HowSpousesUsed【oAddrCssEachOther51
HowSpousesUsedtoAddressEachOther：
AmstoricalPragmaticApproachtotheUseofVOcatjves mEadyModemEngUshComedies
MichiSHⅡＮＡ
Abstract
Comparedwithotheraddresstermsｓｕｃｈａｓ『ｈｏｌ４ａｎｄｙ“,whichhavebeenvigorousIy discussedsinceBrownandGilman（1960),vocativesaJBratherneglecUedinlmgUistic
にsearchingenemLInthispaper,Iwillfbcusontheuseofvoca[ivesbetweenmalTied
couplesinselectedEarlyModemEnglishcomedies・First,Iwillinvestigatesociolm-
guisticpattemsintheusageofvocatives・Wilhthisinmind,IwUlthenIookatsome deviantcasesinwhichthepreviousIyobsewedgeneralpattemsa1℃broke､,thusfbre-grounded，Ｉｎｄｏｉｎｇｓｏ，IaimtoiuustmtehowtheplaywrightsoflheEarlyModem
Englishperiodexploitavarietyofvocativesbothtoconstructthehumannetworksintheirdrama[icworldsaswellastocreatehumorousefYects、Thisismadepossibleby theinにrfaceofhistoricallinguistics,pragmatics,stylistics,sociolinguisticsaswellas
corpuslinguisticsIcombineaquantitativeandqualitativeanalysisinordertoobservetherolesofvocativesasdiscoursemarkerB,andaIsotoestablishatheoreticalmodelfbr thestudyofvocaUvefOrms．
Keywords:vocatives,addressterms,acolpus-basedapproach,histo｢icalpragmatics，
discoursemarkeIs
5２
Lmntroducti⑪、
Ｔｏｂｅｇｍｗｉｔｈ,letustakealookatadialoguebetweenamaITiedcoupleinthelaUe seventeenthcentury,takenfiPomWilliamCongreve,s77ieDo例ble-Deqler(1694)．
EItmctl
SirPauL：ＰｒａｙｙｏｕｒＬａｄｙｓｈｉｐｇｉｖｅｍｅｌｅａｖｅｔｏｂｅＡｎｇｒｙ－Ｉ，l1rattlehimupl
Warrantyou,I,llfirlf)himwithaccrtiorarf1
LadyPlyant:Ｙｏｕｆｉｒｋｈｉｍ,Ｉ,llfirkhimmyself；praySirPamholdyouContented．
(Congrevel694:19,originalspellingandmyemphasis）
Inthisextract,thehusbandusesanhonorificterm,yo”し､)sAjp,toaddresshiswife，
whilstthewifeusesanhonorifictitleandthefirstname，Ｓｉｒ化l4l,toaddressher husband，ConsequenUy,(hisdialoguesoundsratherfbrmalanddefe1℃ntialasaconver- sa[ionbetweenahusbandandawifbfTomtheperspectiveofthe[wenty-firstcentury，
thoughthecontentoftheutteranceisnotnecessarilyso、FmmthisexchangeofaddrBss terms,thesocialstatusofthespeakerandtheaddresseearediscernibleltisquiにlikely thatthiscouplebeIongtogentry・
HowaboutthefOllowingextract？ThisisadialoguebetweenLadyThrivewelland bernephewGeorgeCareless,whichistakenfmmRichardBmme，ｓＡｊＭＪｄＣｂｍｐ化ＷどJノ MzlCh'。(1653)：
ExmEct2
LadyThriveweIl:ＩｈｏｐｅｙｏｕｗｉｌＩｓａｙｓｏ,whenyouhaveheardallGeorge;butbythe wayyourlatestockbeingspem,ｈｅ1℃alCtenpeecestowaldsasupply，
CaIcless:OsweetgoldenAunt！（Bmme:ＰＤ８Ｒ,originalspelIingandmyemphasis）
lnthisdialogue,LadyThrivewellgivespocketmoneyｔｏｈｅｒｎｅｐｈｅｗＧｅｏｌｇｅａｎｄｈｅ
(1)‘Firk,ｍｅa｣Wtourge,(OED)．
(2)℃erliorari，Tcfblstoa1egaIdocumentissuedfromasupenorcourtuponthecomplaint(OED)． ●
HowSpousesUsedKoAddressEachOther53
receivesitbyreplying‘OsweetgoldenAunt'・Thetwointerlocutorssoundvery infbrmalandfriendly，thoughtheauntisobviouslysituatedhigherintheirkinand financialrclationship・ThenephewevensoundsmelTyandplayfUL
Althoughlhavenointentiontoclaimthateverybodywil］ｈａｖｅｔｈｅｓａｍｅｉｍｐ1℃s‐
sionandinterp『etationasldo,Iwouldstillliketomakeanenquiryｏｎｈｏｗｌｇｅｔｔｈｉｓ ｉｍｐ妃ssionaboutthesecharacters･Ｍｏｒｃｐ妃cisely,whichlinguisticitemsal己IBspon- siblefbrmyunderstandingoftheinUerpersonalreIationshipsofthecharacters？
Ｉnthesecondextract,LadyThrivewellcallshernephewbyhisflrstnameGeo…，
whereasthenephewadd肥sseshisaun[bythekinshiptelmwithdoubleadjectivesasm
`sweetgoldenAunt，、Thisvocativeconveysthenephew，sjoyofgettingunexpected pocketmoneyasweIlashisgratitude・ItaIsocontainsatoneofnatterytｏｈｉｓａｕｎｔ・All ofthispragmaticmeaningisemphasisedbytheuseofanexclamationmark(Salmon
l979:348)．ThislongvocativealsoindicateshisplayfUlcharacterandfriendIyandflat‐
teringattitude,aswelIashisparasiticだIationshipwithhisaunLHisaunt,ontheother hand,seemsalsohiendlytohiminthesensethatsheaUowshimtobehavelikethis、In
fact，shepampershimlnotherwords，thisexchangeofvocativesexpressesthe
emotionalstateandattitudeofeachinterlocmor・
UnlikethefirsIextract,Ifindsomesimilaritiesbetweenthise1aboratefblmofthe
nephew，ｓｖｏｃａｔｉｖｅａｎｄｔｈｅｏｎｅｍｙｓｏｎｏｆｔｅｎｕｓｅｓｗｈｅｎｈｅ妃ceivessomeextrapocket moneyfiomhisgrandmother・Ａｒｅtheにanycommoncharacteristicsinnatteringvoca‐
tivesacrosstime,cultu妃ａｎｄage？Justbylookingattwoexchangesofvocativesm context,thereemergenumeroussocio-pragmaticandsocio-historicalquestionsone
needstoask・
Ｉｍａｙｎｏｔｂｅｗｒｏｎｇｉｎｓａｙｉｎｇｔｈａ［itisnotonlythecontentoftheutterancesbut
alsovocativeswhichconveytheinterpe応onaIandcontextualmeaningsofthedialogue
inquestion、ShortnounphrasesastheyaravocativeshelpillustJatevividIy[hedelicate
emotionsandattitudeswhicharisebetweenthespeakerandtheaddresseeaswellas theirstatusandsocialroles,ｎｏｔｔｏｓａｙｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｄｉscursivehmctionstoattractattentionoftheaddrEssee・Itisrightlysaidthatvocatives‘alwaysexprcsssomerCla-
tionshiporattitude，betweenlheinterlocutors(Qui｢ｋｅｌａﾉ.1985:775)．Inthissense，5４
vocativescanbecaIleddiscoumsemarkers(Brintonl”6)．
