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(1)Views. Education. on. Early. and. -Edo. 1 9. 9. appear. difFerent. periods,. the. Meiji. early. of the be. tion, people bad. who. On. who. be. fering. their. received the. must. played. band,. other. noticed. to. attitude. same an. quite. basis.. This to. declining. years.. to. take. up. to. The. doubly. difncult.. mistake. of depending society. would. in. it. was. take. up. situation The. period.. education of the. new. of a. up. countries' have. expected. required was. alone kind. a. moralistic. be threatened. that the. in national. pragmatism that. for. the. to. If the. values･ even. avoid. more. to. face. repeating government. strongly,. some. but in its bad. and. overcomlng. the. therefore. Edo. avoided people. simuト Western. was. a. as. government. for. needs. more. values,. nationalism,. had. government. had. nev. means. Rule). Bakufu. the. Meiji. the. a. it is. society. make. of. which. as. act. moralistic. weakness. of dilemma basis. the. as. a. The. Therefore,. of Imperial to. adherence. education. country. to. to. and. the. lives.. people's. education. Restoration. `6seifukko'(the. that. aggression.. of talent. men. cultivate. important through. namely,. and. Meiji. non-inter-. most. independent. strong. people. and. came. government. society. were. Edo. of the. had,. of educa-. Bakufu's. the. one. once. society. betw･een. to as. Meiji. will spend-. while. period. of. one. education. of history. of discontinuity. build. to. goverement on. Edo. Western. was. values. in the. improvement to. Edo. in. role. example,. about. viewpoint. in contrast. For. two. the. political. major. ideas. life in the the. dividing. period.. days. Edo. prlnCiples. Thus. Edo. early. attitude. of. a. in the. up. naturally. moralistic. aggression.. ideas,. idea. moralistic. had. taneously. took. to. monarchism. adherence. part. government,. people. needs:. the. with. From. government. national. consolidated. man.. element. prevent. for the. of realizing. strong. in the. to. of his. line. played. of the. years. education. task. force. natural. basic. wbicb factor. essential. enough. active. positive. Meiji government'sfirst had. an. Meiji. This. expectations. was. Meiji. education,. concerns･. policy. three. a. The. who. (1825-1883), whose. a. as. years. only丘fteen. de丘nite. a. People. Tomomi. forty. spent. draw. in fact, people. were,. Iwakura. statesmen,. SHIGA. to. Meiji.. and. period. considered,. ing. Edo. try. we. when. ⅠII-. 0. Eazukiyo. Di血culties. Education,. Meiji. Restoration. Meiji. the. after. Bakufu's pragmatic. felt.. Under.

(2) 2. Kazukiyo. these. the. circumstances,. Gokajo-. the. are. Goseimon. no. knowledge. into. also. keeping. describe. these. this. Five. Articles). moral. values. of. promote. `Wakon. as. attitude. forward. put. of. formal. the. government.. by. approved. by. basic. from. period. to. was. take. western. We. simultaneously.. (Japanese. Hirata. were were. studies. 拡uge,. mind. and. In contrast. to. and. LGij6議定,. as. Akizuki. day,. Arinori, ーMori. who. were. -ttendencies. balance fermented. of. in the. as. Japanese. the. political. Among. these. government. and three. the丘eld. occupied. scholars. of education be. can. education. of. lwakura. were. gakari'. `Gakk6. as. and. The. new. institutions･. outV.. stood new. the. Ky6to. Rule,. `Gakk6. in Tokyo. torishirabe. policies3). well. represented. who. had. appointed. scholars. been to. October. political. Rinsh6,. of Western. had. who. in the. hold. Matsuoka. the. power. post. additional Tokitoshi,. studies,. within. political. 1868, the. of. were. the. processes. been. schools)･. Hishida. concur-. and. gakari'･. Bunz6. become. gradually. to. according These had. their. and These. appointed4). and. of. post. of `Gakk6. post. government･. which. Jun-. in the. Benji. of. govern-. Hosokawa. goy6gakari'(Examiners. Toyonobu,. Yamanouchi. 27. on. Mitsukuri. studies,. Takahira,. during. teaching,. Misaol).. knowledge western studies bad absorbed =scholars of Western in且uential, baying in the government the right to speak ;more of. the. education.. Taneki,. Kanda. advance. on. views. `Gakk6. were. Tamamatsu. `brains'in. situation,. 1868,. Gich6弁事兼議長, same. on. of Western. Masao. 2 November. on. .rently ron the. the. Uchida. ichir6 and. and. Ky6to. scholars. appointed. appointed. governmental ideas. and. as. from. educational. (Vice-president).. his. in. studies. of Imperial. role. major. been. intimates. Tomo皿i's. わy lwakura. Then. had. of the. side. a. on. of views. 1868,. February. of. striking. Fukus6sai. Gij6. who. closest one. whose. the. of. itself, and. charge. Restoration. analysis. language. 22. Japanese. take. nature. EI)UCATION on. Harumichi. the. played. as. studies. Tomomi's Thus,. Tomoml. position. Japanese. to. related. ON. of. the. goverllment. regime,. and. Yan°. (Kuge'class. Iwakura. pivotal. scholars. Kanetane,. closely. of the. activities. Meiji. of the. by. National. VIEWS. the. elucidate. and. especially. investigate. to. were. gakari'wbo. ･change. a. over. Y6sai'. tO. Meiji. of the. POSITIVE. three. try. material. education,. days. appointed. .government. Then. in the. early. ofBcial. members. (1) TWO Very. followlng. studies from. unsuitability. education, contents. the. reasons,. of. problem. ment. and. took. government. knowledge).. For. a. the. which. (Imperial Oath. Japan, to. able. Western. course. Sbiga. the new. outcome.

(3) Views. in the 1869. `Hanseki. `Haihan. young. Finance,. following. important Ministry. the. Ministry. were. administration maro. the. best. represented. Therefore,. in the. Meiji. early. Kido's,. and. Iwakura. advanced. entitled. when. he. of foreign. that. Edo. our. we. from. for. was. in. Tanaka. 18798). called on. education. the. Fuji-. `my. him. com-. be. can. on. views. of Japanese. educa-. education. 6saka. have. is already. itself. control It is. influence･. to. going. Iwakura. Iwakura. to. unable. cultural. was. submitted. `Sakugi',. in March. Nariyuki. castle.. on. statement. general. Yoshinobu, at. to. a. (Regent) Nij6. In this. by. or. was. to. policy 186710', all. receive concerned. diplomatic. the. says:. foreign. a. really. to. have. countries. di氏cult. by. situation. now12).. point. of view. most. urgent. both. leaders. task. To. should. have. tbroughout. the to. people. systems. to. In order and. people. and. co-operate. prosperity,. foundation. world.. ease. asserts:. is for leaders. national. true. a. he. and. have. mind.. important. Sessh6. in Japan. country. in. education. seemed. power. this. The. them. position. people's. direction. the. Tokugawa. countriesll)I. Imperial. have. on. Sh6gun,. the. government. military. Among. education･. to. countries. of Western. policies. his ideas. that. ministers the. on. views. `Sakugi'(plans). heard. important. two. determined. wbicb. in. all positions. education･. these. at. views. When. period.. Tomomi's. plans. on. to. occupied. government6)I. almost. once. governmental. ideas. look. to. the. 1873. of. bureaucrats. who. executive. Kido. and. K6in. studies7)･. from. friend,. of. K6in's. have. Iwakura. (a). And. Kido. we. tion, Iwakura's. side. 1871,. highest. Education. of. Meiji. in July. the. occupied. confidential. other. by. in the. Ministry. the. Kido. was. of Western. scholars. Ministry. the. K6in's. Thus,. rade'9).. by. through. the. among. people. them. established. later. who. of. Kido. was. was. occupied. Fujimaro. leading. `Sangi'(Vice-minister). as. in. worked. pre-. of. establishment. political measures. and. Behind. Kaoru.. Education. of. these. and. new. in June,. Emperor). to the. of clans. The. 3. restoration. people. intelligence. spirited. Inoue. mel｣1. and. drove. who. Shigenobu.. and. position. the. Tanaka. of. land. abolition. People. Okuma. lt6 Hirobumi. were an. full. and. the. after. of the. Cbiken'(the. 18715).. fectures) in July, were. education. H6kan'(return. the. and. on. wbicb to. promote. as. will. with well. enhance this. make men. as. true. each. united other. military the. if of. strength,. lmperial. foundation,. of talent13)･. aims as. and one we. prestige it is very.

