h adenocar ci noma s ur vi ved l onger t han di d pat i ent s wi t h ot her t ypes of l ung cancer( Fi g.4,
p=0. 0018) .
D
ISCUSSION
Gef i t i ni b i s a new agent f or t he t r eat ment of advanced NSCLC. I t i s t he f i r s t dr ug t o be cat egor - i zed as an EGFR‑TKI . The s af et y and t ol er abi l i t y of gef i t i ni b have been conf i r med by f our open‑l abel ,
mul t i cent er ,phas e I dos e‑es cal at i on s t udi es . The maj or adver s e ef f ect s wer e di ar r hea,r as h,el eva- t i on of as par t at e ami not r ans f er as e ( AST) /al ani ne ami not r ans f er as e( ALT) ,and naus ea but wer e mi l d and t ol er abl e. I n t hes e s t udi es ,t he r at e of r as h was 32% t o 65%.
Two l ar ge‑s cal e,mul t i cent er ,r andomi zed phas e I I s t udi es( I DEAL 1 and 2)have demons t r at ed t he cl i ni cal l y s i gni f i cant ant i t umor act i vi t y of gef i t i ni b monot her apy i n pat i ent s wi t h advanced NSCLC who had pr evi ous l y r ecei ved pl at i num‑bas ed chemot her - apy . The r es pons e r at e f or gef i t i ni b( 250 mg per day)i n t he I DEAL 1 and 2 t r i al s was 18. 4% and 11. 8%, r es pect i vel y. Thes e s t udi es have al s o s hown t hat gef i t i ni b monot her apy s i gni f i cant l y i mpr oves di s eas e‑
r el at ed s ympt oms and qual i t y of l i f e.
I n I DEAL 1,210 pat i ent s wi t h advanced NSCLC who had pr evi ous l y been t r eat ed wi t h one or t wo chemot her apy r egi mens( at l eas t one cont ai ni ng pl at i - num)wer e r andoml y as s i gned t o r ecei ve ei t her 250 mg or 500 mg of gef i t i ni b once dai l y. Ef f i cacy was s i mi - l ar wi t h ei t her 250 mg or 500 mg per day. Adver s e ef f ect s wi t h bot h dos es wer e gener al l y mi l d( gr ade 1 or 2)and cons i s t ed mai nl y of s ki n r eact i ons and di ar r hea. Dr ug‑r el at ed t oxi ci t i es wer e mor e f r e- quent wi t h t he hi gher dos e. Ski n t oxi ci t i es ,i ncl udi ng
Fig.2.Kaplan‑Meier plot of overall survival for patients with and without smoking
Fig.3. Kaplan‑Meier plot of overall survival for sex
Fig.4.Kaplan‑Meier plot of overall survival for his- tologic type
Table 4. The summary of phase I study about skin toxicity
Author Total patients Patients with skin rash Grade 1‑2 Grade 3
Baselga 88 57(65%) 55 2
Herbst 69 38(55%) 32 6
Ranson 64 34(53%) 33 1
Nakagawa 31 10(32.3%) 10 0
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r as h,pr ur i t us ,dr y s ki n,and acne,wer e gener al l y mi l d.
Pat i ent s wi t h r as h al s o f r equent l y r epor t ed ot he r s ki n‑
r el at ed s ympt oms ,i ncl udi ng acne ( 10. 6%) ,pr ur i t us ( 45. 5%) ,and dr y s ki n( 30. 8%) . I n mos t pat i ent s ,t hes e s ki n di s or der s r es ol ved dur i ng t r eat ment or t empo-
r ar y t her apy i nt er r upt i on or f ol l owi ng t r eat ment ces - s at i on.Two pat i ent s r ecei vi ng 500 mg per day wi t h- dr ew f r om t he t r i al becaus e of s ki n di s or der s af t er 7 and 10 days of t r eat ment( one wi t h gr ade 3 r as h and one wi t h gr ade 1 r as h) . Concur r ent r as h and di ar r hea wer e s een i n 15. 5% and 22. 5% of pat i ent s r ecei vi ng gef i t i ni b at 250 and 500 mg/day,r es pect i vel y.
