キャリア教育3.1 : 学業達成と創造的な仕事のために，学習者の職業的自己実現を支援する

キャリア教育3.1 : 学業達成と創造的な仕事のため

に，学習者の職業的自己実現を支援する

著者

松本 浩司

雑誌名

名古屋学院大学論集 人文・自然科学篇

巻

55

号

2

ページ

107-127

発行年

2019-01-31

URL

http://doi.org/10.15012/00001140

Ȑᝲ୫ȑ

ɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ

3.1

źޙഈᤎ਽ȻӁᣲᄑȽ̜̈́ɁȲɔȾᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥୈ૵Ȭɞź

ైǽటǽ๖ǽձ

ջաࠎޙ᪋۾ޙጽຑޙ᥂ ᛵǽǽ஖ ǽޙഈᤎ਽ȻӁᣲᄑȽ̜̈́ɁȲɔȾᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥୈ૵ȬɞȦȻɥᄻᄑȻȪȲ ɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1 ɥ૬ಘȪȲǿȰɁျॡɂᴩ᫺ࢳఙȾȝȤɞᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းȟޙഈɋɁӦൡȸ ȤȾ˹ಎᄑȽमҾɥ౓ȲȬȦȻȾᨺɒȹᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎɥֆɓଡ଼ᑎᝥሌпͶȺᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁɷʭʴɬ ᄉᤎɥ΢᣹ȪᴩȞȷɷʭʴɬȾᩜȬɞޙ᏿ᐐɁ৙९ɥ๊ႊȬɞȦȻȾɛȶȹᴩޙഈɋɁӦൡȸ ȤɥᣮȫȲޙӌտ˨ɗᐳഈɋɁя໙Ƚሉᚐᴩρ̷Ɂɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɥ΢᣹ȬɞȻȻɕȾᴩӁ ᣲॴɥᄉ૴ȺȠɞ఍ᑤȽ̷యɥᑎ਽ȬɞȦȻȾȕɞǿȰɁ˿Ƚᛵጨɂᴩḧ఼߬ɁᐳഈȺ॒ᛵȻ ȽɞᑤӌȾژȸȗȲଡ଼ᑎᄻൈɁᜫްᴩḨᒾ֞Ɂ๭᭴ˁ࿑ްᴩḩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎˁଡ଼᭴ଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞ୫ ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ᴩḪᇋ͢ᇼˁᇋ͢ᇼޙଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞᇋ͢ᝓឧɁᑎ਽ᴩḫᐳکޙ᏿ɥᣮȫȲᴩ߬ ఼ɁᐳഈȾᩜɢɞɽʩʯʕʐɭɋɁޙ᏿ᐐɁՎӏᴩḬ᣹ᡅ઩߳ȾȝȤɞ఼߬ɁᒲࢄЅȻȰɁ޴ း᜛႕ɁʑʀɮʽȺȕɞǿ ɷ˂ʹ˂ʓᴷɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳ᴩ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ᴩᐳکޙ᏿ᴩʬʋʣ˂ʁʱʽ3.0

Career education 3.1:

Supporting students’ vocational self-realization for academic achievement and creative work

Koji MATSUMOTO

Faculty of Economics Nagoya Gakuin University

±ᴫᄻᄑȻᝥᭉ ǽటሟɂᴩޙഈᤎ਽ȻӁᣲᄑȽ̜̈́ɁȲɔȾᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥୈ૵ȬɞȦȻɥᄻᄑȻȪȲᴩ ȦɟȞɜɁɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁȕɝ஁ɥ૬ಘȬɞɕɁȺȕɞǿ ǽ1999ࢳɁ˹܄ଡ଼ᑎߜឰ͢ᴥ͏˩ᴩ˹ଡ଼ߜᴦኌ႑Ȉқኄ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎȻᯚኄଡ଼ᑎȻɁ૚ፖɁ୎ױȾȷȗȹȉ ȾȈɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȉɁ୫᜘ȟᄊکȪȹȞɜ20ࢳȟᤈȡɛșȻȪȹȗɞǿ ǽȦɁᩖᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾᩜȬɞ୫᥂ᇼޙᅁɁ˿Ƚ୑ኍ୫ంȻȪȹᴩ2004ࢳɁȈɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁ૜ ᣹ȾᩜȬɞ፱նᄑᝩ౼ᆅሱԦӌᐐ͢ឰڨ֖ంȉᴥ͏˩ᴩ2004ڨ֖ంᴦᴩ2011ࢳɁ˹ଡ଼ߜኌ႑Ȉ̾ऻɁ ޙಇȾȝȤɞɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎˁᐳഈଡ଼ᑎɁ٣ɝ஁Ⱦȷȗȹȉᴥ͏˩ᴩ2011ኌ႑ᴦȟҋȨɟȹȗɞᴥ͏˩ᴩ Ȧɟɜɥ፱ለȪȹ୑ኍ୫ంᴦǿȦɟɜȺᇉȨɟȲɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁျॡɂᴩ2020ࢳ͏᪃Ɂ୿ޙ᏿઩߳ᛵ ᬻȾɕऀȠፕȟɟȹȗɞǿ ǽȻȦɠȺᴩైటᴥ2018bᴦɂᴩտᇋ͢ᄑᴥᇋ͢៤စɥͧșᴦᒲࢄ޴းᴩȬȽɢȴᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းȟᴩ ᫺ࢳఙȾȝȤɞޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤȾ˹ಎᄑȽमҾɥ౓ȲȬȦȻɥᝲᜳȪȲǿȦɁȦȻȦȰȟᴩɷʭʴ ɬଡ଼ᑎɁಎ॑Ⱥȕɝᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎ୎ᬆȾȝȗȹ᥾ᛵȺȕɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩଡ଼׆Ɂ۹क़ԇȾɛɞץᭉȟ᭎٣ԇȪȹȗɞ̾ᴩറȁȽଡ଼ᑎ୑ኍɥնျԇȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿɷʭ ʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾȷȗȹɕᴩȰɁಎ॑ɥ፟ધȪȷȷᴩ֚ᣃᄑȽȦȻɥҾঢ়ȪȲɝᴩͅɁ᭒ͬȬɞᄻൈɗ઩߳ ȻፋնȪȲɝȬɞȽȼɁ୥ျɥᚐșͺ٥ȟȕɞǿ ǽటሟȺɂᴩȦɟɜɁᜊཟȞɜȈɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȉȻȪȹኂᐐɁഫ৊ɥᣖɌɞǿ ǽȽȝᴩటሟȾȝȤɞɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁߦ៎ɂᴩ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎȟ˹॑Ⱥȕɞȟᴩᯚኄଡ଼ᑎɕֆɓǿқኄଡ଼ᑎ ɥֆɔȽȗျႏɂᴩऻᣖȬɞǿɑȲᴩޙ᏿ᐐɂᴩႆाȝɛɆޙႆɥ৙֞ȬɞǿȨɜȾᴩᐳഈȻ̜̈́Ȼ ɂᴩպᏲȺȕɞǿ ²ᴫɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ³®±Ɂᑔ௑ ǽኂᐐȟ૬ಘȬɞɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȈ3.1ȉȾɂᴩඒɁ2ȷɁֆ৙ȟȕɞǿ ǽɅȻȷɂᴩ۾ᜏᴥ2016ᴦȟᣖɌɞᴩ߿ᐳ๊Ӧୈ૵˹॑ᴥ1.0ᴦᴩᇋ͢ᄑˁᐳഈᄑᒲ቏ɁȲɔɁ෱ႊʃ ɷʵɁ᏿ीᴥ2.0ᴦɥᠯțȲᴩඒ˰͍Ɂɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎᴥ3.0ᴦɁ॒ᛵॴȺȕɞǿ ǽஓటȾȝȤɞɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɂᴩޙಇȞɜᐳഈɋɁሉᚐᴩȻɝɢȤʕ˂ʒɗʟʴ˂ʉ˂ɁۄӏȻɁᩜ ᣵȺᝲȫɜɟɞϿտȾȕȶȲȟᴩޙԤᐐɁ߿ᐳɥɔȣɞ࿡มȟ୎ױȨɟȲȻȪȹɕᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȟ ˪ᛵȾȽɞɢȤȺɂขȪȹȽȗǿ ǽȲȳȪᴩ3.0Ɂю߁Ⱦȷȗȹᴩᠭഈ޿ଡ଼ᑎȻɬɹʐɭʠʳ˂ʕʽɺȻɁᙤնɥ૬ಘȬɞ۾ᜏȻɂᴩ ऻᣖȬɞɛșȾኂᐐɁᐎțɂႱȽɞǿȰɁȲɔᴩటሟȺɂ3.1ȻȪȲǿ ǽɕșɅȻȷɂᴩɛɝ᥾ᛵȽȦȻȻȪȹᴩʬʋʣ˂ʁʱʽ3.0ᴥPink 2009ᴦȾߦख़ȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ᇋ͢ʁʃʐʪȾȝȤɞʬʋʣ˂ʁʱʽɁસț஁ɥᴩႆސటᑤȾژȸȢՁܿ஽͍ᴥ1.0ᴦᴩڨᥞȾɛɞɬ ʫȻʪʋȺᮠɝ቏ȹɜɟȲࡾഈԇˁɿʳʴ˂ʨʽᇋ͢ᴥ2.0ᴦɥᠯțȲᴩ୿Ȫȗસț஁ᴥ3.0ᴦȾ௿୿ ȬɌȠȳȻᴩPinkɂ૬᜘Ȭɞǿ

ǽȦɁ૬᜘Ɂᑔ௑ȾɂᴩᒲӦԇȺȠɞްټᄑȽ̜̈́ȟນߵȪᴩӁᣲॴȟᛵ෰Ȩɟɞ̜̈́ȟۄțɞȻɁ ̙৊ᴥe.g. Frey & Osborne 2017ᴦȟȕɞǿȦɁȦȻɂᴩ୿ޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻ୎᜙Ɂᑔ௑Ⱥɕȕɞᴥ2016 ࢳ˹ଡ଼ߜኌ႑Ȉࢺሓٛᴩߴޙಇᴩ˹ޙಇᴩᯚኄޙಇՒɆ࿑ҝୈ૵ޙಇɁޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻኄɁ୎ױՒɆ॒ ᛵȽ஁ኍኄȾȷȗȹȉǿ͏˩ᴩ2016ኌ႑ᴦǿ ǽPinkȟӦൡȸȤȾᩜȬɞᆅሱɥകᜊȪȹᣖɌɞɛșȾᴩڨᥞȾɛɞɬʫȻʪʋɂᴩൡಽᄑȺްټ ᄑȽ̜̈́Ⱦɂ఍ӛȺȕɞȟᴩӁᣲॴɥ೅ૺȬɞǿ ǽȰɁ೅ૺȾе჆ɥ˫țɞɁȟᴩʬʋʣ˂ʁʱʽ3.0ɁᛵጨȻȪȹɁᴩᒲऺॴᴩྏᤎᴥͷȞΙϏȕɞ ȦȻɥ˨ᤎȨȮȲȗȻȗșඕ෰ᴦᴩᄻᄑȺȕɞᴥպറɁឰᝲȻȪȹᴩAmabile 1996ᴦǿȰɁចᛵጨɂᴩ ైటᴥ2018bᴦȺᣖɌȲᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɁᛵጨȻީпȾˢᒵȬɞǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ɂᴩʬʋʣ˂ʁʱʽ3.0Ⱦߦख़ȪȹᴩᑤӌȰɁɕɁ͏˨ȾᴩȰɁᑤ ӌɥ˿ͶᄑȾᄉࠕȨȮɛșȻȬɞӦൡȸȤɥᑎȹɞ॒ᛵॴɥऐᝩȬɞǿ ǽȦȦȺɁᛵཟɂᴩޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤȻᴩᐳഈɋɁя໙ȽሉᚐȾȢɢțȹᴩ̜̈́ȾȝȤɞӁᣲॴɁ΢ ᣹Ȼȗșᴩႆ๫ȾɢȲɞ᛾ཟȞɜᴩᒾ֞ɥಎȻȪȲᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥ΢ȬȦȻɁ᥾ᛵॴɥસțȹȗɞ ȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȾᴩȦɟȞɜɁᇋ͢ȾȝȗȹɂᴩޙഈȝɛɆᐳഈȾߦȬɞᴩᒲऺᄑȽᄻൈɥͧșӦൡȸȤ ɥɕȷȦȻȟˢ࠙෰ɔɜɟɞǿ ǽȪȞȪᴩး޴Ⱦɂᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁӦൡȸȤɗޙಇ۶ȺɁޙ᏿஽ᩖɂᴩນߵȬɞᩋఙᄑȽϿտȟɒɜɟɞ ᴥe.g. ᗵดࢍଡ଼ᑎ୫ԇʅʽʉ˂ 2016ᴦǿɑȲᴩᣋࢳᴩ۾ޙႆȾȝȗȹᴩޙഈȾȝȤɞ۾ޙɗଡ଼׆ɋɁ ΗސϿտȟऐɑȶȹȗɞᴥʣʗʍʅଡ଼ᑎ፱նᆅሱ੔ 2018ᴦǿ ǽȦɁᑔ௑Ⱦɂᴩާ॑ᇋ͢Ȟɜʴʃɹᇋ͢ɋɁ۰ԇᴥࠞႎ 2007ᴦɗᴩȈȗȗ۾ޙȾоɟɃᴩȗȗ͙ഈ ȾоɟɞȉȻȗșޙӌᇘᝈɁࡓەᴥʹᗵ 2001ᴦɥͧșᴩޙӌቧ̚ȾɛɞӦൡȸȤɁൡᑤ˪пȟȕɞᴥᩜ ᣵȬɞឰᝲȻȪȹᴩရႎ 2009ᴸᓿែ 2001ᴸࠞႎ 2015ᴦǿ ǽɑȲᴩး͍Ⱦȝȗȹɂᴩቧ̚Ⱦɛɞ۶ᄉᄑӦൡȸȤȳȤȺȽȢᴩޙഈ͏۶ȾഒȪȗȦȻȟȲȢȨɦ ȕɞȲɔᴩޙഈɋɁюᄉᄑӦൡȸȤɕɕȴȾȢȢȽȶȹȗɞᴥࢍࡺ 2001ᴦǿ ǽȢɢțȹᴩ୫஥Ɂᄉࠕȟᴩޙ᏿ɋɁӦൡȸȤɥͲ˩ȨȮȹȗɞȦȻɕᐎțɜɟɞǿ࿎ျᄑˁᇋ͢ᄑ ˰ႜɥሥ഍ᄑȾഫᣲԇȬɞᑤӌɥႊȗȹᯚ࣊Ƚ୫஥ɥᄉࠕȨȮɞȦȻȺᴩρ̷Ɂ២આȟນɝᴩ̷ᩖɂ ȈᮗᲩȉȺȗɜɟɞɛșȾȽɞᴥClark 1997ᴦǿȪȞȪᴩȰɁ୫஥ɥ፟ધȬɞȲɔȾɂᴩɛɝᯚ࣊Ƚޙ ᏿ȟ෰ɔɜɟɞȻȗșᅶᅀȟႆȫȹȗɞǿ ǽʃʨ˂ʒʟɳʽɂᴩ͏˨ɁɛșȽး࿡ɥ៎ौȬɞސ٣ȺȕɞǿȰɟɂᴩޙഈ͏۶ɁഒȪɒɥ૬ΖȬ ɞȳȤȺȽȢᴩޙಇȾȝȤɞᅺឧɁ࿲ԬɥɕΞ᭥Ȭɞǿ ǽ̜޴ᴩʃʨ˂ʒʟɳʽɥ੔ધȬɞ˹ᯚႆɂᴩȰɟɥޙഈȾɕ๊ႊȪȹȝɝᴩɢȞɜȽȗ̜౤ɥ೫ ጪȬɞȳȤȺȽȢᴩӦ႕ੵሟɿɮʒȺི୳ɁૌഈˁᜓᝢӦ႕ɕ᛾ᐱȪȹȗɞᴥMMDLaboಊࣻ͢ᇋ 2017ᴦǿ ǽȷɑɝᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎȟᅺឧɁˢ஁ᄑȽଡ଼ૌȾႡɑɞɁȺȕɟɃᴩʗʍʒɽʽʐʽʎȾɛȶȹ͍ఉȨɟ ɞ஽͍ȾȽɝȷȷȕɞǿȦɁȦȻɕᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎɁඩፋॴɥᑦȞȪᴩޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɥȨɜȾͲɔɞǿ ǽޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɥɔȣɞȦɟɜɁ࿡มɥɈɑțɞȻᴩᒲऺᄑȽᄻൈɥͧșޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɥ΢

᣹ȬɞȦȻȟᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎ୎ᬆɁఊɕ˿ᛵȽᝥᭉɁɅȻȷȺȕɞǿȰɁᝥᭉȾɂᴩʃʨ˂ʒʟɳʽȾɛ ɞޙ᏿ȻࢃႱԇȪᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎɁඩፋॴɥ፟ધȬɞȲɔȾᴩᅺឧɁˢ஁ᄑȽଡ଼ૌȞɜɁᑱԵɕֆɑɟɞǿ ǽޙಇଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞȦɟɜɁᝥᭉȾߦȬɞѿ஁ኚɁɅȻȷȟᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1Ⱥȕɞǿ ³ᴫɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ³®±Ɂျॡ ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɥɔȣɞ͏˨Ɂᑔ௑ȻᴩኂᐐɁȦɟɑȺɁᆅሱᴥైట 2009ᴩ2012ᴩ2014ᴩ2018bᴦ ɥɈɑțȹᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ɥ૬ಘȬɞǿȰɁകႩɥَ1ȾᇉȬǿ َ ±ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1 ɁകႩᴥျॡȻഫ਽ᛵጨᴦ ǽȰɁျॡɥްᏲȬɟɃᴩ˩ᜤɁᣮɝȺȕɞǿ ǽ᫺ࢳఙȾȝȤɞᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းȟޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤȾ˹ಎᄑȽमҾɥ౓ȲȬȦȻᴩɑȲ᫺ࢳ ȟȰɁᒲࢄ޴းȾᩜȬɞᄉᤎᄑʕ˂ʄɥɕȶȹȗɞȦȻȾᨺɒȹᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎɥֆɓଡ଼ᑎᝥሌп ͶȺᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁɷʭʴɬᄉᤎᴥᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းᴦɥ΢᣹ȪᴩȞȷɷʭʴɬȾᩜȬɞޙ᏿ᐐɁ৙ ९ɥ๊ႊȬɞȦȻȾɛȶȹᴩޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɥᣮȫȲޙӌտ˨ɗᐳഈɋɁя໙Ƚሉᚐᴩρ̷ Ɂɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɥ΢᣹ȬɞȻȻɕȾᴩӁᣲॴɥᄉ૴ȺȠɞ఍ᑤȽ̷యɥᑎ਽Ȭɞǿ

ǽȦɁျॡɁҰ૬ɂᴩඒɁȦȻȾȕɞǿȬȽɢȴᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɁᝓᅺᄑˁ॑ျᄑʫɵʕʄʪᴥై ట 2018bᴦɂᴩ᫺ࢳఙɁ࿑ौᄑȽϿտȺɂȕɞȟᴩᇋ͢ᄑၥہȾɛɞᠴکȞȤȟᤛҒȾȽȨɟȽȤɟ ɃᴩȰɁϿտɂ΢᣹ȨɟȽȗȦȻȺȕɞᴥ઄៎ᄑ९ᐎȾȷȗȹHarter 2012Ⱦɛɞകᜊᴸᒾ֞Ⱦȷȗ ȹSansone & Harackiewicz 1996ᴸਖ਼෉ॴɁᝓឧɥᣮȫȲӦൡȸȤȾȷȗȹCreten et al. 2001ᴦǿ ǽᣡȾ᜘țɃᴩȄюᄉᇘᝈȅᴥైట 2018bՎྃᴦȾژȸȢଡ଼ૌȽȼɁᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းȾᩜȬɞޙ᏿ ᐐɁ৙९ɥི᛾ȪȲଡ଼ૌɂᴩ᫺ࢳɁᄉᤎᄑʕ˂ʄɥི᛾ȪȹȗɞȦȻȾȽɝᴩȰɟȻɁʩʃʨʍʋɥ ႆȫȨȮɞᴥEccles & Midgley 1989ᴦǿȰɟȟᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁӦൡȸȤɥນߵȨȮᴩޙഈᤎ਽ɥ᩼޼Ȭɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩȦȦȺȗșȈޙӌȉȻɂᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎȺᑎ਽ȬɌȠᑤӌɁ፱Ͷɥ઩ȬǿȬȽɢȴᴩ୿ޙ᏿઩߳ ᛵᬻɗȈޙۢӌȉᴥ2008ࢳ˹ଡ଼ߜኌ႑Ȉޙۢᝥሌଡ଼ᑎɁഫኳȾտȤȹȉᴦȟॡᭀȾȝȢᴩȦɟȞɜɁ ᇋ͢Ⱥ॒ᛵȻȽɞᑤӌȺȕɞǿ ǽщͶᄑȾᴩ୿ޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻȺɂᴩᑎ਽ɥᄻ઩ȬᑤӌɁ౸ȻȪȹᴩȈᅺឧՒɆ੫ᑤȉȈ९ᐎӌᴩҜ୽ӌᴩ ᚜းӌኄȉȈޙɆȾտȞșӌᴩ̷ᩖॴኄȉɥમȥɞǿ࿑ȾᴩȈᅺឧՒɆ੫ᑤȉɂᴩᇋ͢ȾȝȤɞറȁȽ کᬂȺ๊ႊȺȠɞȦȻȟऐᝩȨɟȹȗɞᴥ2016ኌ႑ᴦǿ ǽȦɁю߁ɂᴩ2011ኌ႑ȟᇉȬȈᇋ͢ᄑˁᐳഈᄑᒲ቏ᴩᇋ͢ˁᐳഈɋɁя໙ȽሉᚐȾ॒ᛵȽӌȉȻ ۾ࢃȽȗǿɑȲᴩɬʫʴɵȺɕպറɁឰᝲȟȽȨɟȹȝɝᴥe.g. National Research Council 2012ᴦᴩ ஓటȾ࿑ႱȽɕɁȺɕȽȗǿ ǽȨɜȾᴩȦȦȺɁျॡɂᴩ୑ኍ୫ంȻඒɁ2ཟȺȻɝɢȤႱȽɞǿ ǽቼ1Ⱦᴩᐳഈɥ˹॑ȻȪȹɷʭʴɬകॡɥસțɞȦȻȺȕɞᴥᩜᣵȬɞឰᝲȻȪȹᴩైట 2009Ɂ ቼ1ቛᴦǿ ǽ2004ڨ֖ంȺɂᴩɷʭʴɬɥȈρȁ̷ȟႆ๫ȾɢȲȶȹᤁᚐȬɞറȁȽ቏کɗमҾɁᣵᨎᴥऻႩᴦȉ ȻᴩࢿᏲȾްᏲȬɞǿȦɟɂᴩޙᚓᄑȾ᝝ɝȻɂ᜘țȽȗǿ ǽȪȞȪᴩଡ଼ᑎژటศቼ1సᴥ̷ಐɁީ਽ɥଡ଼ᑎɁᄻᄑȻȬɞȦȻᴦȝɛɆቼ2సᴥଡ଼ᑎɁᄻൈᴦɥ ɈɑțɟɃᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎȰɁɕɁȟ̷ႆпᓐȾᩜɢɞɕɁȺȕȶȹᴩȰɟȾտȤȹޙ᏿ᐐɥໄ϶ȨȮɞ मҾɥઆșɕɁȺȕɞǿɛȶȹᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎɥᝲȫɞșțȺɷʭʴɬɥࢿᏲȾްᏲȬɞȦȻɂᴩɷʭʴ ