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Some Fossil Arvicolid Rodents from the Pinza-Abu Cave, Miyako Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan-香川大学学術情報リポジトリ

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SomeFossilArvicolidRodentsfromthePinza・AbuCave,

MiyakoIsland,theRyukyuIslands,Japan

YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa

Abstract.Atotalof680isolatedmolarsandthreelowerJaWSWithmolarsagedasofthelatePleistocene

(25,800±900y.B.P.and26,800±1,300y.BLP・)wererecoveredfromthePinzaqAbuCave,MiyakoIsland・ theRyukyuIslands,Japan,in1982−83・Allfossilmolarswithapnsmaticenamelpatternarerootless・ Amongthem82specimensofthenrstlowermolarswereidentifiedasMicrotusjortis,fiveonesasM・ oeconomus,andsevenunidentifiednrstlowermolarswererecorded.Withoutbeingassignedtogenus,74

specimensofthethirduppermolarshaveanintermediateformwithfourinternalsalientanglesandwith

opendentinespacesbetweenthenrstandsecondtriangleslbllowlngtheanteriorloop・Twospecimensof theseconduppermolarswereidentifiedasM・OeCOnOmuSbecauseoftheoccurrenceofanadditional reentrantfoldinthesecondexternalclosedtriangles・ThediscoveryofthefossilftomtheMiyakoIsland indicatesthemostsoutherndistributionofM・JbrlisandM・OeCOnOmuSinthelatePleistocene,and disagreeswithpaleobotanyandpaleogeographypreviouslyreported・ Islands・Thepurposeofthispaperistodescribeand

identify some fossils ofthe arvicolid molars,

COmparlngWiththerecentarvicolidsofJapanand

neighboringcountries,anddiscussesthemeanlngOf

the discoveries with other studies of fossils,

Paleobotany andpaleogeographyontheRyukyu

Islands.WeacknowledgetheDivisionofCulture, DepartmentofEducation,OkinawaPrefecture,and theAgencyofCulture,theMinistryofEducation,

Science and Culture,Japan forloaning fossil

materialstothepresentstudy,andtheYamashina

InstituteforOmithologyforallowlngmetOeXamine

thespecimensofMicrotusinChina・

Materials

Fossilmolars were recovered from the Pinza−Abu Cave(24044150‖N,125020rO8‖E),Whichlocatesat UenoVillage,MiyakoCounty(MiyakoIsland), OkinawaPrefecture.The altitude ofthe entrance of thecaveis53mfromthesealevel.

ThecollectionwascarriedoutduringNovember

Introduction

TheRyukyuIslandsbelongstothemostsouthem

partoftheNanseiIslands,WhichliefromKyushu, ぎ■Japan,tOTaiwanintheEastChinaSea・Therecent

mammalfaunaoftheRyukyuIslandsdiffersfrom

thatofKyushuandHonshu,Japan,andtheWatase Line between the two faunae demarcates the

PalaearcticfromtheOrientalRegion(Kuroda,1939; Imaizumi,1970).FromtheIslands ofMiyako and Okinawa,theRyukyuIslands,however,Onlysmal1 fossilrodentsofDtpLoth7・ixlegataand Tokudaia OSimensishavebeenreported(TakaiandHasegawa, 1971;Hasegawa et al.,1973;Kowalskiand Hasegawa,1976;Kawamura,1989)・Thus,

ZOOgeOgraphicalstudiesonsma11fossilrodentshave

beenlittleknownintheRyukyuIslands・ FromthePinza−AbuCave,theMiyakoIslandof

theRyukyuIslands,SOmekindsofArvicolidaefossil

molars andlowerJaWS Were reCOVeredinlarge

numbersin1982−83,though noneoftheliving

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YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa

20−27,1982(thenrstDivision)andfromJuly25to August5,1982(thesecondandthirdDivisions).The environmentalcondition ofthese Divisions was

describedbyKishimoto(1985).Thedepositsinthe CaVe Were eStimated to have been formed at

25,800±900y・B・P・and26,800±1,300y.B.P.bythe14C me[hod(Hamada,1985),i.e.thela【erpart of PleistocenebytheF−COntentS(Matsuura,1985).

Thenumberofarvicolid fossils was680isolated moユars,OneloweりaWWi抽twomolars,and two

lowerJaWSWithonemolarwithapnsmaticenamel

patterns・Foridentification anddescrlptlOn We

examinedtwospecimensoftheseconduppermolars,

740neSOfthethirduppermolars,and820neSOfthe

firstlowermolars,OneOfwhichonemolarputs

togetherwiththesecondlowermolaronalowerJaW・

Othersare15lspecimensofthenrstuppermOlars,64

0neSOftheseconduppermolars,1190neSOfthe SeCOndlowermolars and4lones ofthethirdlower molars.

Thefossilswerecomparedwiththefollowing

SpeCimensoftenlivlngSPeCiesofMicrotusforthe

identification:MicrotusmontebeLli=22(Kyoto, Japan),M.agrestis=8(sixfromFinlandandtwo from France),M.oeconomus=15(the Kola (=Kol’skii)PeninsulaandtheKurileIslands,Russia), Mjbrtis=15(JilinandAnhuiProvinces,China),M. mLmimowiczii=1(Heilon由iangProvince,China),M kikuchii=10(Taiwan),M mandarinus=2(Shanxi Province,China),and M.brandti=10(Inner Mongolia,Chjna).The enamelpatte川Of M.

