コーパスを用いた英語類義語の分析

コーパスを用いた英語類義語の分析

〜 get, gain, obtain, acquire 〜

A corpus-based analysis of English synonyms:

get, gain, obtain, and acquire

大野 清幸

Seiko Ono

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to describe the co-occurrence relations in the English

sentences which have the following four transitive verbs: get, gain, obtain, and acquire, employing one of the large-scale corpora available, WordbanksOnline, and (2) to explore the differences among the four transitive verbs mentioned above.

Key Words

English synonyms, English usage, Dynamic Model of Grammar, WordbanksOnline, CHILDES, get, gain, obtain, acquire

第１章 序

本稿では、コーパスを用いて、現代英語における類義語の分析を行う

^１

get, gain, obtain, acquire

「４動詞」を用いる）を分析する。コーパスは、

Collins WordbanksOnline

（

https://wordbanks.harpercollins.co.uk/

^２

(1)-(4)

(1) SB1----1080 and for about eighteen months I was unemployed. Er and then I finally got a job er at a further education college in the Black Country at Bilston and this was a totally new experience.

(2) BB-jM93-879 of hope. `Ah. And the suited man could thereby gain access to the Bridge itself.

(3) BUASm-958028 Even after it was proved that McDonnell Douglas illegally obtained classified documents in order to unfairly secure the ATA ...

(4) BB-Qm90-317 integrate this into their thinking. They had definitely acquired a superior thinking skill.

第２章 先行研究

本章では、４動詞

get, gain, obtain, acquire

2.1. 投野 (2005)

投野

(2005:80-81)

buy, purchase, get

記述がある。

「買う

buy, purchase, get

buy:

purchase: buy

いうニュアンス

get:

＜コーパスサーチ＞

（中略）

get

: 1. ticket 2. car 3. drink 4. thing 5. bike I get most of my tickets online.

I’m going to get a car as soon as I have enough money saved up.

I’m going to get something to drink.

Is there any place to get a thing to eat around here?

I know where you can get a decent mountain bike for under $500.

＜使い分けのポイント＞

buy

,

,

. ticket

,

goods

, clothes

, share

house

入価格が高いものまで

,

.

purchase

,

す

.

, goods

, share

, property

, land

, service

などのような語がランクの上位にきています

.

get

,

.

ticket

, thing

, drink

.

car

bike

,

.

投野

(2005:418-419)

profit, benefit, gain

(2005)

get

gain, obtain, acquire

2.2. 小野 (2007)

小野

(2007:21-29)

get, gain, obtain,

receive, take

(2007:22)

「５つの動詞の中で

,

,

,

, get

receive

, obtain

,

, gain

「利益」が示すように

,

take

,

,

get

take

,

,

,

2.1. 投野 (2005)

投野

(2005:80-81)

buy, purchase, get

記述がある。

「買う

buy, purchase, get

buy:

purchase: buy

いうニュアンス

get:

＜コーパスサーチ＞

（中略）

get

: 1. ticket 2. car 3. drink 4. thing 5. bike I get most of my tickets online.

I’m going to get a car as soon as I have enough money saved up.

I’m going to get something to drink.

Is there any place to get a thing to eat around here?

I know where you can get a decent mountain bike for under $500.

＜使い分けのポイント＞

buy

,

,

. ticket

,

goods

, clothes

, share

house

入価格が高いものまで

,

.

purchase

,

す

.

, goods

, share

, property

, land

, service

などのような語がランクの上位にきています

.

get

,

.

ticket

, thing

, drink

.

car

bike

,

.

投野

(2005:418-419)

profit, benefit, gain

(2005)

get

gain, obtain, acquire

2.2. 小野 (2007)

小野

(2007:21-29)

get, gain, obtain,

receive, take

(2007:22)

「５つの動詞の中で

,

,

,

, get

receive

, obtain

,

, gain

「利益」が示すように

,

take

,

,

get

take

,

,

,

詞自体は副次的で

,

(a) I got some sleep before the meeting.

(b) I take a walk in the woods before breakfast.

,

(2007:23-24)

「

4. V+

get

(8) He finally got a scholarship from a local university in California.

