ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߦࠄࠇࠆࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍ
ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߪߤ߁ߣࠄ߃ߚ߆
㧙ᄙ᭽ߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩታ〣⚻㛎ࠍᜬߟᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߳ߩࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ㧙 ਣጊ ජዊỈ દਭ⟤ ޣࠠࡢ࠼ޤ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧޔ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪㧝㧚ߪߓߦ
ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩ㑐ᔃ߇ᣣᧄ␠ળᣣᧄᢥൻߦ ะߡࠆߎߣ㧔ㄭ⮮ਣጊޔ2001㧦101㧕߿ޔޟ⺒ߺޠߩቇ⠌⋡ᮡߩᄢಾ ߥ৻ߟߦቇ⠌⠪߇ᣣᧄߩ⠌ᘠ߿ᢥൻߦߟߡ⍮⼂ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇⢛᥊ߦࠆ 㧔Byramޔ1997:45㧧ᾢ⼱213㧕ޕߘߩߚޔᦠ߈ਅࠈߒᢎ᧚ߦߒߡ߽↢ᢎ᧚ ߦߒߡ߽ᣣᧄ␠ળ߿ᢥൻ㑐ଥߩ߽ߩ߇ᄙޕߘߩ৻ᣇߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇㐿 ⊒ߔࠆᢎ᧚߿ᬺታ〣ߦߟߡߪޔᄖ࿖⺆ᢎᏧߢࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ޔᣣᧄ ੱ⺰ߩવߩㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߡޔᢥൻ⊛Ꮕ⇣ࠍߋࠆࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥ⸒⺑ ߩౣ↢↥߿વߩ৻⠢ࠍᜂߞߡࠆߣ߁ᜰ៰㧔ศ㊁ޔ1997㧦249-250㧧ᾢ ⼱ޔ2008b㧦231-232㧕߿ޔ1990ᐕઍᓟඨߢߞߡ߽1970ᐕઍߦᵹⴕߒߚᣣᧄ ੱ⺰ߩઍ߇⺆ቇߩᢎ᧚ߣߒߡⓍᭂ⊛ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇߟߠߌߡࠆߣ߁ᜰ ៰㧔ศ㊁ޔ1997㧦250㧕ޔ߹ߚޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߦ⸥ㅀߐࠇߚౝኈ߇࿕ቯ⊛ߥ ᖱႎ߿ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇࠆะ߇ࠆߣ߁ߎߣࠍ␜ߔೋ⚖ᢎ⑼ ᦠಽᨆ㧔ᾢ⼱ޔ2008a㧕߇ࠅޔᢎ᧚߿ᢎᏧߦߟߡߩ⼏⺰ߩᷓ߹ࠅ߇ᦼ ᓙߐࠇࠆޕ ╩⠪ࠄߪޔᢎ᧚㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ␠ળᢥൻߩᛒᣇߦߟߡޔᬺㆇ༡ޔ ߐࠄߦߪ⇐ቇߩᗧߣ߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤߒޔࠃࠅࠃᒻࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆߎߣࠍ ᦨ⚳⊛ߥ⋡ᮡߣߒޔቇ⠌⠪ߣ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߣߦὶὐࠍᒰߡޔቇ⠌⠪߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ࠍ⺒ࠎߛ႐วޔታ㓙ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆߩ߆ޔ ߹ߚߘߩᓇ㗀ߪቇ⠌⠪ߩߤߩࠃ߁ߥዻᕈߣߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ㅪ߇ࠆߩ߆ޔ⇐ ቇ㛎߇ߘߎߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ㑐ࠊࠆߩ߆ࠍਛᔃ⊛ߦ⎇ⓥߒߡ߈ߚ߇㧔ਣጊޔ 䋭㪊㪊䋭2007a㧧ਣጊޔ2007b㧧ਣጊዊỈޔ2010㧕ޔߘߩ৻ᣇߢޔᢎსߦ┙ߟᢎᏧ ߪᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᧚ࠍߤ߁ᝒ߃ߡࠆ߆ߣ߁߇↢߹ࠇߚޕߘߎߢޔᧄⓂߪޔ ⡯ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߳ߩࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐࠍࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖߣߒߡታ ᣉߒޔߘߩಽᨆ⚿ᨐߦၮߠߡޔᄙ᭽ߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ታ〣 ߩ⚻㛎ࠍᜬߟޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ᚲዻߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩᒝ ᣣᧄ⺆⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍߤ߁⍮ߔࠆ߆ߦߟ ߡ⠨ኤߔࠆޕ
㧞㧚వⴕ⎇ⓥߣᧄ⎇ⓥߩᗧ⟵
⇣ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩಽ㊁ߦ߅ߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߪޔᷓ⍮ ⼂߿⚻㛎߇ߥੱ߇ޔࠊࠁࠆޟኾ㐷ኅޠ߆ࠄ⸒ࠊࠇߚߎߣߦኻߒߡޔߘ ߁ߣ߽㒢ࠄߥ⺰᧚ᢱࠍ⚻㛎⊛߆ߟහᐳߦᕁߟߊߩߪ࿎㔍ߢޔߒࠈޔ ߘߩޟኾ㐷ኅޠ߇ਈ߃ߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ޔߘߩੱߦޔࠆࠗࡔࠫࠍᛴ ߆ߖࠆᄾᯏߣߥࠅᓧࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡࠆ㧔ᳰ↰ޔ2010㧦66-67㧕ޕᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ ߦߟߡ⸒߃߫ޔᣣᧄߦߟߡᷓߊቇࠎߛ⚻㛎߿ṛᣣ⚻㛎߇ߥੱ߇ᣣᧄ ⺆ᢎᏧߦਈ߃ࠄࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߦᓇ㗀ࠍᒝߊฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ ߚޔߎߩ⒳ߩᖱႎߩᛒߦߟߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߪᢅᗵߢࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙ ߐࠇࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡߪޔ1990ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄᢎ⑼ᦠߥߤߦ߅ߌࠆኻ⽎ߩឬ ߆ࠇᣇ߇ޔ⺒ߺᚻߦኻߒߡ㗴ߩࠆࡔ࠶ࠫࠍㅍߞߡࠆߎߣߦߟ ߡߩ⼏⺰߇ᆎ߹ߞߚޕศ㊁㧔1997㧦4ޔ249-250㧕ߪޔ␠ળቇߩⷞὐ߆ࠄޔ1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ1980ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦ߆ߌߡ⋓ࠎߛߞߚᣣᧄੱߩ⁛⥄ᕈߩ⼏⺰ߩᓇ㗀ߪޔ 1980ᐕઍએ㒠ߦߥߞߡᐢ▸࿐ߢᗵߓࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅޔߘߩᓟ߽ᣣᧄੱ⺰ ߇ᒻࠍᄌ߃ߥ߇ࠄౣ↢↥ߐࠇߟߠߌߡࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒޔߘߩᢥൻ⊛Ꮕ⇣ ߩ⸒⺑ߩౣ↢↥ࠍᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ᜂߞߡࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᜰ៰߇ᒰߡߪ߹ࠆߣߒߡޔߚߣ߃߫1990ᐕઍඨ߫ߦ ߐ ࠇޔᣣᧄߢ߽ᶏᄖߢ߽ᐢߊ↪ߐࠇߡࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠޡAn Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japaneseޢߩ╙㧤⺖ߩㅦ⺒ޟࡉࡦ࠼ᔒะޠ߇ߍ ࠄࠇࠃ߁ޕߎߩㅦ⺒ᢎ᧚ߦߪޔᣣᧄੱߩኅᐸߦࡎࡓࠬ࠹ࠗࠍߒߚ⇐ቇ↢ ࡌ࠹ࠖߩ㛎߇✄ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ᧪ᣣ೨ߦࡎࠬ࠻ࡈࠔࡒߩኅᣖߘࠇߙ ࠇߦ߅ߺ߿ߍࠍḰߒߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ߅Უߐࠎߦᚻࠅߩࡃ࠶ࠢࠍߍߚߣߎࠈޔ߹ࠅ༑߫ࠇߕ߇ߞ߆ࠅߔࠆޕߘߩᓟޔߘߩ߅Უߐࠎ߇࠻ࠗߩࠬ ࠶ࡄ߹ߢࡉࡦ࠼ຠࠍ߁߶ߤߩࡉࡦ࠼ᔒะߢߞߚߎߣߦ᳇ߠߊߣ ߁ౝኈߢࠆޕ ਣጊ㧔2007b㧦167-173㧕ߪޔߎߩㅦ⺒ᢎ᧚߆ࠄᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ ߎߣࠍㅪᗐߔࠆ߆ߦߟߡߩPACಽᨆࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ߆ࠄޔᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߇ޔ Უ࿖ߢߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥࡔ࠺ࠖࠕᖱႎࠍ⇐ቇ↢ᵴߩਛߢᬌ⸽ߒޔߎߩ ㅦ⺒ᢎ᧚ߩޔ↢ᵴߩ⚦ㇱߦ߹ߢࡉࡦ࠼ຠ߇ⴕ߈ᷰߞߡࠆߣ߁⸥ㅀ߇ޔ ⺞ᩏදജ⠪ߩᣣᧄੱߩࡉࡦ࠼ᔒะߩࠗࡔࠫࠍߐࠄߦᒝൻߒߡࠆߎߣ ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚ߇ޔߎࠇߪޔㅀߩศ㊁ߩᜰ៰ߦว⥌ߒߚߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ ࠆޕ ᢎ⑼ᦠಽᨆߢߪޔᾢ⼱㧔2008a㧕߇࿖ౝᄖߢᐢߊ᥉ߒߡࠆೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ ᢎ⑼ᦠޡߍࠎ߈ޢࠍಽᨆߒޔೋ⚖ᢎ⑼ᦠߩળߩਛߦࠆ᭽ޘߥⷙ▸߿ᮡ Ḱߩᒝࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ᢎ⑼ᦠߦ⒁ࠄࠇߡࠆࠗ࠺ ࠝࡠࠡ⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍᛠីߔࠆᔅⷐᕈࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔᬺㆇ༡ߩ㕙 ߆ࠄޔᾢ⼱㧔2008b㧕ߪᢎቶߩਛߢᢎ⑼ᦠࠍ߁ᢎᏧ߇ޔᢎ⑼ᦠߩᜬߟࠗ࠺ ࠝࡠࠡࠍવ㆐ߔࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߒߡࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩ⎇ ⓥ߇␜ໂߔࠆߎߣ߽ޔศ㊁㧔1997㧕ߩᜰ៰ߦว⥌ߔࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔୖ㧔2003㧦98-99㧕ߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧࠍኻ⽎ߦࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߳ߩ⼂ࠍ⺞ᩏߒߚߣߎࠈޔޟዋߥߊߣ߽⚂8ഀߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ චోߥ⼂ࠍᜬߞߡߥߎߣ߇ᱧὼߣߒߡࠆޠߣᜰ៰ߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ ߪ⇣ᢥൻቇ⠌⠪ߦዋߥ߆ࠄߧᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣࠍ〯߹߃ߡޔߎ߁ߒߚᢎᏧ ߦኻߔࠆࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߦኻߔࠆ⫥ᢎ⢒ᵴേߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ ⸷߃ߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔߎߩ⎇ⓥߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ ࠗࡊߦߟߡߤ߁⠨߃ߡࠆ߆ޔ߹ߚޔޟᣣᧄੱߪ㨪ޠޟਛᐕᅚᕈߪ㨪ޠ ߣߞߚೝỗࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߡᓟඨㇱಽࠍၒࠆߣ߁ᒻߢߘࠇߙࠇߩೝỗ⺆ ߦ㑐ߒߡᜬߞߡࠆࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߩή߿ౝኈࠍ⺞ᩏߒߚ߽ߩߢߞߡޔ ᢎᏧ߇ᢎ᧚ߦߡߊࠆࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥⷐ⚛ࠍߤ߁ᝒ߃ߡࠆ߆ಽᨆߒ ߚ߽ߩߢߪߥޕ ╩⠪ࠄ߇ขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߢߪޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩᒝᣣᧄ⺆⺒ ⸃ᢎ᧚߇ቇ⠌⠪ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡࠆ߆߇㊀ⷐߥಽᨆࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߩ ৻ߟߣߥߞߡࠆ߇ޔᢎ᧚ߣቇ⠌⠪ߣߩ㑆ߦߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ᢎ⑼ᦠ ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚޟᢥൻޠߩⷙ▸߿ᮡḰߩᢔࠍഥ㐳ߒߡࠆߣ߁ᜰ៰㧔ᾢ 䋭㪊㪌䋭
⼱ޔ2008b㧦232㧕ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣޔᢎᏧ߇ᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ ߦߟߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦᗵߓߡࠆߩ߆߽ᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ߚޕߘߎ ߢޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖߣߒߡޔ࿖☋߿Უ⺆ޔᣣᧄ⺆ࡌ࡞ߥ ߤ߇ᄙ᭽ߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ታ〣ߩ⚻㛎ࠍᜬߟޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐 ᚲዻߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ11ฬࠍኻ⽎ߦޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩᒝᣣᧄ⺆⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍߤ߁⍮ߔࠆ߆ߣ߁ߎߣࠍ⺞ᩏߒߚޕ
㧟㧚⺞ᩏⷐ
ᧄ⺞ᩏߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߦណ↪ߐࠇߚ⺒⸃ᢥߩߤߩࠃ߁ߥ ▎ᚲߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥⷐ⚛ࠍߛߔ߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡޔ 2009ᐕ㧟ߦޔ࿖☋߿Უ⺆ޔᣣᧄ⺆ࡌ࡞ߥߤ߇ᄙ᭽ߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ታ〣ߩ⚻㛎ࠍᜬߟޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ᚲዻߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ11ฬࠍኻ⽎ ߦታᣉߒߚޕ⺞ᩏታᣉᤨᦼߩ⺞ᩏදജ⠪ߩਥߥ⢛᥊ߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢࠆޕ 䋱㩷 ⺞ᩏදജ⠪䈱ਥ䈭⢛᥊ ⺞ᩏදജ⠪ ᐕ㦂ጀ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ᱧ 㧭 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએᐕᧂḩ 㧮 ઍᓟඨ ᐕએᐕᧂḩ 㧯 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએᐕᧂḩ 㧰 ઍᓟඨ ᐕએ 㧱 ઍᓟඨ ᐕએ 㧲 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએ 㧳 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએ 㧴 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએ 㧵 ઍᓟඨ ᐕએ 㧶 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએ 㧷 ઍ೨ඨ ᐕએ 䋭㪊㪍䋭⺞ᩏᣇᴺߪޔࠄ߆ߓ╩⠪ࠄ߇ޔਛ⚖ࡌ࡞ߢᲧセ⊛᥉ߒߡࠆᢎ ⑼ᦠߢޔᣣᧄ␠ળᢥൻߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡࠆౝኈߩ߽ߩߣ ߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄㆬቯߒߚᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚16ὐࠍ↪ᗧߒޔ㧔㧝㧕ᣣᧄ߿ᣣᧄੱ ߦߟߡߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥⷐ⚛߇߹ࠇߡࠆߣᕁ߁߆ޔ㧔㧞㧕߹ ࠇߡࠆߣᕁ߁႐วޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߆ࠍߨߡ⥄↱ߦ⸥ㅀߒ ߡ߽ࠄ߁ᣇᑼߢታᣉߒߚޕᚲⷐᤨ㑆ߪᦨ⍴15ಽ⒟ᐲߣ⸳ቯߒߚ߇ޔታ㓙ߦ ߪ30ಽ㨪1ᤨ㑆⒟ᐲ߆߆ߞߚߣ߁↳๔ࠍฃߌߡࠆޕ ⺞ᩏߦ↪ߚ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߩ⚦ߪ㧞ߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ 䋲㩷 ⺞ᩏ䈮↪䈚䈢⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ 0Q ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ 㗴ฬ ᢎ⑼ᦠฬ ᐕ ␠ 㧝 ߤߎߦᐳࠆ߆ 㧞 ࡉࡦ࠼ᔒะ 㧟 ࠕࡔࠞੱߦߣߞߡ߿ߥߎߣ 㧠 ᅚߩਃ㊀⧰ 㧡 ࡎࡦࡀߣ࠲࠹ࡑࠛ 㧢 ࡄ࠹ࠖߩળ #P+PVGITCVGF #RRTQCEJVQ +PVGTOGFKCVG ,CRCPGUG 6JG ,CRCP 6KOGU 㧣 ᐔ╬ߥ␠ળ 㧤 ਛᵹᗧ⼂ 㧥 㓸࿅ᗧ⼂ ᣣᧄࠍߘ߁ 6JG ,CRCP 6KOGU ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ ᣣᧄᑼࡆࠫࡀࠬᷤⴚ ᣣᧄߩ␠ળߣ⚻ᷣ ࠍ⺒ ⎇ⓥ␠ 㐽ߓߡࠆ㧫ᣣᧄߩሶଏ ⾈‛ ਛ⚖߆ࠄ⚖߳ߩ ᣣᧄ⺆ 6JG ,CRCP 6KOGU ㈬ ᣣᧄ⺆PFࠬ࠹࠶ࡊ ⊕Ꮲ␠ ᛫⼏ߔࠆ⟵ോ ਛ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ ಠੱ␠ ᣣᧄੱߓ߾ߥߊߡࠃ߆ߞߚ ᭉߒߊ⺒߽߁++ ಠੱ␠ 䋭㪊㪎䋭
