高エネルギー核データの現状とその応用

(1)

高エネルギー核データの現状と

その応用

九大・総理工渡辺幸信

ミニワークショップ「核データと核理論」＠理化学研究所 2009.3.25-26

(2)

内容

• 高エネルギー核データニーズ

• 国内における高エネルギー核データ評価活動

- JENDL High-energy ファイル

• 応用例と必要な核データ

- 半導体ソフトエラー研究

- 核融合研究関連

• まとめ

(3)

Needs of high

-

energy nuclear data

Accelerator applications

- Accelerator design (Shielding calculation, Activity estimation) - Nuclear waste transmutation

(Particle transport calculation)

Medical applications

- Advanced radiation therapy - Medical radioisotope

production

Astrophysics, Space Engineering

- Study of origin of material and comic-rays

- Estimation of radiation dose for space ships and astronauts

- Radiation damage on

microelectronics by cosmic-rays

(4)

Energy region required for high

-

energy nuclear data

Extension of incident energy range

beyond 20 MeV

Inclusion of

protons and other light-ions

(d, t, alpha,etc.)

as incident particles

Fission Fusion (≦ 20 MeV) Medical (≦ 250 MeV) Accelerator Space 109 108 107 106 105 ₁₀10 10-2 ₁₀-1 ₁₀0 eV

Neutron &

charged particles

( p,d, t, alpha, etc.)

Neutron 20 MeV

(5)

内容

• 高エネルギー核データニーズ

• 国内における高エネルギー核データ評価活動

- JENDL High-energy ファイル

• 応用例と必要な核データ

- 半導体ソフトエラー研究

- 核融合研究関連

• まとめ

(6)

JENDL high

-

energy file project

JENDL

=

J

apanese

E

valuated

N

uclear

D

ata

L

ibrary

汎用ファイルの最新版：

_JENDL-3.3

₍₂₀₀₂₎

→ 20MeV以下中性子, 337 核種

(JENDL-4：来年度末公開予定)

シグマ委員会高エネルギー核データ評価ＷＧ：

16 名(H20年度)

産官学連携プロジェクト

（

JAEA, 東工大, 九大, KEK, RIST, 日立、清水建設等）

JENDL High-Energy file (JENDL-HE)

(7)

Nuclides : Total

132

1

st

_{Priority (39 nuclides), 2}

nd

_{(43), 3}

rd

_{(40), 4}

th

₍₁₀₎

Upper limit of incident energy ：

3 GeV

for

neutron

and

proton

Type of cross sections

Data format: ENDF-6

- Total, Elastic, Non-elastic cross sections

- Light particles and gamma-ray production cross sections and

DDXs （n, p, d, t,

3

He, α, pions, and γ）

- Isotope production cross sections

- Fission cross sections

Continued

Contents of JENDL High-Energy file (JENDL-HE)

(8)

1st _priority (39) 1_H,12_C, 14_N,16_O,27_Al, 50,52,53,54_Cr,54,56,57,58_Fe, 58,60,61,62,64_Ni,63,65_Cu,180,182,183,184,186_W, 196,198,199,200,201,202,204_Hg,204,206,207,208_Pb,209_Bi,235,238_U 2nd _priority (43)

9_Be,10,11_B,24,25,26_Mg,28,29,30_Si, 39,41_K,40,42,43,44,46,48_Ca, 46,47,48,49,50_Ti,51_V,55_Mn,59_Co,90,91,92,94,96_Zr,93_Nb,

92,94,95,96,97,98,100_Mo,238,239,240,241,242_Pu

3rd _priority

(40)

2_H_,6,7_Li,13_C,19_F,23_Na,35,37_Cl,35,38,40_Ar,64,66,67,68,70_Zn,

69,71_Ga,70,72,73,74,76_Ge,75_As,89_Y, 181_Ta,197_Au,232_Th, 233,234,236_U,237_Np,241,242,242m, 243_Am, 243,244,245,246_Cm 4th _priority (10) 15_N,18_O,74,76,77,78,80,82_Se,113,115_In

List of Nuclei

Released as JENDL/HE-2004 ( 66 nuclei )

Released as JENDL/HE-2007 ( 66+40=106 nuclei )

Evaluation is not accomplished yet …

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How Do We Produce Nuclear Data for Applications ?

"Nuclear data evaluation"

provides the most probable data set by using

- Experimental data,

- Theoretical model calculations, - Statistics, etc.

Evaluated nuclear data are

compiled to numerical data sets having specific formats, e.g., ENDF-6

These data sets are processed

according to user's requirements

(10)

Isotope Production

Ref.) Chiba et al., Phys. Rev. C 54 (1996) 285.

Elastic

Scattering Direct ProcessCollective excitation Quasi-Elastic Scat. Highly excited Nuclei Evaporation Dynamical Processes ・Preequilibrium Process

・Intra-Nuclear Cascade Process ・Multi-fragmentation Process

Energy Spectrum of Emitted Particles

Emission Energy Cross section Direct process Transition to discrete levels Evaporation process Dynamical process

Forward-peaked Ang. Dis.

Overview of high

-

energy nuclear reactions

10-15 ～10-19 _sec

(11)

E

_inc

< 150 250 MeV

E

_inc

< 150 250 MeV

Hybrid nuclear model code system (I)

Intermediate energies

zIsotope production cross sections zLight-particle emission spectra zGamma-ray emission spectra zTotal cross sections

zElastic cross sections

zTotal reaction cross sections

zTransmission coefficients

zDirect Inelastic cross sections

GNASH

OPTMAN or ECIS _JENDL-HE Optical model calculations Statistical HF + preequilibrium exciton model DWUCK4

DWBA model for direct process OMP

(12)

zTotal cross sections zElastic cross sections

zNon-elastic cross sections

zIsotope production cross sections zLight-particle emission DDXs

JQMD/GEM

or

JAM/GEM

JENDL-HE TOTELA

ALICE-F zGamma-ray emission spectra

Systematics GDH + evaporation QMD+ GEM or INC + GEM FISCAL

zFission cross sections

ENDF6

Hybrid nuclear model code system (II)

E

_inc

> 150 250 MeV

E

_inc

> 150 250 MeV

(13)

Optical Model Analysis (<200

MeV

_MeV

)

₎

- Coupled-channel OM (RRM/SRM)

- Spherical OM + DWBA

Model :

Optical Potential (OMP) :

- Continuous local/global (<200MeV) - Isospin-dependent

( Soukhovitskii’s framework ) - Global / folding OMP for d, t, h,

α

Deformed Nuclei

SRM-CC

(14)

Pb(p,xn), 113 MeV Meier (1989) ENDF/B-VII JEFF-3.1 JENDL/HE-2007 7.5o 30o 60o 150o

GNASH Calculation

(15)

Prod. X

-

sec. of Residual

Incident Proton Energy (MeV)

Cross Section (b) ENDF/B-VII JEFF-3.1 JENDL/HE-2007 Titarenko+ (2002) 209

_Bi(p,x)

(16)

Isobar production cross section for p+

12

12 _C

_C

Nuclear data related to nucleosynthesis of light elements induced by cosmic-rays

A=6 A=8 A=11 A=7 A=9 A=10 10-1 100 101 102 10 100 1000 experimental LA150 JENDL-HE cro s s s e ct io n (m b)

Incident Energy (MeV)

10-1 100 101 102 10 100 1000 c ross sec ti on (m b)

10-1 100 101 102 10 100 1000 cro s s s e ct io n (m b)

10-1 100 101 102 10 100 1000 cros s s ec ti o n (m b )

100 101 102 103 10 100 1000 c ross sec ti on (m b)

(17)

内容

• 高エネルギー核データニーズ

• 国内での高エネルギー核データ評価活動

- JENDL High-energy ファイル

• 応用例と必要な核データ

- 半導体ソフトエラー研究

- 核融合研究関連

• まとめ

(18)