（彼はついにカリフォルニアの地方大学から奨学金を得た。）

gain

(9) The United States of America gained independence from Britain in 1776.

（アメリカ合衆国は

1776

obtain

(10) If you leave the dormitory for more than a day, you have to obtain permission from the warden.

（二日以上寮を空けるときは

,

receive

(11) He received a letter from his daughter studying in the US.

（彼はアメリカで勉強している娘から手紙をもらった。）

take

(12) I took the opportunity to speak to the TV personality.

（機会をとらえて

,

2.3. Lea (2008) Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus.

Lea (2008:324)

get, obtain, acquire

「

get verb

1 get tickets/a job/some sleep 2 get a letter/shock

3 Go and get help.

4 We got there at 9.

5 get the bus

--- 1 See also the entry for GAIN 1

get

obtain

acquire

take

pick sth up

take sth out

get hold of sth These words all mean to do sth in order to make sure you have sth.

---

PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS

to get / obtain / acquire / take / pick up sth from sb / sth to get / obtain / acquire / pick up / get hold of a ticket to get / obtain / take out a loan / mortgage / patent to get / obtain / take out insurance / cover

to get / obtain / take water / oil / minerals (from sth) to get / obtain / acquire / take / get hold of information to get / obtain / take a / an extract / example / sample to get / obtain / acquire a licence / permit

to get / obtain permission / approval / advice to get / acquire a reputation/ taste for sth

get [T, no passive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses) (rather informal, especially spoken) to do sth in order to make sure you have sth: Did you manage to get tickets for the concert?

Try to get some sleep.

He has just got a new job.

Did you get a present for your mother?

Did you get your mother a present? See also get

BUY

obtain [T] (rather formal, especially written) to get sth, especially by making an effort: I finally manage to obtain a copy of the report?

Further details can be obtained by writing to the above address. See also extract

PUMP

acquire [T] (rather formal) to get sth by your own efforts, ability, or behavior; to get sth by being given it:

She has acquired a good knowledge of English.

He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.

I have recently acquired a taste for olives.

How did the gallery come to acquire so many Picassos.

Acquire is often used to talk about the way sb starts to look or behave, or when sb starts to like sth: to acquire a reputation/bad name/criminal record/tan/look/appearance

to acquire a love of/taste for sth.

It can also be used when sb learns a new skill. See also acquire

BUY, acquire

LEARN take [T] to get sth from a particular source: The scientists are taking water samples from the river. Part of her article is taken straight (= copied) out of my book.

The machine takes its name from its inventor.

‡

In this meaning take is often used to talk about people such as scientists or engineers getting samples, specimens, water, cells, minerals, etc. from a particular source. It is also used to talk about getting information, a story, an extract, or an example, from a large written text.

Lea (2008:320)

gain

「

gain verb

1 gain entry/your independence 2 gain confidence/weight

---

1 See also GET 1

to get / obtain / acquire / take / pick up sth from sb / sth to get / obtain / acquire / pick up / get hold of a ticket to get / obtain / take out a loan / mortgage / patent to get / obtain / take out insurance / cover

to get / obtain / take water / oil / minerals (from sth) to get / obtain / acquire / take / get hold of information to get / obtain / take a / an extract / example / sample to get / obtain / acquire a licence / permit

to get / obtain permission / approval / advice to get / acquire a reputation/ taste for sth

get [T, no passive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses) (rather informal, especially spoken) to do sth in order to make sure you have sth: Did you manage to get tickets for the concert?

Try to get some sleep.

He has just got a new job.

Did you get a present for your mother?

Did you get your mother a present? See also get

BUY

obtain [T] (rather formal, especially written) to get sth, especially by making an effort: I finally manage to obtain a copy of the report?

Further details can be obtained by writing to the above address. See also extract

PUMP

acquire [T] (rather formal) to get sth by your own efforts, ability, or behavior; to get sth by being given it:

She has acquired a good knowledge of English.

He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.

I have recently acquired a taste for olives.

How did the gallery come to acquire so many Picassos.