㧠㧚⚿ᨐ㧝
ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚᢎᏧߪ⏕ታߦߚ
߹ߕޔߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߦߟߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍᗵߓߚ߆ߤ߁߆ ߦߟߡࠆޕነߖࠄࠇߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪว⸘ߢὐKࠅޔᢎ᧚㨪ࠍߡ ో⊛ߦᗵߓߚߎߣߣߒߡޔߣ߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ὐߣޔฦޘߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡ ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ὐߞߚޕ 䋳㩷 䉴䊁䊧䉥䉺䉟䊒䈮㑐䈜䉎䉮䊜䊮䊃䈏䈅䈦䈢⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚⇟ภ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߒߚੱᢙ ✚ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙ ో⊛ߦ ว⸘ 㧟ߪ❑ゲ߇ᢎ᧚⇟ภ㧔㧞ߦၮߠߊ㧕ޔᮮゲ߇ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍઃߒߚ⺞ᩏ දജ⠪ߩੱᢙࠍ৻ⷩߦߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕߎࠇࠍࠆߣޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ ࠆߣ࿁╵ߒߚੱᢙ߇ฬߛߞߚᢎ᧚߇ὐޔฬߛߞߚᢎ᧚߇ὐޔฬߛߞ 䋭㪊㪏䋭ߚᢎ᧚߇ὐޔฬߛߞߚᢎ᧚߇ὐޔฬߛߞߚᢎ᧚߇ὐޔోຬߛߞߚᢎ ᧚߇ὐߞߚޕߔߥࠊߜߤߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡ߽ޔඨᢙએ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ ᕈࠍᗵߓߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ ᄙߊߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߦߟߡචోߥ⼂ࠍᜬߞߡߥ ߣ߁ୖ㧔㧕ߩᜰ៰ࠍ〯߹߃ࠆߣޔ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍߤߩ⒟ᐲ⍮ߔࠆߩ߆ ᔨߐࠇߚ߇ޔዋߥߊߣ߽࿁⺞ᩏኻ ⽎ߣߥߞߚᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߪᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⼂ߒߡ ߚߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ 㧡㧚⚿ᨐ㧞
߭ߞ߆߆ࠅࠍᗵߓࠆ▎ᚲ߇ૃࠆะ߇ࠆ
వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦޔ⺞ᩏදജ⠪߆ࠄነߖࠄࠇߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙߪὐߦߩ߷ࠆ߇ޔ ᜰ៰߇ߞߚ▎ᚲࠍࠆߣޔᲧセ⊛ૃߚ▎ᚲߦ߭ߞ߆߆ࠅࠍᗵߓޔࠦࡔࡦ ࠻ࠍߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ ߣߒߡޔ৻⇟ᄙߊࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ઃߌࠄࠇߚޔᢎ᧚⇟ภߩޟ㓸࿅ਥ⟵ޠࠍ ࠆޕ ޟ㓸࿅ਥ⟵ޠߪޔ㋈ᧁߣ࠹ࠨޔ࡚ࠫࡦ࠭ߩฬߦࠃࠆળᢥߢࠆޕ ᢎ⑼ᦠߩᏎ㗡ߦ⚫ߐࠇߡࠆ⊓႐ੱ‛ߢߪޔ㋈ᧁߪᱦߩળ␠ຬߢޔ ⺒ᦠߣࠧ࡞ࡈࠍ⿰ߣߒޔ⥄ቛߦੱߩᄖ࿖ੱࠍਅኋߐߖߡࠆੱߣ⸳ቯߐ ࠇߡࠆޕฬߩᄖ࿖ੱࠍਅኋߐߖࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ࠆߣ߁⸳ቯ߿ޔળᢥߩ ਛߦࠇࠆญ⺞ࠍࠆߣޔ⚻ᷣ⁁ᘒ߽ࠃߊޔ␠ળ⊛߽⏕┙ߒߚੱ‛ߢ ࠆߎߣ߇⺒ߺขࠇࠆޕ࠹ࠨߪᱦߩࠬࡍࠗࡦੱߢޔᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ⇐ቇ ↢ߢᣣᧄ⎇ⓥࠍኾߒޔ㋈ᧁኅߦਅኋߒߡࠆޕ࡚ࠫࡦ߽࠭㋈ᧁኅߩਅ ኋੱߢޔᱦޔṛᣣᱧᐕߩࠕࡔࠞੱߢᣣᧄߩડᬺߦൕോߒߡࠆޕળ ߪޔࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑ࠽ߣߒߡ⥄Ꮖ⚫ࠍߔࠆߣ߈ޔળ␠ฬࠍ⸒ߞߡ߆ࠄ⥄ಽ ߩฬ೨ࠍ⸒߁ߣ߁㗴߆ࠄޔᣣᧄੱߩ㓸࿅ਥ⟵ߩ߇ዷ㐿ߒޔ$㧡 㗁 ᒝߩਛߢޔᣣᧄੱߪ㓸࿅ᗧ⼂߇ᒝߣ߁ߎߣޔ⥄Ꮖਥᒛࠍ߹ࠅߒߥ ߎߣ߿ޔᗧ߇߹ߢࠊ߆ࠅߦߊߎߣޔઁੱߣߩᡂࠍㆱߌࠆะ ߇વ⛔⊛ߦߥࠆߎߣޔ⋧ᚻߩ┙႐߿᳇ᜬߜࠍዅ㊀ߔࠆߎߣޔߘߩࠇߣߒ ߡᢘ⺆߇㊀ⷐⷞߐࠇࠆߎߣߥߤ߇⚫ߐࠇࠆޕ ߎߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡߪੱਛฬ߆ࠄว⸘ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ነߖࠄࠇߡࠆ ߇ޔߤࠎߥ▎ᚲߦࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ነߖࠄࠇߚߩ߆ࠍ߹ߣߚߩ߇㧠ߢࠆKK ޕ 䋭㪊㪐䋭䋴㩷 䇸㓸࿅ਥ⟵䇹䈱⸥ㅀ䈱ਛ䈪䇮䉴䊁䊧䉥䉺䉟䊒䉕ᗵ䈛䈢▎ᚲ ࠞ࠹ࠧ ᒰ▎ᚲ ੱᢙ 㧔ળ␠ߩฬ೨ࠍవߦ⸒߁ߩߪ㧕ᣣᧄੱߩ㓸࿅ᗧ⼂ ߩࠄࠊࠇ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ 㓸࿅ਥ⟵ 㓸࿅ᗧ⼂߇ᒝ ઁߩੱߣ㆑߁ߎߣࠍㆱߌߚࠅޔ⥄Ꮖਥᒛࠍ߹ࠅ ߒߥߊߥߞߚࠅߔࠆޕ ⋧ᚻߩ᳇ᜬߜ߿┙႐ࠍ⠨߃ߥ߇ࠄ⊒⸒ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ ߥࠆ߆ࠄޔߤ߁ߒߡ߽ߪߞ߈ࠅߣ⥄ಽߩᗧࠍ⸒ ࠊߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁ޕ ߤ߁ߒߡ߽ߪߞ߈ࠅߣ⋧ᚻߩᗧࠍ⸒ࠊߥߊߥ ߞߡߒ߹߁ߩߪ ⋧ᚻߩߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆ߆ࠄ߆ޕߘࠇ ߪᄖ࿖ੱߦߣߞߡߪࠊ߆ࠅߦߊޕ ળ⼏ߢᗧࠍ⡞ߡ߽ޟߪޠߥߩ߆ޟ߃ޠ ߥߩ߆ࠃߊࠊ߆ࠄߥޕ ᣣᧄߪࠕࡔࠞߩࠃ߁ߥᄙ᳃ᣖ࿖ኅߢߪߥߒޔ ᡂࠍㆱߌࠃ߁ߣ߁ะ߇વ⛔⊛ߦࠆޕ ᣣᧄੱห჻ߛߣߛߚ⠨߃ᣇ߽ૃߡࠆߩߢޔ ߪߞ߈ࠅ⸒ࠊߥߊߡ߽⋧ᚻ߇ࠊ߆ߞߡߊࠇࠆߩߢ ߪߥ߆ߣ߁᳇ᜬߜ߽ࠆޕ ߪߞ߈ࠅᗧ ࠍ⸒ࠊߥ ߒߡࠆੱߩᘒᐲ߿ߩᵹࠇߢޔߛߚℂ⸃ ߢ߈ࠆޕ ⋧ᚻߩ┙႐ࠍዅ㊀ߔࠆߣ߁ߩߪℂ⸃ߢ߈߹ߔޕ ᢘ⺆ߩᣇߦ߽ߘࠇߪࠄࠊࠇߡࠆޕ ᢘ⺆ ᐕ㦂߿ߩਅ㑐ଥߦ᳇ࠍࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ ࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦ ࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦߪߺࠎߥࠧ࡞ࡈߩ✵⠌ࠍߔࠆ ↵ᕈ ߛߨޕ㧔ਛᐕߩ␠ળ⊛߇㜞↵ᕈߩญ⺞㧕 ߘߩઁ ▎ᚲࠍ․ቯߖߕޟߎߩࠃ߁ߥะߪࠆߣᕁ߁ޠ ߣ߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ߞߚޕ 䋭㪋㪇䋭
ߎࠇࠍߡࠊ߆ࠆߩߪޔ߹ߕޔ▎ᚲࠍ․ቯߖߕߦޟߎߩࠃ߁ߥะߪࠆ ߣᕁ߁ޠߣߒߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߥ߆ߞߚߣ߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇㧝ฬ ߆ࠄነߖࠄࠇߡࠆ߇ޔߘߩઁߩฬߪߺߥࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆࠦ ࡔࡦ࠻ߦߥߞߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆKKK ޕߘߒߡޔߘߩߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩ߁ߜޔ ޟᢘ⺆ޠ߿ޟࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦޠޟ↵ᕈޠߦߟߡߪฦฬ߆ࠄߒ߆ࠦࡔ ࡦ࠻߇ߥ߇ޔઁߪඨᢙએߩᢎᏧ߇หߓࠃ߁ߥὐߦߟߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍነ ߖߡࠆޕਛߢ߽ޟ㓸࿅ਥ⟵ޠߘߩ߽ߩߦߟߡߪฬ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈ ࠍᜰ៰ߒߡߚޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔหߓࠃ߁ߥ▎ᚲߦࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇㓸ਛߔࠆะߪઁߩᢎ᧚ߦߟ ߡ߽ⷰኤߐࠇߚޕ⚕ߩㇺวߢోߡߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡ࠺࠲ࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߇ߢ ߈ߥ߇ޔߣߒߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙ߇㧞⇟⋡ߦᄙ߆ߞߚᢎ᧚7ߩޟᐔ╬ߥ␠ળޠ ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩಽ㘃⚿ᨐࠍ㧡ߣߒߡ␜ߔޕ 䋵㩷 䇸ᐔ╬䈭␠ળ䇹䈱⸥ㅀ䈱ਛ䈪䇮䉴䊁䊧䉥䉺䉟䊒䉕ᗵ䈛䈢▎ᚲ ࠞ࠹ࠧ ᒰ▎ᚲ ੱᢙ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߣߩ㑐ଥ ⑳ߩੱ⊛ߥ⠨߃ߛ߇ ᣣᧄߩ␠ળߪᐔ╬ߛ ᣣᧄ␠ળߪᐔ╬ ᣣᧄߩ␠ળߪᐔ╬ൻ߇ㅴࠎߢࠆ ߪߞ߈ࠅߒߚ㓏⚖Ꮕ߿りಽᏅ߇ߥ 㓏⚖Ꮕ߿りಽᏅ ᣣᧄߦߪᵹ㓏⚖ߪߥ ദജ ദജߐ߃ߔࠇ߫ߛࠇߢ߽ߎ߁ߒߚߦߟߌࠆ ᢎ⢒ߩᯏળ ᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌࠆᯏળ߽ߺࠎߥᐔ╬ߛ ᆄ߇߅⨥ࠍࠇࠆ ᆄ߇߅ቴߐࠎߦ߅⨥ࠍࠇࠆ႐㕙 ⸒⺰߿ᕁᗐߩ⥄↱ ⸒⺰߿ᕁᗐߩ⥄↱߇ᄢߦࠄࠇߡࠆ ߘߩઁ ో⊛ߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚߣ߁ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ߎߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡ߽ੱਛฬ߆ࠄࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ነߖࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ✚ᢙߪߢࠆޕ㧡ࠍߡࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔޟദജߔࠇ߫ߛࠇߢ߽ක⠪ߥ ߤߩߦߟߌࠆޠߣ߁ὐߦฬޔޟ㓏⚖Ꮕ߿りಽᏅޠߦߟߡߪฬޔ ޟᢎ⢒ߩᯏળ߽ᐔ╬ߢࠆޠߦฬ߆ࠄࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ࠆޕ 䋭㪋㪈䋭
߹ߚޔోߦߟߡࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚߣ߁ᜰ៰ߣޔޟᣣᧄ␠ળ ߪᐔ╬ߛޠߣ߁ὐߦߟߡߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߽߿߿ㄭ߽ߩߛߣᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ น⢻ߛߣߔࠆߣޔੱ߆ࠄߒ߆ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ߟߡߥߩߪ▎ᚲߦߣߤ߹ ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔߎߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡ߽ޔ㧠ߢ␜ߒߚޟ㓸࿅ਥ⟵ޠ߶ߤߢ ߪߥ߽ߩߩޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪㆐ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇หߓࠃ߁ߥ▎ᚲߦ㓸ਛߒߡነߖ ࠄࠇߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔዋߥߊߣ߽࿁⺞ᩏߒߚ16ߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡߪޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߩ 11ฬߩᄙߊ߇หߓࠃ߁ߥὐߦߟߡࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚߎߣ߇ࠄ ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧢㧚⚿ᨐ㧟
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ᰴߦޔⶄᢙฬ߆ࠄࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ነߖࠄࠇߚࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߦߟߡޔߘߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ߩౝኈࠍౕ⊛ߦߚߣߎࠈޔౖဳ⊛ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚߣ߁ߎ ߣߩߺࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ߽ߩߣޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚℂ↱ߥߤࠍߟߌߡ ࠆᜰ៰ߣ߇ߞߚޕߘߎߢޔᓟ⠪ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍಽᨆߒߡߺࠆߣޔࠬ࠹ࠝ ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚℂ↱ߦߪޔޟㆊߥ৻⥸ൻߛ߆ࠄޠޟታᘒߣ⇣ߥࠆߣᗵ ߓࠆ߆ࠄޠޟ⺰ℂ⊛ߦ⺑ᓧജࠍᰳߊ߆ࠄޠߣ߁3ߟߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩ߽ߩ߇ᄙ ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕએਅޔᦨ߽ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚᢎ᧚9ߩޟ㓸࿅ਥ⟵ޠࠍ ߣߒߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍౕ⊛ߦߡ߈ߚޕ వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦߎߩᢎ᧚ߦኻߒߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍነߖߥ߆ߞߚ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪߇ฬޔ ߘߩઁߩฬ߆ࠄነߖࠄࠇߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ᑧߴߢὐࠆ߇ޔߘߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ࠍ⇣ߥࠅߢᢙ߃ࠆߣὐࠆޕߎߩὐߩ߁ߜޔὐߪᢎ᧚߇ឭ␜ߔࠆࠬ࠹ ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ᖱႎߦหᗧߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ޔὐ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍᗵߓߚߣ ߁߽ߩߢࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔߎߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡߪޔฬߩᢎᏧߦୖ㧔㧕 ߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆ㗴߇ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߩޔ߶ߣࠎߤߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߦߪ᳇ߠ߈߇ ߞߚߣ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ߍࠄࠇߚ⇣ߥࠅߢὐߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩ߁ߜޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚℂ ↱ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߦ⸒ߐࠇߡࠆߩߪὐߢߞߚ㧔㧢㧕ޕ 䋭㪋㪉䋭䋶㩷 䇸㓸࿅ਥ⟵䇹䈮㑐䈚䈩ነ䈞䉌䉏䈢䉮䊜䊮䊃䈱ౝ⸶ ࠲ࠗࡊ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥะߪࠆߣᕁ߁ߣ߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚ▎ᚲࠍ␜ߒߚߩߺߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈ߇ࠆߣ߁ౝኈߩߺߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ฃߌߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߩࠗࡔࠫ⺑ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚℂ↱ߦ⸒߇ࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ㆊߥ৻⥸ൻ 㧔㧕 ᣣᧄએᄖߢ߽ࠄࠇࠆᨩߢࠆ 㧔㧕 ታᘒߣ⇣ߥࠆߣᗵߓࠆ 㧔㧕 㧡ߩౝ⸶ 㧔ℂ↱㧕 ⺰ℂ⊛ߦ⺑ᓧജࠍᰳߊ 㧔㧕 ว⸘㧔ᑧߴ㧕 ߎߩὐߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩౝ⸶ࠍߺࠆߣޔޟㆊߥ৻⥸ൻޠ߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊὐ ࠅޔᰴߢޟታᘒߣ⇣ߥࠆߣᗵߓࠆޠ߇ὐޔޟ⺰ℂ⊛ߦ⺑ᓧജࠍᰳߊޠ߇ ὐޔޟᣣᧄએᄖߢ߽ࠄࠇࠆᨩߢࠆޠ߇ὐߣߥߞߡࠆޕ㧣ߦߎ ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ὐࠍ␜ߔKX ޕ 䋭㪋㪊䋭
