暗黒エネルギーの起源は何か
11
0
0
全文
(2) . . . . 371ῌ8530
(3) 580. e-mail: [email protected].
(4)
(5) '. !"#$%& . ()*+!, - ."#$%/01. 234 56789: 78. 9:; 70< =>?!, @ A12B C
(6) +!, - DE3
(7) F 56789: GH@IJKH, L MN A+ O PQR - 5 6789:12S TUVWX Y Z[\] O ^_`abTUcd O. ^_e f,!gh - i 56789:jklmncQo lp f,!MN TUqlrs56789:DH t auG v+ -. R R[E! G[4LMNOP. 1. . Q->& bE4! ?j&. 10 . !. ["#>4 . ?A?&gF LM. "# $%&'()(*+,-.-/01. [ m?A4! !XW! E. 23(. 4EY?"#[">yA! 1933 . ! "#4567 8 9:. ; <=>?@ABCDE4?F GH
(8) E!. %E GJ0$'<A?=F G< y. IJ"# 70K 0LMNOPQ->?RS. ALMNOPQ-4! 1998 ?2mX%o. TNOPQ-E='<A?&>?R>. P- . 0! '()(UV @AWX '<A. =. Y=F "#ZTNOPQ- 25K 4! LM. ropy Proble (WMAP) ¢ &"#&£'¤. [>?R! <B(=G\]0[E^. ¥(Wl3), 4)! "#¦)§¨'(). ! _`a[ bcdefg hi4 jkX 4K Cl?F m(. ! no. 4! j<j<pA?&qr0st 4"#u. 1), 2). G J 0 $ ' <. F G¡B! Wilkinson Microwave Anisot-. (©-.5) . ! LMNOPQ-J. 4*ªW<A?& b« 1 :¬gF R§¨:®&=w 4! "#0C. 4Ty<. ¯ #[ °+'<=[,±². ?mLMzE^&>:{|yA?&. J0³´E^&F noXW! 4LM. E^&F. [®&¦)§¨µ -yA?&>0. 2H:vwA?& Clk! x. LMNOPQ->4! }~ ?R>:. jX. ! < . [,±²¶z4! ·. B! @A"#: '& . LM[0·.>@A?&>0WX>. RNOPQ-E^. @=F LM[·/[,±²¡! L. ! cdef Ra. [E4 R[:B=?F G< y. MNOPQ-0LM[": ¸. ALM[>4! 0 0 E . ² 0¹! IJ º@=E^&F »!. 462. 12¼3. ! "#0. 2007 9 ¼.
(9) Y# 45 -./Z[\ []^- _`6abA 3 c- %dAe% fgh6)-ijZK3 k= `6 +,-./]^l mno 2007 2 pq Kabrs7) $/. # t6 ijZK3. 2.
(10) uvwxhyvw U z{ / ,. | %X} OP~[/3 l[% : B7/, % : ;<~[/ /3 k=:U. !#$% }. " #-/ # %#{ /3 # U. !:#" $ a -. > %&'( r ,# . 6K/7/3 ":
(11) ) H :X t *+-, Hῌa/a ª1. 6«¬ :78® : !¯9OP. k=6 : °+ {7/±²3 ³´ (WL) 45. µ¶ ·´ (WM) © , µ¶-73 WLῌ0.7, WMῌ0.25 k=¸y M ¹¶+$/º#$/3. - '( r H2. 8pG K r 2 3 a. (1).
(12) - l3 -w. 3 / K : )--A% K 0, K0, K0 KK 0: 1: :--73 WMAP J k=6.
(13) . :1 K: ¡ vw.
(14) . fx¢w6 £¤>6K/3 . !"#$% &' ()* +,-. # (1) K0 . ./01()-2/3 45 -67/ . 3H28pGr. (2). 89 :;<- =7/
(15) ># ?@ #. % :-. $/3 A45BACD/ :.