Acquire is often used to talk about the way sb starts to look or behave, or when sb starts to like sth: to acquire a reputation/bad name/criminal record/tan/look/appearance

to acquire a love of/taste for sth.

It can also be used when sb learns a new skill. See also acquire

BUY, acquire

LEARN take [T] to get sth from a particular source: The scientists are taking water samples from the river. Part of her article is taken straight (= copied) out of my book.

The machine takes its name from its inventor.

‡

In this meaning take is often used to talk about people such as scientists or engineers getting samples, specimens, water, cells, minerals, etc. from a particular source. It is also used to talk about getting information, a story, an extract, or an example, from a large written text.

Lea (2008:320)

gain

「

gain verb

1 gain entry/your independence 2 gain confidence/weight

--- 1 See also GET 1

gain

win

secure

earn

land

procure

net

These words all mean to obtain sth through skill, good qualities or effort.

--- PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS

to gain / win / secure / earn / procure sth by (doing) sth to gain / win / secure / earn / procure sth for sb to gain / win / secure / earn support / approval to gain / win / earn respect / admiration to gain / earn a reputation

to gain / earn notoriety to win / secure / land a contract to gain / secure access / entry

to gain / win / secure / earn / land yourself sth

gain [T] (rather formal) to obtain sth, especially sth you need or want: The country gained its independence ten years ago.

The party gained over 50 % of the vote.

Her unusual talent gained her worldwide recognition.

Gain is used especially to talk about obtaining freedom (access, entry, independence), recognition by others (recognition, reputation) and knowledge (insight, experience, knowledge, understanding).

2.4. 田中 (2011) 『小学館オックスフォード英語類語辞典』

田中

(2011)

Lea (2008)

Lea (2008:324)

get, obtain, acquire

(2011:314)

Lea (2008:324)

各動詞の訳語を以下に引用する。

「

get

1

GAIN

get

obtain

acquire

take

pick sth up

take sth out

get hold of sth

［類語訳］得る

,

,

,

,

get

,

((

)) ((

,

))

,

obtain

((

,

))

,

acquire

((

))

（努力・能力・行動によって）得る

,

;

take

,

Lea (2008:320)

gain

(2011:311)

Lea

(2008:320)

gain

「

gain

GET 1

gain

win

secure

earn

land

procure

net

,

［類語訳］獲得する

,

,

,

,

gain

((

))

（必要な［ほしい］物事を）手に入れる

,

,

2.5. McIntosh et al. (2009) Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English.

McIntosh et al. (2009)

Oxford English Corpus (OEC)

McIntosh et al. (2009:354)

gain

「

gain verb

ADV. quickly, rapidly

gradually, slowly, steadily

His ideas gradually ~ed acceptance.

immediately, suddenly

eventually, finally, ultimately

successfully

enormously, immensely, significantly

The industry will ~ enormously from the new proposals.

financially

八木

(2015)

McIntosh et al. (2009)

(2015:359)

gain

「

gain

,

,

,

副詞

■

quickly / rapidly

■

gradually

/ slowly

/ steadily

His ideas gradually gained acceptance.

■

immediately

/ suddenly

/■

eventually

/ finally / ultimately

■

successfully

■

enormously

/ immensely

/ significantly

The industry will gain enormously from the new proposals.

■

financially

また、

McIntosh et al. (2009:559)

obtain

「

obtain verb

ADV. fraudulently, illegally, unlawfully (BrE, law)

legally

recently

八木

(2015:561)

obtain

「

obtain

,

,

副詞

■

fraudulently

,

/ illegally

/ unlawfully (

), (

)

/ legally

■

recently

McIntosh et al. (2009)

acquire

McIntosh et al. (2009:7)

acquire

の名詞形

acquisition

「

acquisition noun

Lea (2008:320)

gain

(2011:311)

Lea

(2008:320)

gain

「

gain

GET 1

gain

win

secure

earn

land

procure

net

,

［類語訳］獲得する

,

,

,

,

gain

((

))

（必要な［ほしい］物事を）手に入れる

,

,

2.5. McIntosh et al. (2009) Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English.

McIntosh et al. (2009)

Oxford English Corpus (OEC)

McIntosh et al. (2009:354)

gain

「

gain verb

ADV. quickly, rapidly

gradually, slowly, steadily

His ideas gradually ~ed acceptance.

immediately, suddenly

eventually, finally, ultimately

successfully

enormously, immensely, significantly

The industry will ~ enormously from the new proposals.

financially

八木

(2015)

McIntosh et al. (2009)

(2015:359)

gain

「

gain

,

,

,

副詞

■

quickly / rapidly

■

gradually

/ slowly

/ steadily

His ideas gradually gained acceptance.

■

immediately

/ suddenly

/■

eventually

/ finally / ultimately

■

successfully

■

enormously

/ immensely

/ significantly

The industry will gain enormously from the new proposals.

■

financially

また、

McIntosh et al. (2009:559)

obtain

「

obtain verb

ADV. fraudulently, illegally, unlawfully (BrE, law)

legally

recently

八木

(2015:561)

obtain

「

obtain

,

,

副詞

■

fraudulently

,

/ illegally

/ unlawfully (

), (

)

/ legally

■

recently

McIntosh et al. (2009)

acquire

McIntosh et al. (2009:7)

acquire

の名詞形

acquisition

「

acquisition noun

１

thing you have obtained ADJ. latest, new, recent

act of obtaining sth

ADJ. data, language

Language ~ begins in the first months of a baby’s life.

property

2.6. Vance (2009)

Vance (2009:134-135)

「

55. Capture get

CAPTURE

軍事的なイメージを持つ単語は、ビジネス用語として人気があります。この

”capture”

単純な言い方には

”get”

”capture”

”We got a key client.” vs. ”We captured a key client.”

”Capture”

メージが伝わります。

ビジネスにパワーを与える

capture

The company captured the award for best place to work.

Nokia has captured fifteen percent of the market.

The Liberal Party captured the lower house of parliament.

＜用法＞この動詞がよく使われる構造には、

”fail/manage/hope/begin/try to capture”

2.7. 塚本 (2012)

塚本

(2012)

British National Corpus (BNC)

(2012:344)

obtain

「

obtain

,

be easily obtained

We don’t have the part to repair your car, but it can be easily obtained.

ここにはきみの車を修理する部品がないが

,

--- obtain A from B

B

A

I obtained this beautiful vase from an antique shop in Beijing.

北京の骨董店でこの美しい花瓶を手に入れた」

塚本

(2012:8)

acquire

「

acquire

;

easily acquire

rapidly acquire

recently acquired

newly acquired

Our office recently acquired two new computers.

最近うちのオフィスに新しいコンピュータを２台入れた」

第３章 WordbanksOnline における言語事実

ま ず 、

get, gain, obtain, acquire

WordbanksOnline

WordbanksOnline

Word Sketch

PMW

は、下記である

^３

get (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 1,043,322 (1891.68 per million) gain (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 37,898

(68.70 per million) obtain (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 23,960

(43.44 per million) acquire (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 22,372

(40.56 per million)

3.1. ４動詞の直後４語以内に近接生起する目的語名詞を探す

get, obtain, acquire

gain

４動詞各々の動詞データを作る。１つの方法は、上記、

Word Sketch

［１］たとえば、

get

Concordance

Query type

CQL

CQL:

[lempos="get-v"]

get

PMW

Word Sketch

^４

Query get-v 1,043,322 (1891.68 per million)

Query gain-v

37,898 (68.70 per million) Query obtain-v 23,960 (43.44 per million) Query acquire-v 22,372 (40.56 per million)

［２］上記［１］で作成した各「動詞データ」に対して、左欄の

Filter

Filter

Concordance filter ?

Filter: positive

Selected token: first

Search span:

from 1 to 4 (include KWIC)

^５

Query type

CQL

CQL: [tag= "N.+" ]

Default attribute: word

Filter concordance

Query get-v 1,043,322 > Positive filter N.+ 708,226 (1,284.11 per million)

Query gain-v

37,898 > Positive filter N.+ 34,528

(62.60 per million)

easily acquire

rapidly acquire

recently acquired

newly acquired

Our office recently acquired two new computers.

最近うちのオフィスに新しいコンピュータを２台入れた」

第３章 WordbanksOnline における言語事実

ま ず 、

get, gain, obtain, acquire

WordbanksOnline

WordbanksOnline

Word Sketch

PMW

は、下記である

^３

get (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 1,043,322 (1891.68 per million) gain (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 37,898

(68.70 per million) obtain (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 23,960

(43.44 per million) acquire (verb) WordBanks Online: English freq = 22,372

(40.56 per million)

3.1. ４動詞の直後４語以内に近接生起する目的語名詞を探す

get, obtain, acquire

gain

４動詞各々の動詞データを作る。１つの方法は、上記、

Word Sketch

［１］たとえば、

get

Concordance

Query type

CQL

CQL:

[lempos="get-v"]

get

PMW

Word Sketch

^４

Query get-v 1,043,322 (1891.68 per million)

Query gain-v

37,898 (68.70 per million) Query obtain-v 23,960 (43.44 per million) Query acquire-v 22,372 (40.56 per million)

［２］上記［１］で作成した各「動詞データ」に対して、左欄の

Filter

Filter

Concordance filter ?

Filter: positive

Selected token: first

Search span:

from 1 to 4 (include KWIC)

^５

Query type

CQL

CQL: [tag= "N.+" ]

Default attribute: word

Filter concordance

Query get-v 1,043,322 > Positive filter N.+ 708,226 (1,284.11 per million) Query gain-v

37,898 > Positive filter N.+ 34,528

(62.60 per million)

Query obtain-v 23,960 > Positive filter N.+ 21,743 (39.42 per million) Query acquire-v 22,372 > Positive filter N.+ 20,334 (36.87 per million)

［３］上記［２］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Collocations

Collocations

Collocation candidates ?

Attribute: [lempos] in the range from: 1 to 4, Minimum frequency in corpus: 4, Minimum frequency in given range: 4, Show functions: [T-score, MI, logDice]

Sort by: logDice

Make candidate list

４動詞、同様に行う。

［４］上記［３］で作成した候補一覧から該当する目的語名詞を選び、上位

30

断した

lempos

P

30

当英文が生起数の半数に満たない

lempos

（

lempos, Cooccurrence count, logDice

lempos

lemma

表１　４動詞の直後４語以内に近接生起する目的語名詞（logDice値による降順上位30語、pm = per million）

get 1043322 1891.68pm gain 37898 68.70pm obtain 23960 43.44pm acquire 22372 40.56pm

logDice

logDice

logDice

logDice

1 job 9460 8.447 access 1388 9.248 permission 316 8.203 skill 415 7.806

2 chance 7238 8.160 momentum 705 9.037 copy 317 7.772 weapon 525 7.621

3 money 6464 7.886 control 1079 8.187 visa 168 7.637 stake 230 7.487

4 way 7652 7.723 weight 626 8.160 information 853 7.599 reputation 227 7.485

5 something 5679 7.638 insight 338 7.985 warrant 165 7.587 knowledge 255 7.192

6 thing 6204 7.561 independence 417 7.976 license 178 7.579 taste 164 7.104

7 car 4761 7.473 popularity 320 7.923 consent 155 7.507 asset 193 7.040

8 point 4874 7.414 foothold 262 7.915 approval 215 7.443 land 259 6.680

9 hand 4679 7.394 confidence 527 7.896 passport 155 7.383 infection 112 6.628

10 call 3066 6.996 entry 417 7.855 permit 125 7.285 property 236 6.518

11 result 3288 6.996 reputation 393 7.853 licence 153 7.218 status 131 6.478

12 ball 3010 6.967 acceptance 286 7.798 certificate 100 6.803 capability 80 6.461

13 time 5856 6.954 advantage 485 7.768 document 193 6.774 habit 83 6.185

14 message 2896 6.952 experience 789 7.682 injunction 71 6.562 uranium 47 5.948

15 game 3717 6.909 support 753 7.621 sample 100 6.412 wealth 60 5.837

16 information 3046 6.908 ground 672 7.531 clearance 68 6.410 expertise 48 5.833

17 attention 2778 6.897 yard 418 7.481 loan 138 6.391 share 210 5.784

18 foot 2740 6.811 notoriety 192 7.467 credit 158 6.390 technology 134 5.727

19 shot 2518 6.734 approval 284 7.449 datum 139 6.243 ability 104 5.670

20 work 2921 6.686 strength 375 7.448 financing 63 6.224 acre 47 5.637

21 goal 2594 6.678 recognition 236 7.363 release 126 6.206 significance 44 5.606 22 anything 2552 6.639 understanding 254 7.208 degree 128 6.183 company 492 5.487

23 help 2245 6.608 traction 154 7.144 material 146 5.972 nickname 32 5.466

24 life 3037 6.566 attention 377 7.105 prescription 56 5.966 material 100 5.453

25 look 2120 6.497 fame 178 7.079 funding 82 5.923 licence 41 5.380

26 nothing 2315 6.473 respect 260 7.067 citizenship 47 5.902 language 85 5.367

27 head 2362 6.452 seat 339 6.984 advice 104 5.899 brand 63 5.354

28 feeling 1958 6.393 revenge 158 6.921 weapon 154 5.828 competence 29 5.339

29 deal 2033 6.348 (per )cent 896 6.899 qualification 50 5.825 citizenship 30 5.336

30 everything 1951 6.328 promotion 177 6.879 order 231 5.820 firm 123 5.304

Data drawn from Cobuild WordbanksOnline

3.2. ４動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞を探す

本稿では、４動詞を含む文において、動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞につ いて、下記の手順で検索した。

3.1.

Filter

［５］上記［２］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Filter

Filter

Concordance filter ?

Filter: positive

Selected token: first

Search span: from -3 to -1 (include KWIC)

^６

Query type

CQL

CQL: [tag= "N.+" ]

Default attribute: word

Filter concordance

絞り込み後の各表示は、下記であった。

Query get-v 1,043,322 > Positive filter N.+ 708,226 > Positive filter N.+ 315,357 (571.78 per million)

Query gain-v

37,898 > Positive filter N.+ 34,528 > Positive filter N.+ 23,403 (42.43 per million)

Query obtain-v 23,960 > Positive filter N.+ 21,743 > Positive filter N.+ 14,790 (26.82 per million)

Query acquire-v 22,372 > Positive filter N.+ 20,334 > Positive filter N.+ 13,725 (24.89 per million)

［６］上記［５］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Collocations

Collocations

Collocation candidates ?

Attribute: [lempos] in the range from: -3 to -1, Minimum frequency in corpus: 4, Minimum frequency in given range: 4, Show functions: [T-score, MI, logDice]

Sort by: logDice

Make candidate list

４動詞、同様に行う。

［７］上記［６］で作成した候補一覧から該当する適切な主語名詞を選び、上位

20

^７

断した

lempos

P

20

３文型の能動文主語が４例以上、もしくは第３文型の受動文主語が４例以上ある場合、その

lempos

おける当該語彙項目の後に、「受」という印を付した。表２には、該当する検索結果（

lempos,

Cooccurrence count, logDice

lempos

lemma

けを表の語彙項目欄に掲載した。

3.2. ４動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞を探す

本稿では、４動詞を含む文において、動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞につ いて、下記の手順で検索した。

3.1.

Filter

［５］上記［２］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Filter

Filter

Concordance filter ?

Filter: positive

Selected token: first

Search span: from -3 to -1 (include KWIC)

^６

Query type

CQL

CQL: [tag= "N.+" ]

Default attribute: word

Filter concordance

絞り込み後の各表示は、下記であった。

Query get-v 1,043,322 > Positive filter N.+ 708,226 > Positive filter N.+ 315,357 (571.78 per million)

Query gain-v

37,898 > Positive filter N.+ 34,528 > Positive filter N.+ 23,403 (42.43 per million)

Query obtain-v 23,960 > Positive filter N.+ 21,743 > Positive filter N.+ 14,790 (26.82 per million)

Query acquire-v 22,372 > Positive filter N.+ 20,334 > Positive filter N.+ 13,725 (24.89 per million)

［６］上記［５］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Collocations

Collocations

Collocation candidates ?