䋷㩷 䇸㓸࿅ਥ⟵䇹䈫䈇䈉ᢎ᧚䈮䉴䊁䊧䉥䉺䉟䊒ᕈ䉕ᗵ䈛䈢ℂ↱ = ?ౝߪ╩⠪ࠄߦࠃࠆ⿷ ࠞ࠹ࠧ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ =⋧ᚻߩ᳇ᜬߜ߿┙႐ࠍ⠨߃ߥ߇ࠄ⊒⸒ߔࠆߣ߁ߎߣߪ? ୶ℂ⊛㧛␠ળ⊛ߥᕈะ =ᡂࠍㆱߌࠃ߁ߣ߁ะߪ?୶ℂ⊛㧛␠ળ⊛ߥᕈะ =ߒߡࠆੱߩᘒᐲ߿ߩᵹࠇߢޔߛߚℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߣ ߁ߩߪ?EQOOWPKECVKQPߩᕈะ =ᣣᧄੱߩ㓸࿅ᗧ⼂ߩࠄࠊࠇߣࠆ߇ޔߎࠇߪ?ࡆࠫࡀࠬ ࡑࡦ㧛ળ␠ຬߩ㧫 =⥄Ꮖ⚫ߩߣ߈ߪ⥄ಽߩᜂᒰߩߩߎߣߪ⸒ࠊߕޔળ␠ ฬࠍߔߎߣߪ?ੱࠍ⚵❱ߩ৻ຬߣߒߡ⼂ߔࠆ=ߎߣ? =⥄Ꮖ⚫ߩߣ߈ߪ⥄ಽߩᜂᒰߩߩߎߣߪ⸒ࠊߕޔળ␠ ฬࠍߔߎߣߪ?ߦࠃࠆޕળ␠ฬߥࠄߘ߁߆߽ޕ ㆊߥ ৻⥸ൻ =⥄Ꮖ⚫ߩߣ߈ߪ⥄ಽߩᜂᒰߩߩߎߣߪ⸒ࠊߕޔળ␠ ฬࠍߔߎߣߪ?㑐ଥߢߪߘ߁ߢߒࠂ߁ޕࡊࠗࡌ࠻ ߩ႐ߢߪߤ߈ߘࠎߥߎߣࠍ⸒߁ੱߪ߹ࠅߺ߆ߌߥ ᣣᧄએᄖߢ ߽ࠄࠇࠆ ᨩ =ᐕ㦂߿ߩਅ㑐ଥߦ᳇ࠍࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ?ߌߞ ߎ߁⇇ߩᄙߊߩ႐ᚲ㧔᰷☨㧕ߢหߓߢߪ㧫 =ᣣᧄੱߩ㓸࿅ᗧ⼂ߩࠄࠊࠇߣࠆ߇?߆ߟߡߪߘ߁ߛߞ ߚߣᕁ߁ޕ =ᣣᧄߪࠕࡔࠞߩࠃ߁ߥᄙ᳃ᣖ࿖ኅߢߪߥ?ߣାߓߡ ࠆੱ߇ᄙߛߌ =ߒߡࠆੱߩᘒᐲ߿ߩᵹࠇߢޔߛߚℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߣ ᦠߡࠆ߇ޔ⑳ߦߪ?ߢ߈ߥ㧍 ታᘒߣ⇣ߥ ࠆߣᗵߓࠆ =ߒߡࠆੱߩᘒᐲ߿ߩᵹࠇߢޔߛߚℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߣ ᦠߡࠆ߇?⑳ߦߪࠊ߆ࠄߥߎߣ߇ࠃߊࠆ 䋭㪋㪋䋭
=ޟળ⼏ߢᗧࠍ᧪ߡ߽ޔޟߪޠߥߩ߆ޟ߃ޠߥߩ߆ ࠃߊࠊ߆ࠄߥޠߣ߁▎ᚲߦߟߡ? 㧫 ߘࠎߥ߹ ߥߎߣߢߪળ⼏ߪㅴ߹ߥߩߢታᘒߣ㆑߁ޕ =ᣣᧄߢࠍߔࠆᄖ࿖ੱ߽ᜂᒰߩߩߎߣࠍ⸒ࠊߕޔળ ␠ฬࠍߔࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߣ߁⸥ㅀߪ?ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߥ ⚿⺰ࠍᒁ߈ߔߚߩήℂߥ⺰㧫 ⺰ℂ⊛ߦ⺑ ᓧജࠍᰳߊ ߆ࠄ =ᣣᧄߪࠕࡔࠞߩࠃ߁ߥᄙ᳃ᣖ࿖ኅߢߪߥߒޔᡂࠍㆱ ߌࠃ߁ߣ߁ะ߇વ⛔⊛ߦࠆߣ߁⸥ㅀߦኻߒߡޔ?࿃ ᨐ㑐ଥਇޕᄙ᳃ᣖ࿖ኅߩ߶߁߇ᡂࠍㆱߌߚߩߢߪ㧫 ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߡߺࠆߣޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ࠄߪޔ⥄ࠄߩ㛎ߥߤߣߔࠅࠊߖ ߡᢎ᧚ߦ⸥ㅀߐࠇߚ৻⥸ൻߦ⾥หߢ߈ߥߣ߈ߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⼂ ߒߡࠆะ߇ࠆࠃ߁ߦ߃ࠆޕ߃߫ޔ⥄Ꮖ⚫ߩߣ߈ߦ⥄ಽߩᜂᒰ ߩߩߎߣߪ⸒ࠊߕߦળ␠ฬࠍߔߎߣߦߟߡޟ㑐ଥߢߪߘ߁ߢ ߒࠂ߁ޕࡊࠗࡌ࠻ߩ႐ߢߪߤ߈ߘࠎߥߎߣࠍ⸒߁ੱߪ߹ࠅߺ߆ߌ ߥޠߣߞߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ߘࠇࠍ␜ߒߡࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ߹ߚޔߒߡࠆੱ ߩᘒᐲ߿ߩᵹࠇߢߛߚℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߣᦠߡࠆߎߣߦߟߡޟ=⑳ߦ ߪ?ߢ߈ߥ㧍ޠޔޟ⑳ߦߪࠊ߆ࠄߥߎߣ߇ࠃߊࠆޠߥߤߣ⸥ㅀߒߚࠦ ࡔࡦ࠻߽ห᭽ߢࠆޕߐࠄߦޔዋߒઁߩ⁁ᴫߦ⠨߃ࠍߋࠄߖߡޔ㒢ቯ⊛ ߥࠣ࡞ࡊߩ․ᓽࠍㆊᄢߦᝒ߃ߡ৻⥸ൻߒߔ߉ߡߥ߆ߣ⠨߃ߚࠅޔઁ ߦ߽⸥ㅀ߇ߡߪ߹ࠆኻ⽎߇ߥ߆⠨߃ߚࠅߒߡࠆߎߣޔᨐߚߒߡᢎ᧚ ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚ৻⥸ൻ߇ᅷᒰߢࠆ߆ߣ߁ߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߡࠆߎߣ߽ߡ ขࠇࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ࠄߪޔធߒߚ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߩౝኈߦߟߡี ߔࠆ㓙ߦޔ߹ߕ⥄ࠄߩ㛎ߥߤߦၮߠ߈ޔᨐߚߒߡᦠ߆ࠇߚߎߣࠍାߕ ࠆߦ⿷ࠆ߆ᬌ⸛ߒߡࠆߣ⸒ߞߡࠃߛࠈ߁ޕ ߘߩߎߣߣ߽㑐ଥߔࠆߎߣߛ߇ޔޘߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍಽᨆߔࠆߣޔ⺞ᩏኻ ⽎⠪㆐ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦੱᏅ߇ࠇߡࠆߎߣߦ᳇ߠߊޕ߃߫ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ ࡚ࠪࡦቇࠍኾߒޔߘߩᓟ߽ߘߩಽ㊁ߦኻߔࠆ㑐ᔃ߇㜞ᢎຬߩࠦࡔࡦ ࠻ߦޟ=ߒߡࠆੱߩᘒᐲ߿ߩᵹࠇߢޔߛߚℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߣ߁ߩ ߪ?EQOOWPKECVKQPߩᕈะޠߣ߁⸥ㅀ߇ࠄࠇߚࠅޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩੱ↢⚻㛎 ߩਛߢᄙ࿖☋ߩࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦߣߩ߿ࠅߣࠅ߇ᢙᄙߊࠆᢎຬߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦ 䋭㪋㪌䋭
ޟ=ࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦߩ?ታᘒߣ㆑߁ޠߣ߁⸥ㅀ߇ࠄࠇߚࠅߔࠆޕᢎᏧߩ ᕈ߇ࠃߊࠇߡࠆߣᗵߓࠄࠇࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪઁߦ߽ᄙߊࠄࠇߚ߇ޔ࿁ ߪᢎᏧߩ᧪ᱧ߿ዻᕈߦߟߡ⚦ߥ⺞ᩏࠍߒߡ߅ࠄߕޔᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄోຬߦ ߟߡ᧪ᱧ߿ዻᕈࠍᾖวߐߖߚಽᨆࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕ 㧡▵ߢߪޔᢎᏧ㆐߇ోߣߒߡหߓࠃ߁ߥߣߎࠈߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ ⍮ߒߚߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ߇ޔᧄ▵ߢߚࠃ߁ߦޔหߓ▎ᚲߦߟߡઃߐࠇ ࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߢߞߡ߽ޔߘߩౝኈߪ৻᭽ߢߪߥߊޔฦੱߩኾ㐷߿㑐ᔃಽ㊁ޔ ߎࠇ߹ߢߩੱ↢ߩ᧪ᱧߥߤߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣ߇ផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆޕ ୖ㧔ޔ㧕ߢ߽ޔᢎᏧߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⍮߇ᢎᏧߩ᧪ᱧ߿ዻᕈ ߣᒝㅪ㑐ࠍᜬߞߡࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᢎ᧚ߦኻߔࠆᔕߦ߽ᢎᏧ ߩ᧪ᱧ߿ዻᕈ߇ᄢ߈ߊᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡࠆߎߣ߇੍ߐࠇࠆޕᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ ㅀߩㅢࠅޔߎࠇߦߟߡචಽߦ⠨ኤࠍᷓࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢޔ ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߎߩὐߦߟߡ߽ߡᣂߚߦ⺞ᩏࠍߒޔಽᨆࠍ㊀ߨࠆᔅ ⷐ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ߘߩઁߦޔ⺰ℂ⊛ߦ⺑ᓧജࠍᜬߚߥ߆ࠄߣ߁ℂ↱߽ߍࠄࠇߡࠆ ߇ޔ⺰ℂ⊛ᕁ⠨ജࠃࠅ߽ታ㛎ߣߩᾖวߦၮߠߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩ߶߁߇ᄙ߆ ߞߚߎߣߪޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩ⍮ߦ߅ߡޔ߹ߕߪታ㛎߇ᒝߊෳᾖ ߐࠇߡࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߘߩᗧߢ߽ᢎᏧ߇ߎࠇ߹ ߢߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥੱ↢ࠍᱠࠎߢ߈ߚߩ߆ߣ߁ߎߣ߿ޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥੱޘࠆ ߪᖱႎߣߩᵹࠍ⚻ߡࠍㄫ߃ߡࠆߩ߆ߣ߁ߎߣ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗ ࡊᕈߩ⍮ߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷐߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߘࠇߪޔᢎ᧚ㆬቯ߿ᬺߩḰ ߩㆊ⒟ߢઁ⠪ߣᢎ᧚ߦߟߡߒว߁ߎߣߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ␜ໂߔࠆߎߣߢ߽ ࠆޕ ৻ᣇߢޔޟㆊߥ৻⥸ൻޠߣ߁ࠞ࠹ࠧߦಽ㘃ߒߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍࠆ ߣޔᄢ߈ߥࠣ࡞ࡊߩዻᕈߣߒߡ৻⥸ൻߒߡ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣߦᛶ᛫ᗵߪࠆ ߽ߩߩޔ㒢ቯߐࠇߚࠣ࡞ࡊߩዻᕈߣߒߡ৻⥸ൻߒߡ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣߦߪᛶ ᛫ߪ߹ࠅߥࠃ߁ߦᗵߓࠄࠇࠆޕ߃߫ޟ=ળ␠ฬࠍߔߎߣߪᣣᧄੱߩ 㓸࿅ᗧ⼂ߩࠄࠊࠇߣࠆ߇ޔߎࠇߪ?ࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦ㧛ળ␠ຬߩ㧫ޠߣ߁ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍࠆߣޔᣣᧄੱోߩะߣߒߡߪ⾥หߒߦߊ߇ޔࡆࠫࡀࠬ ࡑࡦ߿ળ␠ຬߩ㑐ଥߢߩะߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆಽߦߪ㗴߇ߥߣ⠨߃ߡ ࠆࠃ߁ߦ߃ࠆޕ࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪⓍᭂ⊛ߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⍮ߒߚ ℂ↱ߦߟߡߒߊ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢޔ㒢ቯߐࠇߚዊ㓸࿅ 䋭㪋㪍䋭
ߥߩߢࠇ߫⸵ኈߢ߈ࠆߣ߁್ᢿߥߩ߆ޔ㒢ቯߐࠇߚዊ㓸࿅ߩߐࠄߦ㒢 ቯߐࠇߚ႐㕙ߢࠇ߫⸵ኈߢ߈ࠆߣ߁್ᢿߥߩ߆ޔ⠌ᘠߣᢥൻ⊛ࠬ࠹ ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߩ✢ᒁ߈ࠍߤߩߚࠅߢⴕߞߡࠆ߆ߥߤߦߟߡᣂߚߥ⺞ᩏߢ ⏕ࠍߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ߇ޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᄙߊ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߦ‛ࠍ ᝒ߃ࠆߎߣߦኻߔࠆෂᯏᗧ⼂ࠍᒝߊߪᜬߞߡߥߣ߁ୖ ߩᜰ ៰ࠍቢోߦߪุቯߢ߈ߥߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕ
㧣㧚✚ว⊛⠨ኤߣᓟߩ⺖㗴
એޔᧄⓂߢߪޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߢࠆฬߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ ᕈߩᒝߩ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߦߟߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⍮ߔࠆ߆ ߣ߁ߎߣߦߟߡ⺞ᩏߒߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔోߡߩᢎ᧚ߦߟߡ߶ߣࠎߤߩ ᢎຬ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⍮ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ߶߷หߓࠃ߁ߥ▎ᚲߦࠬ࠹ࠝ ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔౕ⊛ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍᗵߓ ߚ߆ߣ߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍಽᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄߪޔหߓ▎ᚲߦߟߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߒ ߡߡ߽ޔߘߩౝኈߦߪੱᏅ߇ࠃߊࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߘߎߦߪᢎᏧࠄߩኾ 㑐ᔃಽ㊁߿ߘࠇ߹ߢߩੱ↢ߩ᧪ᱧߥߤ߇ᤋߐࠇߡࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ߣ ߁ߎߣ߇੍᷹ߐࠇߚޕ ୖ⍮㧔ޔޔ㧕ߢߪᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᄙߊ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ ⍮ߒߡߥߎߣޔ㜞ᐲߦ⍮ߒߡࠆᢎᏧߪߏߊ߆ߢࠆߎߣ߇ᜰ ៰ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩᒝᢎ᧚߇Ꮢ႐ߦᵹㅢߒ⛯ߌߡࠆ ⁁ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥᢎ᧚߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ↪ࠄࠇߡࠆ߆߇ෂᗋߐࠇ ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ╩⠪ࠄ߇⺞ᩏߒߚᢎᏧ㆐߇ߺߥᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦኻߔࠆ᳇ߠ߈ࠍᜬߞߡࠆߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣޔߒߡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ ోߦୖ⍮߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥะ߇ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ߥߩߢߪߥ߆ߣ߁ ߎߣ߇ᗐቯߢ߈ࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒޔ╩⠪ࠄߩ⎇ⓥࠍ߽ߞߡోߡߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦ᳇ߠ߈ࠍᓧࠆߪߕߛߣᢿቯߢ߈ߥߩ߽ታߢࠆޕ╩ ⠪ࠄߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ߇ࠄ߆ߦߒߚߩߪޔᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ ᕈߦ᳇ߠߊᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇⏕ታߦሽߔࠆߎߣޔ߹ߚޔߘߩ᳇ߠ߈ߦߪੱ ߩ᧪ᱧ߇߆ߥࠅᤋߐࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߛߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ߺ ߥࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦ᳇ઃߊ߆ߤ߁߆ޔߤߩ⒟ᐲߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇᳇ઃߊ߆ 䋭㪋㪎䋭ߣ߁ߎߣߪޔㆡಾߥࠨࡦࡊࡦࠣࠍߒߚචಽߥⷙᮨߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃߞߡ⏕ ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠈ߁ޕ ߚߛߒޔ╩⠪ࠄߩ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎⠪㆐߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦࠃߊ᳇ઃߡߚ ߣ߁⚿ᨐ߇ߚ߆ࠄߣߞߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ᢎ᧚߇ߞߡࠃޔߣ ߁⚿⺰ߦߪ⥋ࠄߥޕߘࠇߪߚߣ߃ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦ᳇ ઃߡߚߣߒߡ߽ޔᢎ᧚߇ታ㓙ߦᬺ႐㕙ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߦᛒࠊࠇࠆ߆ߪ ᭽ޘߥᒻ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ ߃߫ޔޡ#P+PVGITCVGF#RRTQCEJVQ+PVGTOGFKCVG,CRCPGUGޢ߆ࠄ⺞ ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߦ␜ߒߚޟࡉࡦ࠼ᔒะޠߪㅦ⺒ᢎ᧚ߢߞߚ߇ޔߎߩᢎ⑼ᦠߩ ޟߪߓߦޠߢߪޔㅦ⺒ߪޟ⹜㛎߿ᚑ❣ߦ㑐ଥߥߊޔߚߛ⺒ࠎߢᭉߒߚ ߩ߽ߩߥߩߢޔࠢࠬߢ⺒߹ߖޔ╵߃วࠊߖࠍߔࠆޕᢎᏧߪቇ↢ߩ⾰ ߦߪ╵߃ࠆ߇ޔᢎቶߢ㖸⺒ߐߖࠆߥߤߩᔅⷐߪߥޠ㧔ਃᶆઁޔ㧦Z㧕 ߽ߩߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᢎ⑼ᦠၫ╩⠪߇ޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ ࠗࡊ⊛ߥᖱႎࠍޔᢎቶౝߢߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߥߤߩᵴേࠍᗐቯߖߕߦቇ ↢ߦឭ␜ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕᢎ⑼ᦠၫ╩⠪ߩᗐቯㅢࠅߦᢎ᧚ ߇↪ࠄࠇࠆ႐วޔᢎᏧ߇ᢎ᧚ߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦߟߡ᳇ઃ߈߇ߞ ߚߣߒߡ߽ᬺㆇ༡ߢߪ↢߆ߒߦߊߎߣߦߥࠆޕᢎ᧚ࠍᬺߢขࠅߍ ߥߣ߁ߎߣ߽ㆬᛯ⢇ߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔᬺㆇ༡ߩᄢᨒ߇ઁߩᢎᏧ ߦࠃߞߡࠄࠇޔᢎ᧚ㆬᛯߩ⥄↱߇ߥน⢻ᕈ߽ࠆޕߘߩ㓙ޔ╩⠪ࠄ ߩవⴕ⎇ⓥ߇␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔቇ⠌⠪ࠄ߇ᢎ᧚ߦࠆࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ⷐ⚛ ߦࠃߞߡ⥄ࠄߩᜬߟࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍᒝൻߒߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦߟߥ߇ࠅ߆ߨ ߥޕ ᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍᛕ್⊛ߦ⺒ߣ߁ᒻߢข ࠅߍޔࠢ࠹ࠖࠞ࡞ߥᕁ⠨ജࠍၭ߁ߣ߁ᬺታ〣߽ࠆ߇ޔߘߎߦ߅ ߡ߽ቇ↢߆ࠄߩ࠴ࡖࡦࠫߦᬺౝߢኻᔕߔࠆ࿎㔍߇ᄙޘࠆߎߣ߇ᜰ ៰ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧔ᾢ⼱ޔD㧦㧕ޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦ᳇ߠߚᢎᏧߦ ߣߞߡ߽ߎ߁ߒߚᢎ᧚ࠍ߁ߎߣߦߪ࿎㔍߇ߟ߈߹ߣ߁ߣ߁ߎߣࠍᔓࠇ ߡߪߥࠄߥߛࠈ߁ޕ ߹ߚޔฦޘߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ฦᢎᏧߩੱᏅ߇ᤋߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢࠆߎߣࠍ⠨ ߃ࠆߣޔᬺḰߦ߅ߡᢎᏧ৻ੱߢߪ᳇ઃ߆ߕߦㅢࠅㆊ߉ߡߒ߹߁ὐߦ ߟߡޔઁ⠪ߣ⺆ࠅว߁ߎߣߢᣂߚߥⷞὐࠍᓧߡߐࠄߥࠆ᳇ઃ߈ࠍᓧࠆน ⢻ᕈ߇ࠆߎߣ߇ផ᷹ߐࠇࠆޕ․ߦ⥄ಽ⥄りߩታ㛎ߣᾖวߒߡ․ߦ㗴 䋭㪋㪏䋭
