³±
Ȉɰʔɸ୫ȉґȾȝȤɞ
ᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋɁमҾȻᝬᝈґɁժᑤॴ
ǽܻǽǽފ
The Role of Cognitive Approach and the Possibility of Discourse Analysis
in the Analysis of “Unagi-Sentences”
Áëéëï ÎÉÉÚÕÍÁ
²°±¹ ࢳ ±± ఌᴵஓՙျ ੮ǽǽǽ᧸ ǽటሟȺɂǾஓట୫ศȾ࿑Ɂഫ୫ȳȻᝲȫɜɟറȁȽឰᝲȟࠕᩒȨɟȹȗɞȈɰ ʔɸ୫ȉȾȷȗȹǾ֞ᝲȻႊᝲȾɛɞаᚐᆅሱɥᡍɑțȷȷȰɟȱɟɁ॒ᛵॴɥ ѓᝓឧȬɞȻȻɕȾǾ͢ᝈȾȝȤɞඩȪȗ֞ᜓȟᤁᚐȨɟɞʡʷʅʃȾȝȗȹǾ аᚐᆅሱɁʫʒʕʩ˂ґɥɂȫɔȻȬɞᝓᅺ֞ᝲᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋȟȲȬमҾȾᩜ ȬɞᛵॴɥѓᐎȬɞȦȻɥᝁɒȲǿɑȲǾɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂґ᭒ኄȾȝȗȹᔐɁȈɰ ʔɸ୫ȉȟȪȲ୫ʉɮʡȻȪȹސ٣ȬɞȦȻɂᆬᝓȨɟȹȗȽȗȟǾ͢ᝈɁ˹Ɂ ̜ȻȪȹɂᔐȾɕȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟȕɞȻȗțɞȦȻȞɜǾᔐȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁސ ٣Ⱦȷȗȹ೫ȪȲǿȨɜȾǾஓట୫ศȻȗșᜊཟȞɜஓటӒɁȈɂȉȾาᄻ ȪȹɒɞȻǾӒȈɂȉȟȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻȗșɅȻȷɁ࿑Ƚ୫ɥ۹റȾႆႇȪȹȗ ɞ͏ȺȕɞȞɕȪɟȽȗȻȗșժᑤॴɥᇉדȪǾᝬᝈȾȝȤɞൡᑤᄑґɥȲȾ ጸɒоɟȹȗȢȦȻɥ૬ಘȪȲǿ ɷ˂ʹ˂ʓᴷɰʔɸ୫Ǿ֞ᝲǾႊᝲǾʫʒʕʩ˂ǾӒȈɂȉ ᴮᴫɂȫɔȾ ǽஓటȾɂȈɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǿȉɥъټᄑȽȻȬɞȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻ֣Ƀɟɞഫ୫ ȟȕɝǾȦɟɥᔐȾᜭȬکնǾȰɁɑɑŽÉ§í áî åå쮞ȻᄽᜭȬɞȻ܋ܰȽ֞Ȼ ȪȹᜓȨɟɞȦȻȾȽɝǾஓట୫ศ࿑Ɂഫ୫ȳȻᝲȫɜɟȹȗɞǿȦɟɂǾஓ టɁ୫ഫᣲȟᄑˁᄑ୫ᑩȾΗސȬɞȦȻȟ۾ȠȗȻᣖɌɜɟɞɅȻȷɁ ȺȕɞȻɕᐎțɜɟȹȗɞǿɑȲǾஓట̷ޙႆɁᔐͽ୫ȾɕŽÊáðáî éó óáæåôù®ž ɗ Ž×èåî É ÷áó èéçè óãèïïì¬ ƂžȻȗș୫ศᄑȽᩖᤏȗȟ۹ȢɜɟɞȟǾஓట ȺȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗșढࣻɁ୫ɥᔐȾȰɁɑɑछȹɂɔȹŽᴾᴨ âå ӦᴨᴿžȻ ᚜ȬȦȻȟȺȠɞɢȤȺɂȽȗǿȨɜȾǾȦɁɛșȽᩖᤏȗɥଊȨɟȽȗȻᝓឧȺ³² ȠȽȗɁɂǾஓటɁȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗșढࣻȻᔐɁŽᴾᴨ âå ӦᴨᴿžȻȗș ढࣻɁᩖɁ୫ศᄑȽస͔ȾᤏȗȟȕɞȞɜȺȕɞǿˢǾஓటɁӒɁȈɂȉɂǾ ஓటଡ଼ᑎɁးکȾȝȗȹఊɕȗ᪡Ⱥ߳оȨɟɞஓటɁഫ୫ȈᴾɂᴿȺȬȉɁ ˢȻȪȹȨɟȹȗɞȟǾȰɁകॡɂᛓ᫆ȺȕɞȻᝓឧȨɟȹȗɞǿ ǽటᝲȺɂǾȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗșढࣻɁ˹Ⱥɕ࿑ȾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻ֣Ƀɟɞഫ୫Ⱦཱི ཟɥछȹǾஓటɁ֞ᝲᄑˁႊᝲᄑျᝲȾɛɞаᚐᆅሱȾȝȤɞჀץཟɥɜȞ ȾȪǾᔐȾɕȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂސ٣ȬɞɁȞȼșȞ೫ȪȷȷǾஓటȻᔐɁ˵ ȾцᣮɁґȟժᑤȽʫʒʕʩ˂ȾɛɞґɁमҾȾȷȗȹѓᐎȪǾᝓᅺᄑȽɬʡ ʷ˂ʋȾɛȶȹȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁ֞ᜓɁʡʷʅʃȻȰɁӦൡȸȤȟժᑤȺȕɞȦȻ ɥ૬ಘȬɞǿɑȲǾஓటӒȈɂȉȾᩜȬɞᝬᝈґɁаᚐᆅሱȞɜȈɰʔɸ୫ȉ ȻɁᩜᣵɥҋȪǾൡᑤᄑᝬᝈґɥȾоɟȲȈɰʔɸ୫ȉґɁժᑤॴȾȷȗ ȹɞȦȻɥᝁɒɞǿ ᴯᴫȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁ֞ ²®±Ȉɰʔɸ୫ȉȻɂ ǽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻɂȈɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǿȉȻȗș୫ɁȦȻȺȕɝǾࣆȺɰʔɸ୳ျɥา ୫Ȭɞ᪨ȾΈႊȨɟɞȻᐎțɜɟɞǿȦɁ୫ɂஓట୫ศᆅሱȾȝȗȹ๊ᄉȾឰᝲȨ ɟȹȠȲǿȦɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȾᩜȪȹǾᦂႎˢᴥ±¹µµᴦȟఊқȾᝲȫȲȻȨɟȹȝɝǾ ȰɁऻܝแᴥ±¹·¸ᴦȟȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻȗșഫ୫ջɥᕻంɁʉɮʒʵȾΈႊȪȹ͏఼Ǿ ࢿȢᅺɟຝɞɛșȾȽȶȲȻᝲȫɜɟȹȗɞǿȦɁȦȻȾȷȗȹǾܝแᴥ±¹·¸ᴦȺɂ ඒɁɛșȾᣖɌȹȗɞǿ ¨±©ǽȦɁɛșȾȈʊȉɥӦɑȲɂᣖɁ͍ႊȻȬɞᐎțɂǾȬȺȾᦂႎˢயण ɕᇉדȪȹȗɞǿᦂႎˢɂǾȈŽրʹͷɴ᭥ʣʵᴼžȾߦȪȹŽʦɹʙɰʔɸʼ ᭥ɰžȻኌɋɞ͍ɝȾŽʦɹʙɰʔɸʊžȻᅽȢșɁȺȕɞȉȻȪȹȗɞǿ ᴥܝแᴥ±¹·¸ᴷ²±ᴦᴦ ²®² ɰʔɸ୫Ɂ֞ഫᣲ ǽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȾȷȗȹǾȰɁ୫ഫᣲɗ֞ᜓȟȼɁɛșȽ̈́ጸɒȽɁȞȻȗșཟ ɥɂȫɔȻȪȹറȁȽឰᝲȟࠕᩒȨɟȹȗɞǿᛴࠞᴥ²°°³ᴦȺɂɰʔɸ୫ɥஓటɽ ʞʯʳ୫ȺȕɞȻґȪǾпͶȻȪȹȈҰᬱᴾɁॴˁࠖॴɥऻᬱᴿȺ᚜ȬɕɁȉȻ Ȭɞް୫ȺȕɞȦȻɥ˿एȬɞǿԴȴǾȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗș୫ȾȝȗȹǾҰᬱᴾɁ ϏɥऻᬱᴿȺްȬɞɁȺɂȽȢǾऻᬱᴿɂॴˁࠖॴᜤᣖȺȕɞȻȪȹȗɞǿ ǽɑȲǾ˧˨ᴥ±¹µ³ᴦȾɛɞȻǾஓటɽʞʯʳ୫ȾɂȈብɝ୫ȉȻȗș୫ټȟȕ ɝǾ͏˩ȟȰɁȺȕɞǿ ¨²©ǽᵞЇɂɰʔɸȳǿǽǽǽǽЇɁǾา୫ȪȲ୳ျᴬˢႭɁܧ࿎ɂǾɰʔɸȳǿ ᵟໃ࿎ɂጫࣻȳǿǽໃ࿎ɁǾͽᐐɂᴬሳᙐɁʬʑʵɂǾጫࣻȳǿ