Attribute: [lempos] in the range from: -3 to -1, Minimum frequency in corpus: 4, Minimum frequency in given range: 4, Show functions: [T-score, MI, logDice]

Sort by: logDice

Make candidate list

４動詞、同様に行う。

［７］上記［６］で作成した候補一覧から該当する適切な主語名詞を選び、上位

20

^７

断した

lempos

P

20

３文型の能動文主語が４例以上、もしくは第３文型の受動文主語が４例以上ある場合、その

lempos

おける当該語彙項目の後に、「受」という印を付した。表２には、該当する検索結果（

lempos,

Cooccurrence count, logDice

lempos

lemma

けを表の語彙項目欄に掲載した。

3.3. ４動詞に隣接生起する副詞を探す

本稿では、４動詞に隣接生起する副詞について、下記の手順で検索した。

［８］上記［２］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Filter

Filter

Concordance filter ?

Filter: positive

Selected token: first

Search span:

from -1 to 1 (include KWIC)

^８

Query type

CQL

CQL: [tag= "RB" ]

Default attribute: word

Filter concordance

Query get-v 1,043,322 > Positive filter N.+ 708,226 > Positive filter RB 114,240 (207.13 per million)

Query gain-v

37,898 > Positive filter N.+ 34,528 > Positive filter RB 3,411 (6.18 per million)

Query obtain-v 23,960 > Positive filter N.+ 21,743 > Positive filter RB 1,681 (3.05 per million)

Query acquire-v 22,372 > Positive filter N.+ 20,334 > Positive filter RB 2,419 (4.39 per million)

［９］上記［８］で作成した各データに対して、左欄の

Collocations

Collocations

Collocation candidates ?

Attribute: [lempos] in the range from: -1 to 1, Minimum frequency in corpus: 4, Minimum frequency in given range: 4, Show functions: [T-score, MI, logDice]

Sort by: logDice

^９

Make candidate list

４動詞、同様に行う。

表２　４動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞（logDice値による降順上位20語、pm = per million）

get 1043322 1891.68pm gain 37898 68.70pm obtain 23960 43.44pm acquire 22372 40.56pm

logDice

logDice

logDice

logDice

1 people 5408 7.435 index 157 6.865 information 

322 6.265 asset

82 6.018

2 guy 1145 6.594 share 308 6.302 datum

108 6.057 terrorist 56 5.579

3 player 1370 6.433 stock 170 5.910 consent

34 5.731 skill

79 5.579 4 kid 945 6.322 movement 74 5.007 specimen

26 5.538 knowledge 　

58 5.233

5 man 1919 6.273 pupil 32 4.851 investigator 46 5.524 company 341 4.985

6 child 1356 6.168 dollar 70 4.822 sample

41 5.413 infection

26 4.804 7 woman 1363 6.144 average 39 4.736 result

180 5.294 ability

49 4.734 8 team 1224 6.127 fund 67 4.653 permission

33 5.261 property

63 4.731

9 girl 809 5.938 hacker 20 4.632 confession

21 5.094 virus 30 4.717

10 someone 765 5.933 attacker 22 4.609 DNA

29 5.050 land

55 4.564

11 everyone 684 5.878 student 97 4.568 approval

32 4.967 firm 60 4.365

12 fan 708 5.865 conservative 23 4.492 figure

79 4.816 share

67 4.215 13 student 668 5.683 currency 25 4.363 warrant

18 4.801 shareholder 20 4.166

14 boy 649 5.678 sector 33 4.152 report

181 4.789 trust 19 4.109

15 anyone 546 5.539 investor 37 4.145 letter

78 4.758 subsidiary 11 4.091 16 family 779 5.518 competitor 20 4.129 eveidence

74 4.753 individual 25 3.954

17 government 865 5.441 idea 79 4.126 terrorist 30 4.639 bidder 8 3.916

18 patient 513 5.416 recovery 22 4.100 Department 48 4.532 investor 27 3.910

19 winner 459 5.341 theory 29 4.025 copy

27 4.447 business 85 3.675

20 customer 466 5.316 economy 42 3.983 permit

12 4.348 buyer 13 3.674

Data drawn from Cobuild WordbanksOnline

語彙項目欄における語彙項目の後の「受」は、受動文の主語の事例が、能動文の主語の事例より多いことを示す。

［

10

30

lempos

P

30

lempos

lempos, Cooccurrence count, logDice

lempos

除し、

lemma

3.4. ４動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞（共起数順上位 10 語）と４動詞の直後 ４語以内に近接生起する目的語名詞（共起数順上位 10 語）