߇ߥߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ႐วߦ߽ޔઁ⠪ߩታ㛎ߣᾖวߒߚ႐วߦߪታߪታᘒߣ ㆑߁ߎߣߦ᳇ߠߊน⢻ᕈ߽ࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ࠆߣޔޟࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡࠆᢎ᧚ࠍߤ߁ ߁߆ޠߣ߁ߎߣࠃࠅ߽ᢎ᧚ߘߩ߽ߩߩ⾰ߩᡷༀࠍ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢߪߥ߆ ࠈ߁߆ޕߟ߹ࠅޔᢎ᧚ᚑߩᲑ㓏ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߥᖱႎࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦᢎ᧚ൻߒ ߡߊ߆ޔߦߟߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ᖱႎߩવࠍ㒐ߋߣ߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ ߽ࠃࠅᔨߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ ࿁⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߦ␜ߒߚ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߪߤࠇ߽ᦠ߈ਅࠈߒߢߞߚ߇ޔߘߩౝ ኈࠍࠆߣޔߕࠇߦߟߡ߽ᐕઍᓟඨߢߞߡ߽ᐕઍߦᵹⴕߒ ߚᣣᧄੱ⺰ߩઍ߇⺆ቇߩᢎ᧚ߣߒߡⓍᭂ⊛ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇߟߠߌߡࠆߣ ߁ศ㊁㧔㧕߇ᜰ៰ߒߚ㗴߇ᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߞߚޕᄙ᭽ߥᢥൻ ⊛⢛᥊ߩቇ⠌⠪ߦធߔࠆᯏળ߇ᄙᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߛ߆ࠄߎߘޔ᰷☨㊀ߩ ะ߿․ቯߩᢥൻࠍ࠺ࡈࠜ࡞ࡔߔࠆෂ㒾ᕈߥߤߦᢅᗵߢߞߡߪߕߢ ࠆߩߦޔߒࠈᓟࠇߡࠆ߆ߦ߃ࠆᖱႎ߇⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡࠆᢎ⑼ᦠߩሽ ࠍߤ߁ᝒ߃ࠆߩ߆ޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ࠍࠢࠬߢߤߩࠃ߁ߦᛒ߁߆ޔ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ࠲ࠬࠢࠍ⠨߃ࠆ߆ޔߣߞߚὐࠍߡᢎ⑼ᦠಽᨆᢎ⑼ᦠ㐿 ⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⼏⺰ࠍߒߡߊߎߣ߇ᕆോߢࠆߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕ એޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔᄙ᭽ߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ታ〣ߩ⚻㛎ࠍᜬ ߟޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ᚲዻߩ⡯ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧฬ߇ޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩᒝ ߩᣣᧄ⺆⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍߤ߁⍮ߔࠆ߆ߦߟ ߡ⠨ኤߒߚޕ ߚߛߒޔ࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߦߪ⺖㗴߽ᱷߞߚޕ߃߫ޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓ ࠆ߆ุ߆ߣ߁ߎߣࠍኻ⽎⠪ߦ߁ߚ߽ߩߩޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥℂ↱߆ࠄߘࠇࠍ ᗵߓߚ߆ߦߟߡⓍᭂ⊛ߦ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔߘߩߎߣ߇ነ ߖࠄࠇߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻✚ᢙߦኻߒߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⍮ߒߚℂ↱ߦ߹ߢ ⸒ߒߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩᢙ߇ዋߥ߆ߞߚ৻࿃ߣߥߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ߹ߚޔੱ ߩ᧪ᱧ߿ዻᕈ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߩ⍮ߦࠇߚ߆ޔࠬ࠹ࠝ ࠲ࠗࡊᕈߦ᳇ઃߚᢎຬ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᬺߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆ߆ߣߞߚߎ ߣߦߟߡߪචಽߦ⺞ᩏߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔޟ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߦ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ࠆߣᕁ߹ߔ߆ޠߣߨߚߎߣߢޔⓍᭂ⊛ ߦࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ⍮ߒࠃ߁ߣ߁ᗧ⼂߇ߚน⢻ᕈุ߽ቯߢ߈ߥ ޕᓟޔߎࠇࠄߩὐߦߟߡ⺞ᩏߔࠆߎߣߢᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗ 䋭㪋㪐䋭
ࡊᕈߩ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦฃߌᱛߡࠆߩ߆ߦߟߡࠃ ࠅᷓߊಽᨆࠍㅴޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊࠍㅛᷫߔࠆߎߣߣቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ ߩേᯏࠍ㜞ࠆߎߣࠍਔ┙ߐߖߚᢎ᧚㐿⊒ᬺㆇ༡ࠍᮨ⚝ߒߚޕ
ᵈ
i ฦੱ߆ࠄነߖࠄࠇߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻✚ᢙߪ⇣ߥࠅߢ164ὐߢࠆޕߘࠇࠄࠍޔ৻ ߟߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ⶄᢙ▎ᚲߦ㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߞߚ႐วߦࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍಽഀߒ ߡᢙࠍ⸘▚ߒߚ⚿ᨐ߇275ὐߢࠆޕ ii 㧠ޔ㧡ߪޔ⺞ᩏදജ⠪ߩਅ✢ߥߤߦࠃࠆᜰ៰ࠍޟᒰ▎ᚲޠߦޔᒰ ▎ᚲ߇ᛒߞߡࠆ㗴ࠍޟࠞ࠹ࠧޠߦ߹ߣߚޕ iii ࿁ነߖࠄࠇߚࠦࡔࡦ࠻ోߦ߅ߡޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߥߣ ߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪߎߩ৻ߟߩߺߢߞߚޕߘߩઁߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߪࠬ࠹ࠝ ࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߚߣߎࠈߦߘߩᣦࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆߣ߁ᒻߢࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍነߖ ߡࠆޕᓥߞߡోߊࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍߟߌߥ߆ߞߚᢎ᧚ߦߟߡߪࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ ࠗࡊᕈࠍᗵߓߥ߆ߞߚߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ iv ޟࠦࡔࡦ࠻ޠᰣߪ⺞ᩏදജ⠪ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩࠍ⸥ߒޔޟࠞ࠹ࠧޠᰣߦ ߪⶄᢙߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦㅢߔࠆౝኈࠍ╩⠪ࠄ߇ࠠࡢ࠼ൻߒߚ߽ߩࠍ⸥ ߒߚޕ 䋭㪌㪇䋭ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ᳰ↰ℂ⍮ሶ㧔㧕ޡࠃߊࠊ߆ࠆ⇣ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦޢࡒࡀ࡞ࡧࠔ ᦠᚱ ᾢ⼱↱ℂ㧔C㧕ޟޟᣣᧄ⺆ࠍቇ߱ޠߣ߁ߎߣ̅ᣣᧄ⺆ߩᢎ⑼ᦠࠍᛕ್ ⊛ߦ⺒ޠ⮮ᘕม࠼ࠕᩮℂሶ✬⪺ޡᢥൻޔߎߣ߫ޔᢎ⢒̅ᣣᧄ⺆ ᣣᧄߩᢎ⢒ߩޟᮡḰൻޠࠍ߃ߡޢ⍹ᦠᐫޔ ᾢ⼱↱ℂ㧔D㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ᢎቶߦ߅ߌࠆߎߣ߫ߣᢥൻߩᮡḰൻㆊ⒟̅ᢎᏧ ቇ↢㑆ߩ⋧ⴕὑߩಽᨆ߆ࠄޠ⮮ᘕม࠼ࠕᩮℂሶ✬⪺ޡᢥൻޔ ߎߣ߫ޔᢎ⢒̅ᣣᧄ⺆ᣣᧄߩᢎ⢒ߩޟᮡḰൻޠࠍ߃ߡޢ⍹ᦠᐫޔ ୖᦇ⟤㧔㧕ޟࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߩෂ㒾ᕈㅛᷫߩᔅⷐᕈ ࠍ⼂ߒߥᢎᏧߣࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕߦ㑐ߔࠆಽᨆޠޡߎߎࠈߣᢥൻޢ╙ 㧝Ꮞ╙㧝ภޔ ୖᦇ⟤㧔㧕ޟࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕߣᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ ࠗࡊ̅⼂ߣ⥄Ꮖᛥߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ̅ޠޡᐢፉᐔ⎇ⓥޢޔ ୖᦇ⟤㧔㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߣࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕߩࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ ࠗࡊߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ̅⾰⚕ߣࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ⺞ᩏߩಽᨆ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ̅ޠ ޡᐢፉᐔ⎇ⓥޢޔ ୖᦇ⟤㧔㧕ޟࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߆ࠄߩ⣕ළ̅ᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᢎ ߃ࠆᄢቇᢎᏧߩࡑࠗࠢࡠࠛࠬࡁࠣࡈࠖ̅ޠޡᐢፉᄢቇ㜞╬ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ 㐿⊒ࡦ࠲ ᄢቇ⺰㓸ޢ╙ภޔ ୖᦇ⟤㧔㧕ޟࠞ࡞࠴ࡖࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊߪߥߗㅛᷫߐߖࠆᔅⷐ߇ ࠆߩ߆̅หਥ⟵ᛕ್ߩⷞᐳ߆ࠄ̅ޠޡᐢፉᄢቇᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇ⑼♿ ⷐޢ╙ภޔ ㄭ⮮ሶਣጊජ㧔㧕ޟኾ㐷⑼⋡ߣㅪേߒߚᣣᧄ⺆ਛ⚖ᢎ⢒ 㖸ࠪࡃࠬߣᢎ᧚㐿⊒ߩ⹜ߺޠޡኾ㐷⺆ቇ⛔วࠞࠠࡘࡓᢎ᧚ 㐿⊒ߦะߌߡߩ⚵❱⊛ᣣ☨ห⎇ⓥޢ㧔⺖㗴⇟ภ ⎇ⓥઍ ⠪ ᕡศሶ㧕᧲੩ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ౝ⮮ື㓶㧔㧕ޡ㧼㧭㧯ಽᨆታᣉᴺ㐷㨇ᡷ⸓ 㨉ޟޠࠍ⑼ቇߔࠆᣂ ᛛᴺ߳ߩᓙޢ࠽ࠞ࠾ࠪࡗ 㧚 䋭㪌㪈䋭ਣጊජ㧔C㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߇ᣣᧄ⺆⺒⸃ᢎ᧚߆ࠄฃߌࠆᓇ㗀г⺒⸃ ౝኈࠍ⍮ࠆߢߩ㧼㧭㧯ಽᨆᴺߩലᕈгޠᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢ࡦ ࠲ޡᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢ࡦ࠲ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ⺰㓸ޢޔ ਣጊජ㧔D㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᧚ߩᢥൻ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢ߆ࠄߩቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒ᗐ̅ቇ⠌ ⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡚ࠢࠪࡦߩ⸃ߦะߌߚ㧼㧭㧯ಽᨆߩน⢻ᕈ̅ޠޡᣣ ᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩࡈࡠࡦ࠹ࠖࠕޢߊࠈߒ߅ ޔ ਣጊජዊỈદਭ⟤㧔㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߣ⺒⸃ᢎ᧚ߩࠗࡦ࠲ࠢࠪ ࡚ࡦߩ⸃ߦะߌߚ❑ᢿ⊛⺞ᩏ㧙㧼㧭㧯ಽᨆࠍ⎇ⓥᚻᴺߣߒߡ㧙ޠޡ ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢ࡦ࠲ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ⺰㓸ޢޔ ਃઍ⚐ᐔ㧔㧕ޟ⇐ቇ↢ᵴࠍᡰ߃ࠆߚߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߣߘߩ⎇ⓥߩ⺖㗴 ␠ળ᭴ᚑਥ⟵߆ࠄߩ␜ໂޠޡ⸒⺆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥޢ╙Ꮞ㧝ภޔ ศ㊁⠹㧔㧕ޡᢥൻ࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࠭ࡓߩ␠ળቇޢฬฎደᄢቇ ળ 䋭㪌㪉䋭
How Japanese Teachers Recognize the Stereotypical
Information in Japanese Textbooks-A Pilot Iinvestigation
towards Japanese Teachers with Full Teaching Experience-
MARUYAMA Chika and OZAWA Ikumi
Key words: Japanese textbook, Stereotype, Japanese teachers, Japanese learners
Japanese language textbooks include information about Japanese society and Japanese culture as Japanese learners tend to be interested in such topics (Kondoh and Maruyama, 2001:101) and one of the most important purposes for Japanese learners is to get knowledge of Japanese habitual customs and culture (Byram, 1997:45; Kumagaya, 2008:213). On the other hand, Japanese language education has been criticized from other fields of research, as in the case of a sociologist who saw Japanese teachers as reproducing Nihonjinron (Theories of Japanese uniqueness) enthusiastically discussed between the 1970’s and the beginning of the 1980’s (Yoshino, 1997), and a comment from a intercultural education scholar who criticized Japanese teachers for their inadequate sensitivity towards cultural stereotypes (Kurachi, 2003).
An important point of our research is the analysis of the influence of stereotypical information in Japanese textbooks to Japanese learners. In addition because of the indication that the Japanese teachers who lie between the textbook and Japanese learners reinforces the cultural stereotypes on the textbooks, we are going to investigate how the Japanese teachers recognize the stereotypical information in Japanese textbooks.
This paper reports the result of the pilot investigation towards 11 Japanese teachers with full teaching experience. It points out the existence of the Japanese teachers who have awareness of the stereotypes on the Japanese text, the inclination of the points they point out as stereotypical information differing from Kurachi(2003), and the individual differences of judgment based on their individual experiences.