SaChalinensiswasreferredtothefiguresofVasin

(1955)andMeyer(1978). ThemolarsweremeasuredfollowingMeyer(1978; Fig.1).Themeasurementsweretakentothenearest O・01mmunderastereomicroscope(NikkonSMZ−10)

Withlevelsof40magnincationattachedanobjective

micrometerproducedbyKogaku・Enamelpatterns.姦

Weredrawnuslngthemicroscopewithanaccessory

drawlngaPParatuSby14magnifier.

Enamelpatternsonthethirduppermolarswere

ClassinedintothreetypesaccordingtoMiyao(1961): Fig・1・Sixmeasurements(1−6)ofArvicolidaemolars.A,thenrstlowermolar(1=lengthand2=Width);B,the thirduppermolar(3=1engthand4=Width);C,theseconduppermolar(5=lengthand6=Width).

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thecomplexformwiththreereentrantfolds onthe

lingualsideandwithposteriorconcavltyOnthe

POSteriorloop;theintermediateformwith three

reentrant folds on thelingualside andwithout

posteriorconcavltyOntheposteriorloop;thesimple

formwithtworeentrantfbldsonthelingualside.

The scientific names followed Honackie(al. (1982)andtheterminologyofthemolarmorphology followedCarleton(1985).Registrationnumbersare Shown as the collections ofthe Okinawa Prefecture

Musedm(OPM).

Results

l)Thefirstlowermolars

Allexamined molars haveno root.The銭rstlower molarhas丘,urtOfiveclosedtrianglesinfrontofthe

POSteriorloopin82specimens.Themolarwithnve

Closedtrianglesisadiagnosticcharacterforthegenus

MicrotusexceptforM oeconomus,〃.millicens,M musseri,andvariantOf〟.nivalis(Lawrence,1982).

Among82specimensofthenrstlowermolars,69

isolatedmolarsandonemolarwithalowerjaw(OPM

3・4・4・18)wereidentifiedasMjbrtis,Whichhasnve

Closedtrianglesandaroundanteriorloopwithasmall

anteroextemalconcavity.〟.jbrtisslightlyresembles M・kikuchiiintheshapeoftheanteriorloopamong thespeciesofMicrotuslivlnglneaSternAsia,but〟.

kikuchiihastheloopwithadeeperfoldanteriorly,the

Shapeofwhichis a reverse V−OrU−1ike form (Kaneko,1987).Sixexamples ofM.jbrlis are exhibitedinFig.2(a−f).Tablelshowsmeasurements

Of63tlndamaged specimens among70fossil

SPeCimens ofM.jbrtis.The fossilmolars show

SlgnificantlylongerandwiderthanthoseoflivlngM

jbrtis(t=5・343,P<0.001andq=76inthelength;t =5・244,P<0.00land(げ=76inthewidth).No

Slgnificantdifferencebetweenthetworegression

linesofthefossilandlivingones(Fig.3;t=0.665,P >0.5and材=74).

Five molars could beident摘ed asM oeconomus

(Fig.2;g−k),becausethe貞rstlowermolarhasfour

Closedtrianglesinfrontoftheposteriorloopand

threeinternalsalientangles.LivingM.oeconomus

hasthreeinternalsalientanglesincontrasttofour

anglesinlivingM nivalis(Hinton,1907;Kowalski, 1957),thoughthedentalspaceofM.nivalisis

SOmetimesconfluentbetweenthefifthtriangleand

theanteriorloop,WhichlookslikeMoeconomus.No Slgnificantdifferencewasfoundinthelength and WidthbetweenthefossilandlivlngM.oeconomus (Tablel;t=2・025,0・05<P<0.1andq=18inthe length;t=0.553,P>0.5andU=18inthewidth). The measurements ofthe fossils areincludedin a

ClustercomposedofthoseofthelivlngOneSeXCept

foronespecimen(POM2.3.1.4.13indicatedasgin Fig.3).No significantdifferencebetweenthetwo regressionlinesofthefossilandlivingMicrotus(Fig. 3;J=0.662,ク>0.6and材=16).

Sixfossilmolarscouldnotbeasslgnedtoanyof

theknownspecies(Fig.2;m−r).Thesemolarshave Characteristicsinwhichthetriangles meetatthe

medianlongitudinalaxisandtheanteriorloophas

both externalandinternalconcavities,Which are

Observedin M・mOntebelli,arValis,agreStis, maximowiczii,andsachalinensis・Fourofthem(Fig. 2;m−P)arelargerandwiderthantwootherfossil molars(Fig・2;q−r)andspecimensoftwoliving SpeCies,MmontebelliandM.agrestis(Fig.3). Oneexamplecouldnotbeidentined(Fig.2;1).The

molarhasfo1lowlngCharacteristics:aSharpsalient

angleappearsontherightandlef[,thedentinespace

Ofthenfthsalientangleisconfluenttotheanterior

loop,theshapeoftheanteriorlooplookslikea

mushroom,and the enamellamellaeis thinnerthan thefossilsexaminedhere.