(4) Kazukiyo. 4. Thus modern. he. lead. To. lords. in the. actualize. one. put. the. of. methods.. districts,. seven. the. military. system. his plan,. he proposed. supervisory. districts. application. ofnce. in. governing. them. of. the followlng. The. ofBce.. encourage. and. by. political. :. control. should. and. people. affairs. In the. (ii) a. reformation. administrative. ( i ) In and. for. asked. Sbiga. university. cultivate. Five. Home. Japanese. teaches. which. capable. in. put. one. supervisory. Chinese. studies,. and. o缶ce. studies. construct. Westein. and. to. studies. people.. (iii) Ordering prlmary. Provinces,. the in. SChools. seven. district. each. teach. and. to. ofnces. supervisory. construct. the五ve. children. hundred. several. cardinal. principles. of. morality14). We. can. here. see. basically. to. careers. make. Eastern. Iwakura. up. If. Ordinary. country,. and. Although. this. To. plan.. Ten. the. He. of Western after. the. a. section. system).. this. is the. In very. forget. the. was. was. he. presented. part,. foundation. he. to. break-. teaching. and. real. in. prosper. our. tbem-. about. the relative. weighing. if. as. symptoms. Because. conditions.. the. is. people in Japan. moral. persons. similar. `This future. is the of the. most. prevent. on. views. koto. to. in making. aim. government no. to. and. expressed the. him. brought. main. to. by. suspected. lwakura's. torishirabe. asserts,. of. people･ a. of. happen15).. as. Gakusei. by. on. levels,. of. things. hysterical. situation. Restoration,. true. without. ordinary. thoughts. entitled this. fortune,. ideas. people. kind. and. temporary. new. ordinary. (Opinions), which. wrote. school. because. cultivate. months. in his lkensho. of the. understanding. moral. education. things,. in. for cultivatlng. pro丘ts. evils could. interest. sincere. invasion. resist the. tell what. lower. a. the. both. the. is. is. says:. easily. 丘t their. for. about. provide. is based. Japan,. on. show. not. and. can. lwak口.ra's his. 1868.. air,. one. no. scholars16),. plan･. on. might. to. into. He. unimportant. prefer. As. ideas. of education. words. trainlng. coming. moral.. might. other. designed. that. based. people. in. basic. aim. university's. studies.. from. be. to. They. treading. the. learnlng,. might. advantages.. idea. pragmatism. ordinary. selves. that,. had. different. two. are. whose. were. schools. people. Western. the. leaders Western. modern. Western. prevent. bringlng. have. to. the. of talent,. men. future. prlmary. there. that. are. to. the. and. that. seemed to. water. values. thought. Iwakura. for. that. plan. ideas open. facilities. educational ancient. Those. content.. educational. his 1867. in. on. make and the. education 21. October. (Examination important. Emplre'17).. some. of thing. He. also.

(5) Views. presented. to. the. moment),. on. 29. raise he. lmperial. the. discussion. The. seventh. Rule. way. has. not. only. establishment. melJl. 5. restoration. Silken. Jimu item. to. and. high,. was. (Several. of the. matters. Ìt is desirable. entitled. learnlng'.. true. establish. In. scholars. oplnlOnS. and. to. this item. countries. in the. have. to. make. When. we. have If. trouble.. countries,. control. the country. but. all other. learnlng. and. is what. is meant. by. come. cultivation. Iwakura's. of. levels. on. men. for internal. of. level. K5in's. Kido. K6in. on. expresses. mendation. urgent. presented. to. the. lmperial. to. seat. we. anxiety.. preventing splrlt. Will. only. not. is to. inside. our. the moral. way. This the. established,. high. gave. studies moral. university. on. true. higher. teachings the. plan. learnlng18).. prlOrity at. of. task. urgent. is. establish. Japanese. the. forelgn. in the `Cabinet'must. of ethical,. by. this. for existence.. reason. and. education. emphasis. controlled. to. the. educaat. the. hand. other. of Japan.. sake. education. his. thoughts. `Futs5y6iku. the. of. Rule. reinforcement. for the. on. says:. to. politically. views. entitled. lmperial. view. a. story,. for control. foundation. the. occupies. who. talentgiving. solidarity-all. Kido. person. benevolent. and. ònce. no. in. In clarifying. their. can丘ned. have. our. thing. way.. moral. statement. political. hand,. one. edvcation. mendation). the. clarify. arts. the. Therefore. face. national. is the. important. most. perpetual. the. The. about'.. to. the. clarify. This. establish. When. difBculty the. must. When. to. will. this foundation,. country.. and. war.. of. we. different We. way.. times. no. calamity.. The. country. in unity. in. nowadays,. and. people.. moral. have. will. own. within.. is. to. our. of. all. the. our. come. COuntries,. we. have. will. all. as. well. establish. we. country. In short,. basic. not. and. forelgn. well. tion. do. we. enriched. ways. them,. to五ght. can. forelgn. with. to. everyone-. But. oplnions. perpetual. we. of peace. peace. in. by. people.. private. SChools. as. poor. guidance. immutable,. established,. times. their. wrong. primary. of the. studies. low,. moral. perpetual. followed. and. obeyed. also. express. giving. and. is Brmly. foundation. notbe. are. universities. establish. but. people,. arbitrarily. they. w as. and. immutable,. the. country,. existed,. wealthy. soICalled. our. of. continuously. fundamental. be. for. 1869.. June. the. after. says:. Since. (b). education. government. benevolent. the. on. no. necessity Court. on. Shink6. o. education. in his. Kynmu. to subeki. of promotion on. 2. December. of popular 1868.. `Kengensho'(RecomKengensho'(Recomeducation). which. In this recommendation. was.

(6) Kazukiyo. 6. Thinking. have. illiterate and the. wealth. great. the. of the the. power. the. For. knowledge. fact,. also,. if. thus. the. average. studied. person. establish. in. later. a. sticking. power poverty,. and to. aim. take. select. rank lose its. will surely from. rules. each. in all places. schools. communication. to. only or. years. in. our. having. so,. a. be. (by which. text. known. such. :. says. Rongo. a. half一点nished,. everything. and. wealth. knowledge19).. person's. Kido. developed,. studied. our. more. a. gradually. the. world. to. urgent. to. studies) for several. moral. evil in. and. be. to. it and. reason,. develop. to. country. meant. this. of the. countries. it is most. matter. Originally,. the. and. a. as. if. even. roused,. left in illiteracy. Restoration'. strong. and. country. civilized. …in. `the lmperial. wealthy. meaning.. About. of. improved,. despotism.. upon. were. people. be. So,. fall into. is based. country. if normal. name. good. a. of. is not. never. are. people. normal. government.. but. cannot. And. people.. with. And. and. can. country. Imperial. the. rule. country,. if this situation. and,. whole. assist. men. lmperial. wealth. the. our. of. resources. of. the. course,. of. situation. meagre. power. and. two. or. one. future. the. ab･out. Shiga. nothing. about. is really. person. an. country20).. in. positively,. letter. a. October. in. SugiMagoshichir6. to. 1870,. he. (countries. of. Says:. Please. World,. the. be but. And. all translated. obtain. to lwakura's. by. in the. spoke rather. `Sakugi',. the. and Kido. countries.. and. cultivation. this. in. Sam. Francisco. his. Today gest. on. 15. `the丘ve. people. the. the. after. be. 1871.. investigated. primary. we. of them. accepted. one. were. In the. Kido. especially. diary. be. three. not. private. designed. in. only. schools.. for cultivating. of morality'of was. not. knowledge. level.. three. which Confucian. from. intellectual. SChool. prlmary. use. teaching21).. of the. investigated. and. for. required. schools...we. thousand. other. principles. importance. from. 14 December. on. in. useful. SChools. knowledge,. emphasized. December,. are. that. 1869) for. also. cardinal. knowledge. Kunizukushi in. but. which. prlmary. scienti丘c. of ordinary. diary. that. them. pragmatic. books. view. teaching. Yukichi. schools). primary. Sekai. as. such. Fukuzawa. (Ky6to. people. Western. by. written. Sh5gakusha. In contrast moral. books. those. recommend. He. prlmary. modern. promotion expressed SChools. in. says:. three. saw. or. four. schools. hundred. The boys.. bigThe.

(7) Views. rules. and. own. our. national. it is very is llOthing. agaln. in. a. but. among. over. As. for. Sam in. the. manners. bin. guided. Japanese. with. people. values･. were,. of learning, same. them.. parts. when by. standard His. of Educa_. two. or. men. of. in general),. people. natural. to. be. promoted. said. in. a. position. urgently. schools. Japanese. as. letter ends. he. Western with. the. could. reach. were. study. polite polnt. suitable at. of Western. following. that. and. for. sentences:. might. thought. traditional while. that. Americans. level.. the. that. Japanese. Therefore,. had be. same. kind. they. might. reach. be. overcome. with. not. they. moral. kind. knowledge, they. when. the. level of politeness. a. them･. schools. that. Japan's. to. on. Was. Japanese. the. met. himself. based. educated. so. such He. simply. conjectured be. developed. schools.. that. education. people. yet. were. on. w-ith. people. not. people's. but. ways,. manners. be. working. American. their. in. written. was. who. the. accept. of behaviour people. people. meant. to. their. at. lacking and. by. comparison,. bad. letter. Takatoshi,. American. countries. principles. him,. to. this. which. taught. aS. be. their. like. American. why. which. In. European. bad. already. Asia. him. compared. it.. of. and. reason. then. behave. learning. primary. that. one. people's. impressed. was. force. not. saw. not. according. established. the. their. ′rhe. thought. he. that America. Japanese. people. He. as. guests. of. did. warmth･. in. means. Tanaka. comrade,. meant. have. Sugiyama. he. that. which. might. He argued. seek. million. education,. 187124'to. Education,. of. people. received. Today. soon22).. he. SChools. of primary. 17 December. behaviour. people's. by. purpose. kindness. and. ten. prlmary. and. country23).. on. Ministry. the. to. aim. (by which. the. promote. necessity. ideas. Ministry. the. free,. and. writes:. not. people. why. schools. maintain. few.. are. my. make. knowledge. these. ideas. I have. the. to. urgent. expressed to my. from. be. does. million to. reason. ultimate. Francisco. 1873,. Our. expected.. came. promote. education. aim. our. time. to. of December. ten. is the. all. this. He. to. Order. independent. ourselves. ideas･. my. 1n. for. school. cultivatlng. and. always. a. people,. general. responded. realize. him. expect. it should. This. have. who to. party. speaking,. talent. I have. was. Really,. of the. are. people. schools.. Strongly. memorial. Generally. also. few. a. people. our. I keenly. in. also. but. planned. Fujimaro,. And. than. other. l resolved. tion.. if only. There. girls.. to keep. 7. restoration. by enlightening. and. people,. di飽cult. and. Civilization. powers. and. general. for boys. ln. melJl. instructive.. really. school. develop. rights. the. have. a. the. after. were. also. and country. among. education. regulations. girls only our. on. by.