WhatmetalinguisticmessagedoesavocativehaveinanutUerance？Tnisisthe themeinthispaper・HowcanlcaptureaUthesecharacteristicsofvocativesinmy analysis？ThisismymethodologicalconceminthislBsearchAsisexemplifiedinthe extractsabove,itisnecessalytolookatthesyntaxａｎｄｓｅｍanticsofthevocativeaswell asitssocio-pragmaticfimctions,inordertounderstandtheimplicationofvocativesasa whole・TheknowledgeofthecontemporaIytheatricaIconventionswouldalsoheIpto understandthedramaticimplicationandpragmaticmeaningofvocatives、
ThoseexchangesofvocativesextractedfmmEarlyModemEngIishgentrycome‐
diesobviouslydifferfromwhatisobservedinp妃sent-dayEnglishconversationin termsoftheirfbrms、DidpeopleintheEarIyModemEngIisｈｐｅｒｉｏｄｕｓｅｍｏにdeferen- tialvocativefbrmsthanｗｈａｔｗｅｕｓｅｎｏｗ？Isthefimextmctparticularlydelerential becausetheirstatusisrelativeIyhigh？IsitthecasethatmaITiedcouplesexchangemore deferentialvocativesinthepastthanatp妃sen[？Oristhisexchangedefelmtialbecause theIypeofspeechactstheya1℃involvedin,ｉｎ［hisparticularcase,arerequestand command？Inotherwolds,ｄｏｔｈｅｙｈａvetomitigatethefbrceofspeechactbydefbIBn‐
tialvocative;ケIsthesecondextractparticularlyexaggemtedbecauseitisatheatrical
perfbnnanceofcomedyonIhestage？Ｏｒｉｓｉｔａｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｍｃｔｉｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｅopleinthe periodinquestion？Inotherwords,werethepeopleinthepastmorepolitethanthe peoplenow？TbosequestionsarBalllclatedtothediffelCnceslimmediatelyfindin thesedialogues・Tbanswerthesequestions,theknowledgeofthehistorical-culmral backgrDundoftheplaywouldbeinevitable、
TmeaimofthispaperistoinvestigatelheuseofvocativesinEarlyModemEnglish periodmahistoricalpragmaticperspective,whichwillhopefUllyhelpmeanswerthose questionsstaにdabove、Iwouldalsoliketoillustratehowhistoricalpragmaticscan interfacewithsocioUnguistics,ｓ[ylistics,aswellascorpuslmguistics、ThusmyrCsealch
(3)Ｉ【巳gaIddefもuEmceandpoUtenessasdiH衝em[cmcepts・AsftRrasvocaUvesaIcconcemed,【he肥、巴 defbrel1tialtypesofvocativesandfnmiliarIypesofvocativesintennsoffbrm・Poli【enessisapmg‐
maticeffbctonEsultcr℃atedbyacertainvocaliveinacemaincontext．Ｉ、short･ｄｅｂ℃nIialvocatives donomecessanlyimplypoliteness・ItdepeuIdsonIheexpectednomsandcontextwhetheracmain voc虹iveispoHにｏｒnot．
HowSpouscsUsedmAddIcssEachO[he「５５
encompassesseverallinguisticfields,includinghisOoricallinguistics,pragmatics,soci-
olinguistics，stylisticsandcorpuslinguistics・Acorpus-basedapproachmakesit possibletodealwithalalgenumberoftexts,ａｎｄａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅ[imethetheme-specific taggingSystems，ｉ､e，thesocio-pragmatictaggingsystemandthevocative-fOcussed taggmgsystem,enablemetoanalysethedataqualitatively、Inoldertoanalysedata,I havecompiledandannotaUedacolpusofselectedEarlyModemEnglishgentrycome-
die乱InmyquantitativeanaIysis,IteaseoutgeneralpattemsofvocatWeusefiDma
sociolinguisticpointofview,whilstinmyqualitativeanalysissomeexamplesare examinedcloselyintermsofillocutionaryfbme,plotdevelopmentandcharacterisation．
2．Vocativesasdiscou底emarker5
2.1Pragmaticfimcti⑥msofvocatives
l1℃gardvocativesasdiscoursemarkerｓａｓｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅｏｎＩｙａｌｉｔｔｌｅｋﾒｅｍｊｍｑノmeaming，
butholdvariousi"je'pe灯｡"QIandrexmaﾉfunctions,thusmultifunctionai？By
ideationalpmgmaticmeaning,Irefbrtotheimplicationswhichanindividualvoca[ive
has,asalexicalitemoritems,Forexample,`Careless,inAﾉWdCmp化Wとﾉﾉ ﾉMzjch,disacarelessmaIecharacter・Bytextualpragmaticmeaning，Ｉ「efertothe pragmaticmeaninginseparablyrelatedtothetextualpropertyofvocativesonalllevels，
suchasthepositioninaclauseandthefrequencyofvocatives、Interpersonalpragmatic
meaningiscloselyldatedtotherelationshipbetweentheinteTlocutors、IplCsentadiagrambelowtosummarisehowthesethlEefUnctionscanbeime- gmtedintotheinterp1℃tationofvocativesinmyresearch
2.2PolitenessscaleOfvocatives
lnordertoanalyselhepmgmaticfUnctionsofvocatives,ＩａｐｐｌｙＢｒｏｗｎａｎｄｌ心Vins０，，ｓ (1978,1987)politenesstheory・Themostsignificantnotionintheirtheolyis/izce，
１１ ４５ －！
OGentTycomedies，ａ1℃ｃｏｍｅdiesinwhicbmostofthemaincharacにIBaregenUemenandgenUe- women,ra1herthanthosefmmotherclassessuchasnobi】ityormiddIingg｢oups・
IuseHallidayOs(1985,1944)temlshe妃．
5６
Avocativelusedmanutterance
Ideationalmeaning：
semanticmeaningof lexicalitemsinavocativa eg・plcmodifier,personal pronounvocativefbrm，
(indicatingmale/female，
maritalstatus,socialstatus，
etc.）
庇xtualmeaning：
textualfeatunesonallleveIs，
e､glength,position，
fiCquency,etc．
Interpersonalmeaning：
妃lationshipsbetweenthe interlocutors:sociaIroles，
kinshipmles,etc．
Ide2tionalfimction：
devicefbrcbaIHcterisation，
e９.comiccha1nacters (`Ca1℃less，ｉｎＭｑｄＣｂＬ４ｐﾉｅ ＷｾﾉﾉＭｎ比ｈ'仏etc.）
Textualpragmaticfimction：
starterofaconversation，
tum-takingdevice,etc．
Inte[PC｢sonalpragmaIjcfimction：
devicetomanipuIatcthe rClationShip,etc．
PragmaticfUnctionsofavocativeinaparticularcontext FigureLIntegmtingthepra＆naticfhmctionsofvocKBtives
whichispeople，semotionallyinvestedselfimage、Faceconsistsofposjfjlle/ｈｃｅａｎｄ
"egqjive/iJce・比sj"v巴/tzce妃ferstoappTeciationbyothers,whilst"egumve/２J“refbrs topersonalfTcedomofaction、Theweigh[inessofaface-threateningactinvolvesthlCe facto庵:therelativepowerandsocialdistanceoftheinterlocutors,andtherankingof impositions・Theldativepowe「andsocialdistancehRctorsarecloselyrelatedmthe vocativefbrm,whereastheTankingofimpositionsisreIatedtothepragmaticfbrceof theutterance、Vocatives，asdiscou｢semarkers，sofienorstrengthentheillocutionary
fOrceoftheutterance．
HowSpousesUsed【oAddressEachOtl2er57
ToanalyseＶＯＣativefOImsintermsofpoliteness,Iuseacontinuumonasliding
scaleofvaluestoalignvoCativelbrms(Raumolin-Bmnbergl994)．ＩＣlassifyvocative fbrmsmmtwotypes:thedefbrentialtypeandfamiliartype．<Deferentialtype＞ <Familiartype＞
…画ENlmEH57Eil5d~Fim厨両面同雨[反司EiYE函而TI、
Figure2・PoliIsnessscmeofvocatives
ThedefercntialWpeorientedtonegativefacemcludesHOmがcand7YJleCm`Szmmme
(T+SN),whilstthefamiliartypeoriented[opositivefaceincludesSlmmme(SN),Ｅｉｍ Ｍｍｅ(FN),SAC旋艇‘FY'mMzme(shorにnedFN),痂加jlj(、“烟ＫＩ"Mljp花､”(Kin）
ａｎｄＥｍどａｍｚｍｊ．（６）
2.3Three-dimensi⑪､almodelofvocatives
AddresstermshavebeendiscussedvigorouslybymanylinguistssinceBmwnand Gilma、（1960)．Tosummarisepreviousdiscussions,IwouldliketoIcfertoWales
(1983)．SheprEsentsalistofdichobomiesoftheuseof仇oHandyDHinthemedieval，
whichseemsldevantmmyanalysis・
AsFigure3shows,Wales(1983)maintainsthatyDJJandlｿtoldortheWOmland7L
fOrmal巴usedaccordingto:i)theinterlocutors，rela[ivepowerrdationship(socialsupe-
norsorsocialinferiors);ii)theirsolidamyIdationship(fbrmaI/neuualorfamiliaJｿinti- mate);iii)theirsocialclasses(upperorlowerclass);Ｗ)anindividualsituationalcondi-
tion(publicorprivate);andｖ)tbeinterlocutors，emotionalstate(ICspecVadmimationor
contempt/Scom)．Itseemsthatthefilhstthr己erdationshipsareratherstableandstatic (6)Inmyoriginalclassification,ＩａｌｓｏｈａｖｅＡ”sivE,lhoughitisneiIhershownonthisscaIenordiscussedinthjspaper､ｍｅｐｒａｇｍａ[icmealuingofabusivevocativesispmblemaIicbecauseitto[aUy dependsonthecmtcxtandhcrclaUonshipoflheinterlocutors．
5８
lbH(ＷｂＩｍ）
addrcsstosocialsuperiors moJ4(罪form）
addresstosocialinferio応
addresstoequals(lowerclass）
add｢essinprivate
familiarorintimateaddress comempt,ｓｃｏｍ
addlCsstosociaIequals(upperclass）＜￣し addressinpublic
fbrmalorneutraIaddにsｓ
rcspect,admiration
FIgure3､Theuseof7W皿andrb皿(B日sedonWalesll麺:１１①
sociolinguisticfeatures,whilstthefinaltwoarerathertlansientanddynamicpragmatic feam唾s・IassumethatthefirstsetisrelatedtothedefauItfblmofvocatives,whercas thesecondsetislikelytｏｓｈｏｗｓｏｍｅｄｅｖｉａｎｔｃａｓｅｓｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｉnfluencedbythe moment-to-moment(ongoing)relationshipoftheinterlocutorsintheplotdevelopmenL
ThedichotomiesdepicUedbyWales(1983)donotnecessarilycorrespondtothose twoseeminglyoppositionalvocativetypes,Ｌｅ、thedeferentialtypeandthefamiliar type、However,ＩassumethatUlloHcorrespondstothefamiIiarlypeandyoJJtothede化T‐
entialtypeofvocatives，becausesuchdichotomiesas‘superiororinferior，ａｎｄ
`fblmaUneutraIorfamiliaJｿintimaに，appeartoberelevantfacto『saffectingthechoiceof vocatives・Reorganisingthesedichotomiesmtoth１℃ｅgroups,Iplcsentaworkingmodel ofvocativefbrmstoauocateeachvocative・Iputvocativesonascaleofpoliteness alongthlEeaxesbasedonpower,solidarityandcontextualconditionasinFigulc4
Tmeverticalaxis(power)dealswithvocaUvesbetweenequalsandnon-equalsin stamsandsocialmles､Tbehorizontalaxis(solidarity)肥ferstovocativeuseintermsof thedistanceoftheinterlocutors，relationship、Thefinalaxis(contex[uaIcondition）
rcfersbothtothesituationalconditionsuchasfbrmalorprivateconditionontheone hand,andtheemotionalconditionoftheinterlocutorssuchasadmira[ionorcontempt ontheother、Thesethreeaxesp｢oduceathree-dimensionalmodelofpoIiteness showingvocativesonascale
Onthebasisofthismodel，Iprcsentafbwhypothesesonthechoiceofvocative fbrms・Astheinterlocutorgoesupthehierarchicalpoweraxis，thepolitenessscale movestowaIdsnegativeface,whereasittumstopositivefaceiftheimerlocutorgoes down・Tmusmyfimslsetofhypotheses:(Ｉａ)iftheaddresseeisinarclativelyhigher
HowSpousesUsedtoAddrCssEachＯｔｈｅｒ５９
SimatiolyEmotion）
JＣ UHB】】ﾛ
、巴
＜positiveface＞
SoIidanty(+）
臣、腔
HHUnⅡｕｕｕ
<pｏ
くpositiveface＞
Power(-）
FYgum4､Thrpe･dimenslonElmodelsh⑪wingvocativesonascale
positionthanthespeaker,thespeakerhastoorisexpectedtousethedeferentialtypeto addにsstheaddIcssee、Ontheotherhand,(Ｉｂ)iftheaddにsseeisina妃lativelyIower positionthanthespeaker,thespeakerisentiUedtousealamiliartypetoaddTessthe
add垂里聖
Alongthehorizontalsolidarityaxis,ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅ肥lationshipbecomescloser,the degにeofpositivepoIitenessinc妃ases,whilstittumsnegativewhenthe肥lationship becomesmol巳distant・Thusmysecondsetofhypothesis:(IIa)thepeopleinreIativelym
closerelationshipsusethefamiliartypeofvocative,(IIb)ｗhe妃asthoseindistant配la‐
lionshipsusethedefercntialtypeofvocativestoaddresstheiTaddressees・
Thethildaxisiscontextdependent、T1msmythirdsetofhypotheses:（IIIa)ina fOrmalsituation，thepolitenessscalemovestowardsnegativeface，thuspeopleare expectedtousethedeferentialtype,(Inb)whiIstinaninfbnnalsituationpeopｌｅａｒｅ