Cosmic

-

rays induced single

-

event upsets

in microelectronics

and related nuclear reaction database

--

The role of nuclear physics in IT society

-

-Silicon Chip Cosmic-rays Device layer Silicon Nucleus Elementary particle Memory devices

(19)

0.1 1 10 100 1000 1 2 3 4 5 0.1 1 10 100 ソフトエラー率（相対値）セル電圧（V ）１チップあたりの記憶容量（Mビット）１チップ当たりのSER セル電圧 SRAM 700nm 500nm 350nm 250nm 180nm 130nm 90nm

研

究

_究

背

_背

景

_景

LSIの微細化・高密度化

ソフトエラー率の増大が懸念

ソフトエラー：ある種の放射線がLSIと衝突することに

よって、LSIが一過性の誤動作を起こす現象

ソフトエラー

_{：ある種の放射線がLSIと衝突することに}

よって、LSIが一過性の誤動作を起こす現象

DRAM, SRAM ⇒ 論理回路

引用）日経エレクトロニクス2005.7.4 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1 2 3 4 5 1 10 100 1000 ソフトエラー率（相対値）セル電圧（V ）１チップあたりの記憶容量（Mビット）１チップ当たりのSER セル電圧セル１個当たりのSER DRAM ほぼ同等増加傾向

(20)

ソフトエラー・メカニズム：

放射線源

1) α線（放射性同位元素不純物：U, Th, Po）

2) 熱中性子( < 1eV): BPSG膜中の

10

Bとの相互作用で

生成したα粒子と

7

_Liイオン

3) 高エネルギー宇宙線中性子(MeV～GeV)による

核反応で生成した各種二次イオン

放射線

電子-正孔対生成

ノイズ誘起

放射線源

(21)

http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2000/1113/6613068a_print.html

THE MYSTERIOUS GLITCH has been popping up since late last year. At a new Web

company in San Francisco, a telecommunications company in the Midwest, a Baby Bell in Atlanta, an Internet domain registry on the East Coast--for no apparent reason,

high-end servers made by Sun Microsystems suddenly crashed

.

・・・・・・

Sun says it has finally figured out what's wrong.

It is an odd problem

involving stray cosmic rays

and memory chips in the flagship Enterprise server line, whose models are priced at $50,000 to more than $1 million. Yet Sun won't fix all of the servers it has sold; instead it will make repairs when it deems them necessary.

Sun Screen

November 13, 2000

Note that the cosmic-ray _{induced SEU was predicted by}

Ziegler@IBM and

(22)

Cosmic

-

ray environment

10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10 100 1000 104 Latitude: 42.35deg. N Longitude: 288.95 deg. Altitude: 0 ft. Press. = 1033 g/cm2 Neutrons

Total flux/cm2-yr :

Fl ux (n /c m 2 MeV se c)

Particle energy (MeV) Neutrons = 178210

Secondary cosmic-ray

neutrons at sea level on the Earth

Cosmic-rays in Space

Neutron flux ＠Tokyo

about 12 n/cm2 _h for above 10 MeV

J.F. Ziegler, IBM J. Res. Develop. Vol. 40, No. 1 (1996), p. 19

- protons(92%), alphas(6%), and HI (2%) in Galactic cosmic rays

- protons and electrons trapped in Van Allen belt

- protons from Solar flare

(23)

時間 (sec) 空間核反応電子・正孔対生成電荷収集（ドリフト・拡散）ソフトエラー発現電荷輸送デバイスシミュレーション

宇宙線中性子起因ソフトエラー発現へ至る

物理過程の時間・空間発展

Silicon Nucleus Elementary particle Memory devices Silicon Chip Cosmic-rays ＋ --＋_＋ -＋＋＋＋＋ - - _- - -000000 000100 000000 10-23 ₁₀-18 ₁₀-15 ₁₀-12 ₁₀-9 fm nm μm 原子核物理放射線物理宇宙線物理 10-6

(24)

生成２次イオン電荷付与

10-17 10-16 10-15 10-14 10-13 10-12 0 20 40 60 80 100 total H He residual@O O residual@Si Si residual@Cu Cu residual@W W BG R [ c m 2 /u m 3 ] Critical Charge [fC] E in = 100 MeV 配線層（Cu : SiO₂ = 1 : 1）有感領域（Si） 0.1×0.1×0.5 μm 反応領域（Si）絶縁層（SiO₂） 10-17 10-16 10-15 10-14 10-13 10-12 0 20 40 60 80 100 total H He residual@O O residual@Si Si residual@Cu Cu residual@W W BG R [ c m 2 /u m 3 ] Critical Charge [fC] E in = 500 MeV

PHITSコード使用

- QMD+GEM

MOSFETを模擬 dq volume sensitive flux neutron total q N Q BGR d Q d) ( )/( )/( ) (

∫

∞ = W配線も考慮

(25)

モデル計算の比較（

_QMD

_vs

_INC

）

p+

27

_Al@180MeV

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Cr oss s e ct ion [ mb]

Mass number [A] Exp. PHITS (QMD/GEM) PHITS (INC/GEM) p+27Al@180MeV 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 d 2 σ /d Ed Ω [ mb/ sr / Me V] Energy [MeV] Exp. PHITS (QMD/GEM) PHITS (INC/GEM) p+27Al@180MeV 20 deg 40 deg (x 0.1) 70 deg (x0.01) A= 22

(26)

Future requirement for nuclear data

More measurements of DDXs of secondary ions

over the wide

mass range are required for testing the predictions of reaction

models and their refinement. (Target: Si and O)

10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 fitting QMD/GEM Exp. DD X [m b /MeV s r] ε[MeV] 20 degree

H. Machner et al., PRC 73, 044606 (2006): He, Li, Be, B from 200 MeV p+Al

DDX [mb/MeV

s

r]

27_Al(p,6_Li)

Further refinement of the models

is necessary to provide

reliable nuclear reaction data

(27)

2

(28)

反跳核の角度分布

(29)

exp QMD + GEM proton deuteron 0 20 40 60 80 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 triton 0 20 40 60 80 E (MeV) 3 He 0 20 40 60 80 100 4 He 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 neutron d σ /dE ( m b/Me V)

Present status of QMD for light

-

ion production

Measurement:

U. Tippawan et al., PRC69, 064609 (2004).

Cal.: QMD + GEM

Si(n,x) @ 96MeV

(30)

100 MeV

MEDLEY

準単色中性子発生装置

Cyclotron p: 20～180MeV 7

Li(p,

n

)

Si半導体検出器 ＋CsI シンチレータ

Si, O

175MeV

九大

_-

_Uppsala

大

_大

の共同実験

_{の共同実験}

n

C(n,x)@175MeV x=p, d, t 2007-2008年度

(31)

核融合炉開発関連トピックス

• FENDL（Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library）

- ITER, DEMO炉 : 20 MeV 中性子データ必要

- IFMIF : 40MeVまでの重陽子＋50MeVまでの

中性子データ

ITER

(32)

核融合炉ニュートロニクス（中性子工学）

JENDL

MCNP

20MeVまで

(33)

トリチウムの増殖生産

17.6MeV

n

He

T

D

+

→

+

MeV

4.8 He

T

n

Li

6

+

→

+

MeV

2.5 n'

He

T

n

Li

7

+

→

+

−

核融合反応：トリチウム生成：天然リチウム6_{Li (7.4%)} 7_{Li (92.6%)} トリチウム増殖比 _{(TBR) = 生成されるT／消費されるT} 低エネルギーでも起こるしきいエネルギーの存在 MeV 2.5 He 2 2n n Be 9 + → + − 中性子増倍反応： MeV 7 Pb 2n n Pb A 1 A + → + − − 出典：JENDL-3.2 （トリチウム増殖材中） TBR > ～1.1要求

(34)

中性子による材料損傷

(35)