(16) ) (H) l[%:;<~/ZK/. EF
(17) -CD/ %GHIJ. -27/3. KLK" MN:O. K#¥ :-. /, (r) . /,l . P QRJSAN-T>/3 U.
(18) 3 , +,-34¦D/5A §¨. # 45#$/ VD. .LK/5 w $% , ©- p,. # W7/
(19) KL . '(- r A. : EF
(20) UX /3 » 100 ¼. »9q. 463.
(21) (3). wp/r. *y z{^ rV *|} ^ =>& MN* w".W %uHW]H.
(22) . ;_`I * ~(/. !"#. (Z.O& . $ w0 %& '() )*%& +,& w1/3 %. "(<% ! w61, =>& p6r ῌ 9$ 2 (4) H; r0 9(& r L"u. -!". /0 12. 8mMN!d^. 345 w61 7%89*:;. < =>& p % & ??*
(23) ".<@A9B * 5C( /0 12 w & . r D. r l9Epq. 2 (6) I 12 (2) #"V ^89& a D agt2/3(1Rw). (7). 9( ur" w61 8&MND. E(F<*GHIJ.K L. )hi (w1/3) agt 1/2, hi. MNO<. r, p P 129Q 2. ¨ (w0) agt2/3 9(& 9Wpn w (a. ῌ rR3H(rRp)0. (4). 0) ^ MN*}n wI^uv 2 (7) t $* 1 &s$<89 =>&. S 82 TUV V4pa /3 I<. 3. d(rV)6pdV. (5). 9WXY 88 d(rV) *WZ.<. *$%% !MN (w61) r * Luv2 (2) & H WL MN. [ \ D pdV *]^. ageHt. _`I" P 12 aD9$. (9). ee5 w^. ,b 1 c!d^89*?H /0 12 wp/r *e9$ 2 (4) fV$ . (8). w61/3. r D. 734H; * w61 &' %(BW .O& - 2 (7) MNI. rga63(1Rw). (6). ; 8& )hi (w1/3) rga64 hi (w0) rga63 . ".< ¡(¢(o wMNI^ ¢ ag(ts6t)2/3(1Rw). (10). D^ jkl*mk&Wno r. % ur" ts e%& t * ts 7£o. *pq^ 2 (5) O<. )*]. )< a *¤" +MN w,9¥,W. _`I^rY MN* [ .\ ">< . *¤^ 8¦§ ¨©ª ©« ¬$-$. pq*s$<H;%. 9Q .O& ®¯ °.¯ ±T ²(. w * 61 7< r. E*³¬$-H.<$ /´µ¶ ts MN. tZo&9D^ . ·0I¸ 8) w63/2 9$ ¦¹H. p IW=uv MN* w".W-*]. ;¨©ª ©«>µ¶O- 220 º'19. ^_` pdV % 89$2 (5) x . JVW;. 464. »2¼3. 2007 1 9 ¼.
(24) 3. ῐ. ΐ. ῑ. rvacῌmpl4ῌ1076 GeV4. w . (12). W>5 ?$ &@1), 2).
(25) . 5 10123 A5)@ >BC. . h (12) )@)*+,- . ! "# $%&'(. )*+,-./ 0123 . =}]0!_ ) DE5. 45
(26) 6 789:;<89 0&4. F$ ] '()*+,-0! #. =$ >2 789:;<89. W$ ]BC0& . ?"@ABC . >BC"_ 1r)*. 2DE& "FGH&. +,-"1]G$s_. >"H IJ K (KL0). HI2 JK L?/. & > M NO9P. M}<$ N/"O&P1r). I. *+,-" H _ # . $ Q K (!"V#W. &@ N/ 10 5Hs 11 /. XYZN9 [$\0&%] . 2 4 Cr r. 3 21 &^'0&. 3 C 1 Q¡H` . RS TU 3. !. # " _` H& > . RS"1]T$s¢H h. abcd"(b02 . ] ?RS"$sU£ #. 5H'()*+,-./ > L 2. _"_ ¤V"¥` . _. !# " _` L. Kachru ] 2W¦RS§9¨©. )@$ . ! * H 0 e10f42 GeV.