I n I DEAL 2,216 r ecei ved ei t her 250 mg or 500 mg gef i t i ni b per day. Ski n t oxi ci t y,des cr i bed var i abl y as r as h,acne,dr y s ki n,or pr ur i t us ,was obs er ved i n 62% of pat i ent s r ecei vi ng 250 mg of gef i t i ni b and i n 75% of t hos e r ecei vi ng 500 mg. The r as h appear ed on t he f ace,neck,and t r unk and commonl y f aded or i mpr oved des pi t e t r eat ment bei ng cont i nued. Ras h occur r ed dur i ng t he f i r s t t r eat ment cycl e i n 82% of pat i ent s . Ski n t oxi ci t y was obs er ved i n al l 22 pat i ent s wi t h PR and i n 65% of pat i ent s wi t hout a PR.
Ski n t oxi ci t y was document ed i n 86% of pat i ent s wi t h s ympt om i mpr ovement and i n 58% of t hos e whos e s ympt oms di d not i mpr ove.
I n t he r evi ew,s ki n t oxi ci t y due t o EGFR i n- hi bi t or s have i ncl uded acnei f or m er upt i on,xer os i s , nai l change,hai r change,t el angi ect as i a,and hyper pi g- ment at i on . The mechani s m by whi ch EGFR i nhi bi - t i on l eads t o t hes e adver s e s ki n event s i s l ar gel y unknown.
Takano et al .have r epor t ed a r et r os pect i ve anal - ys i s of 112 pat i ent s wi t h advanced NSCLC who r ecei ved gef i t i ni b monot her apy . They obs er ved an as s oci at i on bet ween ef f i cacy and t oxi ci t y. Pat i ent s who had r as h or el evat ed AST/ALT l evel s t ended t o exhi bi t a t r eat ment r es pons e,and s ki n r as h,di ar r hea,
and el evat ed AST/ALT l evel s wer e s i gni f i cant i ndi ca- t or s of s ur vi val .
Er l ot i ni b i s a hi ghl y s peci f i c EGFR‑TKI s i mi l ar t o gef i t i ni b. I n a phas e I I s t udy of 57 pat i ent s by Sol er et al .,a cont i nuous dai l y dos e of 150 mg of er l ot i ni b pr oduced r as h i n 75% of pat i ent s and di ar -
r hea i n 56% of pat i ent s . Anal ys i s of a pos s i bl e r el a- t i ons hi p bet ween r as h and cl i ni cal out come s howed
t hat r as h devel oped i n al l 7 pat i ent s wi t h an obj ect i ve r es pons e and i n 21( 95%)of 22 pat i ent s who had s t abl e di s eas e but i n onl y 15( 54%)of 28 pat i ent s who had PD. Thus ,r as h was not a s uf f i ci ent condi t i on f or t umor r es pons e i n t hi s s t udy. I n addi t i on,pat i ent s who had r as h had s i gni f i cant l y l onger s ur vi val . The medi an s ur vi val of pat i ent s wi t hout r as h was 1. 5 mont hs compar ed wi t h 8. 5 and 19. 6 mont hs f or pat i ent s wi t h a maxi mum of gr ade 1 r as h and gr ade 2 or 3 r as h,r es pect i vel y. Fur t her mor e,r as h was f ound t o be t he mos t s i gni f i cant pr edi ct or of s ur vi val .
I n a pr os pect i ve s t udy i n whi ch 199 pat i ent s wi t h advanced NSCLC wer e t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b( 250 mg) upon pr ogr es s i on dur i ng chemot her apy,Mohamed et al .have s hown t hat r as h pr edi ct s i mpr oved s ur vi val.
The pr edi ct i ve f act or s anal yzed wer e s ex,r as h,di ar - r hea,hi s t ol ogi c t ype,and PS. Medi an s ur vi val was 10. 8 mont hs i n pat i ent s wi t h r as h( any gr ade)and was s i gni f i cant l y l onger t han t hat i n pat i ent s wi t hout r as h
( 4. 0 mont hs ) .
On t he bas i s of t hes e ear l i er s t udi es ,we i nves - t i gat ed t he pos s i bl e r el at i ons hi p bet ween s ki n t oxi ci t y and s ur vi val i n pat i ent s t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b at our hos pi t al . However ,we f ound no s i gni f i cant cor r el a- t i on. Thi s r es ul t mi ght be due t o our s t udy bei ng r et r os pect i ve and havi ng onl y 43 pat i ent s ,i ns uf f i ci ent t o yi el d a s t at i s t i cal l y s i gni f i cant di f f er ence.