³³ ȈᴾɁᵕɂᴿȳǿƣǽᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗș֞ഫᣲɥધȷȟǾȰɁґȾȝȗȹץᭉȾ ȽɞɁɂȈȦɁᅁႩґᴥᵕᴦɥǾᴾȾᝣɒᣅɓɁᤈሌȟȼɁɛșȽɕɁȞȉȻȗ șץᭉȺȕɞǿɑȭǾȦɁᵕɁɛșȽᅁႩґȾͷȟᅁႩȨɟȹȗɞɁȞȻȗșץᭉ ȾᩜȪȹǾᯚటᴥ±¹¹¶ᴦȺɂȦɟɑȺȾ૬ಘȨɟȹȠȲɰʔɸ୫ߦȬɞʛʳʟʶ˂ʄ ɥඒɁɛșȾɑȻɔȹȗɞǿ ¨³©ǽɰʔɸ୫ȾߦȬɞʛʳʟʶ˂ʄ ǽᴾʉɮʡᴷᴥɏȢᴨᴥɰʔɸᴨᵕᴦᴦ ǽᴮǽɏȢɂɰʔɸɥ᭥Ɍɞǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᦂႎˢᴥ±¹µµᴦǾܝแᴥ±¹·¸ᴦǾ̹ႎǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᴥ±¹¸°ᴦǾࠆ˨ᴥ±¹¸±âᴦǾᗵႎᴥ±¹¸³ᴦǾ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽబ๕ᴥ±¹¹±ᴦǾÍõòáëéᴥ±¹·´ᴦ ǽᴯǽɏȢɂɰʔɸɥ᭥ɌɞȦȻȾȬɞɁȳǽࡺնᴥ±¹·¸ᴦ ǽᴰǽɏȢɂɰʔɸɥ᭥ɌȲȗǽǽǽǽǽǽǽّّᆅሱᴥ±¹¶³ᴦǾܝแᴥ±¹¸³ᴦ ǽᴱǽɏȢȟɰʔɸȟ᭥ɌȲȗǽǽǽǽǽǽǽԈՁᴥ±¹¸°ᴦ ǽᴲǽɏȢɂɰʔɸȟ᭥ɌȲȗɁȳǽǽǽǽǽ˧˨ᴥ±¹µµᴦ ǽᴳǽɏȢɂɰʔɸɥา୫Ȭɞǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ˧˨ᴥ±¹¶°ᴦǾّّᆅሱᴥ±¹¶³ᴦǾ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ̄ᴥ±¹·¸ᴦǾ̹ႎᴥ±¹¸°ᴦ ǽᴴǽɏȢɂɰʔɸɥา୫ȪȲɁȳǽǽǽǽǽÍáòôéîᴥ±¹·µᴦ ǽᴵǽɏȢɂɰʔɸɥา୫ȪȲȗɁȳǽǽǽǽࡺնᴥ±¹·¸ᴦ ǽᴶǽɏȢɂɰʔɸȾȬɞǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ۾̄ίᴥ±¹·³ᴦǾࡺնᴥ±¹·¸ᴦǾࠆ˨ᴥ±¹¸²ᴦ ǽ±°ǽɏȢɂɰʔɸȾขɔȲǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽّّᆅሱᴥ±¹¶³ᴦ ǽᴿʉɮʡᴷᴥᴥɏȢᴨᵕᴦᴨɰʔɸᴦ ǽ±±ǽɏȢȟ᭥ɌɞɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽǽ̹ႎᴥ±¹¸°ᴦ ǽ±²ǽɏȢȟ᭥ɌȲȗɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽԈՁᴥ±¹¸°ᴦ ǽ±³ǽɏȢȟ᭥ɌȲȗɁȟɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽԈՁᴥ±¹¸´ᴦ ǽ±´ǽɏȢɁ᭥ɌȲȗɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽ˧˨ᴥ±¹µµᴦǾʹᗵᴥ±¹¸¹ᴦ ǽ±µǽɏȢȟา୫ȬɞɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽࠥᴥ±¹¸°ᴦǾࠆ˨ᴥ±¹¸±âᴦ ǽ±¶ǽɏȢɁา୫ȬɞɕɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽ̹ႎᴥ±¹¸°ᴦ ǽ±·ǽɏȢȟา୫ȪȲȗɕɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽࡺնᴥ±¹·¸ᴦ ǽ±¸ǽɏȢɁา୫ɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ˧˨ᴥ±¹¶°ᴦǾ۾̄ίᴥ±¹·³ᴦ ǽ±¹ǽɏȢɁา୫ȟɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽࠞՠᴥ±¹¶µᴦǾࡺటᴥ±¹·¶ᴦ ǽᵀʉɮʡᴷᴥɏȢᴨᴥᵕᴨɰʔɸᴦᴦ ǽ²°ǽɏȢȾȷȗȹțɃǾ᭥ɌȲȗɁɂɰʔɸȳǽࡺնᴥ±¹·¸ᴦ ǽ²±ǽɏȢɂ᭥ɌȲȗɁɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽښࡺᴥ±¹¸³ᴦǾާᗵᴥ±¹¸¶ᴦ
³´ ǽᵁʉɮʡᴷᴥᵕᴨᴥɏȢᴨɰʔɸᴦᴦ ǽ²²ǽา୫ɂɏȢȟɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽࠞՠᴥ±¹¶µᴦ ǽ²³ǽ᭥ɌɞɁɂǾɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǽǽǽǽǽᗧᴥ±¹¸¸ᴦ ǽ²´ǽͷɥ᭥ɌɞȞȻȗșȻǾɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǽࡀႎᴥ±¹¸³ᴦǾпᴥ±¹¹²ᴦ ᴥᯚటᴥ±¹¹¶ᴷ´°¹ᴦᴦ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾᅁႩȨɟȹȗɞᵕȟ֞ഫᣲ˨ȼȦȾᏚȞɟȹȗɞɁȞȻȗșཟȺɂǾ ᴾʉɮʡȞɜᵁʉɮʡɑȺɁᴱȷɁʉɮʡȾґȞɟȹȪɑȗǾʛʳʟʶ˂ʄɥ˶ɌȲ ȻȦɠȺǾɽʽʐɹʃʒȾɛȶȹȦɟ͏۶Ɂ۹റȽʛʳʟʶ˂ʄȟႆȫȹȪɑșǿȈɰ ʔɸ୫ȉȟȼɁɛșȾ֞ᜓȨɟɞȞǾȻȗșཟȺǾᅁႩȨɟȹȗɞᵕɁސ٣ɥ͑ ްȬɞȦȻɂ॒ᛵȺȕɞȟǾȰɁ֞ഫᣲȾᩜȪȹɜȞȾȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽȰȦȺǾ٪Ձᴥ±¹¹°ᴦȺɂǾȈᇹȟา୫ȪȲɁɂșȽȡȳȉɁɛșȽ୫ɥȈպް୫ȉ Ȼ֣ɆǾȰɟɥඒɁɛșȾ۰૰ȪȹȗȢȻɰʔɸ୫ȟढȨɟɞȻᐎțȲǿ ¨´© ᵞᴫᇹȟǽǽา୫ȪȲɁɂǾǽșȽȡȳǿơᵘʛʳʫ˂ʉɁᤅᫌᵚ ǽǽǽᴥʛʳʫ˂ʉᴦǽᴥमҾᴦǽǽᴥϏᴦ ¨´© ᵟᴫᇹɂǾา୫ȪȲɁɂǾșȽȡȳǿơᵘमҾɁᅁႩᵚ ¨´© ᵠᴫᇹɂǾșȽȡȳǿ ǽȈʛʳʫ˂ʉȉɕȈमҾȉɕᅁႩȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȟǾȈमҾȉȟᅁႩȨɟɞȻɰʔ ɸ୫ȟढȨɟɞǿȦɁͽɥ୫ศᄑȾᝢȬɞȻǾᴥ´áᴦȞɜिࠖኮᛵጨȈᇹȟȉ ɥ˿ᭉԇȪȹᴥ´âᴦɥढȪǾȰɟȞɜȈา୫ȪȲɁɂȉȻȗș˿ᭉɥᅁႩȬɟɃǾᴥ´ãᴦ Ɂɰʔɸ୫ȟढȨɟɞȻȗșȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽȨɜȾǾ̢̾ˁᛴࠞᴥ²°±²ᴦȾɛɞȻǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁюᄑഫᣲɂඒɁɛșȾᇉȨ ɟȹȗɞǿ ¨µ©ǽɰʔɸᝣɒᴷ ǽǽǽశᎌʃʵ ɏȢᵦɂǽǽᵘğᵦɁijɂ øᵧȳ Ýǽɰʔɸᵧȳ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽϏջբ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᴥ̢̾ˁᛴࠞᴥ²°±²ᴷ²´µᴦᴦ ްʃʵ ࠖॴ ࢜ʃ ǽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȺɂ˨ɁᝲျढࣻȾᒲႏ۰ᬱijȟֆɑɟȹȗɞȲɔǾȦɟȾ֪᭯ᵦȻ ȗșႊᝲͽɥᤛႊȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɝǾ֪᭯ȾɛȶȹijȾȈา୫୳ျȉȻᛵጨȟڋɔ