(27) "O $]GXY|ª"DZ_. )@$ h] . RS ¢$ P)*+. 2 g. )*+,-+ rLk . ,-"51r"_F«H9) . ij_ . 3H02 ῌ10f47 GeV4 8pG. (11). 2 l (2) "mno ?. "'()*+,-O 5£3¬ +¨O-<-[\ HI2 H5 1r 10100 ®A. ¯]$ . %,-p./ .q 0!H&. & _ )*+,-. 1r5 )*+,- 0!_. $1r^@&5H °. DE] & 2p1r $s. ±N/_ '()*+,-. 15 s 0!H2]t3. ²³H&sG´`a . u4"5_ 6v7w/` u 4)*+,- xy ]z 1r. 4. ῎῍῏ῌῒ. xy8)*+,- >H&9{":. >3µ )*+,-+ b
(28) H. @ 2p ;|2}<$ . wkf1 ?2 )*. A~)*+,-P-+2 O9P. +,-+ b
(29) _'()*+,-D¶50. -+ mple1019 GeV 2p3xy8)*+. !_ cEh PO-3"OD¶2 . ,-="j_. PO-3 r·8&PO-2 H&de y-¸9¹bih ºfb. g 100 ». g9¼. 465.
(30)
(31) . . ! " #$% & "'(. )* +,-./&0*1 +,.2 3 3 &4+, 56789:; 20. < +,=
(32) 0 >? #$% 3@ AB CDEF3GH Steinhardt I J KLM,#$% f ! NO98PQ9#R
(33) 10) NO9 8PQ9# ST:; U *V W X4 YZ[=\ ]2^_"`2 I0 Y 5 [=\ a" #$% 789:; V(f) &b J 789:;cd 3ed?Mf" g hijkl ]m. ¬2. AB KLM,#$% 789:; V(f) 0 NO98PQ9 # 789:;cd9· 0?3 y¸9¹ 789:; cdº»0?. no "!3p #$% 0]m qOrsPN# Jtu &v wx O9yz:{9 | 0}~. £Rp ]m no " 4M@_. M k &#$%. .£ 789:; V(f) 3jkl¤/ . 3 v 40 Steinhardt. &d M 3ed?M"g+0. I u&. Steinhardt I J +,789:; 0. 3d. !b 11), 12). (p|¥O¦ | V(f)§fn ¨© n. 0#$% f -"# `2 J ῌ r f f2/2 78 ῌ 9:; V(f) $ rf2/2V(f). ª« `2 ¨¬ 2 ®« ! | . %2I !0es9. V(f) w 3"0eqOrsPN#3. H " #$% %%9 ῌ 9 Lf2/2V(f) lIf89. AB |M °± 0#. Tmn ! &' Tmn῍mn p. 0!lI v ²560#. (rp)um un (( ) p 3 L " ῌ !3lM pf2/2V(f) %2I. ³ 78 j$"!3p. #$% *+, ῌ p f2/2V(f) w ῌ2 r f /2V(f). +M]m K!´ K-PQ (13). ῌ ! !lIbl+, f2/2. 131+M&2p?v 3 3¯ xlI]mx4 #$% |. $% &43@_ 1+M&2p. #$% 0 | f 9#µg |&13), 14) !. %. %993 #$% f f ῌ Xf2/2 ¶>. 3 V(f) -¡¢0p w 1 466. : ¼;. 2007 < 9 ¼.
(34) Lp(f, X). (14).
(35) pXV(f)
(36) .
(37) . ! "# p $ X %&. '( pX)X2/M4. (15). V(f) ῌ pV(f)῍ 1f2 , r ῍ 1fῌ2. (18). '(
(38) <6vwx9:
(39) ;,# ῌ wp/rf21. (19). ῌ !Q# f2=2/3 !6PF >"# ῌ f20 R' w1 '( Vvwx ' ,# { | } / $ f ) F 4 . *+ M ,-./01234 . V(f)e lf *"# + 9$.