(7)IassumelhatIhesoUdaJitynelaIionshipcannotbecomebelowzem:smnge毎ｍ℃dlosewhohaveno solidality．
6０
expectedtousethefamiliartypeofvocativesTheemotionalsimation,ontheother hand,seemsmorCcomplicatedandisdependentonthespecificcontextaswelIason
theindividualcharactersandtheplotdevelopmenflThusthisにqui唾sminuteexamina‐
tiomlprcsentmyfOurthsetofhypotheses:(ＩＶａ)thespeakersusethefamiliartype
whentheyadmir巳and/Orrespecttheadd｢essees,(Ⅳｂ)buttheychoosethedefe妃ntialtypewhentheyhateand/OrscomtheaddlBssees・Thisaxisofemotionalexprcssivityis
（９）closely【BIatedtotheindividualsitualionandthechamcter,andthevocativesofendear-
mentandabusivevocativesaJCinvoIved、Thisisanimerestingstylisticandpragmatic question,butneedsOobeexploredmorcthoroughlyThuslleavethisOopictoanotheT
paperandonlydiscussitbrieflyinmyqualitativeanalysislater．3．DataandmethodoIogy
3.1Ｄａｔａ
ＭｙｄａｔａｃｏｍｅｓｆｉｒｏｍｍｙｏｗｎｄａｔａseLthe“VocativeFocussedSocio-PragmatiｃＣｏｍｕｓ，，，
whichconsistsofl2extractsfmmplayswrittcnbe[weenl640andl760(seeTablel
below)．Eachextracthasapproximately10,OOOwords;thecorpuscontainsabout l20,O00wolds・MycoTpuscomeshromalargercorpuscaIledthe``ColpusofEnglish Dialoguesl560-1760,,compiledbyMeljaKytO(UppsalaUniversity)andJonathan
Culpeper(LancasOerUniversity)．３２Metlmdology
lhavetwotaggingSystems・T11erealBabout2,l00vocadvesinmycolpus,eachofwhich
isannotatedaccordinｇｍｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏ【aggingsystems、T11efimstisfbrsocio-pragmatic taggmg(AracherandCuIpeper,fbrthcoming),whichidentjfiestheinterlocumls,including infbnnationabouteachinterIocutorintennsofsex,IDle(s),status,ageandsoon・Ｔｈｅ
(8) (9)
AllhoughlplEsemtathl窪dimensionalmodelofpolitenessscale,wedonotalwaysneedallthese th【窪axestoin【cup正tandexplainthepragmaticfUnctionsofvocatives、
Ｔｂｂｅｐ睦iseDitisnotpossibletogmcmIisetheuseofvocativeswhenvocativesa｣cusedtoexpr巴ss emotioms,especiallybetweencIosemendsandalsoinironicaIaJWorcomicuttemnces．
HowSpousesUsedtoAddressEaChOtbeｒ６１
Table1.Ｖo⑩ativeCfbcussedsoeio･pra甑maticcorpUns
secondtaggingsystemisavocativetaggingsystem(Shiina,fb｢thcoming),whichdistin‐
guisheseightlinguisticproper[iesofeachvocativesuchasthefOrm,positioninthe clauseandlehgth・Inadditiontothesetags,Ialsolookatthelengthofeachvocativein mystatisticalUEaunenLT11erCarEatleasttwemy-onetagsfbreachvocativeinall(6socio‐
pragmatictagsfbrthespeake｢’６socio-pmgmatictagsfbr[headdl己ssee,８Ｖocativetags andlstatisticaltag).Thetwotaggingsystemsal巴summarisedinthefbllowingtable：
Sociopragmatictaggingsystem
CP●●●●｡●●ｑ◆■の■●￣●●●▲●￣▲●■e￣｡￣￣￣●●●●●●●●巳●●●●●｡●●●◆●｡●ロ｡■ｃｃ－Ｐ－ｑ－－■－ｃ■ｃ●■●ぜ■■●●■｡ｂ●ｃ●□●●■●●■の●●●●■●■●。■■●●■■●■－P▲－■●Ｃﾛ●●ＤＣ●●ｃＰｃＳＣＣ￣●ＣＳＣ◆●－●●－●－－－■－●－－●－⑤ｂ⑤●■｡
a・theidentificationnumberoftheinterlocutors(speakerandaddressee）
b・thelDnumbersoftheimerIocutors c・thesexoftheinterlocutolls d､lherolesoftheinterIocutors：
ｉ）activityroles Period3：1640-1679
1647 ｍｅＣｂｖ"["ｅＧＭｂ Ｔ．Ｂ．
1653
b･丑 ＡﾉＭｚｄＣｂ叩ｌｂＷｂﾉﾉＭｚｌｃｈ，。
l675i7vieCb""ｔＪｙ－Ｗｉﾉセ
RichardBrome WilliamWycherley
10,179words lO,s72words lO,３５］words
167617ｿieMp"q/Mｏｄｅ
GeorgeEtherege 10,251words PeIiod4:1680-17191694 1696
７７igDoUJ6ﾉb-DeﾛﾉＢｒ
mBLDs【1,Ｍ日/ＯＢ(heルロル噸HHsb叩。
WilliamCong雁vｅ Mrs・Manleｙ
170717ｿｂｅ比αl`xS'､【qgem
lGeolgeFaIquhar………-……･･-....-…･･…････…･……･……･……….…;………－=－……….．
ｌ７１９ｉＣｈ鮎Cｿiqj iThomasKilligにｗ
10,236words
Ｆ●６００ＰＢＳ■Ｏ■Ｃ６０■台。●。
●1０ ｓ３３ｗｏｌｄｓ 10,023Ｗ01.ｓ
６ ７ ０ ０ ●
１ words PeIiod5：1720-1760
1723 、ＣＣＤ'LFcjo“ＬＤｖＢ酒 SirRichardSteel 9,516words
1735 ｍｅﾉMOIﾉhe肝jルL《zｗ JamesMiller 1０ ｌ８２ｗｏｒｄｓ
1747 7111ＢＳＩ&SpiCio“hljｲs６ａｍ BenjaminHoadly 1３ O83words
1７５７ 71ＩｉｅＭｑﾉｅＣｂ 9例αに DavidGalTick 11,203words
6２
Ⅲ
ｄＩＴＯ】
ｌｐＨ【
luuq
TableユＴ瑠創ngsystems
4.Quantitativeanalysis
4.1Diachmnicchangeintheuseofvocatives
Iwillstartwiththequantitativeanalysis・First,Iwouldliketoseethediachronic change・LetuscomparethevocativeuseintheEarlyModemEnglishdramawiththat inthepresent-dayEnglishconversation・T11epresentdataistakenfromLeecｈ(1999)．
AsTable3shows,therBisadrasticchangebetweenthetwopeIiods,amajorshift nomthedeferCntialtypetothefamiliartypeinafewcenmries・However,thesetwo setsofdatacannotbecompalcdinthestrictsenseoftheword,ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｇｅｍＢａｎｄｓｉｚｅ ｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｒporaaI己differenLInordertoseethediachronicchangebetweentheEarly ModemEnglishperiodandpresent-dayEnglish,Imusteithercompileanothercomus consistingofanequivalentnumberofcontemporaryEnglishcomediesorcollectsome
Vocativetaggingsystem
■￣の■ご●■｡■■●●■.●■●■'■●■ロ■･■●Ｓこの'■￣■'■●'■●⑤■ﾛ■■■■'■'■⑤申●の●●●｡⑤●｡⑤●￣の｡￣Ｃ－ｅＣ●ｅ⑥｡●●●●●●●●●◆●◆●｡◆●◆●●●－●｡●●￣＝●ご●■■白□●■■●｡Ｓ●●●●●●●●◆●ＣＣＣ◆◆●●●ＣＣＣ●●■■●■□■□■●-－--=--ぞﾆｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰﾆﾆﾆｰｰｰﾆﾆｰ---
a・theplesence/absenceofthevocativeintheutOerance b､thepmnounusedinthevocative
c・thepremodifierusedinthevocativｅ
｡､thevocativefbml
e､thepositionofeachvocativeintheclause