³µ ɜɟɞȻȈɏȢɂǾา୫୳ျɂɰʔɸȳȉȻȗșᝣɒȟȬɞɁȺȕɞǿȦɁɛ șȽ֞ᝲȾɛɞᝲျढࣻɥᆬȾްȬɞȦȻȺǾ۹റȽʛʳʟʶ˂ʄȾɛȶȹᝢ ȨɟȹȗȲȟɜȞȾȽȶȲȻȗțɞǿ ²®³ᴫɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂґ᭒ȾȝȤɞஓటȻᔐɁᢎȻȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁͱᏚȸȤ ǽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂஓట࿑Ɂး៎ȻȪȹɢɟȹȗɞȟǾɽʞʯʳ୫ȾȝȗȹȼɁ ɛșȾґ᭒ȨɟȹȗɞɁȞᔐȻᢎȪȹɒɛșǿȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗ șढࣻɁɽʞʯʳ୫ɁˢሗȺȕɝǾɽʞʯʳ୫ɂഫ୫Ɂ˹Ⱥɕ࿑යȽॴɥધȷഫ୫ ȻȪȹɢɟǾ֞ᝲɗႊᝲɁᜊཟȞɜឰᝲȨɟȹȗɞǿɽʞʯʳ୫ȻɂǾᔐȈᴾ éó ᴿȉǾஓటȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗșढࣻɁ୫ȺȕɝǾ۾ȠȢඒɁᴯȷɁढࣻȾґȞɟɞǿ ¨¶©ǽɽʞʯʳ୫Ȉᴾ éó ᴿȉᴷᴾǾᴿɂջբ ᵞᴫÁîî éó á èáððù çéòì® ᵟᴫ܀ɂ۾ޙႆȳǿ ¨·©ǽໄɽʞʯʳ୫Ȉᴾ éó ᴿȉᴷᴾɂջբǾᴿɂढ߁ɑȲɂढ߁բ ᵞᴫÊïèî éó ëéîä® ᵟᴫयɁᐎțɂ࿑ȳǿ ǽаᚐᆅሱȾȝȤɞᔐȻஓటɁɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂ͍᚜ᄑȽґ᭒ȻȪȹǾÄåãìåòãë ᴥ±¹¸¸ᴦȻᛴࠞᴥ²°°³ᴦȾɛɞґ᭒ɥඒɁ᚜ȾɑȻɔǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟȼɁʉɮʡȾᝉ छȬɞɁȞɥȹɒɛșǿ ¨¸©ǽÄåãìåòã먱¹¸¸© Ⱦɛɞɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂґ᭒ ᵞᴫÓðåãéæéãáôéïîáì óåîôåîãåó ᴥް୫ᴦ ǽǽÔèå âáîë òïââåò éó Êïèî Ôèïíáó® ᵟᴫÐòåäéãáôéïîáì óåîôåîãåó ᴥް୫ᴦ ǽǽÊïèî éó á ôåáãèåò® ᵠᴫÄåóãòéðôéïîáììùÉäåîôéæùéîç óåîôåîãåó ᴥᜤᣖᄑպް୫ᴦ ǽǽ×èï§ó ôèáô íáî¿ Ôèáô íáî éó Êïèî§ó âòïôèåò® ᵡᴫÉäåîôéôù óôáôåíåîôó ᴥպް୫ᴦ ǽǽÔèå íïòîéîç óôáò éó ôèå åöåîéîç óôáò® ᵢᴫÄåæéîéôéïîó ᴥްᏲ୫ᴦ ǽǽÁ íïôïò ãáò éó á öåèéãìå ôèáô èáó æïõò ÷èååìó áîä éó ðòïðåììåä âù áî éîôåòîáì ãïíâõóôéïî åîçéîå®
³¶ ¨¹©ǽᛴࠞ ¨²°°³© Ⱦɛɞɽʞʯʳ୫ґ᭒ ȈÁ ɂ  ȳȉ Ȉ ȟ Á ȳȉ ± ް୫ ȈȕȗȷɂᮗᲩȳȉ ² υᏚް୫ Ȉࢷ̜ɂႎ˹ȳȉ ް୫ Ȉႎ˹ȟࢷ̜ȳȉ ³ υᏚպް୫ ȈȦȗȷɂࠞႎరᩋɁඒ႒ȳȉ պް୫ ȈࠞႎరᩋɁඒ႒ȟȦȗȷȳȉ ´ υᏚպˢॴ୫ Ȉʂɷʵԩۢɂʙɮʓȳȉ պˢॴ୫ Ȉʙɮʓȟʂɷʵԩۢȳȉ µ ްᏲ୫ ȈᅓᇼԗᴥȻᴦɂᄻɁȝԗᐐȨɦɁȦȻȳȉ ¶ ૬ᇉ୫ Ȉ࿑ȾȝȬȬɔȽɁȟȦɁʹɮʽȺȬȉ ᴥᛴࠞᴥ²°°³ᴷ±²²ᴦ ǽᛴࠞ ¨²°°³© ɂṃɁґ᭒᚜ȾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɥֆɔȹȗȽȗȟǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɥɽʞʯ ʳ୫Ɂሗ᭒ɁɅȻȷȻȪȹᜤᣖȪǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟஓటɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂް୫Ⱥȕɞ ȦȻɥ˿एȪȹȗɞǿԴȴǾҰᬱᴾɁϏɥऻᬱᴿȺްȬɞɁȺɂȽȢǾऻᬱᴿɂॴ ˁࠖॴᜤᣖȺȕɞȻȬɞǿɑȲǾȰɁ࿑ौȾȷȗȹ͏˩ɁɛșȾᣖɌȹȗɞǿǽ Ṅǽɰʔɸ୫ȈɏȢɂǾɰʔɸȳȉɂǾް୫ȺȕɝǾȰɁᄑ֞ᴥɰʔɸᝣɒᴦ ɂǾᴹɏȢɂǾᵘijɂɰʔɸȳᵚᴻȺȕɞǿȰȪȹǾɽʽʐɹʃʒȞɜǾႊᝲ ᄑȽᛃީͽȾɛȶȹijɁ˹ᡵȟᛃީȨɟɟɃǾȲȻțɃȈɏȢɂǾา୫୳ျɂ ɰʔɸȳȉȻȗșᜓȟीɜɟɞǿȦɟɂǾɰʔɸ୫Ɂᄉᝈȟͤțɞю߁ǾȬȽ ɢȴ᚜ȺȕȶȹǾɰʔɸ୫ᒲͶɁᄑ֞ȺɂȽȗǿ ᴥᛴࠞᴥ²°°³ᴦᴦ ް୫ɂǾÄåãìåòã먱¹¸¸© Ɂ ¨¸â©Ðòåäéãáôéïîáì óåîôåîãåó ȾᄾछȪǾᛴࠞᴥ²°°³ᴦɁ ްȻɌȹɕᄾᤏཟɂȽȗȻȗțɞǿȪȞȪǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁɛșȽ࿑ҝȽሗ᭒Ɂ ɽʞʯʳ୫ɂȶȹȗȽȗȲɔǾᔐȾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟސ٣ȬɞɁȞȼșȞჀץȺȕɞǿ ᴰᴫᔐɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂސ٣ȬɞɁȞ ǽҰᣖȪȲɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂґ᭒ȾɛɞȻǾᔐȾɂȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȾᄾछȬɞʉɮʡȟސ ٣ȮȭǾȦɟɑȺɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁаᚐᆅሱȾȝȗȹɕஓట࿑Ɂး៎ȻȪȹґ ȨɟȹȗɞȟǾᔐɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂᝓɔɜɟȽȗɁȺȕɠșȞǿࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴦȺɂ ᪨Ⱦɂ۶ّȾɕɜɟɞɕɁȺȕɞȻȪȹǾඒɁ˨ᴥ²°°°ᴦɁɥɝ˨ȥȹ ȗɞǿ