(8) 8. Kaztlkiyo. Our. today. people. European. Japan. tween. difference. in the. basically. different. all. is (that. difference. only. he. that. Western. the. and. at. American. from. and. is) <learned'and. one. (the. learned'25). yet. it is arguable. Therefore. not. The. people. `not. is). other. are. Shiga. amount. countries. idea. that. the. beiled. down. to. de丘ciency. in. an. be. might. learning.. of. have. to. seemed. Japan's. difference a. be-. quantitative be. learning. could. their. approaches,. supplied. Thus it. be. should. with. each. danger. have. we. that. both. they. reason. in general values. to. education cern. However, to. means was. be. levels.. tion. not. in the丘rst. taught. He. only. he. thought. Kido. did. education. result. of education,. goal.. As. tion that. basic. educational. the. Emperor.. to. be. to. work. the same. this. educa-. the people the. on. They the. the. basic. the. based. for. by. For. transmission. might. at. also. moral. expected from. country. direct. con-. moral. which. was. the. instruction influenced. the as. of morality. was. analysis,. in moral. him,. Kido. values.. governmental. was. to. way. that. lwakura. while These. were. in. words,. to achieve. thought. policies. at schools.. morality. the. to. educa-. In other. the way. was. that had. be taught. not. of education,. means. thought. higher. at. studied.. instruction. moral. as. should. to. level. knowledge. well. had. they. thought. education. Kido. this,. Western. According. moral.. that. to. values. after. In tbe丘nal. of education.. was. moral. basic. the. the. purposes,. Iwakura. other.. at. level. SChoo1. all that. be thought. but. taught,. teaching. each. children. 丘nal. their. In contrast. prlmary at. in. from. teach. be. people. knowledge. ideas. to. to. say. made. education. behind. ideas. different. were. to become. but. goal. in Western. them. Restoration.. COmmOn. major. need. not. for lwakura,. his ultimate. led. valve. might. of morality'.. place. people. expected. ideas. principles did. who. important. and. knowledge. Imperial. talent. of their. their. cardinal. which. at. overlap. crisis. national. education. nation. w-hich. countries.. in spite. necessary. moral. the. Western. actualize. `the丘ve. in of. the. mass. of moral. the. ideas. common. united of. necessity of. men. be. necessity. solidarity. resulted. cultivate the. about. the. had. which. felt the. also. that. so. the. have. emphasized. to. In. education.. countries,. had. people. emphasized. They. level.. tion. both. Western. the. Japanese. the. Kido. and. all, they. of. by. of aggression. belief. it. First. to. approaches. lwakura. that. noted. other.. two. seen. now. the. the丘eld. the his. achieve instructhought differing of early. Meiji education. Another the. university. point. of. that. lwakura. administration. o氏ce. di庁erence. (in which. the. was. emphasized was. settled. the. authority. by the government). of.

(9) Views. to. beyond. the. o氏ce.. Kido. strongly. of. expressed. educational. in the. were. they. local. were. (established. 3 August. ; Governmental. The. ideas. level. of general. 1872.. This. be. was. morals,. stopped. strong. a. the. of the. study in. in. study. moral. Re日･ecting. and. year. emphasis. Gakusei. lwakura's. far. beginning. unsuitability early. so. Meiji ideas. policy. level. education,. they,. basic. education. as. and. its end. ideas in. stresslng. that. shows. be. must. the. bad. Secondly, prevailed became. turn,. was. when. important.. to be unsuitable.. Kido's. when. in. started. 1880. to. values. and. at. Education. doubly. educational. considered. period Edo. of. policy. in its. ofBcially. 1872. was. 1872).. time. a. ideas. (Revised. from. years. Edo. on. highest. the. Rei. to. established. lwakura's. but. in operation. were. 29 Septem-. for. was. of. promulgated on. in色uential. Ky5iku. of eight. based. at. was. eight. educational. of the. (a) Iwakura. the. after. the. period. ideas,. education. Kaisei. the. (1879). ideas,. Ministry. (from 1868. Gakusei. the. when. Goseimon. no. Code,. government. in. authorita-. most. promulgated. being. in月.uenced. of the. (Education. and. bureaucrats. Gokaj6. :. who. education.. they. through. Notices. 1868);. those lwakura. towards since. who. government.. but. to 1879. period. Kido's. among. expressed. Ordinances,. policy. The Rei. were. to local. when. in且uential. of Edo. to. reaction. 1880. lwakura's. being. that,. shows. in. indirectly. for stopped. re且ected. Ky6iku. the. and. nature. of. and. ; Gakusei. addressed. were. attitudes. government. March. 1871). stood. promulgated.. it tells how. it. lwakura. and. the. Rei (Education. statement. Firstly,. moral. 18 July. on. again. 14. education. people. Meiji. government,. education of. only. new. of the. Meiji. the. on. Articles,. document. influential. Gakusei. the. directly. notices. which. major. Ordinances). education. ; Ky6iku. 1872). 1879). the. to. Five. of. go. supervisory. school. the. Saneomi. ideas. clear. documents. not. POLICY. were. days. Emperor's. in. o缶cial. Kido. and. important. ideas. of. primary. did. a. PERIOD. early. the. their. nature. OFFICIAL. Hirosawa. and. Those. major. Oath. Education. ber. on. government.. (Imperial. on. more. policies. in the. tively. for. IN. MEIJI. very. to. education. slgni丘cant. governmental the. on. the. ideas. level control.. lwakura. Toshimichi. Iwakura's. of the. necessity. 9. restoration. had. Which. EARLY. ideas. expressed. Besides,. THE. that. ideas. country.. melJl. IDEAS. thought. Okubo. the. higher. to. be. not. It5 Hirobumi,. Kido. the. EDUCATIONAL IN. the. universlty. attention. TWO. It should. a. after. in. emphasized. much. (2). education. schools. establishment. paying. without. lower. the. all. control. on. concerned.. considered. in less The. seriously. of education. education. on. education. strongly,. the. Meiji. government. had.

(10) 10. Kazukiyo. three. appointed system. scholars. We. are. 22. on. and. examiners). from. brought. things. brought. are. instruction. to. the. course. of. 1868,. in which. they. Wesuern. and. lished. fundamental. `Both. the. Way'81). 1867. Thus,. were. studies. Western. and were. schools of the. from. capital. leadership. over. schools. However, had. ment. by. books. as. of the Daigaku. in Tokyo,. of the can. informed. the. found. to. aim. Chinese up. July 1870. because. and. in late 1868 some. the. in. ideas.on. people. were. the. was. these. the. transfer. between. the. books, and. we. of. from. beginning planning. of a. the. school. Chinese. Sh6heik6. in且uence. in the. A. similar. only. 1869,. our. (大学本校,. education.. not. education,. of. learnlng'3V. university. higher. on. govern-. study. pragmatic. lwakura's. see. of the. to. and. the. rules. character. originated of. school established. notice. fundamental. practical. school. the. in. Chinese. However,. these. which. Japanese. institutions. or. also,. lmperial. studies,. of. in. appearlng. Thus. Tokyo. and. aims.. expressed. main. `Clarify. expressed. dispute. of the hot. studies'which the. as. of lwakura's. that in Tokyo. in. have. to. commit_. read,. university. studies.. in Tokyo. and. estab_. benevolent. the. Japanese. understand. literature. were. obligations',. on. because. university. we. schools. the. on. Chinese. direct. Japanese. university. government.. of Ky5to influence. the. Iwakura's. assist. March. Jo (the School. studies). moral. strong. with. K6gaku. taught. which. of lwakura. necessary. set. ideas. and. ideas. of the the. to. of educational. to. was. by. be. Tokyo,. de丘ne. are. emphasis. by. worry. Sei'in. principally,. of these. clearly. government. to. `Japanese and. Bakufu. Honk6). example. the. It is also. of education. aims. was. of. Edo. with. of Shint6. well･. school. be. and. university. in terms. aim. must. means. a. educational. The. Ìt. says,. in. transmitted. 1869.. country. The. been. also. 15 June. the. rules. lwakura's. LGakusha. the. direction. Tomomi's. of Chinese. university. lwakura's. Ky6to. if we. them. gave. lwakura. when. In the. how. by. di氏cult. what. re鮎cts. studies. Ky5to. studies. studies. abolished. :. things. what. by. which. called. realized. Western. in 1868. system. Jo (the School. character. policy. on. Japanese. was. of the. and. matter. follows. as. of. overcome. it also. and. school. teach. plan. this shows. realized. of. 186880)･. national. Chinese. afraid. no. not. appointed. a. Kangaku. 16 September. on. are. be. of ofncial. men. to. departments-to-be. as. ment29),. the. plan. This. studies) and. gakari'(school. oral instruction. an. But. should. Meijりapan. These. planned. studies28)･. Japanese. of. we. `Gakk6. as. We. countries.. Japan,. in. a. made. issued. crisis･. first statement. of Japan･. recommendationm). national. Ky6to. strictly乞6).. education. future. the. about. and. the. was. 1868. forelgn. into. legislatestrongly This. a. in. studies. February. facing. presently. will be. Japanese. of. Shiga. in Ky6to when system,. but. lwakura and. he.