(40) 5-./01,. L, (w0) 'F]
(41) ?. r2X. (p pX)3X2/M4 (X. (16). ' +6 '# 7819:
(42) ;, 4. w. p 1X/M 13X/M4 r. (17). ,-" "<"# {|}/$ f0 '# RS4! n <6Z.l UQ# cd-./01]$vwx'(. G/5! ',# :
(43) ;$ w1 9eE. !
(44) ;<6# 1/2=X/M =2/3 5 1. . =w=1/3 >?>@# A-./01B. 4 U
(45) ; (13) <6# V. CDEF$G'( # X/ M 1/2 ' w1 '( '#
(46) 5,H. 7819 5 w1 '( $# "A-. ῌ /01$0 f2/2 4L9*. I J:
(47) ; ! . + # w=1 $al
(48) 5# 9,. 4. 4. @5>$# w=1 L9. (15) ,# K1LMN OP . {|}/E (><12 . '(Q# p $RS4T X/M 1/2 . ? 3!a$]
(49) 4 2 . U # V7819WXYZ . 567 L9,85. [\ MN$]
(50) Q# ^
(51) '_&!H. ! 9 : '# ; ! $ / $ V 4 5 . `5]
(52) ?
(53) 5-./01. 17) "<"# '>K1LMN . , rM4/4 '(
(54) <6# abcd-./. 1t¡$*/< !h# ( . 15). 4. 3. eV
(55) . ¢',^!$/£='5 . '(P >D"
(56) 9e# HI f g. *kl ¤¥¦>$ w=1 G. hi $4<!
(57) <6# ^j">. /§"? ? # ^!¨©ª. pX)ce X !h*kl !U#
(58). @/)?'(« . 01 (11) ? ,# M10. lf. 2. X Im ,# n . o!. cd-./01¬# :. U p2"#I "a# q"$r%.
(59) ; w *,# '®¯> Q°. !',! . ! >@# ¦><6^ 4<±²'5. 2. n . U D-st1&u'a.
(60) $A " "<"ab¦>',# D^. vwx9 # K-- (14) yz. 6 ³i '5 t´/ ',. %!?
(61) $'5 y' H'# vwx. µE ! >D"# 7819! >. 9 f {|}/ V(f) "# ^~(. ',! $# ¶}·¸¹º OP 18). p -./01 r ,. pa/r :
(62) ;4 ,# ¦>. 16). B 100 ». B9¼. 467.
(63) DEFGHIQ_`$u Q(f) 4RS + TU _`. 7DEFGHI)19)4. "B 3$#v45 ,$_`Q$1 %wx!-y/
(64) &x$. z{| } '~ ,AB 8-" Q(f), +PT F(f) + Q B F(f)R $ P_`Q5 aP@(ZQ{+. 7 )*X4$@aP]AB3 F(f) L3. + Q"B ,$)$+ ,. DEFGHI$³´³P) $1G \ (A) + 3$ (B) @ C+ 3$$HGI41.
(65) nP- (wq1) %& '($.FGHI$/sQ04563 a1P,45 ,$- wq1 4A @a23P(`$'?4. . $520)-66. (ii) $ f(R) @$37P. 5. . !" 8~f :$94$:^ R .