2)Thethirduppermolars

ThethirduppermolarusuallylSnOtuSefu1forthe

identificationofthevolespeciesexceptforafew

CaSeS,becauseithasindividual,ageandgeographical Variations・We,therefore,Only describe some Characteristicsfoundin74specimens.Forty−One

molarsareoftherightand33areoftheleft.They

haveananteriorloopfo1lowedbythreealternatlng

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YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa

\一十\

’k l 1 J g ■h P q

Fig.2.Thenrstlowermolarsofsixspecimens(a−f)ofMicrotusjbrtis,nVeSPeCimens(g−k)of〟・OeCOnOmuS,

andnotidentifiedspecimens(1−r).a,OPM3.2.2.4・16;b,OPM2・3・1・4・10;C,OPMl・4・4;・d,OPM

2.3.1.4.22;e,OPM2.3.4.4.5;f,OPMl.4.12;g,2.3.1.4.13;h,OPM2・3・6・4・2;i,OPM2・4・4・4・5;j,OPM

2.3.6.4.3;k,OPM2.3.6.4・4;1,OPM2・4・5・4・4;m,OPMl・4・10;n,OPM2・4・4・4・4;0,OPM2・4・5・4・19;P,

OPM2・4・5・4・18;q,OPM2・4・7・4・14;ー,OPM3・5・4・1・

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Tablel.Measurementsofthelengthandwidthofthenrstlowermolarsandregressionequationsinfossil(F) andliving(L)speciesofMicrotus.Mean±standarddeviationandrangeinparentheses・

Species name N M01arlength(Ⅹ)M0lar width(Y)Reg■reSSion equation ♪グ.for亡ユg 63 3.56±0.27 (F) (2.86−4.31) 〃.0eCOエコ∽uS 5 2.95±0.35 (F) (2.65−3.55) 〝.foヱ・亡ユ5 15 3.17±0.20 (L) (2.80−3.45) 〟.0eCOヱつOmuβ 15 2.71±0.20 (L) (2.47−3.07) 〝.た土加d上土 10 3.03±0.16 (L) (2.76−3.35) 〝.mon亡eわeユユi 22 2.92±0.15 (1) (2.69−3.20) 〝.a多re5日g 7 2.76±0.15 (L) (2.56−3.05) 1.42±0.11 (1.00−1.74) 1.11±0.15 (1.00−1.36) 1.26±0.07 (1.10−1.35) 1.08±0.09 (0,90−1.26) 1.25±0.06 (1.10−1.32) 1.14±0.08 (1.00−1.30) 1.07±0.07 (0.95−1.15) Y=0.30+0.31Ⅹ Y=−0.09+0.41Ⅹ Y=0.69+0.18Ⅹ Y=0.43+0.24Ⅹ Y=0.77+0.16Ⅹ Y=0.24+0.31Ⅹ Y=0.39Ⅹ

exceptlOnalformhavingslightlyshortlength,OrOne

OrtWOCOnfluentdentinespaces(Figs・4and5;f−i)・ The40specimensareslightlylongerand■Widerthan livlngSpeCiesofMicrotusexceptforthewidthin〟・ kikuchii(Table4).

3)Theseconduppermolars

Two examplesofthemolarswereidentified as

thoseofM.oeconomus(Fig.3;j−k),becausethe

SeCOndexternalclosedtrianglehasasmalladditional

reentrantfoldattheanterioredge.Thisadditionalfold

hasbeenreportedinbothlivingM.nivalis(Kowalski, 1957)andlivingM・OeCOnOmuS(Ruprecht,1967) amongMicro(usSpeCies.But,Weidentinedthemas themolarsof〟.oeconomusbecauselivlngMnivalis

is distributed from southwestofEuropetoIran

(Corbet,1978).Theyare2.30mmlongandl・43mm Wide(POM2.2.2.2.6),and2.03mmandl.30mm (POM3.2.2.1),reSPeCtively.Thetwofossilmolars arelargerthanthoseoflivingM oeconomus(Fig.6; j−k)andotherlivingspeciesof〟fcrotus(Table5).

Discussiom

First,Wediscussthereasonwhywedonotreferthe

scientific names offossilMicrotusin the results.As Closedtriangles,i.e.oneinternalandtwoouter.Some molars,however,havethesecondandthirdtriangles, and/orthethirdandfourthtrianglesbetweenwhi.ch

theyhaveaconfluentdentine space,reSPeCtively

(Table2).NostatisticalindependencewasshowniIi

thedentineconfluencebetweenbothsidesbytheG−

testwithWilliams’adjustment(SokalandRohlf, 1973;G叫=4・830,0・1<P<0・25and〃、=3)・Molars with the confluence between the third and fourth

trianglesarethemostcommonamongthetotalmolars

includingthoseofbothsides.

NosimpleformoftheenamelpatternWaSfoundin

74specimens(Table3).No statisticalindependence

Ofthepatternsbetweenthetwointermediateand

COmplexformswasshownbetweenthebothsidesby

the GTteSt WithWilliams’adjustment(Sokaland Rohlr,1973;G叫=0・3紬,0・5<p<0・75and‘軒=1)・

Theintermediateformisthemostcommonamongthe

totalspecimensconsistlngOfthoseofbothsides.

Among74specimensofthethirduppermolars,44

SPeCimensareabletomeasurebecauseotherscannot

measure due to damage.Five examples of44

SpeCimensareshowninFig.4(a−e)・Aregressionline

betweenthelengthandthewidth wasdrawnby40

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YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa 0 ∩ ▲ l ▲ ′一′∵ :一′ ニニ 1▲一..′ ・∴=ノチ;一;一’▲▲ ′+ ノーニ烏 ▲ ′ ̄ ′一 + 「 m−r F∝逼ils ▲一−−一 ル′.爪0nre如〟/ トーー 〃.即便座 〓ト凸︼き a−f.0− Fossils 0

.」∵11′? 二

l−… 〃.血・始 + −−− 〃.々仇udl〟 ○

匂 00虎・金/b

O0 ヱ㌻ニ

。¢/。

00

I

...