³· ṅǽา୫ɁֿɥᤆɦȺȠȲɰɱɮʒʶʃȟǾȼȴɜȟͷɥา୫ȪȲɁȞǾʐ˂ʠʵ ɁȻȦɠȺߵȪȲɔɜșᅨᩖȟȕȶȲǿȰɁǾɺʴ˂ʽʚɰʪଡ଼ૌɁᄉȪȲȦ ȻɃȟ ŻÉ§í æéóèżȺȕȶȲɁȺȕɞǿɂኂᐐȾȻȶȹɂǾȦɁሗɁȗɥ ឧȪȹᐝȾȪȲȻȗșɁɂȦɟȟқɔȹɁȦȻȺȕȶȲǿȪȞɕǾȰɟȟ̜ɕ ȕɠșȾး͍ᔐ୫ศɁ൏ݏȻȨɟȹȗɞ̷ȟՠȾȬɞɁɥᐨȤȲȻȗșɁȟǾɅ ȼȢݼȪȢȫɜɟȲǿ ᴥ˨ᴥ²°°°ᴷ³°³±ᴦᴦ ȦɟȻɎɏպറɁȾȷȗȹᣖɌȹȗɞɁȟ Èïææåòᴥ±¹·²ᴦȾɕɜɟɞǿÈïææåò ᴥ±¹·²ᴦɂǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȾȷȗȹǾஓటɁȈɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǿȉɂǾᔐȺɂŽÈå éó ôèå óðáçèåôô鮞 ȾᄾछȬɞȻȪȹȦɁ୫ȾȷȗȹඒɁɛșȾᣖɌȹȗɞǿ
ṆǽMost traditional classroom teachers of English would mark such a sentence as unacceptable in class; yet, most English speakers use the construction naturally and interpret it easily and without noticing any peculiarity as long as we are dealing with spoken English. The sentence could be heard in any restaurant. Consider a situation in which a waitress approaches a table with several dishes on her tray. This conversation might take place.
ǽWaitress: “Now, who is the veal parmesan and who is the spaghetti?” ǽPatronᴷ“I'm the veal; he’s the spaghetti.”
In different situations, sentence 15ii could refer to the cooker of the spaghetti,
an artist who drew a picture of spaghetti, a gourmet specializing in spaghetti, or any one of many other possibilities. The structure here is just one NP in an unspecified semantic relation to the other. The basic structure, then, can be fully accounted for by deriving it from the copular sentence pattern. In terms of basic sentence contrast, English and Japanese share this pattern.
ᴥHofferᴥ1972:221-222ᴦᴦ
ǽɑȲǾᗵటᴥ²°°²ᴦȺɂǾܝแᴥ±¹¹³ᴦȞɜᔐɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁɥȠҋȪȲ ɕɁɥඒɁɛșȾમȥȹȗɞéééǿ
ṇǽI am the coffee. ɁɛșȾ ôèå ɥ͇ȤȹșȦȻȟȺȠɞȪǾôèå ȽȪȺɕժᑤǿ ṈǽI am a cheese hamburger® ɂǾțɃʙʽʚ˂ɶ˂ࣆȺǾȗɠȗɠȽሗ᭒Ɂɕ
ɁɥɑȻɔȹ៳ȶȹȞɜǾȰɟȱɟȟา୫ȪȲɕɁȾґȤɞȻȠȽȼȾժᑤǿ ṉǽI'm the veal; he’s the spaghetti. ɂǾɰɱɮʒʶʃȟา୫Ɂֿɥʐ˂ʠʵȾધȶ
ȹȠȹȞɜǾᝤȟͷɥา୫ȪȲȞǾɥᐨȗȲȻȠɁኌțȻȪȹժᑤǿ ṊǽᴾᴷLet's see, sir. You're the black coffee with sugar?”
³¸ ᴿᴷRight.
ᵀᴷI'm the coffee with cream and sugar, Beetle.
ᴾᴷOkey.ᴥto ᵁᴦ Then you must be the cream and sugar with no coffee, sir. ᵁᴷI don’t like your tone of voice.
ȦɟɂɬʫʴɵɁч႕Ⱥчᴾȟา୫ȨɟȲɽ˂ʜ˂ɥ˨ޮᴿᴩᵀᴩᵁȾᥓȶ ȹȗɞکᬂǿ ṋǽÁòå ùïõ á ãèéãëåî ïò á óôåáë¿ ɂǾൡю᭥ɥᥓɝȽȟɜ̋ȾᐨȢکնȾժᑤǿ Ṍǽ×èáô ùïõ ÷áîô éó Íéóóéîç ðåòóïîó® ɧí Èïíéãéäå® ȦɟɂȈҗ̜ɽʷʽʦȉɁˢኮȺǾឬߔᏜȾ఼Ȳ̷Ⱦҗ̜ȟȈᚐ˪િ౼ᝥ ɋᚐȶȹ˩ȨȗǿȦȦɂ̷ᝥȺȬȉȻȗș֞ɁȦȻɥȶȹȗɞکᬂǿ ᴥܝแᴥ±¹¹³ᴷ²´·²µ²ᴦᴦ ȨɜȾǾȰɁͅɁᔐɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁ̜ȻȪȹǾߴࡀᴥ±¹¹¸ᴦǾᦣజᴥ²°°°ᴦǾᯚ ൞ᴥ±¹¹²ᴦɥɝ˨ȥǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁΈႊکᬂɗʃʒʶʃɥଊȪȹȗɞǿ ṍǽɧí ãïææåå® ɂȈɏȢɂɽ˂ʜ˂ɥ᭬ɓȉȻȗș͍ɢɝɁ᚜းȻȪȹժᑤȺȕɞǾ ʃʒʶʃɂ ãïææåå ȾȺɂȽȢǾÉ ȾᏚȞȽȗȻȗȤȽȗǾȪȞɕᛓୣɁ̷Ȳȴȟ Ȱɟȱɟา୫ȬɞکնȻȞǾɰɲɮʒʶʃȟา୫ֿɥʐ˂ʠʵȾધȶȹ఼ȹȞɜ ȟᒲґɁᭅɦȳɕɁɥɕɜșکնȾȪȞΈțȽȗǾȻᣖɌȹȗɞǿ ᴥߴࡀᴥ±¹¹¸º±·¸±¸³ᴦᴦ ṎǽÉ áí îïïäìåó® ȟȈᇹɂᗆᲶɥ᭥ɌɞȉɁ֞ȺժᑤȳȻȪȲ˨ȺǾʃʒʶʃɂ îïïäìåó ȺɂȽȢ É ȾᏚȞȽȗȻǾȈᇹᒲᡵȟᗆᲶȺȕɞȉȾȽȶȹȪɑșǾȻ ߴࡀᴥ±¹¹¸ᴦȻպȫʃʒʶʃɁᏚȠɥ˿एȪȹȗɞǿ ᴥᦣజᴥ²°°°º³°³±ᴦᴦ ᯚ൞ᴥ±¹¹²ᴦɂǾȈȦɟᴥȊɏȢɂɰʔɸȳȋᴦȾ᭒ȪȲȗȟǾᛴูɁȊ͍᚜ȋ ȻȪȹȊᝲျᄑȽȋȻȨɟɞɜȪȗᔐȾɕȕɞǿȉȻȪȹǾR. Quirk et al: ᴾ Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (Longman, 1985) Ⱥɝ˨ȥɜ ɟȹȗɞ͏˩Ɂɥጳ̿Ȫȹȗɞǿ
Quirk et al (1985) Ɂ ǽᵞᴫAre you cosmetics? ǽᵟᴫAre you 103?
ǽᴥ²±áᴦɂțɃǾʑʛ˂ʒɁۨɝکȺȈȦȦɂᴥȝɕȴɖᚽֿ᭰ȺɂȽȢȹᴦ ԇዶֿɥȶȹȗɑȬȞȉȻࣆ׆ȾᐨȢکնȾժᑤǾȻȪȹȗɞǿ¨²±â© ɂǾʥ ʐʵɁࠎႭհɥᐨȢکնȾǾȈȕȽȲɁࠎɂᴥ±°´ հȺɂȽȢȹᴦ±°³ հ ȺȬȞȉȻȗș֞ȺժᑤǾȻȪȹȗɞǿ
³¹ ǽǽȽȝǾՁᕻȾɂȦɁͅȾඒɁȟҋȹȗɞǿ ǽᵠᴫÁòå ùïõ ãèõòãè ïò ãèáðåì¿ ȦɟɂȈȕȽȲɂᔐّّଡ଼͢ᴥôèå Ãèõòãè ïæ ÅîçìáîäᴦɁʫʽʚ˂ȺȬȞǿȰɟȻɕǾ ᔐّّଡ଼͢͏۶Ɂଡ଼͢Ɂʫʽʚ˂ᴥîïîãïîæïòíéóôᴦȺȬȞȉȻȗș֞ȺȕɞǾȻ Ɂ ᝢ ȟ ȕ ɞǿ ɑ ȲǾ¨²±á© Ɂ ک ն ɂǾÁòå ùïõ óåììéîç ãïóíåôéãó¿ Ɂ ᣖ ґ Ɂ óåììéîç ȟᅁႩȨɟȲढᴥá ãïíðòåóóåä æïòí ïæ ôèå ðòåäéãáôéïîᴦȺȕɝǾ¨²±â© Ȼ ¨²±ã© ȾȷȗȹɂǾढ߁ᄑႊศȻᐎțɜɟɞǾȻᜓᝢȨɟȹȗɞǿ ᯚ൞ᴥ±¹¹²º²ᴦ ȦɟɜɁȞɜᔐȾɕஓటȻպറȽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟȕɞȻްȬɞȦȻɂ˪ժᑤ ȺȕɞȟǾŽᴾǽÂÅǽᴿžɁᴾȻᴿɁᩜΡȾȷȗȹȷɁцᣮཟɥҋȬȦȻȟȺȠɞǿ ǽḧᴾᴷา୫ȪȲ̷ǽᴿᴷา୫ȪȲ࿎ȟᤆɃɟȹȠȲȾᴾȟՙȤɞ࿎éö Ḩ Áᴷ˿ͶȻȽɞ̷ǽᴿᴷᴾȟࠖȪȹȗɞک ¨²²© ḧȻ ¨²²© ḨȾцᣮȾɜɟɞɛșȾǾȈᴾ ¯ ᴿȟᴿ ¯ ᴾɥȪȹȗɞȉȻȗș ᩜΡȟȬɞȦȻȟɜȞȺȕɝǾÁ Ȼ  ȾˢްɁᩜΡȟȬɞکնȾŽᴾ ÂÅ ᴿžȟȬɞȻ͑ްȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞɁȞǾȻȗșȲȽჀץȟႆȫɞǿ ᴱᴫႊᝲᄑґȻʫʒʕʩ˂ґ ǽ²®² ȺȹȠȲɛșȾǾ˧˨ᴥ±¹µ³ᴦȾɛɞȈᴾɁᵕɂᴿȳǿƣǽᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗ ș֞ഫᣲɁᅁႩґᴥᵕᴦɥǾᴾȾᝣɒᣅɓᤈሌɂǾ̢̾ˁᛴࠞᴥ²°±²ᴦȺ֪᭯Ȼ ȗșႊᝲᄑͽȾɛɞɕɁȺȕɞȻ૬ಘȨɟȲȟǾႊᝲᄑȽɬʡʷ˂ʋȞɜɂȼ ɁɛșȾґȨɟȹȗɞɁȳɠșȞǿɑȲǾᔐɁȞɜҋȨɟȲᴾȻᴿɁᩜΡȾ ཱིཟɥछȹȲґǾԴȴᴾȻᴿȟʫʒʕʩ˂ȺȕɞȻȬɞɬʡʷ˂ʋȞɜɂȼɁɛș ȾґȨɟȹȗɞɁȳɠșȞǿ ´®±ᴫႊᝲᄑґ ǽ˨ᴥ±¹¸±ᴦɂȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɥکျᝲɁکȺસțǾȈɏȢɂɰʔɸȳȉɁȈȳȉ ɥȈȺȕɞȉȾґᜓȪǾȈȺȕɞȉɁȈȺȉɂکᄑˁᩖᄑᣋᩜΡɥ᚜ȪǾȈȕɞȉ ɂސ٣ɥ᚜ȬǾȻ˿एȪȹȗɞǿȈպˢᩜΡȉǾȈӿֆᩜΡȉǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁȗȭɟɁȈᵖ ɂᵕȳȉഫ୫ɕȈᣋᩜΡȉɥ᚜ȪǾᣋᩜΡɥ ×ÉÔÈǾސ٣ɥ ÂÅ Ȼ᚜ᇉȬɞȻǾȈᵖ ÂÅ ×ÉÔÈ ᵕȉɁɛșȽഫᣲɥધȷȻȪȹǾȈʦɹȉȻȈɰʔɸȉȻȗșߦ៎ɁᩖȾ ȕɞሗɁᣋɁᩜΡᴥͷɜȞɁ߈ȽᩜΡᴦȟȕɞȦȻɥ᚜ȬǿȦɁᣋᩜΡɂǾɽ ʽʐɹʃʒȾɛȶȹщးԇȨɟǾȈɏȢɁา୫ȪȲɁɕɁᴬᦍȶȲɕɁᴬ૫ȗȲɕɁ ᴬඕȪȗɕɁኄɂǾɰʔɸȳȉȻȗșȦȻȾȽɞᴥ˨ᴥ±¹¸±ᴷ³¶³·ᴦᴦǿ
´° ǽ̢̾ˁᛴࠞᴥ²°±²ᴦȺɂǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁ֞ᜓȾɂ֪᭯Ȼȗșႊᝲͽȟ॒ ᛵȺȕɞȻȪȹȗɞȟǾ˨Ɂ˿एȬɞȈɏȢ ÂÅ ×ÉÔÈ ɰʔɸȉȻȗșᝲျढࣻ ɥژᇀȾȼɦȽȾႊᝲᄑͽɥᤛႊȪȲȻȦɠȺ ²®² Ɂ ¨ © ɁɛșȽюᄑഫᣲɥધ ȷɰʔɸᝣɒɁɥीɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗȻ੧ҜȪȹȗɞᴥ̢̾ˁᛴࠞᴥ²°±²ᴷ ²´·ᴦᴦǿ ǽɑȲǾᯚటᴥ±¹¹¶ᴦɂȈɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǿȉɁȈɏȢȉȻȈɰʔɸȉɁᩜΡȾȷȗȹǾ ȈɏȢȉȻȈɰʔɸȉɁᩖȾպˢᇉᩜΡɥްȪȲɝǾȈɏȢȉɥȈᴹɰʔɸᴻöȉ ȻȗșɹʳʃɁ׆ȳȻްȬɞȻǾȈɏȢȉȻȈɰʔɸȉɑȲɂȈᴹɰʔɸᴻȉɁ ᩖȾպˢᩜΡɑȲɂӿଈᩜΡȟȕɞȻસțɜɟǾȰɟɜɁᩜΡȟʑʟɳʵʒȺȕɞȻ ᐎțȹȗɞǿɑȲǾȦɁᩜΡɥȈᩜΡᵏȉȻȪǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁႊᝲᄑґɁፀᝲ ɥඒɁɛșȾᣖɌȹȗɞǿ ǽȈÁ ɂ  ȳȉढࣻɁᄉᝈȺǾᴾȻᴿȻȟպˢᩜΡɗӿଈᩜΡȾȕɞȻȗșʑʟɳ ʵʒᜓȟɷʭʽʅʵȨɟɞȻȠǾȦɁᄉᝈȟӛȽ୫ᑩӛɥɕȷȲɔȾɂǾ ᴾȻᴿȻɁᩖɁ̝ᬱᩜΡᵏȾȷȗȹǾˢඬаȾɔȲ୫ᑩᝲȟ॒ᛵȺȕɝǾȰ ɁᝲӛɂǾ̝ᬱᣖɁ Ð ȾɛȶȹᇉȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞǿȈɏȢɂɰʔɸȳǿȉ ɁаᚐᆅሱɁ۹ȢȾᄊکȪȲǾȈ᭥ɌɞȉȈา୫ȬɞȉȽȼɁӦɂǾᝲɥ ᇉȬɞᴥȬȽɢȴǾᜓɥᜤ᧸ȬɞᴦȻȗșमҾɥઆȶȲɕɁȳȶȲɁȺȕɞǿ ᴥᯚటᴥ±¹¹¶º´±´ᴦᴦ ȦɁɛșȾǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁ֞ᜓȾɂႊᝲᄑͽȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞȦȻɂɜȞȺ ȕɞȟǾႊᝲᄑґȾȝȗȹǾȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȾȝȤɞᴾȻᴿɁᩜΡॴɥщးԇȨȮ ɞȦȻɕ॒ᛵȺȕɞȦȻȟᇉȨɟȹȗɞǿȨɜȾǾȰɁᩜΡॴȾȷȗȹǾᣋᩜΡɗ ӿଈᩜΡɂʫʒʕʩ˂ᩜΡȺȕɞȻɕȗțɞȦȻȞɜǾʫʒʕʩ˂ȾɛɞґȾȷȗ ȹɕȹȗȢȦȻȾȬɞǿ ´®²ᴫʫʒʕʩ˂Ⱦɛɞґ ǽࠞᴥ±¹¸¸ᴦɂǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉᒲͶɥȈࢿȗ֞ȺɁ૰ȽȗȪɂʫʒʕʩ˂Ɂˢ ሗȻɒȽȬȉᴥࠞᴥ±¹¸¸º±²±ᴦᴦȻસțǾȈץᭉɁᚐའɁ॒ᛵస͔ɁˢґȳȤɥ᚜ းȬɞȦȻȾɛɝǾץᭉɁΗᭅᚐའȰɁɕɁɥͤțɞȉᴥࠞᴥ±¹¸¸º±±¸ᴦᴦȻᝢȪ ȹȗɞǿȷɑɝǾȈᚐའɁ॒ᛵస͔ɁˢґȉȺȈΗᭅᚐའȉпͶɥ᚜ȬȻȗșᴹ ґźпͶᴻɁ૰ɑȲɂʫʒʕʩ˂ᩜΡȺȕɞȻȗ૰țɞȦȻȟȺȠɞǿȪȞȪǾ Ȧɟɂ୫ᒲͶɁȦȻȺȕɝǾȈÁ ɂ  ȳȉȻȗșȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁᴾȻᴿɁᩜΡȺɂȽȗǿ ȰȦȺǾȈᣵፀʫʒʕʩ˂ȉȻȪȹɁґɥ૬ಘȪȹȗɞࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴦɁґɥȹ ɒɛșǿ ǽࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴦȺɂǾʫʒʕʩ˂ɥȈ᪬ॴᴥãïîôéçõéôùᴦȾɛɞᢆᏲȉȻȪȹǾȈ୫ ޏ ᣮ ɝ Ɂ ֞ᴥìéôåòáì íåáîéîçᴦȉ ɥ ʇ ˂ ʃǾȈ َ Ȩ ɟ Ȳ ֞ᴥéîôåîäåä íåáîéîçᴦȉɥʉ˂ɼʍʒȻ֣ɆǾᢆᏲɁᤈሌɥᵘʇ˂ʃơʉ˂ɼʍʒᵚȻᇉȪȹȗɞǿ
´± țɃඒɁ ¨²´© ɁȻȝɝȺȕɞǿ ǽ᭛ȟوȶȹȗɞǿǽᵘпͶǽơǽґᵚ ȦɁکնǾȈ᭛ȻᏹಏȉȻȗșᩜΡɂȈ᭛ȉȾట఼ᄑȾ϶ɢȶȹȗɞȈпͶȻґȉ ȻȗșᩜΡȺȕɞȟǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁکնȾɂඒɁɛșȾȈᩜᣵകॡȉɥΈȶȹᇉȬǿ ǽɏȢɂșȽȡȳǿǽᵘ˿Ͷǽơǽᩜᣵകॡᵚ Ɂ୫ȾȝȗȹȈɏȢᴹา୫୳ျᴻșȽȡȉɁɛșȽȈ˿ᴹ֞ᄑᣵፀґᴻᣖ ջȉȻȗș֞ᄑᩜΡɥ͑ްȪǾᣖȻɁᩜɢɝȾȝȗȹɁɒ֞ȟȴ᚜ɟɞ ʉ˂ɼʍʒɁ̿٣Ⱦɛȶȹʇ˂ʃȻᣖȟᣵፀȨɟɞʉɮʡɁʫʒʕʩ˂ɥȈᣵፀʫ ʒʕʩ˂ȉȻްᏲȪȹȗɞǿȰȪȹǾȈᣵፀʫʒʕʩ˂ȉɁ֞Ɂ̝ഫᣲȾȷȗȹǾ ͏˩ɁɛșȾɑȻɔȹȗɞǿ ǽ᚜းȻȪȹɁͤᤎю߁ɂǾᴥછएȨɟȲᴦߦ៎ȈпͶȉȻȈᣖջȉȻ ɁȈߦ ख़ᩜΡȉɁ՚ᣖȺȕɞǿȪȞȪǾᣖȻᄽᩜΡȬɞɁɂȈґȉȻȪȹɁȈᩜ ᣵകॡȉȺȕɞǿ ᴥࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴷ±³³ᴦᴦ ȦɁɛșȽްᏲȸȤȾژȸȗȹǾɰʔɸ୫ɂȈʇ˂ʃơʉ˂ɼʍʒȉȟȈᴹ˿Ͷǁᩜ ᣵകॡǂᴻơᩜᣵകॡȉȻȪȹᇉȨɟɞȈᣵፀʫʒʕʩ˂ȉȺȕɞȻґȪǾඒɁ ୫ȾȝȗȹǾɽʽʐɹʃʒȾɛȶȹщးԇȨɟɞȈᩜᣵകॡȉɁɥȈǽȉюȾᇉȪ ȹȗɞǿ ǽᵞᴫրɂȞɢȗȗᄻȳȽǿǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽȈᡵͶґȉ ǽᵟᴫᔐ͢ᝈɂɗɞȺȬǿǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽȈ॒ᛵȽ࿑ॴȉ ǽᵠᴫȕɁᓨɂ˪ႊȳȶȲǿǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽȈᇉȪȹȗɞю߁ȉ ǽᵡᴫࢳɥȻȶȹɁᜆޔᚐɂɗȶɄɝȝހȨɦɀǿǽȈᚐའɁщးᐐȉ ǽᵢᴫᆀɂငȺǾᱤ۶ɂ᪼ȳǿǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽȈȶȲߦ៎ȉ ᴥࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴷ±³¶ᴦᴦ ˨ᜤɁ୫Ɂ˩፷ɁȈᩜᣵകॡȉɂɽʽʐɹʃʒȾɛȶȹщးԇȨɟȹ֞ᜓȨ ɟɞȦȻȾȽɞɁȺȕɞǿፀᝲȻȪȹǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁᝓᅺʫɵʕʄʪȾȷȗȹඒɁ ɛșȾɑȻɔȹȗɞǿ ǽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁ᚜းȻȪȹɁͤᤎю߁ɂǾȈ˿ȉȻȈᣖջȉȻɁȈߦख़ ᩜΡȉɁ՚ᣖȺȕɞȟǾᣖȻᄽᩜΡȬɞɁɂȈᩜᣵകॡȉȺȕɞȻȗș֞
´² Ɂ̝ഫᣲȟȕɝǾȦɁȈᩜᣵകॡȉɂ୫ᑩȾɛȶȹщͶԇȨɟɞǿȦɟȟǾᣵ ፀʫʒʕʩ˂ȻȪȹɁȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɁᝓᅺʫɵʕʄʪȺȕɞǿ ᴥࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴷ±³·ᴦᴦ ʫʒʕʩ˂ɁᇉᩜΡɂ៎ᄑȽɕɁȻщͶᄑȽɕɁɥፀɆȷȤɞȻɕᝲȫɜɟȹȗ ɞȟǾࠞటᴥ²°°¶ᴦȾɛɞȈᩜᣵകॡȉȻȗșґɂǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉюɁᴾȻᴿɁᩜ ΡॴȻǾȼȦȞɜȼȦɑȺɥȈᣋᩜΡȉȻસțɞɁȞȻȗșჀץȾᩜȪȹܵछॴɁ ȕɞ૬ಘȺȕɞȻȗțɞȺȕɠșǿȲȳȪǾҰኮɁႊᝲᄑґȾȝȗȹɕଊȨɟ ȲɛșȾǾʫʒʕʩ˂ґȾȝȗȹɕǾ̢̾ˁᛴࠞᴥ²°±²ᴦɁ˿एȬɞɛșȽ֞ᝲ ᄑюഫᣲɂްȪȹȝɜȭǾ࿑ȾஓటȾȝȗȹɂᭉᄻӒȈɂȉɁൡᑤöéȾɕา ᄻȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞȻᐎțɜɟɞȲɔǾᝲျढࣻȾȷȗȹȼɁɛșȾᐎțɞɁȞȻȗș Ⴠץȟරɞǿ ǽȪȞȪǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȳȤȾ᪅ɜȭǾȕɞ୫ȟͷɥ֞ȪȹȗɞɁȞȻȗș֞ᜓ ȾȝȤɞʫʒʕʩ˂ᄑȽျɂ॒ᛵ˪ժඑȺȕɞȻȗțɞȺȕɠșǿ ˁ̢˨ᴥ²°°¸ᴦ ȺᣖɌɜɟȹȗɞɥɕȶȹȰɁ॒ᛵॴɥᇉȬǿ ǽÔèåù ÷åòå ôïìä ôï åøðåãô ôèå ðòéíå íéîéóôåò áô ô÷åìöå ôèå îåøô äáù® Ðõîãôõáììù áô îïïî ôèå ãáò äòå÷ õð éî æòïîô ïæ ôèå Óôáôå Äåðáòôíåîô® ᴥयɜɂஓɁ ±² ȾᮐᄾɥशȷɛșȾɢɟȲǿȠȶȞɝ ±² ȾǾȟّө ᅁɁҰȾඨɑȶȲǿᴦ ȦɁ୫ȾɂǾȈȉᴥôèå ãáòᴦȟᮐᄾɥȬȻȬɞᜓȻǾȕɞʉɮʡɁʒ˂ɹʽȺ ȕɞȻȬɞᜓȟȕɞǿ୫ᓻျᝲɁᩖȺɂǾɑȳࢿኰȾʫʒʕʩ˂ȻȪȹᝓɔɜɟ ȹȗɞȻȗșɢȤȺɂȽȗȟǾȈȉȟᮐᄾɥȬȻᐎțɞȦȻɂǾɑȨȾʫʒʕʩ˂ ᄑျȾӦൡȸȤɜɟȹȗɞǿȈʙʪɿʽʓɮʍʋȟୈȗशȴȺɮʳɮʳȪȹȗɞȉ Ȼȗș୫ɥျᜓȬɞ˨ȺǾᐨȠਖ਼ȟᴹґᴪпͶᴻᩜΡɥᅺȶȹȗȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗ ɛșȾǾ˨Ɂ୫ȺɂǾȈȉȟᮐᄾȻɂͷɜȞɁ͍ఉᩜΡɥፀɦȺȗɞȻʫʒʕʩ˂ ᄑȾျȨɟɞǿᝈȪਖ਼ȟȰɁᄉᝈȾȝȗȹͷɥ֞ȪȹȗɞɁȞɥ͢ᝈȾȝȗȹ ᝲȬɞ˨ȺǾ۹ȢɁکնɂʫʒʕʩ˂ᄑျȟ˪ժඑȺȕɝǾʐɷʃʒɗᝬᝈျᜓȾ ȝȗȹፀశॴɥᯚɔɞᛵȽ̈́ጸɒȻȪȹǾȦɁɛșȾ۹ȢɁ̜ȺमҾɥȲȪȹ ȗɞɁȺȕɞǿ ᴥ ˁ̢˨ᴥ²°°¸ᴷ³´´³´µᴦᴦ ᴲᴫᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋɁ॒ᛵॴȻஓటȈɂȉɁ࿑ॴ ǽȦɟɑȺȹȠȲɛșȾǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂ࿑යȽ࿑ौɥȬɞ୫ȺȕɞȲɔǾȽȯ ȬɞȞȻȗș֞ഫᣲȻ֞ᜓɥᆬȾȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿˢԨጠȾțɞഫ ᣲȺȕɞȞɜȦȰǾ֞ᝲȞɜɁɬʡʷ˂ʋȾɛɝȰɁюഫᣲɥᜤᣖȪȹɽʞʯʳ ୫Ɂ˹ȺɁͱᏚȸȤɥᇉȬȦȻɂᛵȺȕɞǿȨɜȾǾ֞ᜓɁʡʷʅʃȾɂႊ ᝲͽȟ॒ᛵȺȕɝǾȰɁͽɁᝊጯґȾᩜȪȹʫʒʕʩ˂ȾɛɞґɕᄬȺȕ
´³ ɞȦȻȟаᚐᆅሱȞɜᇉȨɟȹȗɞǿȼȴɜɁɬʡʷ˂ʋȞɜɁґȾȝȗȹɕǾژ ࣄȻȽɞɽʞʯʳ୫ȞɜȼɁɛșȾ࿑යȽȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟȬɞȞȻȗșґȾɛȶ ȹܵछȽ૬ಘȟ߳ȞɟȹȗɞȦȻȞɜǾᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋȾɛɝǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɥʡ ʷʒʉɮʡȻȽɞɽʞʯʳ୫Ȟɜ์ႆȨɟȲഫ୫ȺȕɞȻȗșґɕ૬ಘȪȲȗǿȨ ɜȾǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟஓట࿑ȺȕɞȻްȺȠɞȞȼșȞɂቼᴰቛɁᔐɁɰʔ ɸ୫ȺჀץɥੵȥȞȤȲȻȝɝȺȕɞȟǾаᚐᆅሱɥျȪȹɒɞȻǾɜȞȾஓ టɁȟႆႇॴȟᯚȢǾȈȦɦȾɖȢɂ܀ɜȽȗǿȉɥ͍᚜ȻȬɞȈɽʽʕʭɹ୫ȉ Ȼ֣Ƀɟɞ୫ɑȺސ٣ȬɞǿȈɽʽʕʭɹ୫ȉȾᩜȪȹɂ̾ऻɁᝥᭉȻȪȹɑȲሟɥ ɔɞȦȻȾȬɞȟǾȦɟɜɁᑔȾɂஓటɁӒȈɂȉɁႊศȾɛɞफᬭȟᐎț ɜɟɞȻ૬ಘȬɞǿ µ®±ᴫᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋȾɛɞɽʞʯʳ୫ɵʐɾʴ˂ ǽаᚐᆅሱȾȝȤɞɽʞʯʳ୫Ɂґ᭒ȺᇉȨɟȲȻȝɝǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɥް୫Ɂˢ ȺȕɞȻ͑ްȪǾް୫ɥʡʷʒʉɮʡȻᐎțɞȻȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂȰɁ์ႆᄑȽ୫ ȺȕɞȻᐎțɜɟɞǿ٪Ձᴥ±¹¹°ᴦȺɂȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɂպް୫ȞɜमҾɥᅁႩȪǾʛ ʳʫ˂ʉȻϏȟරȶȲ୫ȺȕɞȻᇉȪȹȗɞȟǾᛴࠞᴥ²°°³ᴦȺɂް୫Ȼґ᭒Ȫȹ ȗɞǿ˵ᐐȾᅶᅀཟɂȕɞɕɁɁǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉɥґ᭒˨ɂɽʞʯʳ୫ɁɅȻȷɁʉ ɮʡȻȪȹȗɞཟȺǾᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋȾɛɝґ᭒ȨɟȲɽʞʯʳ୫ᩖȾȼɁɛșȽ ์ႆᩜΡȟȕɞɁȞɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȻᐎțɜɟɞǿщͶᄑȾɂǾȈᴾɂᴿȳȉȻȗ șɽʞʯʳ୫ɥޏᏲȼȝɝȈᴾᴺᴿȉȻȬɞᝲျढࣻȻ֞ᜓȟʡʷʒʉɮʡȻȽ ɝǾȰȦȞɜછएȾɛȶȹᛓୣɁʉɮʡɁɽʞʯʳ୫ȟႆȫȹȗɞȻᐎțɞǿɑȲǾ ᴾȻᴿɁջբȾᩜȪȹɕʫʒʕʩ˂Ⱦɛɞ֞છएȟɜɟɞȦȻȞɜǾ์ႆɁʡ ʷʅʃɥᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋȾɛȶȹґȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿቼ ´ ቛȺɝ˨ȥȲʫʒʕ ʩ˂ȾɛɞґȺɂǾᴾȻᴿɁᩜΡॴȾᩜȬɞછएȞɜȈᩜᣵകॡȉȻȗș૬ಘɥ ɝ˨ȥȲȟǾȦɁછएɂ୫ԨͱȾɕफᬭɥ˫țȹȗɞȻᐎțɞǿ´®² Ⱥɝ˨ȥȲᴯ ୫Ɂ࿎ढࣻȾɛɞ୫ቛɁᜓȾɕʫʒʕʩ˂ᄑᝲȟᩜ˫ȪȹȗɞȦȻɥᇉȪȲ ȟǾᛓୣɁ୫ɁᩖɁᩜΡॴɥґȬɞȲɔȾɂ୫ԨͱȺɁ֞છएɁժᑤॴɥᐎਁȪ ȹȗȢ॒ᛵȟȕɞȻᐎțɞǿȦɁɛșȽᜊཟȞɜǾɽʞʯʳ୫ɥɅȻȷɁɵʐɾʴ˂ ȻȪȹ์ႆᩜΡɥɞᝓᅺᄑɬʡʷ˂ʋɥӏțɞȦȻȾɛȶȹɅȻȷɁ୫ȺɂȽȢᛓ ୣɁ୫Ȟɜɝȷ୫ቛɁᜓȾȝȤɞґժᑤॴȟఙशȺȠɞǿ ǽɑȲǾʫʒʕʩ˂᚜းɁѿျȾȷȗȹǾ ˁ̢˨ᴥ²°°¸ᴦȺɂǾȈɲʳ˂ᛃީʬʑ ʵᴥåòòïò òåãïöåòù íïäåìᴦȉȻȈպѿျʬʑʵᴥãïîãõòòåîô ðòïãåóóéîç íïäåìᴦȉ Ɂ ² ȷɁศȟȕɞȻᝲȫɜɟȹȗɞǿȈɲʳ˂ᛃީʬʑʵȉȺɂǾৼᄑȽ֞Ⱥ ɂ ș ɑ Ȣ ȗ Ȟ Ƚ ȗ Ȧ Ȼ ȟ ɢ Ȟ ȶ ȹ Ȟ ɜ ֞ Ɂ Ӂ ᣲ ȟ ܿ ɔ ɜ ɟǾȈ ᅊ ॴ Ɂ у ျ ᴥíáøéíó ïæ ôòõôèæõìîåóóᴦȉȾᤏՕȬɞȻျᜓȪȲऻȺᄑȽᜓɁ॒ᛵॴɥ ឧȬɞᴥ ˁ̢˨ᴥ²°°¸º³µ¹³¶°ᴦᴦǿˢǾȈպѿျʬʑʵȉȺɂǾȈᄑ֞ȟ ᆬްȬɞ᪨Ⱦɂ֞ɁӁᣲȻ֞ɁᤣɁѿျȟպȾǾȝȰɜȢɂ̠ȗȾቧ̚ȪȽ ȟɜЄȗȹȗɞȉᴥ ˁ̢˨ᴥ²°°¸º³¶°ᴦᴦǿȰȪȹǾȦɁᴯȷɁ͑ᝢɥ᮷Ⱦɛȶȹ
´´ ೫ᜳȪȲፀǾʫʒʕʩ˂᚜းɥᜓȪȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗю߁Ɂ୫ቛȾߦȬɞᝣᜓ ᩖȟպȫȳȶȲȦȻȞɜǾɲʳ˂ɁᛃީȟᚐɢɟȹȗɞɁȺɂȽȢǾȕɞբɁ֞Ɂ ӁᣲȻᤣȟպȾᚐɢɟȹȗɞȻᐎțɜɟɞȻ߳ȗȹȗɞǿȦɁɛșȾǾᝓᅺʶʣ ʵȺᚐɢɟȹȗɞѿျɥ೫ᜳȬɞȦȻȾɛȶȹᛓ᫆Ⱦțɞʫʒʕʩ˂ɥᅨȾȼɁ ɛșȾᜓȪȹȗɞɁȞᜓȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ µ®²ᴫஓటȈɂȉɁ࿑ॴ ǽஓటɁӒȈɂȉɂǾˢᓐᄑȾ˿ᭉɗߦɥ᚜ȬӒȻȪȹᅺɜɟȹȗɞǿ Ëõîïᴥ±¹·³ᴦ ɂǾȈ ɂ ȉ ɂǾ ᝬ ᝈ Ɂ ˹ ȺȈ ྃ ख़ˁ ̙ ລ ժ ᑤ Ƚ ষ ڨᴥáîáðèïòéã éîæïòíáôéïîᴦȉǾɑȲɂǾྃख़ˁ̙ລɥ॒ᛵȻȪȽȗȈ፱ለջբᴥçåîåòéã îïõî ðèòáóåóᴦȉöééȾ͇᪢Ȭɞ᪨ȾȈ˿ᭉᴥôèåíåᴦȉɥ᚜ȬȻᣖɌǾȰɟ͏۶ɁষڨȾ͇ ᪢ȬɞکնɂȈߦᴥãïîôòáóôᴦȉɥ᚜ȬȦȻɥऐᝩȪȹȗɞǿɑȲǾҰᣖȪȲɛșȾǾ ᣮለȈɽʽʕʭɹ୫ȉȻ֣ɃɟɞʉɮʡɁɽʞʯʳ୫ɕȕɝǾඒɁɛșȾᣖɌɜɟȹ ȗɞǿ ǽȦɦȾɖȢɂ܀ɜȽȗǿ ɕȴɠɦǾȦɁ୫ȟץᭉȻȽɞɁɂǾȈ܀ɜȽȗȉɁȟȈȦɦȾɖȢȉȺɂȽȢǾ Ȱɟɥ᭥Ɍɞ̷ᩖറɁکնȺȕɞǿ ᴥᦂែᴥ²°°³ᴷ¸´ ᴦᴦ Ȉɽʽʕʭɹ୫ȉɕȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻպറɽʞʯʳ୫ɁˢሗȺȕɝǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȟȰ Ɂ˹ɁȈमҾȉɥᅁႩȪȲ୫ȺȕɞȻȬɞȻǾȈɽʽʕʭɹ୫ȉɂȈࠖॴȉȟᅁႩȨ ɟȲ୫ȺȕɞȻȗțɞǿ֞ᜓȻȪȹȈȦɦȾɖȢɂ܀ɜȽȗᴥ᭥ֿȳᴦǿȉȻᐎț ɜɟɞɛșȾǾȈɽʽʕʭɹȉȻȈ᭥ֿȉɁᩜΡȾȈґȉȻȈпͶȉȻȗșᩜΡȟ ɝȴǾȰɁ࿁ȺȕɞȈ᭥ֿȳȉȻȗșґȟᅁႩȨɟȹȗɞȻȗșȦȻɕȗț ɞöéééǿȦɟɂǾ֞ᜓɁᜊཟȞɜɂȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻцᣮཟȟȕɞȻᐎțɜɟɞȟǾ ढࣻᄑȽᜊཟȞɜɂȈᵻȳȉɁґȟᅁႩȨɟȹȗɞȲɔǾȈɰʔɸ୫ȉȻɁцᣮཟ ɂȈɂȉȺȕɝǾȦɟȾཱིཟɥछȹɞȦȻȾɛȶȹஓటɁ࿑ौɗᔐȻɁᄾᤏཟȟ ɜȞȾȽɞժᑤॴȟȕɞȻᐎțɞǿ ǽȨɜȾǾ֞ᜓȾɂႊᝲᄑґȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞȦȻɥ˿एȪȹȠȲȟǾஓటӒ ȈɂȉɂǾᝬᝈȾȝȗȹᄉᝈᭀȾးɟɞȦȻɕᜊߔȨɟȹȝɝǾᴥ˩ែᴥ²°±°ᴦǾ టᴥ²°±³ᴦᴦǿ ǽᴾᴷȕǽɛȶȴɖɦȨɦ ¶² ȨɦɂǽȼȴɜȾȝͳɑȗȺȬȞᴼ ᴿᴷ ɂ ǽߋۢࢍȺȬ ᴥటᴥ²°±³º³°ᴦᴦ ǽɁ  ɁʅʴʟɂᅁႩȨɟȹȗɞґɥᛃșȻǾȈͳɑȗɂߋۢࢍȺȬȉȻȈɛȶȴɖ
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