(11) Views. proposed. that. studies. in Ky6to. carried. out.. he. primary. was. proposal. He. regulations. by. to. It will. the. abolish. be. role of the. the. written of Japanese. schools the. that. remembered. two. other. one. rules. the. and was. government. of the. Western. of. and. memorial. after. studies. 1870. middle. school this. month. schools. the. them. when. Chinese. and. August. Saku'in. to. time. about. being. in Tokyo. university. in controlling. distributing. university･. was. the. <Kenkoku. The. from. plans. objections33). to. university. by. country. It. is important.. decided. entitled. whole. prepared. written. the memorial. the. in the. schools. commitment. of Japanese. scholars. separate. no. with. direct. wrote. emphasized. prevent. soon. approved. leading. three. to. ll. restoration. melJl. send. in order. of lwakura's. noted.. in which. Tokyo. the. after. government. to. schools. evidence. be. should. education. Emperor's. the. His. other. on. university･ were. studies. not. abolished. On the. 19. February the. government) to. presented versity,. the. and. capital,. provide. middle. primary. schools. taught that. they. the. who. kura's. to teach. to. the. many. schools Iwakura. to 187l,. can. schools. were. or. local. jects on. to. moral. phrase. 1870. be. ideas. values.. `governmental. as. controlled. o氏cials. government at. those. The. follows by. for,. :. lower. by. schools. were. as. to printing. by. privately. Iwa-. that. see. were. (Dai-. copied In. by any. in that. in the. as. such. government. mostly. the. ′rerakoya'used. urged. ′rhe govern-. of education. authorities,. two. to be. he. institutions.. the. of these. mathe-. systems38'･. expressed. schools. the. university's. in fact,. which,. in. wbicb. can. the. recover. Tokyo. which. copied we. to. were. agreeable. them. the五eld. and. stood. not. educational. in. Ky6to. approved. public. local. wrltlng,. han36)･. points,. to. rules. governmental. combination or. the. lwakura. which. these try. was. and. and. proposal. and. have. to. important. both. with. to. their. considered. relationship. taught. into. taken. be summarized. be. back. it. that. a. uni-. university. university,. subjects to. the. ban,. and. reading,. prefectures. from. seemed. to. fifteen. attached. allowable. Theus,. or. were. were. establish. the. of丘ve. one. by. Honk6). of. rules. prefectures by. to. 23 February. rules37).. in. outline. all the. it was. that. authority. to be. to. on. of August. Educational. rules. to. decided. (Daigaku. studies. planned. eight. been. school. made. and. These. but. is to. direct. a. geography. proposal. and. of age. children. the. memorial. rules. SChool. had. abolition. Chinese. and. schools. primary. distributed. and. needed. Honk6's). case,. and. languages,. gaku. the. schools)34) wbicb. prlmary. o缶cially,. rules. those. middle. and. prlnted. replied. Japanese. of. the university35)･. at. ment. school. primary. and. fore唱n. matics,. before. (丘ve months. government大学規則及中小学規則(the. middle. in the. had. 1870. same. ideas of the. and. middle. the. namely in as. down. primary. years. Tokyo39) Edo. ; and. subbased. education,. is expressed schools. university. set. best up. in the. before. the.

(12) 12. Kazukiyo. Gakusei. in 1872. of basic On. in the. 5 February. 1869. the. rule. local government) was. one. (for the. necessary. letters,. forms,. to. time. national way. ended. to. be. of age. Edo. education.. Hirosawa to. a. the. plan. plan. and. rules. date. December. reading,. Thus,. Ky6to. by. the. the. established. enthusiasm･. 6saka. of age. under. fifteen, but. school,. they. were. primary. education. which kind. same. the. established. on. allowed. to. of primary. the. enrol･. who. were. They. over were. had. 186848).. taught. children. (Confucianism. morals. ideas. though. government,. taught. were. schools. fe月.ected. fifteen. ordered. September. and. as. government. evidently. 1871. chil-. same. lwakura's. of the. part. the. Meiji. they. schools,. in January. schools. if students. and. red,ected. taught. primary. the schools. mathematics. incapacity. were丘nancial. At. established. He. early. public. writing,. university. or. the. for primary. was. the. about. 1869,. and. clearer.. in August four. university. which. `Sanyo'in. local. controlled. December. 187046),. was. should. ordered. prefecture. June. inauence. sixty 186949'.. 18. Tokyo. in. of. of outstand-. administration. writing47),. position. made,. tofifteen50). also. delay. by. city. the. provide. administration. Hirosawa. which. made. Osaka. Iwakura's in. was. of prefectural. Shingaku)51)･. school. for. eight. Ky6to-fu,. the. item. This. ambitions. new. the. realize. nationally. on. this order,. and. them. students. new. to enter. temples. reading. a. time. fundamental. indirectly. in Tokyo,. to. in Buddhist. are. Ìt is. from. the. students'. of. students. Again,. According. who. in the. established of age. In. part. reading. application. o氏cial. make. government. (prefecture) to. to丘fteen46). eight. as. best. 186943).. schools. Saneomi. make. By. assisting. Tokyo-fu. primary. dren. the. these. the. function. their. establishment44).. public. that. and. promoted…'41).. ìf there. said,. in learning,. argued. in June. ordered. schools six. by. re-organized. government. be. can. is. the. with. it is necessary. and. of. there. continues,. understand. times,. steps. items. writing passage. and. morality. which. others. perform. system. education. request. exceed. It. satis丘ed'42). governments. to. far. that. so. piety. the. of. level. begins. in writing. them. make. tendency. the. and. to. item. the. at the. the. those. The. on,. so. and. lectures. students. and五1ial. who. ignorant. Calculation. governmental. with talent. be. the. loyalty. be. to. not. bookkeeplng,. glVe. matbematics'.. and. for. Among. mainly. Then. ideas. all local government. Junjo'(Guidance. study. The. country.. to. notice. schools'.. children. ways. of the. items.. primary. make. students). character. of. ing. schools. a. Shisei. thirteen. establish. heart,. texts) by. issued. `Shofuken. following. parts. other. government. contained. `To. `primary. (Chinese. to. vhich. and. Hattatsushi40).. in the. actualized. city. capital the. iko- Kyo-ikuseido. Meiji. further. entitled. entitled. sentence,. in. were. education. follow. to. Iwakura. by. expressed. described. as. Sbiga. At. reading,. a. later. the. reasons. not. lack. taught. wished. primary. to. of. students enter. writing. the and.

(13) Views. 1871. by. hama. Gakk6. Thus,. in. Thus lower. the. Yokohama. Gakk6. have. we. of. of Meiji before. the. formal. education. schools. for. private. not. were. and. change. g6gaku.. introduced. were. (b) Kido. K5in. and. was. be. as. about. the. studies. became. the. the. contents. written. by. this. study,. system. the. and. hank6,. at. did. situation. teaching. and. under. public. taught. as. basic. juku (private. these. at. period. next. 1872. Gakusei. materials. of the Gakusei. name. of Oki. we. we. are. have. see. December. a. and. no. and. a. In the. the. and. one. the. asked. depend. July. Ministry. education. As code twice. originally. planned. wrote:. the. on. solely. of the society. ordinary. wisemen. 28. government. were. he. second. an. by parts. On. of the of. letters. of the. two. its two. draft. civilization. or. ùniversity',. director. 0ki. peace. and. civilization. of ideas. other. content. prepare. Both. all occupied. progress. The. of. meaning. If ordinary. people.. civilized in the society,. are. civilization57).. identity. in且uenced the. upon. civilized,. almost clear. skill, and. and. the. the. almost. T6k6大学東校.. Ky6,. code.. strength,. were. at the. In 1872. himself56).. stands. not. 1868. directly. education. Takat5. ability. to. Mombush6,. ministry,. Daigaku. Mombu. later.. year. new. ministry. teaching. started. a. the. in the were. the. he. a. established. 大学南校and. w▲ealth and. people. quotation. and. years. (1872). who. as. post. of civilization. were. the. in August. Nank6. the. took. people's. of. in. (Monbush6). taught. Edo. educational. government. appointed. National. Thus. new. Positions. Daigaku. Takat6. which. Gakusei. 1871,. of Western. named. soon. the. of Education55).. scholars. Oki. and. 18 July. Ministry. then. the. Monbush6. of. see. early. Kangiku. and. subjects the. of private schools, in the. small. terakoya. in the. Code).. (Education. On. by. the. after. even. quickly. prlmary. reflected. numbers. very. of Education. at. those. shall. indirectly. the. was. SChools. out. all. we. Tokyo53).. line from. a. Yoko-. the. in. university as. and. with. Teaching. almost As. directly. of Ministry. studies)54).. the. considered. Compared. still carried. tLO enter. were. university.. ideas. establishment. Chinese. the. prlmary. public. was. schools. terakoya. to. then. of at least 27 prlmary. a net. enter. was. 13. restoration. schools. to. system. school. education.. these. of these. promoted. Iwakura's. seen. of formal. number. were. melJl. also established. graduates. they. Kanagawa. levels. the. then. able. the. after. prefecture. the. and. and. to. schools. education. Kanagawa. mathematics52). schools. on. writing. by and. Kido's. betwèen by or. spirit of. bin.. Oki's. that the. proposal. We. have. they. were. education. to. and. Kido's. think. that. close. code. The. memorial Oki's above. particularly. the. ideas short Òso.

(14) Kazukiyo. 14. idasare though. do. we. education that. òse. have. not. have. to. idasare. articles. The. meanlng. two. sections. new. Of. his. wealth But. talents. that. wisely,. make. without. Language,. man. may. natural. and. Learning. is not. It is Ignorance. his. family,. to. 五rst. Òse. idasare. being. applicable very. of. bankruptcy,. to. not. not. They. indulged. This. which. talent. and. in. or. law,. arts, a. slngle by. his. employ. of schools. in. necessities. astro-. politics,. phase. human. of. in the. striving. his. cultivate. daily. are. cultivat-. the goal of life･. attain. his mind,. his. and. life, and. man. line of. accumulate. undertakings,. but. its meaning.. who. did. checked. the. accomplishments,. disrupted. homes.. Even learning. it. the. empty. our. of culture, and. Every. sowed man. through. mis-. of the samurai have. Were. apt. and. and,. hampered the. should. neglected. seeds. the. among tO. foundation. elegance,. traditions. evil. spread. ln. disrupts since. few. very. neglect. elapsed. those. reasonlng,. lacking. not. astray. women. and. was. have. privilege. pursue. that. destitute,. gone. merchants,. even. due. bin. the exclusive. as. to. afford. Centuries. has. man. to. can. makes. his life.. while. was. man. no. astray,. in poetry,. dissertations,. life.. cause. in. knowlng. state,. their. Only. artisans,. superiors. and. learning.. viewed. his. in life.. and. world,. thus. trade short,. established,. samurai. the. the. with,. in. destroys. end. and. ment. in the. spirit and. for the establishment. prosper. leads. know. for. in. begin. to. not,. on. farmers,. his superiors,. and. is. success. it altogether. the. The. his mind,. develop. agrlCulture,. man. that. Learnlng. guidance.. sions,. in 109. in life.. in the. and. were. schools. cess. the. education. of practice. read. and. reason. arithmetic,. can. key. is the. prosper,. is the. based. succeed. it.. be. can. way. character,. there. aptitude. and. his. up. government,. wbicb. his. make. his business. and皿edicine;. wealth,. to. we. new. 213).. to. cultivating including. the. regulations. developing. character,. education-that. affairs,. activity. and. `Gakusei',. his. up. writing,. military. his. and. by as. spirit of. the. of. of education. wealth. it increased. and. system,. build. cannot. nomy,. rules. view. understood. and. meaning. added. own. be. should. detailed. were. building. by. man. talents. therefore the. their. of. draft. a. made. pragmatic. even. education. :. It is only ing. purpose. of. education. follows. as. body. real. (later. the. expressed. the. the. on. views. himself. emphasized. Gakusei. sho'which. and. system,. for. study. knowledge.. Code. Kido. that. evidence. 負nal. K･ido's. expressed. preamble). any. The. code.. people. their. sho',. (proclamatory. sho'. Shiga. Claim of. it. suc-. idle discuswere. seldom. in turn,. was. the developof poverty,. therefore. pursue.

(15) Views. learning;. system. and. accordance. the. have. to. young. child,. Heretofore,. to. Education. Code.. practised. at Daigaku. children first. national. which. the. people. to. fact ideas. on. so. Brst. to. as. proposal. Ministry. be. a. deemed. rid. of an. of Education. the. old. education on. the. idasare. the. two. to. education. code. 4 January. which 1872. to. time. into. We was. and. to. the. see. this. accepted. as. for. content. expected. in. which. Kido's. and. the丘rst. com-. follow. to. and. Oki. the. was. in its base. by. their. individualistic. upon. expressed. presented. this. government. thoroughly. been. make. educational. based. practice. in the. systems59).. children. Goseimon'. no. to缶nd. bad. which. parents. the. also. appeared. teaching. viewpoints. `Gokaj6. put. di氏cult. that. expected. contradictory. to be. is. their. submit. same. subor-. Code. of the. for it. Therefore. of knowledge. of the. such. all parents. children. the. at. such. Hereafter accord,. system. Western. government. their. and. teaching. families. receive. own. It. subjects. money. state. of education, to. part. main. sbo'forces. pay. advantage. nature. teaching. the. children58).. the. its ideas from. to. of his. the. aS. for. school.. viewpoint.. from. took. mould. to. of his. were. school. and. had. expected. being. as. failing. shall,. pragmatic. Thus. the. learnlng. upon. and. going. man. which. Òse. and. not. education. all Japanese. thus. from. for. the. borrowed. schools. by. every. a. the practical. Gakusei. get. and. supplied. recognize. superiors. clothing;. lives. primary. education.. looked. which. and,. which. to. education. Gakusei was. The. never. is left to. shall. and. that the. primary. down. came. SChool. food. to. Nank5. government. The. prlmary. ln. fails to send. who. for the expenses. their. were. instructions. governmental. ideas.. These. his. regulations. the. order. basic. guardian. the government. upon. among. to notice. attend. pulsory. and. it depended. have. care,. education. upon. as. matter. rules. ideas. we. a. girl, to. a. and. corrected,. all other. moralistic. But. boy. or. evil tradition. depend. wasted be. must. that. the. ;. acting. tender. with. time. illiterate. guardian,. advanced. individual,. of. the. items. many. school. us. (While. to. an. with. Every. his children. up. school.. samurai. to. such. dinate. tell. the. of. support,. The. whether. many. errors. a. however,. privilege. even. attend. means. community. educational. time. of his duty.). negligent. caused. them. and. ability. bring. this, shall. with. no. from. thereto. illiterate person.. an. with. be. an. establish. relating. Accord-. its purpose.. soon. will. future,. 15. restoration. misconstrue. regulations. in the. melJl. not. should Education. the. shall,. family. a. the. after. he of. revise. there nor. failing. doing. so. will. wherefore family,. education. Department. the. 1ngly,. in. and. on. basic. completely. strongly. in the. Takat6. in the. step. to. a. full.

(16) 16. Kazukiyo. Code.. He. rules. and. teaching to. regulations materials,. private. weed. itself. The. Edo. old be. Ministry the. outline. of. outline. of the. spelling,. we. exercise. geometry at. which. This. Even. be. can. in though. did not. pay. nature. of the. Code.. He. when. the. Gakusei. its revision.. He. Generally among. primary. forced. this. Oki. people. paid. in many. practised. to. to. people to. the. their. own. condL. ideas. on. education. and. society. of the. nature. in about was. the. authoritarian. contradictory. He. only. independence,. children. Gakusei. were. rational. schools. places.. circum-. local. recognize. attention. the. to. Ky6soku'(primary. and. their. outline. languages,. curriculums. to. and. in addition. according. the. the. the school. as. independence,. realized. improving. on. memorandum. to submit. in fact. himself. the. local. teach. physical. forelgn. pragmatic. local. but. point. far. o氏cials. of the. encouraged. Takat6. being. terms. all. had. w.as. local. If it permitted. to. Code. a. to. for the. and teach. `Sh5gaku. that. the. on. As. chemistry,. curriculums. based.. also. attention. wrote. the. change. natural. Gakusei. the. could. it said. in. was. theory. 1872,. (The. schools. schools. taught:. of the. chapter. encouragement. as. seen. Gakusei. the. in the second. local schools. and. Gakusei. astronomy.. of 8 September. circumstances61). tions. study. Rongo. schools.. geography. as. be. to. are. w-ere. letters reading. and. And,. values. based. primary. of. history. the 1872.. 8 September. curriculums. primary. SChools.. Subjects. that,. curriculums). examples. prlmary. and. outline. natural. followlng. picture. It is signiacant school. lower. the. permit,. bookkeeping,. drawing,. and. :. singing. On. manners,. conversation,. Upper. moral. useless.. lower. says:. health,. on. primary. all. and. 3 August. the. school. rules,. Gakusei,. that. was. to. Code. the. words,. and. believed. new. and. of. traditional. of血aterial. government. the. Tokyo. in. Kido. Gakusei. the. mathematics,. subjects taught. stances. sort. subjects,. exercises,. these. upon. distributed. of. ideas. apply. should. new. system. educational. based. order the. school. textbooks,. systems,. new. words,. government. before,. that. and. teaching. physical. of history,. the. mentioned. part. main. grammar,. science,. which. own. With. were. of Education. writing. writing,. from. his. conventional. rules, This. on.. a丘Ⅹed. learning'60).. Confucius). of. the. the. As. In. period.. new. so. the. abolish. with. and. establishing. curriculums. abolished.. Analects 1872. by. distributed. was. them. Edo. the. to. necessary. of teaching. good-for-nothing. out. Gakusei. was. replace. methods from. schools. it. and. `1ead education. should. to. it plain that. made. Sbiga. March. already. 1873. plannlng. wrote:. we. speaking, the. Japanese. school. rules. have people.. hundreds But. in practice.. thousands. and now. Some. we. of. are. the. of kinds. following rules. are. of differences uniformly丘Ⅹed excessive. and.