・づを≠一ノ

e。・

l +l f

0.9

4月 mm

3.5

LENGTH

2.5

Fig.3.Scatterdiagramsofthelengthandwidthofthefirstlowermolar・Theregistrationnumberforthe SPeCimens(a−r)isshowninFig.2.

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epiratticepsinposition;2)theinternalconvexity

developsveryfaintlyintheanteriorloopofthenrst

lowermolar;3)theanteriortransverseloopofthe firstlowermolarlacksafoldorisfaintlydeveloped・ Tokuda(1939),however,remarkedthatthecharacters Ofl)and3)arenotsufficientfordiscriminatingthe two species.Hasegawaetal・(1977)saidthatM・ q,lratticq,uSWOuldbeasynonymofM oeconomus in splteOfthesizedifferenceinthemolarlength・ KowalskiandHasegawa(1976)andKawamuraand Kajiura(1990),however,uSed thenameofM・ eplratticeps without comments・Because some SPeCimensofM.q,iratticq,SShownbyYoung(1934) COuldbeident摘edasM.Jbrtisasmentionedabove andthefiguresdrawnbyYoung(1934)didnot

accordwithhisglVenCharacters,WeCannOtCOnnrm

his diagnostic characters.We agrqewithTokuda

(1939)whoregardedM.epirat(iceps as ajunior SynOnymOf〟.ogc(フ乃0∽瓜

ReferringtolocalitiesineasternAsia,fossils

identinedasM.oeconomushavebeenreportedboth

inJapanandChina.FossilM.oeconomushasbeen foundinManchuria(Tokuda,1939)andBeijin(Pei, 1940),China,andinHonshu,Japan(Kowalskiand Hasegawa,1976;Hasegawaetal・,1977;Kawamura andKajiura,1980)inthelatePleistocene;inBeijin, China(Young,1934;Pei,1931,1936)andinHonshu, Japan(KowalskiandHasegawa,1976)inthemiddle Pleistocene.M.cf.brandtireportedbyPei(1931)and M.complicidens by Pei(1936)also appear to COrreSpOndwithfossilM.oeconomus(=M.ratticq>S).

LivingM.oeconomusoccursthroughouttheentire

tundraandtaigazonesofthenorthernPalaearctic

(Corbet,1978),andthebssilM.oeconomusonthe

MiyakoIslandisthesouthernmOStreCOrdbeyondthe

knownrangeofthedistributionofboththefossiland

livlng〟.oeco乃クm〟∫. AsregardsfossilM.Jbrtis,OnlyTokuda(1939)has reporteditfromHarbin,nOrtheastChina,thoughhe Calleditas〃.cf.pelliceus(=nOWM.f?rtis;Corbet, 1978).rrYle貞guredenamelpatternOftheanteriorloop

Ofthenrstlowermolaragreeswellwiththatoffossil

regardsfossilspeciesofMicrotusatthemiddleand

late Pleistocenein China andJapan,Microtus

q,iratticqps(Young,1934),〟.brandtioides(Young, 1934),andM compLicidens(Pei,1936)fromChina, andM.epiratticepoides(Kawamura,1988)from Japanhavebeendescribed.Young(1934)andPei (1936),however,didnotdesignatetheholotypesof 〟.甲frαJJわ甲∫,〟.あr‘フ乃dJわfdg∫,〟.co/ナ甲Jわ∫de乃∫,

respectively,andnguredsomeenamelpattemsonthe

firstlower molarsin respective species,Which

resemblethoseofliving〃.oeconomus,M・jbrtis,M mandarinus,and/orM.brandti.Becausewecannot

decidewhatcharacters canbequalified forthese

SPeCiesofMicrotus,WeCOnSiderthatthedescnptlOnS

donebyYoung(1934)andPei(1936)areproblematic

and we need to reexamine the type series and

designatethelectotypes.

Kawamura(1988)identifiedmanyfossilspeciesof

ArvicolidaefromJapanin the middle andlate

PleistoceneandrecognizedMicrotus甲i171tticq,Oides asanewspeciesreferrlng〟.q,lratticq,Sdescribed by Young(1934).In describingthe diagnostic Charactersofthenewspecies,Kawamura(1988)gave

bothcharacters ofthethirdupperandfirstlower

molars,thoughhedesignatedthethirdupperisolated

挙り、molarastheholotypeanddidnotshowafactthatthe

thirdupperand firstlowermolars are combined

togetherasonespecimen.FurthermOre,SOmeenamel

patternSOftheanteriorloopofthefirstlowermolarin

M.epiratticepoidesshownbyKawamura(1988) COincidewiththoseoffossilM.q)iratticq)S(Young, 1934).

Therefore,We SilSpend the validitシOf M. 甲IrαJggc甲∫,〟.あrαれ血0∫de∫,〟・CO〝甲Jfcよde那,and M.q,lratticepoidesuntilthereexaminationofthese

typeseriestopreventtaxonomicconfusion.