fthenumberofwordsplecedingthevocativeintheclause g・thenumberofwoIdsfbllowingthevocativeintheclause h,theadd妃sstermusedintheuttemnce(youand/Orthou）
Sqatisticaltreatment
i・thenumberofwordsinthevocative ii）kinshiproles
iii)socialroles iv)dmmaticroles
e,thestatusoftheinにrlocutors
ftheageofeachinに｢locutor
HowSpousesUsedtoAddressEachOthe「６３
Ｖ⑥c2uive tyPes
､Ｚ］ID７ Notes:i）Thecel】swithmo祀than10％arCshaded
ii)Thefigu【csinthecellsarerawnumbe｢s・
Table３.PmpOrtionaluseofvocativefbrmslnpr⑱sent-dayEnglish日ｎｄＥａｒｌｙＭ⑥dernE肱glish
authenticconversationaldataoftheEarlyModemEnglishperiod、Needlesstosay,the
fbrmeristheonlypossiblesolution,andthislwealsthelimitationoflinguisticreseaJ℃hwhichdealswithanyhistoricaIdata、Ａｓｌｈａｖｅｎｏａｃｃｅｓｓｔｏａｃｏｒｐｕｓｏｆcontemporary
Englishcomediesatpresent,acomparisonoftheusageofvocativesintwocoIpora,if possibleatall,shouldbetakenonIyasaguide、However,thiscompansongivesusan indica[ionofthedilCctioninwhichtheusageofvocativesismoving,i､e・fiDmthedefer- entialtypetothefamiliartype．４．２Generalpatternsintlueuseofvocatives
4.2.1Vocativeexchangebetweenahusbandandawife
Arcthereanygeneralpａｔｔｅｍｓｔｏｂｅｄｉｓｃｅｍｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆvocatives？Ｈe1℃IfOcuson howthevocativefbrmchangesalongthe[hlceaxes・FOrexampIe,Iwouldliketolook atthevocativeexchangebetweenmaITiedcouples、Table4showshowthehusbandand wifeexchangevocatWesinthenobilily,gentryandmiddlinggroups・
InthenobiliWcatego『y,thewifbusesthedefe肥ntial[ype,morespeciHcally,ｏｎｌｙ
ＶＯＣ
types VocativefOrms EarlyModemEnglish
(1640-1760） Present-day BritishEnglish
Fam type
Endeannent KinshipT℃､、
Familiariser
ShortenedFirstName Fi応tＮａｍｅ
Sｕｍａｍｅｏｎｌ ｙ
6０（３％）
185（９％）
4３（２％）
4４（２％）
163（８％）
154（７％）
９（５％）
蕊蕊議i製織蕊 鱗衲浜》静が沸一詫宅以心試
露藩鋳蟻其託〈Ｃ認⑪託⑰午
。‐ｌＪＪ。。。｜
□罰。■△。。、団十』。■‐弘
⑱詫守謎珍獣屯守羊⑪靴⑭．Ｐ丼』 il蕊繊j1I蕊
魚介,号:-:･･･２２⑫-.`矛7屯｡.T●･矛.｡:己
霧蕊謹〕；
1鰯j蕊！
蕊顕二;(i麹紛議
Deferential type
Title＋SumaTrue
Honoriflc
磯１１１灘蕊:鰯lIillhi
昔,。;＄ ~~､｡■Ｐ･■‐･Ｐ･~!■■■巴･'ぃb，■■凸｡,ﾛ･〆･ﾛｺﾞ,｡,ﾛｰｹﾞｰｰ-,.戸_。。｡｡-Fﾅｰｰ-.--択一･･Ｉ
襲繭
Ｏ（0％）
１（１％）
Others Total
麹璽ＬＦ徽鰯）
2,162（100％）
８（４％）
180（100％）
6４
Defb｢en【ial町pｅ
endEqzUr Ｍｎ familar ｓｈｏｒｍＮ ｕｌｌＦＮ Ｔ+SＮ HDnor husband→Wife
ｗｉｆｂ－Ｃｈｕ日hnnd ｈｕ日hand→Ｗｉｆｅ Ｗｉｆｅ→hlHshnn huEh2nd→Ｗｉｆｅ Ｗｉｆｅ→ｈｕｓａｎｄ
Notes:``husband→wifb0，：vocativesusedbythebusbandstoadd”ssIheirwives、
Table4Vocatlveexchangebetweemhusbandsandwlves
honorificstoaddressherhusband、InthegentrycategoIy,thecoupleusebmhthedefer- entialandfamiliartypes,buttheirprefe肥nceisfbrthedeferentialtype・Unlikethe nobility,ｔｈｅｇｅｍｌｙｕｓｅｔｈｅｔｉｔｌｅｐｌｕｓｓｕｍａｍｅａswellashonorifics・Inthemiddling groupsvocativeusemovestowardsthefamiliartype・Tosummarise,betweenthe husbandandwife,thereisasta[usdiffeIencemtheuseofvocativesmthatpeopleof higherstamsplBferthedefe定ntialtypeandthoseoflowerstatusprcferthefamiliartype．
Figure5･HusbandEndw雌ｏｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｍＫｅｓ
relationship StaOmg Familiartype
endezDr kiｎ familiar sho｢tlTV fUllFN Ｄｅ化Icntialtype
Ｔ卜SＮ Honor husband→Ｗｉｆｅ
二二L2UZD.． ２ １
ｗｉ企→husband ヴ I ２１
husband→Ｗｉｆｅ
Ｗｉｆｅ→ｈｕｇｂｆｍｄ gentry 1０ 1９
２ ２
１ ８
11
1３ 1４ husband→Ｗｉｆｅ
Ｗｉｆｅ→husband Iniddlh ８
groups
２ ５
５
10 ８
３
５ １
４
HowSpousesUsedtoAddlEssEachOtheT65
T1UscorYBspondswiththeresultsshowninBrownandGilman（1960):肋oHisusedby sociallyequalpeopleofIowerstatus,whilstyDJ4isusedbyequalsofhigherstams、
AsFigure5shows,thewifCisinaconflictingpositioninthatthepowersemamics suggestsheusethedeferentialtypetoherhusbandwhereasthesolidaritysemantics
indicatejusttheopposite・Ｈowdoeslhewife応solvethisconnict？Asthevocativesinmycorpusshow(seeappendix),oneofthesolutionsistousepremodifiersofendear‐
mentsuchasdearasin`DearMr.Ｓ[rictland，，`mydearLord，ａｎｄ`gooddearmyLold，，
andmakevocativesmolCfamiliar・Ｔｈｅhusband,ontheotherhand,alsousesplcmodi- fiersofendearmentsuchasdeqrandpoorasweUasthefirstpersonpossessivepmnｏｕｎ ｍｙａｓｉｎ`ｍｙDear，ａｎｄ‘ｍｙLove，tomitigatethehierarchicalrelationshiptheyhave Onbothsides,theseadditionaliにmsofendearmentseem[oemphasisetheirsolidarity，
eventhoughIheyaI℃inahierarchicalpowerlBlationShip、Itisworthnotingthatinthe
IlqEarlyModemEnglishperiod,peopleusedkinshiptennssuchasA“ｂｚｍｄａｎｄｗ旗as vocatives,butthesearenoIongerusedinpresent-dayEnglisb．
5.QualitativeamlySiS
5.1SociaInetworkandvocatives
Nowletusmoveontothequalitativeanalysis・IamgoingtotakesomeexamplesfTom Brome,ＳＡＭﾋﾞｨﾉＣｍｐﾉｅＷｾﾉl」Mzfch'｡(1653).IwouldliketofOcusonthe肥lationship betweenThomasSaleWare,theownerofadraperyshop,ａｎｄｈｉｓｗｉｆｂ,AIiciaSalewal巳．
ｌｎａｎｅｘｔｒａｃｔｆｍｍｍｙｃｏｒｐｕｓ，thedefaultfOrmofvocativeusedbyAliciato add雁ssherhusbandisthefirsmameinfnU,whilsttheshortenedfirstnameisｕｓｅｄｂｙ
ｍｏｍａｓｔｏａｄｄにsshiswifeAIicia、Healsousesvocativesofendearmem・Ｔｈｏｍａｓ
SalewaIcnormallycaushiswife`AlIy，,ａｎｄ`(ｍｙ)sweetAlly，asweI1aｓ`sweetheart，
and‘Love，、AliciaSaleware，ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ，usualIyadd唾ssesherhusbandas