ＦＥＮＤＬ-3

No. Library NMAT Materials

1 ENDF/B-VII.0 47

1,2,3_H,3,4_He,6,7_Li,9_Be,10,11_B,16_O,19_F_,28,29,30_Si, 31_P,32,33,34,36_S,35,37_Cl,39,40,41_K_,50,52,53,54_Cr, 54,57,58_Fe_,59_Co_,60,61,62,64_Ni,63,65_Cu, 182,183,184,186_W,197_Au_,206,207,208_Pb,209_Bi 2 JENDL/HE-2007 35 (+11) 12_C,14_N,23_Na,24,25,26_Mg,40,42,43,44,46,48_Ca, 46,47,48,49,50_Ti,51_V,55_Mn,69,71_Ga,90,91,92,94,96_Zr, 93_Nb,92,94,95,96,97,98,100_Mo,181_Ta,

3 JEFF-3.1 4 27_Al,56_Fe,58,60_Ni 4 BROND-2 2 15_N,nat_Sn

- Up to 150 MeV

- n, p, d

(36)

FENDL-3.0 Starter File (88 nuclides)

---#) MAT Material Lab. Date Authors Source ---1) 125 1-H-1 LANL EVAL-OCT05 G.M.Hale ENDF/B-VII 2) 128 1-H-2 LANL EVAL-FEB97 P.G.Young,G.M.Hale,M.B.Chadwick ENDF/B-VII

3) 131 1-H-3 LANL EVAL-NOV01 G.M.Hale ENDF/B-VII 4) 225 2-He-3 LANL EVAL-MAY90 G.Hale,D.Dodder,P.Young ENDF/B-VII 5) 228 2-He-4 LANL EVAL-OCT73 Nisley,Hale,Young ENDF/B-VII 6) 325 3-Li-6 LANL EVAL-APR06 G.M.Hale, P.G.Young ENDF/B-VII 7) 328 3-Li-7 LANL EVAL-AUG88 P.G.Young ENDF/B-VII 8) 425 4-Be-9 LLNL,LANL EVAL-JAN86 Perkins,Plechaty,Howerton,Frankle ENDF/B-VII 9) 525 5-B-10 LANL EVAL-APR06 G.M.Hale,P.G.Young ENDF/B-VII 10) 528 5-B-11 LANL EVAL-MAY89 P.G.Young ENDF/B-VII

11) 625 6-C-12 Kyushu U. EVAL-JUL03 Y. Watanabe JENDL-HE

12) 720 7-N-15 CJD EVAL-APR89 A.I.BLOKHIN, N.S.RABOTNOV BROND-2

13) 725 7-N-14 AITEL EVAL-MAY05 T.Murata, K.kosako and T.Fukahori JENDL-HE

14) 825 8-O-16 LANL EVAL-DEC05 Hale,Young,Chadwick,Caro,Lubitz ENDF/B-VII 15) 925 9-F-19 CNDC,ORNL EVAL-OCT03 Z.X.Zhao,C.Y.Fu,D.C.Larson, Leal+ ENDF/B-VII

16) 1125 11-NA-23 SIT.SHIMZ EVAL-MAY 6 K. Kosako JENDL-HE 17) 1225 12-MG-24 KYUSHU EVAL-DEC 3 Sun Weili and Y.Watanabe JENDL-HE 18) 1228 12-MG-25 KYUSHU EVAL-DEC 3 Sun Weili and Y.Watanabe JENDL-HE 19) 1231 12-MG-26 KYUSHU EVAL-DEC 3 Sun Weili and Y.Watanabe JENDL-HE

20) 1325 13-Al-27 LANL EVAL-FEB97 M.B.CHADWICK & P.G.YOUNG JEFF-31 21) 1425 14-Si-28 LANL,ORNL EVAL-DEC02 M.B.Chadwick,P.G.Young,D.Hetrick ENDF/B-VII 22) 1428 14-Si-29 LANL,ORNL EVAL-JUN97 M.B.Chadwick,P.G.Young,D.Hetrick ENDF/B-VII 23) 1431 14-Si-30 LANL,ORNL EVAL-JUN97 M.B.Chadwick,P.G.Young,D.Hetrick ENDF/B-VII

24) 1525 15-P-31 LANL,LLNL EVAL-DEC97 M.Chadwick,P.Young,R.Howerton ENDF/B-VII

25) 1625 16-S-32 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII 26) 1628 16-S-33 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII 27) 1631 16-S-34 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII 28) 1637 16-S-36 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII

29) 1725 17-Cl-35 ORNL,LANL EVAL-OCT03 Sayer,Guber,Leal,Larson,Young+ ENDF/B-VII 30) 1731 17-Cl-37 ORNL,LANL EVAL-OCT03 Sayer,Guber,Leal,Larson,Young+ ENDF/B-VII 31) 1925 19-K-39 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII

32) 1928 19-K-40 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII

33) 1931 19-K-41 FUJI E.C. EVAL-MAY87 H.Nakamura ENDF/B-VII

34) 2025 20-CA-40 SAEI EVAL-MAY 3 K. Kosako JENDL-HE 35) 2031 20-CA-42 SAEI EVAL-MAY 3 K. Kosako JENDL-HE 36) 2034 20-CA-43 SAEI EVAL-MAY 3 K. Kosako JENDL-HE 37) 2037 20-CA-44 SAEI EVAL-MAY 3 K. Kosako JENDL-HE 38) 2043 20-CA-46 SAEI EVAL-MAY 3 K. Kosako JENDL-HE 39) 2049 20-CA-48 SAEI EVAL-MAY 3 K. Kosako JENDL-HE

20MeV 以上無 20MeV 以上 TENDL-2008 20MeV 以上 JENDL-HE

(37)

Deuteron Induced Reaction

IFMIF

(International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility)

主建屋

加速器系

ターゲット系テストセル系

重陽子中性子 10MW 照射温度制御 1018 n/m2_/s 40MeV,125mA×2 の重陽子ビーム Liループ

D-Li反応の採用

参考文献： - 日本原子力学会誌, Vol. 49, No.4 (2007), pp. 267 - プラズマ・核融合学会誌, Vol.82, (2006), pp.3 中性子エネルギー分布

(38)

CDCC analysis of d+Li reactions

T. Ye, Y. Watanabe, K. Ogata, and S. Chiba, PRC 78, 024611 (2008).

Application of the CDCC method to deuteron elastic scattering from 6,7_Li

max k bin N S-state only S- and D- states

The CDCC (Continuum Discretaized

Coupled-Channels) method describes

deuteron breakup process (A+2 body system) with following phenomenological three-body Hamiltonian :

Code: CDCDEU+HICADEU (by Y. Iseri et al.)

deuteron ) , , ( ) ( ) 2 / , , ( ) 2 / , , ( ) ( n p pn Coul p d n n nA d p p pA R eff s s r H R V E s r U E s r U T H r r r r r r r + + + + = A p n deuteron Rr rr pA U U_nA 6

_Li

7

_Li

(39)

CDCC+Glauber analysis of Li(d,nx) reactions

① ① Diffractive Breakup （elastic breakup） neutron proton deuteron

+

Lithium-7 ② ② Stripping (inelastic break) Statistical process ③ Absorption

Schematic view of neutron production

CDCC Glauber model (eikonal approx. + adiabatic approx.) S-matrices for d-breakup transition 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 Θ=00 Θ=150 Θ=300 Θ=450 Θ=600 Θ=900 nat Li(d,xn) E_d=40MeV d 2 σ /d Ω dE (mb/MeV/sr) E n (MeV)

Ref.) Exp. data:

(40)

まとめ

• データの完備性：

9 ２次生成粒子・反跳イオンの全断面積およびエネルギー・角度分布 9 全放出エネルギー・角度範囲に亘るデータ

• Exclusiveデータの必要性（放出粒子間相関）

9 シングルイベント現象（半導体や細胞） 9 データベースでなく、event generator（モンテカルロ法）で対応

高エネルギー核データの現状とその応用