共起数順の視点を得るため、「表２ ４動詞の直前３語以内に近接生起する主語名詞（

logDice

20

（

logDice

20

10

同様に、「表１ ４動詞の直後４語以内に近接生起する目的語名詞（

logDice

30

logDice

20

10

表３　４動詞に隣接生起する副詞（logDice値による降順上位30語、pm = per million）

get 1043322 1891.68pm gain 37898 68.70pm obtain 23960 43.44pm acquire 22372 40.56pm

logDice

logDice

logDice

logDice

1 n't 27295 9.007 steadily 55 7.571 fraudulently 44 9.445 newly 332 9.535

2 finally 2370 8.713 thereby 37 7.092 illegally 102 9.010 compulsorily 18 7.848

3 never 4221 8.462 rapidly 64 6.928 dishonestly 15 8.064 recently 312 7.192

4 just 5911 7.916 gradually 44 6.582 improperly 16 7.399 illegally 27 6.937

5 still 3413 7.838 illegally 21 6.389 unlawfully 11 7.329 painstakingly 9 6.506

6 actually 1422 7.781 thus 62 5.586 illicitly 7 7.013 gradually 37 6.430

7 ever 1667 7.720 dishonestly 5 5.521 legally 26 6.861 legitimately 7 6.167

8 really 2215 7.685 slowly 41 5.538 lawfully 5 6.367 expensively 5 5.907

9 only 3310 7.502 quickly 78 5.335 falsely 6 6.016 occupationally 4 5.737

10 always 1679 7.475 finally 76 5.068 surreptitiously 4 5.845 aggressively 8 5.540

11 even 3000 7.467 since 16 4.756 readily 12 5.719 covertly 4 5.526

12 also 3392 7.235 first 74 4.688 commercially 5 5.527 thereby 11 5.513

13 probably 985 7.198 nonetheless 5 4.548 thereby 10 5.518 jointly 7 5.486

14 not 8292 7.130 eventually 30 4.467 secretly 9 5.464 rapidly 21 5.406

15 already 905 6.768 recently 46 4.410 free 7 5.375 subsequently 12 5.370

16 eventually 447 6.559 already 100 4.344 easily 47 5.374 socially 7 5.115

17 usually 483 6.535 also 363 4.245 independently 6 5.275 somehow 22 5.024

18 first 526 6.394 newly 9 4.235 locally 6 4.989 legally 8 5.002

19 then 1731 6.334 automatically 7 4.188 exclusively 7 4.882 painfully 4 4.729

20 often 589 6.300 likely 11 4.138 allegedly 14 4.809 secretly 6 4.727

21 certainly 372 6.062 undoubtedly 5 4.084 successfully 11 4.803 locally 5 4.564

22 now 1507 6.014 easily 20 4.075 recently 49 4.537 sexually 8 4.554

23 rarely 251 5.982 somehow 11 3.961 subsequently 6 4.486 swiftly 5 4.530

24 definitely 255 5.930 possibly 14 3.909 first 63 4.482 suddenly 31 4.509

25 barely 243 5.917 actually 44 3.835 promptly 4 4.472 eventually 27 4.348

26 somehow 247 5.916 hopefully 7 3.777 previously 17 4.405 automatically 7 4.307

27 quite 381 5.865 only 195 3.713 eventually 20 3.939 easily 19 4.039

28 sometimes 304 5.737 potentially 6 3.691 properly 7 3.631 since 9 4.002

29 hardly 219 5.649 increasingly 12 3.676 thus 15 3.599 steadily 4 3.949

30 soon 311 5.602 subsequently 4 3.641 somehow 7 3.421 commonly 4 3.902

Data drawn from Cobuild WordbanksOnline