InthisstudywedealwithM.q,lratticq,SYoung, 1934asasynonymof〃.oeconomus.Young(1934) gavetheR)1lowingthreecharactersforthespecies:1)

theposteriortransverseloopofthethirdlowermolar

iswiderin印Inltticq,Sthaninoeconomusandother

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ー ー︻.....−1−tF.−....

YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa

Table2・Frequencyontheoccurrenceofthedentinespaceseparatedorinconfluentinthethirdupperfossil

molars.

Dentine spaces Confluenヒ Separated Total

2nd−3rd 3rd−4th 2nd−3rd−4th 3 1 4 3 4 ︻′ ︵葛 宅 宅 3 3 3 7 6 ︻/ ︵∠ 4 3 9 0ノ ︵‖0 ⊥ 2 The lef亡 The rlgh亡 Toヒal 宅 ︶ 宅 2 宅 ︵=0 ・ 9 ・ nO ・0 1 4 ⊥ 6 つム ︵︶U 宅 宅 象U ﹁つ qノ 3 ⊥ つJ 7 5 4 4 7 ︵=0 ﹁⊃ l ⊥ 3 象じ 宅 宅 0 0ノ ⊥ 3 4 4 ⊥ 2 3 Table3.FrequencyofthreeenamelpatternSinthethirdupperfossilmolars.Threepattemsweredetermined わ110WingMiyao(1961).

Tkree enamel patterns Damaged Total =ntemediate Cornplex Total

S土Trple The lef亡 The rlg‘hヒ To亡al 24(72,7宅) 1(3.0宅) 25 8 33 38(92.7宅) 1(2.4宅) 39 2 41 62(96.9宅) 2(3.1宅) 64 10 74

、室”′い、

d

e

、J㍉、

Fig.4.Thethirduppermolars(a−i)ofr10tidenti貞edninespecimensandthesecoTlduppermolars(j−k)ofM・ oeconomus.a,OPM3.2.4.3.6;b,OPM2.4.8.3.8;C,OPM2.4.8.3.7;d,OPM2.3.6.3.2;e,OPM2.4.8.3.16; f,OPM2.4.8.3.15;g,OPM3.3.3.4;h,OPM3.2.4.3.5;i,OPM2.4.8.3.1;j,OPM2.2.2.6;k,OPM3.2.2・1・

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〓トロ−き 箪〉

2.0

25

3.O

LENGTH

mm

Fig・5・Scatterdiagramsofthelengthandwidthofthethirduppermolar・Theregistrationnumberforthe

SpeCimens(a−i)isshowninFig・4・ Pei,1940;KowalskiandHasegawa,1976;Kawamura andKajiura,1980),Or〃.、COmPlicidens(Pei,1936)・ ThediagnosticcharacterhentionedbyPei(1936)is notcorrect(cf.Corbet,1978)becauseheonlytook thenumberofabsolutelyclosedtrianglesonthe且rst lowermolarintoconsideration,insteadoftheenamel patternOftheanteriorloop・Twofossils(NSM9939−4

andNSMlOO28)intheNationalScienceMuseumof

Japan(NSM),Which havebeendescribedasM・ 甲inltticq,SbyKowalskiandHasegawa(1976)were

identifiedasM.jbrtisbyoneofthepresentauthors

Mjbrtisexaminedinthisstudy・Themeasurements Ofthemolar(Tablel)arelargerthanthoseofthetwo SPeCimensdescribedbyTokuda(1939)・

Acharacteroftheanteriorloopofthelowerfirst

molarinM.Jbrtisagreeswiththefiguresgivenby

Young(1934),Pei(1936,1940),TeilharddeChardin andPei(1941),Chi(1974),KowalskiandHasegawa (1976),andKawamuraandKajiura(1980).These authors,however,repOrtedtheir fossils asJM・ brandtioides(Young,1934;TeiharddeChardinand Pei,1941;Chi,1974),Mq)iratticq,S(Young,1934;

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YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa

Table4.Measurementsofthelengthandwidthofthethirduppermolarsandregressionequationsinfossil(F)

andliving(L)speciesofMicrotus.Mean±standarddeviationandrangeinparentheses・

Species name N M0larlength(Ⅹ)M01ar width(Y)Regression equation

Y=0.53+0.14Ⅹ Y=0.40+0.19Ⅹ Y=0.34+0.19Ⅹ Y=0.22十0.33Ⅹ Y=0.15+0.31Ⅹ Y=0.27+0.23Ⅹ 0.90±0.06 (0.76−1.05) 0.82±0.06 (0.69−0.90) 0.72±0.07 (0.58−0.85) 0.95±0.06 (0.86−1.02) 0.73±0.08 (0.57−0.85) 0.71±0.07 (0.63−0.85) 旭cro亡u5 Spp.40 2.59±0.12 (2.37−2.88) 15 2.23±0.19 (1.90−2.50) 15 1.96±0.19 (1.50−2.22) 9 2.23±0.11 (2.06−2.44) (F) 〟.foヱ・亡is (L) 〃.0eCOnOmu5 (L) 〃.たi加cムii (L) 〟.mo刀亡ebeユユユ 22 1.84±0.18 (L) (1.60−2.10) 軋 a9reS亡is 8 1.87±0.18 (L) (1.61−2.20) ノふヾ