(17) Views. lacking,. some. Gakusei's. was. was. the. which. was. School, for. curriculums. and. other. riculums. Altbougb they. had. soon. One. type. fecture. was. law,. the. and. burned. to. to. solar. Tsuchiya cases. be. educational. with. teaching this. old. that. a. the. as. of the. Formal. Fujimaro January. 1877,. action to. 1877 be 1878. new. of but. of kajuku. went. schools,. by. the. and. noted, and. again. Kido. was. to. K6in. them slow. to. for. schools. reluctantly. because. the. by. so. April. systems. of the. revision. were. prefecture,. In. education. with. the. permitted. they. come.. that. his opinion. w･hich. were. new. argues. scolded. Yamaguchi. another.. investigate. than. displeased. were. private. Brst. was. re_. still. teaching). expressed. and. People. at. was. teacher. M6shi. moral. rather. by. Kenky虎.. no. Tsuchiya. worthless. established. preparation. l'880, Tanaka. One. area66)･. Ministry. started. included. also. is reported. People. schools.. pre_. destroyed. Rongo論語,. as. such. primary. meanlng65'･. later prohibited. America. zenki. Seisakushi. of Education･. after. conscription. society.. H6j6. They. Kyo-iku. Ministry. government,. of the. reaction. (which. and. people. another. content. one. and in. system･. subjects. Gakusei,. the. Yet. taught. cur_. people. abolition. SChool. in. school. kajuku (shijuku). bases. it should Between. primary. old. strong. 1ishement. in. new. the. 1873,. forelgnerS,. teaching. textbook. of. in June. (letters) to be presented. the. School. by. up. from. example,. Meiji. still had. government. in charge the. by. offered. of education. certain. evaded. 6raimono. and. materials type. supervisor. same. texts. being. set. reaction. and. prefectures. textbooks.. system. prlmary. of old. quested. conventional. the. by. Normal. the. presented. of lnstruction. accepted. in. aims. the Tokyo. also. Course. the. school. in. by. new. be. should. pragmatic. Ministry,. on. used. schools64)･. so. Chinese. to follow. and. and. generally. Western. For. 孟子, K6ky6孝経and. on. based. criticism. entitled. seen. realized. have. In February,. the. of. were. realized. primary. in his book. could. from. the. and. below. knowledge. textbooks. trespassing. eight. Tadao. Many. The. reaction.. calendar,. have. now. uniformly. in 1873･. were. these. strong. prohibit. forty. Western. which. were. meet. I. and. practised. department. another. ideas. schools. of Education. translated. physical. rioted. Ministry. authorities.. Kido's. foolish.. circumstances.. favouring. schools. mainly. be. of local. U･ S･ A･63'and. school were. primary. 17. restoration. people. not. should nature. primary. Francisco,. mel]l. rules62).. toward. by. strengthened. Sam. the. trend. new. Normal. of. to. make. Therefore. Gakusei. the. after. will. suitable. the. according. The. this. and. and. saylng. changed. education. wrongness.. convenient. Oki. on. the and the one. estab-. popular67). 1876. Tanaka. and. returned. Gakusei.. In May. died.. Fujimaro,. then. Mombu. Dayii. (Vice-Director),.

(18) 18. Kazukiyo. ten. ordered. of lodal. state. his report. is the. use. of. true. effect. promote. the. the. Shigeki,. actual in. says. forced forms,. the. children. were. not. teaching. hours. which. in the. based. students. `Tango. Mond6'.. words.. This. brain that. to. aside. the. and. Secondly, Thirdly,. education.. (ways. round-about Fourthly,. use.. them. recite. of. Code. the. has. says. did. not,. in. been. emphasized that. me. The. sentences. terakoya. In. a. families. physical have. able. teachers. and. mathematical. the. he. reports. the. also strongly new. simply. his. made. oplnlOn,. he. noted. accepted tO. detailed to. exercise. students Cultivate. the three. analysis. teach that. sugge'sted school. and. mornlng. need. more. cheaper. manner,. they. w-ben. in. point,. a. were. practical. emphasized. words,. this study. to. seems. important.. o'clock. third he. has. fatigue70).. nine. He. simple. It. memorization. their. the. Confucianism.. method. some. on. education. as. schools.. assist. On. Among. He. put. country69).. conventional. from. were. afternoon.. on. by. primary. able. subjects.. time. are. second.. treated. learn. says. new. come. been. their. be. point. than. has. to. neglecting. second. To. emphasized.. and. intellectual. mainly. not. students. the. purposes?. says:. education has. education. been. practical. throughout. uniformly. prefecture,. moral. for. suitable. characters. system:. been. has. there. curriculums,. not. he. money. to. order. the. as. these. present. have. show. In. answers68).. education. of their. much. school. first point. and. outward. For. well. for. of the. points. Of. as. needed. detailed. kind …What kind of what. abolished?. country. are. get. weak. be?. or. suitable. character?. schools. whole. not. meanlng. too. and. the. education. and. institutions. private. could. and. primary. In every. making. true. present. primary. of scholars. four. out. practised. for the. sort we. form. proceeding). values. of. what. spend. in the. functional. civilization. the. Is the. the. of old. points. people. teaching. Nisbimura. students'knowledge. the. questions. …Firstly, super丘cial. o'clock. investigate. to. executives,. of education?. were. people,. Nishimura. been. aim. graduates. harmful. all these. the. ten. of the. for cultivating should. of the. On. Edncation. of. :. unsuitable. As. One. education.. Wbat. Then. Ministry. of the. executives. Sbiga. classic. teachers. which repeat. children's. was. that normal four. or. of the moral. avoid named. uninteresting knowledge.

(19) Views. despite. fact. the. Western. we. 19. restoration. designed. òbject lesson'. as. in. they. and. development. order. not. dren's. In view. making. where. 18); it. account. Tanaka. the 47. uP. months. and. fev. with. the of. mind. in. for. order. promote. chil-. ou.r. country,. developed.. equally time. nO. galn. and. and. makes. years. children. that. meant. schools allowable a. private. each. and. not to. primary. build. could. school. the. public which. to. because primary bad. little. as. be. school been. state. actual. of the Gakusei. subjects if students. even. four. despatched. functioning. of with. to. problems. if the local. could. months. education. of丘nancial. the prag-. of schooling. compulsory. were. basic. teaching. satis負ed. as. 負nish. could. established a. be. from. the. criticism. that. so. draft. started away. on. advice. have. 1879,. of the. (Item 17); the period. year. September. and. one. stand. could. OrdL. changes. should. (Item 16); teachers. were. not. education. students. U. S. A.. Ref. (Education. 29. on. advanced. Kyo-iku. of schools. and. making. applied. of the. ; compulsory out. of. education. Ministry. items. brief. the. fact,. Ref. public. from. instead. that. The. made. returned. in. Kyo-iku. that. was. ordinances,. Gakusei,. four. them,. of. these. of schooling. primary. had. yet. ability. external. the. in. people. waste. Will. of. it should. not. service. forms. nutrition. by. cbildren's. surprising. revision.. subjects. to. which. was. 1t. real. observe. and. much. usefulness.. together. go. as. are. and. study copy. must. known. well. now. wastes. not. Fujimaro. (Item 3). ordinary. shortened. sixteen. They. hungry,. rules'and. than. in. should. the. imitation,. it. show. engage. knowledge. the. than. rather. heart.. education. by. of education…. appearance. into practice. at. it is. circumstances.. teaching,. are. them. only. criticisms,. of the. simplified. studied. iko- Kyo-ikuseido. Meiji. outward. both. mentally. Moreover,. Gakusei,. attitudes. in drawing. with. and. it gives. children. Gakusei. the. spirit of the. of social. prlnCiples. Education. ability..... aims. took. after of. matic. Ministry.. to the. learnlng72).. which. years. the. of the. cultivation. of putting. use.. of these. nances),. Eteaching. students. ′rhese ideas. education. bate. so-called. the external. that. make. the methods. practical. in. concerned. of children, so. pleasure.. Wben. from. more. creative. development. to. his report. made. Nishimura's. beyond. go. and. the. neglecting. natural. but. is. Teachers. cultivate. the. not. to emphasize. utility.. forms, can. do. education. common. Rynichi,. with. little advantage. get. of today's It is. printedalong. educators. can. Kuki. :. read. Today's. already. melJl. or唱1nally. executives,. report. other. Hattatsushi,. be. the. after. was. method. ten. of the. In the only. were. the. education. pedagogy71).. Another. two. that. on. places. (Item. community. in the. society.