Fur t her mor e,t he r es pons e r at e was 11. 6%,whi ch i s l ower t han t he aver age val ue i n Japanes e pat i ent s . Fur t her mor e,compar ed wi t h pat i ent s wi t hout s ki n t oxi ci t y,pat i ent s wi t h s ki n t oxi ci t y wer e l es s l i kel y t o be f emal e( 35. 0% ver s us 26. 1%)or nons moker s( 45. 0%
ver s us 34. 8%)or t o have adenocar ci noma ( 85. 0%
ver s us 78. 3%)or s t age 1 t o 3 di s eas e( 20. 0% ver s us 13. 0%) ,al l of whi ch ar e as s oci at ed wi t h a bet t er pr ognos i s . I n gener al ,f act or s pr edi ct i ng a good r es pons e t o gef i t i ni b ar e adenocar ci noma and bei ng f emal e,Japanes e,or a nons moker . I n our anal ys i s , s ur vi val was s l i ght l y but not s i gni f i cant l y l onger i n f emal e pat i ent s and nons moker s . Ther ef or e,t he r es ul t s mi ght be at t r i but ed t o di f f er ences i n t he per - cent ages of char act er i s t i cs bet ween pat i ent s wi t h and wi t hout s ki n t oxi ci t y. I n f ut ur e s t udi es s i gni f i cant di f f er ences mi ght be achi eved by i ncr eas i ng t he s am- pl e s i ze and mat chi ng t he char act er i s t i cs bet ween t he
gr oups .
Ther e i s i ncr eas i ng evi dence s ugges t i ng t hat t he t her apeut i c ef f i cacy of EGFR i nhi bi t or s i s r el at ed t o s ki n t oxi ci t y.I n t he f ut ur e,s ki n t oxi ci t y mi ght be a us ef ul s ur r ogat e mar ker f or t umor r es pons e.
Al t hough how t he s ki n t oxi ci t y due t o EGFR i n- hi bi t or s i s r el at ed t o s ur vi val i s uncl ear ,r ecent s t udi es have expl or ed pos s i bl e mechani s ms . Per ea et al . have eval uat ed t he number of CA r epeat s i n t he hi ghl y pol ymor phi c i nt r on 1 of t he EGFR gene . Shor t er CA s egment s wer e as s oci at ed wi t h hi gher expr es s i on of t he EGFR gene and pr ot ei n. Pat i ent s wi t h s hor t CA s egment s had a hi gher f r equency of gef i t i ni b‑i n-
duced r as h( 61%)t han di d t hos e wi t h l ong CA r epeat s ( 17%) . Thi s f i ndi ng i ndi cat es t hat pat i ent s and t umor s wi t h s hor t CA r epeat s egment s i n t he r egul at or y i nt r on 1 of t he EGFR ar e mor e s us cept i bl e t o t he phar macol ogi c ef f ect s of EGFR i nhi bi t or s ;t hi s f i ndi ng,t her ef or e,s ugges t s t hat r as h i s r el at ed t o t he t her apeut i c ef f ect s of t hes e dr ugs . Never t hel es s , t hes e mechani s ms s houl d be cl ar i f i ed t o i mpr ove t he ef f i cacy of EGFR i nhi bi t or s i n pat i ent s wi t h advanced NSCLC.
I n s ummar y,we have anal yzed pat i ent s wi t h advanced NSCLC t r eat ed wi t h gef i t i ni b i n The Ji kei Uni ver s i t y Hos pi t al . We coul d f i nd no r el at i ons hi p bet ween s ur vi val and s ki n t oxi ci t y. However ,anal - yzi ng s ki n t oxi ci t y due t o gef i t i ni b i s wor t hwhi l e t o det er mi ne how i t af f ect s t he pr ognos i s of NSCLC.
Acknowledgement :
We woul d l i ke t o t hank Pr of es s or Sei bu Mochi zuki ,Chai r man of Depar t ment of I nt er nal Medi ci ne,The Ji kei Uni ver s i t y School of Medi ci ne, f or hi s val uabl e gui dance and encour agement .
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