Table5.Measurementsofthelengthandwidthoftheseconduppermolarsandregressionequationsinfossil(F)

andliving(L)speciesofMicrotus.Mean±standarddeviationandrangeinparentheses・

Species name N M:0larlength(Ⅹ) M01ar width(Y) Regression equation Y=0.50+0.37Ⅹ Y=−0.05+0.65Ⅹ Y=1二20+0.03Ⅹ Y=0.05+0.62Ⅹ Y=−0.22+0.76Ⅹ 1.20±0.08 (1.05−1.29) 1.07±0.08 (0.88−1.20) 1.26±0.05 (1.19−1.35) 1.12±0.09 (0.96−1.27) 1.05±0.10 (0.95−1.20) 〃.fbr亡上古 15 1.89±0.12 (L) (1.74−2.10) .打.0eCGnαれu5 15 1.73±0.10 (L) (1.58−1.86) 〃.太i加cカユユ 9 1.84±0.06 (L) (1.75−1.90) 〃.皿On亡ebeユユヱ 22 1.72±0.10 (L) (1.52−1.93) 軋agre5亡ユs 8 1.67±0.10 (L) (1.53−1.85) (1934),Pei(1936),TeilharddeChardin andPei (1941),andKowalskiandHasegawa(1976;NSM 9939−4)arethemiddle.Fromtheseinformation,itis

apparent that fossilM.fbrtis was distributed

throughouttheareasofMiyakoIsland,theRyukyu

Islands,Honshu,Japan,Manchuria,Beijln,and ShensiProvince,ChinainthelatePleistocene.Onthe Otherhand,thelivingM.fbrtisisfoundinthe highlandsofFukien(vonLehmann,1955;Hong, 1982),Chekiang(Zhuge,1982),andfromthelower

Yangtze ValleythroughManchuriaand Korea

(Kaneko).

Aswellas fossilM.jbrtisidentifiedbyTokuda

(1939),thesefossils whichIcouldidentify asM.

f7rtismentionedinthepreviousparagraphhavebeen

agedaseitherofthelateormiddlePleistocene:

Research Group of Higher Vertebrates at the

InstitutionofPaleovertebrates(1959)estimatedthe excavationsitereportedbyTokuda(1939)asofthe latePleistocene;Pei(1940),Chi(1974),Kowalski andHasegawa(1976;NSMlOO28),andKawamura andK如iura(1980)arethelatePleistocene;Young

OLIVE 香川大学学術情報リポジトリ

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Johnson,1955)than from Heilongjiang (=Manchuria),China(Ma,1986)andsouthemSiberia (Meyer,1978).Thus,thefossilM・jbrtisfromthe

MiyakoIslandmaybelongtooneofthesouthern

formsof〃.♪rtis.However,itisdifficulttoesimate theroutethroughwhichthefossil〟.jbrtismovedto

COlonizetheMiyakoIsland:thatisfromTaiwanor

Kyushu.

ArvicolidrodentswhichincludeM.カrtisandM.

northwardtotheAmurValley,WeStWardtotheLake

Baikal(Corbet,1978).mus,theoccurrenceoffossil 〟.jbrtisfromtheMiyakoIsland(about24045’N) meanstoextendthesouthern1imitofthedistribution rangeanditisveryclosetothatoftheliving〃・jbrtis inFukien,Wherethesouthemboundaryliesat270N.

Thetotalmolarlengths ofrecentM.Jbrtis are

SlightlylongerfromFukien,China(vonLehman, 1955;Hong,1981)and South Korea(Jones and

mm

l.4

l…一− 〃.mα7肋〟 トーー

〃.卵胞

l 〓トロ−き l…−・〃.伽′由 +−−・ 〃.欠此ud痛

l.4

+ + _…_._..土l..{lて_・一 ◆  ̄● ̄−「†了コフ ー ̄ l

2.O

mm

LENGTH

Fig.6.Scatterdiagramsofthelengthandwidthoftheseconduppermolar・Theregistrationnumberfbrthe SpeCimensisshowninFig・4・

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YukibumiKanekoandYoshikazuHasegawa hairedrat(Diplothrixlegata),Originatedfromthe OrientalRegionaredistributed、Ontheislandsof Amami−00Shima,Tokunoshima,andOkinawa,the RyukyuIslands(Tokuda,1941;‥Kaneko,1994)・ Misonne(1969)explainedthatbothspecieshave COlonizedbyanoceanicdrift(=KuroShio),Which runnlngfromtheeastemcoastofLuzon,PhilipplneS,

becausethetwospecieshavenorelativesonChinese

mainlandnoronTaiwan.However,thisexplanation

COuldbedeniedbythediscoveriesofD

legataandTbkudaiaosimensisfromtheRyukyu

IslandsinthelatePleistocene(Hasegawaetal.,1973; Kawamura,1989).Becausethetwospeciesofrats

liveinevergreenforestsdominatedbyCastanppsIS

sieboldii(MitsuiandIkehara,1979),theMiyako

Islandmightbecoveredbyevergreenforestsinthe

latePleistocene,ifthetwospeciesrequiredthesame適 habitatsatthetime.Thissuggestion,however,isnot consistent with the discoveries offossilMicrotus

jbrtisandM.oeconomusfromtheMiyakoIslandin

thelatePleistocenewhichprefergrassyhabitats,but

agreeswellwiththefloraatthetimeestimatedby

(KameiandResearchGroupforBiogeographyfrom

WBrmGlacial,1981).

Fromtheviewpointofpaleogeography,Kizakiand

Oshiro(1977)andOshima(1979)supposedthatthe

RyukyuIslandshavebeenisolatedfromTaiwanand

thenorthernpartofNanseiIslandsinthemiddle

PleistoceneafterconnectingwithTaiwanandthe

continentofeastemAsiaintheearlyPleistocene.On

theotherhand,Hasegawaetal.(1973)andHasegawa (1980)suggestedfromthediscoveriesofRa((us(= /叶/・り/==・しl./=・.仙‥\−=、・こ==l/・川‘t/・・川丁\、・− (Reptilia:Chelonia)fromtheMiyakoIslandthatthe

Ryukyu Islands would be connected with the

continenteveninthelatePleistocene.Thedifference

betweenthetwooplnionsmeanswhetherthetwo

SpeCiesofMicrotuslivlnglngraSSeSandthetwo

SpeCiesofratslivlnginforestscaninhabittogetheron

theMiyakoIslandornot,eVeninasmal1area・We,

therefore,takeintoconsiderationoftherecentsmall

voleslandmice■sfaunaonsmallislandsinJapan(Ota, oeconomusareHolarcticmammalsandaredistributed mainlythroughoutNorthernHemisphere魚■Omabout 23.5O N(CarletonandMusser,1984).Manyrecent

Palaearctic mammalsincluding M.Jbrtis are

distributedtothenorthempartof190Cisothermsin

Fukien,China(Hong,1982).Studies on recent mammals haveindicated that the Wataseline on

NanseiIslands,Japan,andtheRiverYangtzeinChina

demarcatesthePalaearcticRegionfromOrientalone

(Kuroda,1939;HwangelaL.,1966,1978;Imaizumi, 1970).Therefore,itispossiblethatafterMjbrtisand

M.oecotwmushadcolonizedontheMiyakoIsland

fromthecontinent,theIslandwasisolatedfromitand

would become a smallareain the ocean.And,

becausetheclimatehasbecomewarmingup(now

averagetemperatureinayearis23・1OcbytheJapan MeteorologicalAgency,1981)andchangingtheflora

and fauna since that time,it would cause the

extinctionof〃.jbrtisandMoeconomus・

Finallyweconsiderthediscoveriesofthe丘〉SSilM・

JbrtisandM.oeconomusontheMiyakoIslandin

relation withtheinformationofpaleobotany and

paleogeography・ThefloraoftheMiyakoIslandinthe

late Pleistocene has been estimated as evergreen

broad−leavedforests(KameiandResearchGroupfor biogeography fromWtirmGlacial,1981)・The habitatsofthetwolivlngVOles,however,aregraSSy andwetareasnearwater.Forexample,thelivlng〃・ jbr[isinhabitsbanksofrivers,mOreOrlessswampy grounds(Thomas,1902;Sowerby,1923;Hong, 1981),abandonedpaddies(JonesandJohnson,1965), and meadows(Nadachowski,1984),aS Wellas the livlngM・OeCOnOmuSpreferswet,graSSyandmarshy habitats(Corbet,1966).Ifthetwo fossilvoles

PreferredthesamehabitatsasthetwolivlngOneSdo,

thenorthernandgrassyfloramighthavebeenexisted

On the MiyakoIslandin thelate Pleistocene・

Therefore,thereis adiscrepancy between the

preferredhabitatsofthevolesandthefindingsin

paleobotany.

Twolivlngendemicspeciesofrats,i・e・theRyukyu SPinyrat(Tbkudaiaosimensis)andtheRyuktylong−

(13)

region:ataXOnOmicreview.BritishMus・(Nat・ Hist.)andCornellUniv.Press,LondonandIthaca,

314pp.

Hamada,T.1985.14CageofcharcoalfromPinza−Abu Cavedeposits,MiyakoIsland,Okinawa,Japan・ Pinza−Abu(Rep.Excav.Pinza−AbuCave):180・(in Japanese)・ Hasegawa,Y.1980.Notesonvertebratefossilsfrom

latePleistoceneto HoloceneofRyukyuIslands,

Japan.TheQuaternaryRes.,18:263−267・(in JapanesewithEnglishabstract). Hasegawa,Y.,M・AimiandG・Okafuji・1977・ Pleistocene Microtinae(Rodentia)from Ando

Quarry atOfukudaikarst plateau,Yamaguchi

Prefecture,Japan.TheQuaternaryRes.,16:13−17. (inJapanesewithEnglishabstract)・ Hasegawa,Y.,H.OtsukaandT.Naohra・1973・

FossilsvertebratesfromtheMiyakoIsland(Studies

OfthepaleovertebratesfaunaofRyukyuIslands,

Japan.Partl.).Mem.Natl.Sci.Mus.,(6):39T52. (inJapanesewithEnglishabstract)・ Hinton,M.A.C.1907.Ontheexistenceofthealpine VOle(Microtusnivalis,Martins)inBritainduring Pleistocenetimes.Proc.Geol.Assoc.,20:39−58. Honacki,J.H.,K.E.KinmanandJ.W.Koeppl.1982. Mammalspeciesoftheworld・AllenPress,Inc・and Assoc.Syst.Coll.,Lawrence,694pp. Hong,Chaochang.1982.Ongeographicaldistribution andfaunalreg10nSOfrodentsofFujian.ActaZool. Sinica,28:87−98.(in Chinese with English abstract). Hong,Zhengfan.1981.Anewsubspeciesofreedvole fromFujian:Microtusjbrtishianensis(Rodentia: Cricetidae).ActaZootaxon.Sinica,6:444−445.(in ChinesewithEnglishabstract). HwangWengi,WenYehhsin,HwangTseniandMoo Dawee.1966.Onthegeographicaldistributionand

faunalreglOnSOfthemammalianfaunaofKiangsu.