(20) 20. Kazukiyo. (Item 9); and people. need. general there. for. can. However, What. of. the. was. from. inferred than. more. one. of this. signi丘cance. 47. the. for. change. The. to. was. Re. nor. no was. behind. attitude. items. Kyo-iku. the. year,. in contrast. Kyoiku. the. attitude.. of. concerned,. (Item 21)73). There. accompanying. change. was. schools government,. permission. ask. no. private. to the. report. ideas. was. be. little. a. to. them. there. easily. in. just. educational. it since. this document. but. requested. statement. of the. establishment. permission. which. need. the. as. ask. not. Gakusei,. the. far. so. Shiga. Ref. itself revised.. was. ideas. educational. and. educational. practice? Notes. (1). Ky6ikushi. Hensankai. MKH), (2). Horie,. Hideichi no. (3). (5) (6) (7) (8). vol. Gakusei. Kenkyu-,. K6dahsha,. Mitsukuri,. Terumoto,. Kazama. Shob(ラ, Tokyo,. Sakata, Refer. Takeshi,. to. kyoku, K6in. Kido. V,. table. Tokyo,. K6den. 1954,. Tokyo, 1973,. 1, `Yashi. vol.. nenshi (hereafter as Kyo-iku 1974, Kurasawa! p. 45. 4.. p.. Akizuki's. Kenkyu-. gyo-seishi Tokyo,. 1965,. 271,. p.. appointments six. names. were. on. not. on. p･. p.. 47.. scholars. (hereafter. of. MKK),. as. 229-31･. pp･. 275･. Kido. Ko-den,. Ko-. Jikkl',VOl･. 80. Gakusei. (ed.). of Education 1129.. Sho-giku. Hensanjo,. Kenkyu-,. no. and vol. 1, recorded and other Akizuki Matsuoka and. Kenkyu-,. no. p.. 100. Tokyo,. Miraisha,. Ministry. in. as. 28.. Ishinshi, Gakusei. pp.. Kyo-iku. Kyo-iku. zenki. (herereafter. 5-9.. Yamanoucbi. Yamanouchi,. p.. Jiyu-minkenki. Shink6kai,. nenshi,. 1967,. Meiji. Yoshio,. Kurasawa,. 100. Meiji. Kaneko,. 1959,. Kenky缶. only recorded 98, vol. 1, while Kyo-iku Among these nine people, Western studies.. p.. (10). no. (eds.),. Tokyo,. Nihon. Hattatatsushi,. 87.. p.. Shigeki. Ky6iku. MKH. The. Insatsu. (9). 1,. 1938,. (ed.),. Kenkyajo. nenshi),. Takeshi,. (4). Yahikaku,. Kyo-ikuseido. iko-. Meiji Tokyo,. sha, T6yama,. and. seiritsu; Ky6iku. sensei Kokuritsu lOO. (ed.),. 1, Ryagin. vol.. vol･. 2, Meiji. nenshi, Shoin,. 6kurash6. Tokyo,. 1927,. 1506. in full printed 23-31.. `Sakugi'is kai,. 1903,. (ll) (12). Ibid.,. p.. Ibid.,. p. 29.. (13) (14). Ibid.,. p.. Ibid.,. pp.. K6. Kyaseki. Hozon-. 29. 29-32.. In August. founding. recorded and. middle. 2, Iwakura. 23.. for. (plans were. in Iwakura. pp.. 1870,. country). in Iu)akura. prlmary. Ko- Jikki,. SCbools. in. Iwakura. in the. a. on. 2, p. 838.. vol.. country. entitled. memorial. his ideas. developed. and. control. the. EKenkoku. of education. Saku' wbicb. The. make. article entitled ETo establish belong to the them university'. SayS:. In order. not. have. to. illiterate. people. in. the country, hundred prlmary. and. schools and sixty to one middle han. In order to bring our country up it is natural depend to of strength,. one. cannot. three and. do. not. expect. establish. in this. one now,. day. to. it will. all. make be. too. should SCbools. level. to. the. on. development. people. late. we. and. in we. tvo or establish in each prefecture. of civilization, of wealth knowledge･ of human. the. will. country regret. literate･ it in the. If. we. future･.

(21) Views. (15). It is. urgent. han,. and. (16). Kaneko,. (17) (18). Iu)akura. (19). Tsumaki,. the. school. the. rules. put. the. after. them. make. meり1. 21. restoration. to. rules and regulations into practice, and put. the. and. prefectures. those. schools. under. the. 1931,. pp.. university.. Terumoto,. MKK,. Ko- Jikki,. Ibid.,. education. distribute. to. of the 3l-2.. control Ibid., pp.. on. 24.. p.. 60213.. 2, pp.. vol.. 760-1.. pp.. Chnta. Kido. (ed.),. K6in. Bunsho,. vol. 8, Nihon. Shiseki. Ky6kai,. 7819.. (20). Ibid.,. (21) (22) (23). Ibid., Kido. 3, p. 35415.. vol.. A. part. vol. 4, pp. 133-4. K6in K6den Hensanjo,. Ibid.,. 1636,. p.. baving. beard. back. to. Japan. ment. on. 25. a. part. that. the. pp.. 1506-8.. (25). Ibid.,. pp.. 1506-8.. (26) (27). 6kubo,. (28). MKH,. (29). On. Toshiaki to. p.. vol. 139. page. them. fourth. item. September. Iwakura. up. (30). (31) (32) (33) (34) (35). of. MKH, Same. p.. Shiseki. MKH,. γol.. Ibid.,. 1943,. the. govern-. 209.. p.. The. (a). be. his. item. a. 20. vol. 2, edited an lwakura. that. says. in. university September. 6tsuka. by. Take-. memorandum early September. (a). (c). names. is. was. was. realized on 16. notified. of able scholars and before the Emperor. lwakura. to a. Ky6to.. and. list of. a. and presented information was up. made This. travels.. of on. realized. fourth. should. 1929,. probably. was. system. latter,. for. necessary. step. toward. the setting. Nihon. (36) (37). Ibid.,. pp.. Ibid.,. p.. (38). Kurasawa,. Scholars Ch正. point. of. differ Sh6. the. which instance,. on;. Kindai. Bunsho,. are. MKK. The. 56-8.. pp.. the. Tsuchiya pp.. former. Tadao and is. view. Kyo-ikushi,. p.. no. in. Kyo-iku. the. Kurasawa. Takeshi. represented. by. p.. 120,. 100 in the. Kageyama. 41.. Kenkyu-,. the. of. One. Daitakes. and. 139-42. Gakusei. nature. view moralistic role in terms of a serious look at the modern takes educa_ influenced The by the Western world.. authoritarian. other been. have 27-8. of the. understanding. 142. Takeshi,. 3, 1928,. vol｡. Kisoku大学規則及中小学規則.. gaku. to. seems. in their. university's. administration.. so. Toshimichi. 142.. Oyobi. Terumoto,. 49, and. (ed.), ∂kubo. Ky6kai 1, p.. educational. (ed.). to. offered. or in August ill written item the丘rst (out of four) refers tothe change of item (c) the travel to Tokyo, refers to Emperor's. was. establishment. the. tional. p.. in. (b). 139-42.. pp.. Kaneko. Bunsho. the. Kisoku. seriously the. after abroad. above. 117.. Nihon. gaku. government. call all students. was. plan. the. in Ky6to. university 1, 95. p. vol.. as. Ibid.,. Kankei Ky6kai. refers to 1868,. from a. Tomomi. second. 1868.. returned. to. plan. Tokyo,. Shiseki. the. ill Japan. schools. S6gensha,. (b). era】. 8 September. on. up. 1869.. 87-92.. of the. of. a. in May. 1506. to. pr由ented. This. re-examined.. 2, p.. voll.. he. take. Masanao,. 3.. note. by Nihon published This memorandum recorded. 1868. is that The reasoning name. to. Daigaku,. no. matsu,. tbe. K6den,. which. was. Ueki. to. 1873.. Nihon. 2 and 1, pp.. Kido. memorial. government. have. and. Ibid.,. Refer. of. December. (24). Sho-gilku the. letter. Kido's. of. 174.. nenshi, Gakusei Noboru. p. no. in Naka. 46, and Kenkyu-, Aratla.