(1０ 耐lisispamlleltothesolutionshowninBmwnandGilman(1％O)．Theypr巴senta化wsimilarcases ofconIradictorｙ”lationshipssuchastheonebetweenpaJBntsm1dchiIdに､,andalsotheonebetwcen clderandyolmgersiblings、Inbothcases,thcyaJ巳bo1himhehiemrchicalpowerneIanonshipasweI1 asinlhesolidaJityにlationship・Imsuchacase,theT-IbmmfsoIidalitｙｉｓｕｓｅｄｌ⑤cipmcally．
6６
`Thomas，、
IrCga【dthedefaultfbrmsasstaticsociolinguisticphenomena,andthevocative shinsasdynamicpragmaticphenomena・Theshinofvoca[ivesfmmthedefaultfbrmto o[herfOrmsisinterestingpragmatically,becausetha[isthemomen[atwhichtheinte炉 personallClationshipismostlikelytobelBconstructedandrcnegotiatedeitherfbrbetter orfbrworse・Thisisalsothemomentatwhichthethirdaxisofcontextualcondition，
eitheroffbrmalityoremotionalexpressivity,comesintoeffect．
5.2Ｖ⑪唾ｌｉｖｅsincontext
lntheprevioussection，ＩｈａｖｅｓｈｏｗｎｔｈｅｄｅｆａｕｌｔｆＯｒｍｓｏｆｖｏｃativesusedbetween AliciaSalewaIeandThomasSalewalE・Withthisinmind,IwouIdliketodiscusshelc howvocativesbetweenAliciaSalewal巴andThomasSalewarechangeinthefbllowing sceneofconf1ict，becauseｔｈｅvocativeexchangebetweenthiscoupleseemtobe differentfiDmtheexpectedpatte｢、
5.3DiaIoguebetweenahusbandandawifb
ThenextextractisadialoguebetweenAliciaandherhusband,Thomas．
Extract3
[ThomasSalewalBにtumshometonndAliciaandayoungmalecustomer,BeIlamy，
engagedinfriendlytalk・ThomasflattersBellamybutBellamydoesnotrespondtoi［
asThomasexpectshimto・ImmediatelyafterBelIamyleaves,Thomasblames Bellamyfbrhislackofmannersandwit,Aliciathensays:］
[Alicia]Thomasyourhopesarevaine,Thomasinseatingmeehe肥to ovelTeach,orunderT巴achanybodyJamwearyofthisMechanickcourse Thomas;andofthiscourserhabit,aslhavetoldyoudiversandsundly timesThomas,andindeedofyouThomasthatconfinｅｍｅｔｏ，Lbutthe boundmustobey．
[SalewalClNeverthesoonerfbrahastyword,IhopesweeteAUy．
１２３４５６
[Salewalc]Troth,andl，lecalltheefriend,andlpletheeJetlhatbeouT familiarandcommoncompellation:fiienditwillsounddaintily,especially
７８
HowSpousesUsedtoAddressEachOther67
whenyoushaltappearetoogallanttobemywife．
[Al]ThenIetitbesofiFiend．
[Sal.]Intruthitshall,andlamvelymuchtakenwithiLFriendlhavefOunda
CustomertodaythatwilltakeoffmyrichpalceIlofbroadBed-lace,thatmy LordPaylaOebespoke,ａｎｄｌｅｆｔｏｎｍｙhands,fbrlackofmoney．
[Al.]Ihavesoldital1℃adyﾉiｶﾞelzd,withotherLacesatagoodrate．
[SaL]Andallfbrreadymoneymend？
[AI.]Yes,friend,ahundredpounds,andsomewhatmore．
[SalJWhowouldbe,orwhocouldlivewithoutsuchafrie､｡,insuchashop？
ThismoneycomessopatfbraplBsentoccasion,tostopagap・Ithasstop[ａ
ｇａｐａｌｌ巳adyfriend．
[Al]Ihavedispos,dofthemoney,theoddhundr℃dpoundfbrappalTelL friend,ａｎｄotheraccommodationsfbrmyselfe．
[SaL]NeverthesoonerfOrahastywordlhopefhpiend．
[Al.]Ihavedoneitfriend,wherCbytoappea1℃、o肥CourtIy,andLadilikeas
yousay,togaineyoumorccustometoyourShop．[SalJUuchfriend-Isitso？
[Al.]AndfriendyoumustnotbeangⅣ,orthinkemuchofit,ifyou肥spect
youTprofitfriend．
[AlJThenIiFiend,letyourshopbeyourowncarefbrtherestofthisday,I
havesomebusinessabroad．
[SalJWhithersweetfriemd？
[Al.]IsthatafTiendlyquestion？
[SaL]IamcoTTectedfhiend,butwillyounottakeaMantowai[uponyou？
[AlJTowatchme,shalll?andgiveyouaccountofmyactions?wasthat
spokelikeafiPiend？
[SaI.］Iamagencorrectedfriend．…(Brome,ｐｐ・C7R-C7V,originalspelling
andmyemphasis）
９⑩Ⅲ厄ＤＭ旧沁、旧四ｍｍ璽羽酔西塑刀羽、犯釧犯羽汎蒟
AfterThomasblamesBellamy'slackofmanners,AliciabeginsacounUerattackby
usingthefnrstnamevocativemolmzs『cpeatedly・Noticethatboththehusbandandwife
al巴usingthedefaultfOrms,i､e､thehusbandusesashortenedfirstnamewithapremodi- fierofendearment,andthewifeusesthefirstnameinfUILThustheassumedhiera1℃hy seemstobemaintained、AIthoughthenormismaintainedintelmsofvocativefbrms，
thefrequencyexceedsthenorm・Theaverageftequencyofvocativeuseinthisextract
is48兜，ｉ､e・the1℃ａr己fbrty-eightvocativesmonehund妃dutterances・ＢｕｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＡｌｉｃｉａａｎｄＴhomasthefrequencyisover85％,fbrBgroundingtheseutterances・AIicia，ｓ
6８
repetitiveuseofvocativescontrolsthedialogueallowshertokeeｐｈｅｒｍｍ,andleaves
noroomfbrherhusbandtotalk・
Ｏｎｌｉｎｅｓｌ－２,thereametwovocativesinonesentenceThishighfrequencyindi- caにsAlicia，sanger・Betweenlines2and5,the雁alcthreeobjectsofthephrase,`Iam wearyo｢,inarowasfOllows：
Ｉａｍｗｅａｒｙ
（１）ofthisMechanickcourseThomas；
（２）andofIhiscoursehabit,aslhave[oldyoudiveI1sandsundrytimesThomas，
（３）andmdeedofyouThomBs
Alicia，sresentmentgrowsandwhenshesays`ofyouThomas，online4her rCsentmentにachesaclimax、AnhoughthefimstnamevocativeisafblmiIiarvocative (andthedefaultfbrmhere),、○m“isusedmtheraggTcssivelyinthisdialogue,again indicationofAlicia，sanger・
Thewifeisverballyabusingherhusbandbywhatshesays,andthisverbalabuseis supportedbytheoffensiveuseofvocatives、Onlines7-9,thehusbandploposestousea newvocative,βjemﾉ,whichhethinksissophisticatedThisisacommonpracticeof Thomas，ｓｉｎｃｅｈｅｉｓａｓｏｃｉａｌｃｌｉｍｂｅｒａｎｄａＩｗａystriestoimitatethemannersofthe gentry、Butthisnewlyintroducedvocativeisagainabusedbyhiswife・SheteUsher husbandtokeepacertaindistancefmmherandnottointerfeにwithherprivacyｉｆｈｅ ｗａｎｔｓｔｏｂｅｉｎｇｏｏｄｔｅｒｍｓｗｉｔｈherasaftiendPeoplewithoutkinshipmightbecome
closerbycallmgeachotherfiriend,butnotamamedcoupljiBytheintroductionof
friend,theverticalpower1℃lationshipexpectedtoexistintherclationshipofama1nried coupIeisconveTtedtoahorizontal,equal雁lationshipbetweenfriends・
Onlines20-21and23-24,Aliciaassertsthatshehasalreadyspentallofthemoney
(mUTheterm`utterance，hasaspecialmelminginmystudy・Iuseittore勉toonesegmentofapaltic‐
ularchmacOer0sspeechthatisdiにctedtoanotheTchalacter・T11esegmentsdonotalwayscolT己spond withIheUHesoftexLhenceonelinecanbecountedastwoutterancesifthespeakeTtalkslotwo peopleseparatelyinthatline．
⑫Ｉｎｍｙｃｏｍｕｓ,dle唾isanotherinstanceinwhichmon-friends,infacLs[mng邸decidetocalIeach other`friemd，．Inthisexample,agUesttoaninn,amaninhighastakus,proposesanewaddI己sst巳Ｔｍ，
〆B"ｲｵﾄtoshowhisftiemdlinessandgoodwilltoamanwo｢kinginaninn,ie､amaninlowerstatus、
ＨｅＨＢ,themaninlowerstatusisvelypmudo｢IhisnewlygivenaddI℃sslerm．
HowSpousesUsedloAdd正ssEachOther69
onclothesandotherthings・However,thefamiliariser,〆eP1`,preventsThomasfmm makinganyfUrtherqueries・Aliciastartsherutteranceswith‘Andfriendonline26，
ａｎｄ‘Ｔｈｅｎfriend,ｏｎｌｉｎｅ２８，ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｆｂＵｏｗｅｄｂｙｈｅｒｏｍｅｒｓｔｏｈｅｒhusband：‘You
mustnotbeangry，(line２６)and`letyourshopbeyourowncarcfbrtherCstofthisday，
(line２８)．Onlmes26-27,Alicia，sutteranceissandwichedbetweentwovocatives・
T11isrepetitiveuseofmelldatthebeginnmgandalsoattheendoftwoutterancesis effectiveinsUencmgherhusband、TheillocutionaTyfbmeofherutterancesorordersis stlBngthenedbythisseeminglyfriendlyvocative、
Noticｅｏｎｌｉｎｅ３０，Thomastriestofamiliarisethisnewvocativebyaddinga p肥modifierofendealmenLswea,ｂｕ[invainWhenherhusbandaskssensitiveques- tions,thewiferespondstohisquestionsnotbyanswenngbutbyaskingquestions:‘Is thatamendlyquestion?，（Iine31）ａｎｄ`wasthatspokelikeafriend?，（lines33-34)．
ThesealBrhetoricalquestions,thatis,theyaIequestionsinlbrm,butordersbyimplica‐
tion・Tmeybothimplythestrongolder`don，ｔａｓｋｍｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｉｆｙｏｕｗａｎｔｍｂｅｍｙ friend'・Everytimethehusbandasksaquestion,hehastoapolOgizetoherfbrinvading herprivacy・Inthisverbalbattle,AliciabattIes,thentriumphsandgoesouttoseeher loverBellamy・Therelationshipismanipulatedandevendestroyedbyaclusterof
応peatedvocativesandthetac[lUIshiftofvocativeuseonthewife,sside・Ｔｈｉｓｉｓａｌｓｏ ａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｖaluesontheaxisofsituationalandemotionalconditionsaffecttheimplicationoftbefamiliartypeofvocatives・Again,Uleplaywrightexploits vocativestohighlightthepowerldationshipbetween‘amadcouple，，asthetitle suggests,aswellasaconventionalcomiccharacterofashreworanaggingwife,to
pruducecomiceffects・
Thereareseveralinterpにtationsofthemeaningofが21,．First,amarTiedcouple
havetheirownidiosyncmticwaysofaddressingeachother,whichmightsoundstrange
tooutsiders・Thesespecialintimateand/OrprWatevocativesarenormallyunknownto
olhersbecausepeopledonottendtousethemwhenathirdpartyisp１℃senLRichard
Brome,theplaywrightofAMJdCo”ﾉｅＷｾﾉﾉＭ､℃ﾉi,dmighthaveusedsucharareand
strangevocativeasβie"dtodepic[afimnymarriedcoupleofanaggingwifeandapmudbutvainhusband・Second，[hisstrangevocativemayberelatedtothepecuIiar
7０
useofvocativesandadd妃sstennsby[heQuakers,whoaresupposedtocalleachother
`friend，and/or`bmother'・Ifso,theplaywrightmusthaveadopOedthisstrnngecustomto⑰
mocktheQuakers,whobegantoappearatthetimewhenthisplaywaspublished・
However,iflassumetha[thisplaywaswn[にnafewyearsbefbreitspublication(Spove l979),itseemsuncertainwhethertheplayWrightknewoftheldigiouspracticesofthe QuakerswhenhewroteiLThirdly,thereisahistorical-cultumlinにmlCtation・Queen HenriettaMariaissaidtohavepractisedPlatonicloveinhercourt,whichwaswell knowntotbepeopleofLondonandtothean℃‐goers、ＴｈｅstrangeuseofmelodinA
MzdCblq'たＷｾﾉﾉMmc"dismostlikelytobeanechoofthepracticcofPlatoniclovJ1
IfthisimerprctationiscorTecL`fTiend，isusedtomimicandmockQueenHenrietta，s courtlyorreligiouspractice、TheaudienceintheEarIyModemEnglishperiodmust havenoticedthisimmediatelyandenjoyedthisjokevocativetogetherwithotherfixed LatinphrasesofThomas,,whichrenecthisslJongimer℃stinbecomingagentleman・
Inthisexample,IhaveexpIainedinterpersonalpragmaticfUnctionsinaparticula「
scenewherethevocativeshiftshomthedelaultfbnnstodeviantfbrms,ａｎｄchanges[he characters，rda[ionship・IhavealsodiscussedthetextualpragmaticfimctionspIayedby lhepositionandfirequencyofthevocalivelntelCstingly,theuseofafamiliariserdoes notnecessarilymeanthatareIationshipbecomescloserandmorehiendly，Onthe conUmy,theshiftfmmthenormmakesthewholeuttemnceaggressive・Ihavefbund thatdeviantorunexpectedvocativeshelptoenhancecomiceffectsintheplotdevelop- menLandsocontributetocharacterisationintheplay．
6．ConcIBnRi⑪皿
Nowlhatthedefaultvocativefbｒｍｉｓｔｈｅｆｉ店ｔｎａｍｅｉｎ[ｈｅEnglishspeakingworldas Leech（1999)shows,itisdifficulttoseethehierarchicalandsoIidarityrelationships
⑬T1leQuakersalsouse`thou'toaddhBsseacbotherlikeTmomas,ｈｅTe(line７)(BrDwnaJtdGlman l960〕．
(M）Spove(ｌｗ９),fbrinstance,supportsthisintcnD肥tationof”endasamockeryofQueemHemietta,s pmcUccofP1atonicloveinhercom．
HowSpousesUscdtoAddにssEachOtheT71
betweenpeopleintheuseofvocatives、Butthishasnotalwaysbeenso・IntheEarly ModemEnglishperiod,class,stamsandsociallolesseemtobeJCalisedmolBclearlyin
vocatives，TheplaywrightsoftheEarlyModemEnglishgentlycomedieswerBaware ofitandexploitedavarietyofvocativesasalinguisticdevicetoconsu･ucthumamda‐tionshipsinthedramaticworldaswellastomanipulatethemastheplotproceeds・
Especiallyincomedies，vocativesnuctuatearoundcomiccharactersandhelpto enhancecomiceffects・Ｆｒｏｍalinguisticpointofview-atinyitemasitis-avocative isausefilllinguistictooltoanalysedramatextsintermsofpmgmaticsandstylistics、
Ｍｙｓｙｓにmaticandcomprehensivetaggingsystemsenablemetoextractsomeimer‐
estinglbamresoftheuseofavarietyofvocativesbytheplaywright・InmyfUtulC research,IwouldliketofOcusonvocativesusedbypeopleindiffe雁ntkindsofrela‐
tionships,suchasstrangers-acquaintances-friends,aswellaspeopleinsociallydifferent
mlessuchasmasに〃mistrEss-servant/maid,andseehowthesedifferCntsocialmlesare
constmctedbyavarietyofvocativesinthegentrycomediesoｆｔｈｅEarlyModem
Englishperiod．
Sourcetexls(takenfmmtheCbl7，“q/団gﾉjsADiaﾉogHeﾉｺﾞ60-ﾉ万O）
Bmme,Ｒ・(1653)AMzdCmp化Ｗと"ＭＪｊｃﾉj'db Cong1℃ve,Ｗ・(1694)71heDDHgﾉe-Deq化｢．
7２
Ｒｅ庇rPnces
Archer,DaJ1dCulpeper0J.（fmthcoming〕oSociopragmuticAnnotation:ＮｅｗＤｉ妃ctionsand PossibilitiesinHistoricalCorpusLinguistics，、InWiIsonoA.,Rayson,Ｐ､alldMcEnery,Ａ、
Ｍ・(eds.)ＣＤ”“Lingluな“l)ｙｊＡｅＬｌｍ２ＪＡ犀JISCﾉlが/brGEqD什巴y陸ech・PeIerLang：
FmnkfhrVMain・
Ｂｍｗｎ,Ｐ・ａｎｄＬｅvinson.Ｓ・Ｃ（1978,1987)ＰＯＩ"Blu“画:Ｓｂｍ２Ｕ)、ﾉelmlsi〃Ｌ(､g“８２“age・
Cambridge:CambndgeUniversityPTess・
Brown,Ｒ・andGilman,Ａ・(1960)`ThePmnounsofPowerandSolidality,、InSebeok,Ｔ､Ａ・(ed）
（19⑱)Siylei〃1忽mg“８Ｇ.NewYork:ＴｈｅＴ℃chnoIogyPrcssofMassachusettslnstituteof 正chnologyandJohnWilcy＆sons,253-276．
Brinton,Ｌ､』.(1”6)Ｐｍｇ"IziricMu批巴応j"EiqgliMI:ＧｍｌｊｉＲｍｊにqlizajioPlzmaDism“eFmcljmJ，
BerUn:MoutondeGnlyte｢・
Culpeper,』.(1996)`Tbwa】dsanAmatomyoflmpoliteness，、ノリⅣｍａｌｑ/PmgmZJ"c3,25(3):349‐
367．
CuIpepeEJ・aJEdKytO,Ｍ・（1997）`TowaIdsaColpusofDialogues,’550-1750,．InRamisch,H andWynne,Ｋ・(eds.)“"g“geiDI7YmeqmSpα“:Ｓ'“i“i"JWmlHrq/ＷりりiRuz"９ＷどだGk onJlIeOcmsionq/his“肋Binhdhy・StuttgaJt:FmnzSteinerVeTlagShMtgart,60-73．
Leech,Ｇ〔1”，〕`T11eDistnbutionandFunctionofVocalivesinAmeTicanandB『itishEnglish Convelsation0・InHasscIgArdⅢＨ､andOkseIjeI1,s.(eds.)OIJlq/・aWmJSiHdi“i"Llm｡”
qrSrig､ﾙﾒl“SFO"・Amsterdam:Rodopi,107-118．
Milroy,Ｌ､(1980.1987)、"gl4ugeamSt)ciaﾉﾉV画woJfF､OxfOId:BasilBlackwell
Quirk.Ｒ・era1.,(1985)ＡＱｍｐ”ﾉｾﾋﾞ郷ivcGypmJ7mrq/『ﾉIeEngliSﾉ01兆mgluage,London:Longman・
RaumoIin-Brunbe｢9,Ｈ・（1994）‘HistoricalSociolinguistiCs．、InNevalainen,Ｔ・andRaumolin‐
Brunberg,Ｈ・(eds.)ＳｂｃＭ)２８噸ljcJamL(z昭mgeHjSlDがＪＳＩ“esBmedD〃ﾉﾉIeCmpuuJq/・
Ｅｍ１ｙ勘gﾉishar花spond巴"“・AmsteIdam:Rodopi,11-37.
sa1,0,,Ｖ.(1979)meSjludyq/Ｚｎ"８Ｗ“どj"j71ﾉＩＣＢ"rIdJy勘８ｍ'1.,Amsterdam:JohnBenjamin、
Shiina,Ｍ､（2002)VocativesimEaTlyModernEnglishComedies:VocativesasPragmatic Markers・ApaperpTesenにdatthel2thlnternationalConferenceofEnglishHistorical LinguisUcs､z1st-26thAugust2002,Ｇ】asgow
Shiina,Ｍ・(fbrthcoming）Wcaljvesi〃ＥＺｚｒｊｙＭＤｄどｍＥ"gliMICom2di“:ＡＣＤ叩lzs-Based A〃ｍａｃｈ.UnpubIishedPh・Dthesis,LancasterUmve応ity･
Spove,Ｓ､Ｈ・（1979)ＡＣｎｉｌｉｃａﾉＯ"－３ＰＧＩﾉ､ｇ図ilio〃cWWicha㎡BFDmB，sAMJdCblUpleWｾﾉﾉ MJrch，｡、NewYorkandLondon:GarIandPublishing
Traugott,ＥＣ.(1989)`OntheRiseofEpistemicMeaningi、English:AnExampleofSubjectifi‐
cationinSemanticChImge'.“聴迦ge65(1):31-55.
Ｔ｢augott,ＥＣ(fbTthcoming脈FromEtymologytoHistoricaIPTagmatics，、InMinkova,Ｄ・and Stockwell,Ｒ・(eds.)Ｓ1円｡i“j〃ｆｈｅＨｍｏ可ｑ/・ｌｈｅＥｎｇｌｊｓｈ“"gmge､Berlin:Moutonde Gruyter．
HowSpousesUsedtoAdd畷sＥａｃｈＯｔｈｅｒ７３ Tmugott,ＥＣ(fbrthcoming)｡HisloricalPmgmatics.、ＩｎＨ[zmbooAq/PmgmcJrics､Oxford:Basil
Bl2ckwell，
Wales,Ｋ･（1983）WioluandYbHmEarIyModemEngIisb：BrownandGilmanRe-Appraised.、
SjuuKjitzLmg“ｒｉｃｎ３７(2):107-125．
Watts,ＲＪ.(1992)`UnguisticPolitenessandPoliticVerbalBehaviour:ReconsideringClaimsfb「
Ｕ､ive応alityo・lnWatts,ＲＪ・ｅｌａｌ(eds.）ＰＣ"Ie"essi〃“"gImgef鋤、iごsmifsﾉﾌﾞislDm meひびα"‘Ｐｍｍｃｅ･BerIin:MoutondeGruyter043-70
AppendhWOcativesusedbetweenmarriedcouples
NobiUty GenIry Middlin ３８ｍｕｐｓ
huBb2nd＞ｗｉＩＥ wifE>hqu且hauTd huu$bzhnd＞ｗｉｆＥ Wife＞hllqkhmd bug唾､｡＞ｗｉ化 Ｗｉ蛇＞hluShnnd endenrment ｍｙＤｅａｒ ｍｙＤｅａｒ DeBr
DcBrpst ｍｙＤｅａｒ ｍｙＤｅｎｒｅｓｔ ｍｙＬｏｖｅ ｍｙＬｉ陀 mydelL“ormo剛Ⅱ
Ｄｅａｒ PCO｢Ｄｅａｒ ｍｙＤｅａｒ Ｌｏｖｅ ｍｙＬｏｖｅ ｍｙＳｏｕｌ ｍｙＬｊ化
Ｌｏｖｅ Sweethealt
kinship Ｗｉｆｅ
Mrs・Ｗｉに
ＨｌｈＢｎｍｄ Ｗｉ化
pOorwife
Ｈus瞳､､。
dearHmsh2nd
lmilimseT5 fiiend
SweetlTiend ftiend
shoⅣened FＮ (=snI）
SFN Sweete mysw国
sFN SFN
msI1me(二FN） ＭｙＦＮ FＮ
tille＋mmmYr (sumame=SN）
(Sir十ＦＮ〕
Ｍis[TｉｓＳＮ Mrs､ＳＮ ｍｙＬａｄｙＳＮ
ＭⅨＳＮ ＤｅｎｒＭｒ、
SirFN SＮ
Ｍ｢・ＳＮ
hononfic Ｍ田dzDTTu ｍｙＬｏＴｄ mydearLo｢d GoodmyLold BooddeGmylmd
Ｍｉｓｍｓ Mndnm
Ladyship poorMadam youTLadyship ｍｙＬａｄｙ
Sir YourHonour nWd虹Ddc8roIHonour
Mistrissノ Ｍｉ臼hre聾 genllewoman
、h面⑧ (OMI肥rfbm面､
abusive，
低PhivevOc2dvch Fobm劃rc莚6１
唾nKehdlVbnsUO1 dearＢｕｄ poorlnnodent Wreにｈ mypooTRogue
child ｍａｎ Ｂｕｄ DearＢｕｄ FCCI Ｗｏｒｍ youjem
ｊｍｄ画ObcdⅢmbe3dmE
ＢｍＩｅ Fool
1ｍ“PihhdqUdmB