ActaSci.Nat.Univ.Fudan,11:77−92.(inChinese WithEnglishabstract). HwangWengi,WenYehhsin,HwangTseni,MooDa− Wee,TangZiyingandLianZuochen.1978.Onthe 1984).Two species of voles(Clethrionomys

rゆcanusand C.rex)andonespeciesoffieldmice (Apodemus岬eCiosus)occurontheRishiriIsland (area=183km2),andthetwospeciesofvolesoccuron theRebunIsland(area=77km2).OnbothislandsSasa

grassesandconiferoustrees aredominant.Onthe

Otherhand,OneSpeCiesofvole(Microtusmontebelli) and two species ofmice(A.speciosus and A・ a7?enteuS)occurontheSadoIsland(area=857km2)

WhereSasagrassesanddeciduoustreesaredominant,

andonespeciesofvole(Eothenomyssmithii)andthe

two species ofmice occur on the DogoIsland

(area=243km2),the OkiIslands,Wherethere are

grassesandevergreenforests.WhenMiyakoIsland

(area=159km2)isolated from the continent and becameinto a smallislandin the Pleistocene as

SuppOSedbyKizakiandOshiro(1977)andOshima (1979),tWOSPeCiesofMicrotusandtwospeciesof rats(DiplothrixlegataandTokudaiaosimensis)

WOuldnotbeabletolivetogetherduetosuchasmall

area.Therefore,aS SuggeStedby Hasegawaetal. (1973)andHasegawa(1980),Weareinclinedtoagree

WiththeiroplnionsthattheMiyakoIslandisolated

fromthecontinentinthelatePleistocene.

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琉球列島宮古島ピンザアブ洞穴における化

石ハタネズミ科臼歯について 金子之史・長谷川善和 琉球列島の宮古島のピンザアブ洞穴で、後期更新世 (25,800±900y.B.P.と26,800±1,300y.B.P.)と判定された、 680個の遊離臼歯と臼歯のついた3個の下顎骨が1982−83 年に発掘された。化石臼歯はプリズム型のエナメル質 をもち無根歯であった。82個の下顎第一臼歯のうち、 70個は〟ねroJ〟∫♪rJ勘5個は〟.oeco〝∂∽〟∫と同定され、 ほかに7個の特徴を記載した。74個の上顎第三臼歯には、 下側に4個の凸角をもち前環うしろの第一と第二のエナ メル三角形の象牙質が連合していたが、属の同定には 至らなかった。2個の上顎第二臼歯には第二番目の閉鎖 三角形の頬側に凹角がみられたので、〟.ogco乃∂∽〟∫と 同定された。宮古島での後期更新世の〟.ノbrJ∼∫と〟. ogco乃∂∽〟∫の化石臼歯の発見は、今まで報告されていた 古地理学や古植物学の見地とはことなっていた。 (金子之史:760高松市幸町1−1香川大学教育学部生物 学教室。長谷川善和:249逗子市沼間3−16−15) inJapan.SomestraitsoftheRyukyuIslands・Geol・ News,(302):48−53.(inJapanese). Ota,K.(ed.)1984.Studiesonwildmuridrodentsin Hokkaido.HokkaidoUniversltyPress,Sapporo, 400pp.(inJapaneSe). Pei,W.C.1931.MammalianremainsfromLocality5 atChouk’outien.Paleont.Sinica,Ser.C,8:1−16. Pei,W.C.1936.Onthemammalianremainsfrom Locality3atChoukoutien.Paleont・Sinica,Ser・C, 7:1−108.

Pei,W.C.1940.The upper cave fauna of Choukoutien.Paleont.Sinica,New Ser.C,10:1− 84.

Research Group of Higher Vertebrates at the

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Provinces.Inst.Paleovert.,Acad.Sinica,Ser.A,3: 1−82.(inChinesewithEnglishresume). Ruprecht,A.L.1967.AdditionaltriangleonM2in Micro(usoeconomus(Pallas,1776).ActaTheriol., 12:187−189. Sokal,R.R.andF.J.Rohlf.1973.Introductionto biostatistics.W.H.Freeman and Comp.,San Francisco,368pp. Sowerby,A.deC.1923.ThenaturalistinManchuria・ Vol.2&3.ThemammalsandbirdsofManchuria. TientsinPress,Tientsin,191pp. Takai,T.andY.Hasegawa.1971.[Somevertebrate fossilsofRyukyuIslands.]Geographicalproblems OfseaareasnearKyushu,Japan(Symposium):107T lO9.(inJapanese). TeilharddeChardin,P.andW.C.Pei.194l.The

fossilmammalsfromLocality130fChoukoutien.

Paleont.Sinica,NewSerリC,11:1−106. Thomas,0.1902.AnewvolefromthelowerYangT tseqkiang.Ann.Mag・Nat・Hist・,Ser・7,10:166− 169.

Tokuda,M.1939.On some fossilrodents from

Pleistocene depositsin a suburb of Harbin,

Manchoukuo.Rep.FirstSci・Exp・Manchoukuo, Sec.2,Part4:l−19.(inJapanesewithEnglish Summary).

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