(66) (2) . !" #$%&'(). /~ Y R Q 44;P qm/Rn (n0) ~ 8-" $/
(67). *$ + ,-". $/
(68) . 012,+)35 21), 22) ,¡Q8$-. 012,+3$4567 8 9. P(` @DE$RSQ$1+. $ :$;<=>?<@AB. ¢ :$%wxQ< . C+ ,4 DEFGHI$2J . 4¤7 B$4 =o> .. -. P ,Q5£ 23. + )35 KL 3 MNO P3$. ?¥@¦$§A ¨©@$a3. (i) %&'( f Q@RS+ T. ) . - ) f(R)RqL B:. U %&'VWH (ii) X$SQ. ,QTA6 24). $%&'Y R $ Z4[\ f(R) @. P . ªr«¬3 =P]4 ®¯$Y 7)25) °±²H- . P]45. (i) $4 %&'(Y R F(f)R. )26)P]³´³P)QCµ ;<. ab
(69) cH. =>?<AB$¶Q5³"$1. def g 'h'i;Q;. @aP]3+ 7 @$. <=>?<$^ j Xk ,Q4. C- )9 %· D . 1 7l. B $%¸H4$@$C$1E3¹. !" 8$. 1¶ DEFGHI$< ;<=>. ^4_`. m%n$- P ,$o. X4%&'( _` FGHI ˜ rm df d ˜ r p3H r ˜mQ(f)r ˜m dt ” dt ” m . 7+ 7l. t o 468. A. PQ. ?<$FE+ ºBA$¤» '~ (20). Q(f)qFf/2F 45" rs. X4$! + ,$ DE. $A3. P . 6.
(70) ¯ §AABDEFGHI$E J5¼K. 2007 L 9 ¼.
(71)
(72) . #$#\( )$}k DE. . "#$ 0#$#\
(73). dL !"#$% & H '. &'( !Lbbtu7 7. ( dL ) *' . P`a+,-.#$}_ H(z) . Ls )+,-.#/0123 F
(74) 4 dL 5Ls/. 0#$#\ d $}'(. (4pF) ) 67 % & H. (m N !b. ). k )$}c
(75) & . 2. 91. ῌ d ῍dL(z)ῑ῏ ῏ ΐ ῐ ῐ ῎dz ῎ 18z ῒῑ. H(z)5῍. (21). N -T P H(z) PO w z :l)k0#. ) :; z <
(76) =)>? . $#\k no ^'( Q . &3@#-AB a
(77) 4 18z5a0/a . cm Q?c*Pc. 67 Ca0 DE F GH7
(78) I J. 2 l w0 ) w1 w(z)5w08w1z . a K7 !L z MNOP% Q? z51. 0#$#\( c 27) w1. a DE 1998 . 30#e)N w(z) \(. z 1 R S . . +Q )]Q ?O z50 . % &DEROPTUVW. ;l w(z) 'k d c7. T! )X7 !. P w(z) 0#$#\]7 . 6). YZW
(79) 4DE&[\]Q . dcdc, l w0 ) w1 b no . ^ (2) _ `a+,-.# C rF b. ^ \vw - cPO d. PO`aY C rmF c]( . MN ). 28 T. % def/g#hij ^. 7 . 28 %/ w(z) . 3H258pG(r8rm). (22). )P rm DE (0) (0) 5rm (a/a0)935rm (18z)3. \efc P0#$#\]7 _% 2 l0#$#\ P. )k rm. P DE0RPT¡¢ w(z) \(. Q4 ^ (21). efc ) £# 4 . (0) rm.
(80) 4 H z :l)k 7 ? ^ (22)
(81) 4 r z :l)km
(82) 74 ^ (22) t k ^ (4) 4 ^ ῌ H594pG(r8p8rm). C¤ 4 ¥¦F d§ w591 &¨$} "#$
(83) 4©ª7 P $}%« . (23). ¤ 4
(84) 4m
(85) b w(z) \ ¬7 12®O w(z) l . ? p z :l)km
(86) .
(87) z T \(
(88) c& N P . k `a+,-.#no ^ w5p/r. ¯3tuP"#$
(89) 4 w(z) \°. pq \ z :l)kr )P .
(90) L ? `a+,-.#±²&¨. ck dL (z) "#$. stu . H(z) )d H(z) z :l)kvw. P )P% `a+,-.#$}"# )P³4c s|P´Q . m
(91) ? xyjz{$yj|!"# . c `a+,-.#µY. % `a+,-.#$}4 w ~% . )N z51,100 . r 7 k
(92) k H(z) z :l)k0. &5¶6· (CMB) ¸74¹º8d. 9 100 ». 99¼. 469.
(93) 4.
(94) -./ w G% ¥ZNO#HI28)$ W¦# 3 &§ ' w(z)5w0 ¨w1z 2 ]8]S4©ª«QG# w(z) ¬1#WI<¦I (1$ )® `8' *¯ 28 °±[28²D© ª«QG}+ ³´µ z50.2 ~43 (z50) 6 ¶· w(z) )G`^]#$. 5.
(95) -./ w ) [6 6 NOPQ `8H I5)$ ¸¹) w, º¹)3 ,z| ®1$ CMB WMAP # 1
(96) - PQ3)<.»^ 3
(97) -PQ4)¼ ]NO/ HI {^]#$ *2 Sloan Degital Sky Survey (SDSS) #?@j klmNOPQ5) J{#*< w ¬1#[¼]HI) 2^]#$.
(98) . mNO no?@pqῌrstDuv.
(99) . %wx1#rstD&(
(100) . . yzHI. !"#$ CMB %&. #
(101) '. {# {A |. ;8. () *'. 1$ }~NO4 z50.35 ~"#rst. +,
(102) -./ w 01. D&')[2^29) e2. #$ *2 34 z51,100 67 ) w .
(103) A ] . #89#$ ( Integrated Sachsῌ. ) 2#$ 5 w ) ]. Wolfe :;<=>2#(
(104) ). S4}~NOPQ `8-./. 1#<?@ A BCDEF
(105). HI w ) 1 ~. ) G 1 # 8 9 * 2 # H I ( J K #$. *<)K4#$ ?@ (w51) R" S w. WMAP L
(106) M# CMB NOPQR". 1 !( 0<`^ "#^]#$. S 2008
(107) 1 TUVWX Planck YZ. W( A D#
(108). #[\]NOPQ ]^ . HI Dr ]8.
(109) -./_`^ab H. ?@ i ]S($]NO). I. 3v#$ *2[6 6 NO¡;. "#*<)c #d $. ef4( ?@gh ijkl 470. !)#. ¢£K¤#*<
(110) yz 0*T . 2007
(111) 9 T.
(112)
(113) . . ΐ. w .4FEe!$. 7. ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍. ¡¢!£¤. . !". . ¥¦./ /!$ . j/0/\] TT§U+5. ^e. #$ %&'(%&)*. 4!$ 20 ¨©ª«\]i$ ¬. +, *-./0/ 1 23. Copeland ¤$ Mohammad Sami ¤. 45$ '( 6789 :;<. / /!$ 4 5 6®2¯.4FE. =>
(114) ? @A'( $ BCDE. e!$ Bruce A Bassett ¤$ Max Tegmark ¤. <+F$ ?FG 1 HI. 5¥¦./. J. ῒῑῐ. S45$ '(+T 5 U. VWX. Y. Z[. \] ^_4`$. ab 5.F# aBCDb ?Jc. de4?#f #? . 2,700 gP4? T. hF\]i . 5l$ 6 mnFo\] ?T N.4? qrqstu. jk. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6). p+ vw. S4?45$ . 7) 8). ?o#x.? 6y+$ o `?4 %\] ^e4?BCz i#$ {|\]in>|. }??. J~ 5e4? T p+$ }.+ 5hF \].
(115) 5l$ 6. .4FET p+?. z. `?4#$ f/!#'(. f . !"\]. $ VpW. `?4 "4!. . 6 |+,#P ? 6 . e!$ __. 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17). #K L gP!.? z . T + 5.?. 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23). » 100 ¼. #¦> ".. =$ 6#K L . M NO P QR%. Edmund. »9º. Riess A. J., et al., 1998, AJ 116, 1009 Perlmutter S., et al., 1999, ApJ 517, 565 Spergel D. N., et al., 2003, ApJS 148, 175 Spergel D. N., et al., 2006, ApJ, submitted Tegmark M., et al., 2006, Phys. Rev. D 74, 123507 Copeland E., Sami M,, Tsujikawa S., 2006, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 15, 1753 °± #$ ²³´µ$ ¶·$ 2007, oz ¸¹ 673 º Caldwell R. R., Kamionkowski M., Weinberg N. N., 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 071301 Kachru S., et al., 2003, Phys. Rev. D 68, 046005 Caldwell R. R., Dave R., Steinhardt P. J., 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1582 Fujii Y., 1982, Phys. Rev. D 26, 2580 Chiba T., Sugiyama N., Nakamura T., 1997, MNRAS L5 Chiba T., Okabe T., Yamaguchi M., 2000, Phys. Rev. D 62, 023511 Armenda ´riz-Pico ´n C., Mukhanov V., Steinhardt P. J., 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4438 Arkani-Hamed N., et al., 2004, JHEP 0405, 074 Sen A., 2002, JHEP 0204, 048 Cline J., Jeon S., Moore G., 2004, Phys. Rev. D 70, 043543 Kamenshchik A., Moschella U., Pasquier V., 2001, Phys. Lett. B 511, 265 Amendola L., 2000, Phys. Rev. D 62, 043511 Gannouji R., et al., 2006, JCAP 0609, 016 Capozziello S., et al., 2003, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 12, 1969 Carroll S. M., et al., 2004, Phys. Rev. D 70, 043528 Amendola L., Polarski D., Tsujikawa S., 2007, Phys.. 471.
(116) Rev. Lett. 98, 131302 24) Amendola L., Tsujikawa S., 2007, Phys. Lett. B, submitted 25) Nojiri S., Odintsov S. D., Sasaki M., 2005, Phys. Rev. D 71, 123509 26) Dvali G. R., Gabadadze G., Porrati M., 2000, Phys. Lett. B 485, 208 27) Huterer A., Turner M., 2001, Phys. Rev. D 64, 123527 28) Bassett B. A., Corasaniti P. S., Kunz M., 2004, Astrophys. J. 617, L1 29) Eisenstein D. J., et al., 2005, Astrophys. J. 633, 560. 472. What Is the Origin of Dark Energy ? Shinji TSUJIKAWA Gunma National College of Technology, 580 Toriba, Maebashi, Gunma 371ῌ8530, Japan Abstract : The recent data of Supernova Ia and other observations suggest that the universe has entered the stage of an accelerated expansion after the matter-dominated epoch. The origin of dark energy responsible for this accelerated expansion is a serious mistery. I review recent theoretical attempts to investigate the origin of dark energy such as scalar field models and modified gravity models. I also address the method to determine the evolution of the equation of state of dark energy from observations.. ῍῏ῌῐ. 2007 ῎ 9 ῌ.
(117)
関連したドキュメント
Keywords: homology representation, permutation module, Andre permutations, simsun permutation, tangent and Genocchi
Two grid diagrams of the same link can be obtained from each other by a finite sequence of the following elementary moves.. • stabilization
Standard domino tableaux have already been considered by many authors [33], [6], [34], [8], [1], but, to the best of our knowledge, the expression of the
The edges terminating in a correspond to the generators, i.e., the south-west cor- ners of the respective Ferrers diagram, whereas the edges originating in a correspond to the
H ernández , Positive and free boundary solutions to singular nonlinear elliptic problems with absorption; An overview and open problems, in: Proceedings of the Variational
The only thing left to observe that (−) ∨ is a functor from the ordinary category of cartesian (respectively, cocartesian) fibrations to the ordinary category of cocartesian
Keywords: Convex order ; Fréchet distribution ; Median ; Mittag-Leffler distribution ; Mittag- Leffler function ; Stable distribution ; Stochastic order.. AMS MSC 2010: Primary 60E05
In Section 3, we show that the clique- width is unbounded in any superfactorial class of graphs, and in Section 4, we prove that the clique-width is bounded in any hereditary