(22) Kazukiyo. See. (40) (41) (42) (43). MKH,. 12, note. page. γol. 1. Ibid.,. p. 2 28. Ibid.,. p. 2 30. On. this. the. (in. 【b. 〓. the. by. made. government. authors. 41), Meiji. p.. rules. based. they. that. the. MKH,. (46). Kurasawa,. the. proposal of 19 February based different upon educational. were. Kenkyil. that,. argues. I myself. Ibid.,. (54) (55) (56) (57) (58). MKH,. Gakusei. Takeshi,. 233.. vol.. 249.. Kenkyu-,. no. γol. 1, p.. p.. et. al., Western. Press,. 1931),. Teachers. Japan,. (in. pp.. and the university be seen on page. 26-7). says. rules were 12 above.. 123. Kanei. p.. Bunsho,. vol. 2, 1929,. p.. 139.. 136.. pp.. 420-2.. American. and. ln8uences. pp.. Influences. in Modern. Japan. 34-5,. in Herbert quoted Columbia University,. College,. in. Japanese. (Chicago:. The. in. University. Society. Passin, East. Education',. Asian. Education and Institute, New York,. 210-ll.. pp.. Kurasawa,. Gakusei. no. Kokkai. Toshokan. Kensei. p.420. MKH,. γol. 1, p.. 398.. Kokkai. Toshokan. Kensei. For. Kenkyu-,. no. LEuropean. (provisional title), quoted (63) (64) (65). can. orlglnally became well 1870 there was. 340.. Kumaji, lnaz6. Chicago. 1965,. Gakusei. Takeshi,. Yoshida,. of in. (61) (62). 1, p. 1, p.. Kurasawa,. Nitobe. (59) (60). vol.. MKH,. as. after. the. Kura-. were. rules. MKK. that. by. 152-5.. pp.. Ibid.,. rules. and ideas.. of rules. that. so. Terumoto's. 1870,. Ky5-. 134.. (47) MKH, vol. 1, p. 234. Tomomi (48) 6tsuka, Takematsu (ed.), Iwakura 1, 233. (49) MKH, p. γol. (50) Ibid" p. 235. no Kenkyu-, Takeshi, Gakusei (51) Kurasawa, Ibid., 13l. p. (52) (53). sets. university. rules,. Kaneko, governmental Kaneko with. agree. two. the. after. governmental. earlier in the. the. that. agrees. (pp. 105-20). ideas. same.. vol. 1, p. p. 233.. Ibid.,. the. educational. basically. (44) (45). no. but. Kindai (in p. 61), Nihon Kenky虎(in 10), p. write. in their. university 1869. ideas,. superceded in practice. connict. loo nenshi of the Kyo-iku Zenki Kyo-iku Seisakushi no. Gakusei. different. on. known, no. the. 5 February. on. in his book. sawa. below.. 233-4.. point. ikushi. 43. .h. 抑23. (39). Sbiga. details,. see. Gakusei. γol. 1, p. 441. Tsuchiya, Tadao, Meiji. Kenkyu-,. p,. 679.. ∂ki Bunsho,. shiry6shitsu,. ∂ki Bunsho,. Shiry6shitsu, in Gakusei no. Kenkyu-,. Shorui. no. pp.. Kenkyu-,. Shorui. no. 737.. no. kenkyu-,. no. p.. Bu,. Bu,. quoted. Gakusei. in. ibid.,. Kaisei. Gi,. 687-703.. MKH,. 1968,. 104-5.. pp.. (66). Ibid.,. pp.. (67). Ibid.,. p.. (68) (69) (70) (71). MKH,. 95-6. 104.. vol.. Ibid.,. pp.. Ibid.,. p.. Ibid.,.. pp.. 1, p. 463-4.. 463. 46419.. 462.. zenki. ky6iku. Seisakushi. Bunky6. Tosho,. Tokyo,.

(23) Views. ■α.α. -β.･β. ノ. rJ. 【ローロー. 73. '∼. ヽ. --▲. iZq 72. ′. '∼. on. V 0. l 1, pp.. 472-3.. V 0. 1 2, pp.. 16ト5.. education. the. after. melJl. 23. restoration. Bibliography English: passim,. H.,. Society. Columbia Dore,. Los sophia. Angeles,. College,. Teacher's. Japan,. East. Asian. lnstitute,. 1965.. University, in. Education. 良.P.,. in. Education. and. Tokugawa. Uhiversity. Japan,. of. California. Press,. Berkeley. and. 1965. Monumenta. University,. vol. 28, Not. NiPPonica,. vol･ 29, No･. 3, 1973･,. 3, 1974,. Tokyo･. Japanese: chibaken. Ky6iku. D6bunkan. henshakyoku. Ekiken. Kai. Horie,. Ekiken. (ed.),. Sabur6,. Got6,. (ed.), ∂hara (ed.), Nihon. Kai. Kumazawa. Tokyo,. 1942.. Hideichi. and 1959.. Tokyo, Hozumi,. Sboten,. Kyo-iku. Shigeki. Goningumi and. Kanie,. Kyoto,. 1970.. Seidoron,. Y缶hikaku,. Ken･,. Kinsei. Nihon. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Kinsei. Shakai. Kyo-ikushi. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Kinsei. Shomin. Kyo-ikushi,. Ishikawa,. Ken,. Wagakuni. K6. Kaigo,. Kyaseki. Kokugo', Kaneko, Kido. Gakkai,. Kodama,. K6ta. Kodama,. K6ta. Kokuritsu. Ky6iku. Shink6kai, Takeshi,. Ky6ikushi. Hensankai. Ministry. 1, Y缶hikaku,. vol･. 5, 6, 9･, Rinsen. vol･. Tosho,. Tokyo,. Tokyo,. 1934･. Tokyo,. 19381. 1947･. Shinreisha,. Tokyo,. 1949･. 2, 1903･ Taikei,. vol･ 4-9･,. <Kindaihen,. Niho. Ayumi,. no. (eds.),. Yoshikawa. Nihon. Rekishi. no. Tokyo,. 1967･. Tokyo,. 1927･. K6bunkan,. Tokyo,. Shiien,. 3,. vol･. 1955･ Nihon. Tokyo,. Gakusei. no. Kenkyu-,. Meiji. (ed.),. Kindai. Nihon. Kyo-iku. 100. Tokyo,. 1973･. vol･ 1,. nenshi,. Kyoiku. 1974. K6dansha,. iko- Kyo-ikuseido. Hattatsushi,. vol･. 115･,. Ryaginsha,. 1938-9.. Tokyo,. Ko-so- Kon,. Hisoka,. of Education Seize (ed.),. Motoori,. Shuppansha,. vol･ Kyo-kasho. Shoin,. 1963-4･. (ed.),. Kenkyajo. Kurasawa,. Maejima,. Ihen,. T6y6. Jikki,. 1910-11･. Bunky6. 1921･. Sh6kad6,. Hattatsu,. 1943･ 1910･. 1973.. Tokyo,. Kenkya. no. Nihon. (eds.),. (ed.), Shiryo- ni yoru 6ishi, Shinzabur6 and. Shoseki,. Tea. lido-kan okeru KoIu,akura. Tokyo,. Kenkyu-,. vol･. Kenkyu-,. no. Rinri. Kenkyu-,. no. 6,. Kenkyu-, Kazama Shob6, Kyo-iku zenki gyo-seishi Shoin, Sho-giku Kido Koden, 1, 2., Meiji vol. Hensanjo, Kindaigo Kenkyil Musashino Shoin, Tokyo, 1968･ (2),. K6den. Kindaigo. Kyo-ikushi. Tokyo, Tokyo,. Kank6bu, S6sho,. Tokyo,. Nihon. Chibaken,. D6bunkan,. Meiji. Terumoto, K6in. Shakai. Arata. and Naka, K6dansha,. Tokiomi. Bunko,. (eds.),. Ishikawa,. Iwakura. Ky6ikukai,. Kakunhen. (eds.), Jiyu-minkenki. Yoshimaru. ni Hozonkai,. Chibaken. Zensha vol, 2, 3., Ekiken Sentetsu Nihon Ky6iku. Banzan,. T6yama,. Nobushige,. Tetsujir6. Inoue,. Zenshu-,. Zenshu-,. Yu-gaku. Kai,. Maejima Gakusei. (ed.), Motoori. 80. Norinaga. Tokyo,. 1955･. 6kurash6 nenshi, Zenshu-, vol･ 8,. Insatsu. Kyoku,. Tokyo,. K6bunkan,. Yoshikawa. 1954･ Tokyo,. 1926. Nakaizumi,. Tetsutoshi,. Tokyo, Nihon. Kindai. Nihon. Shiseki. Nihon. Zuihitsu. Nihon. Kinsei. Kyo-iku. Shiso-. no. Kenkyil,. Yoshikawa. K6bunkan,. 1966. Ky6ikushi Ky6kai, Taisei. Kank6kai. ∂kubo Hensh5bu. (ed.), Toshimichi. (ed.),. Nihon Bunsho, Nihon. Kindai. Kyo-ikushi,. vol. 3, 1928･ Zuihiisu Taisei,. K6dansha,. part. 2,. Tokyo,. vol･. ll,. 1973･. Nihon.

(24) 24. Kazukiyo. Zuihitsu. 6kubo, 6tsuka･. Taisei. Toshiaki,. Kank6kai,. Nihon. Takematsu. (ed･),. Tokyo,. Daigaku,. no. Iwakura. Shiga. 1929. S6gensha,. Tomomi. Tokyo, Kankei. 1943.. Bunsho,. vol. 2, Nihon. Shiseki. Ky6kai,. 1929. Sakata,. Yoshio,. Takahashi,. T6ju. Meiji. Miraisha,. Kyo-ikushi,. Ky6saikai. (ed･),. Shunj6,. Jinja S6ritsu. Ishinshi,. Nihon. Tokyo,. Ky6iku. 1965. Kenkyakai,. To-ju Sensei. Tokyo,. Zenshu-,. 1940. 3,. vol.. T6ju. Shoin,. Shigaken,. 1928-9. Tsuchiya!. Tadao,. Tsumaki,. Chata. Yamaguchi. Ken,. Meiji. (ed･), Ky6iku. Kyo-iku no Kenkyu-, Tokyo, Seisakushi Bunky6 Tosho, zenki Kido Ko-in Bunsho, Shiseki Ky6kai, 1931. vol. 8, Nihon Kai. (ed･),. Yoshida. Sho-in. Zenshu-,. vol. 2, 3.,. Iwanami,. 1968. Tokyo,. 1934-6. Yamamoto･. Masahide,. Kindai. Buntai. Hassei. no. Shiteki. Kenkyu-,. Iwanami,. Tokyo,. 1965..

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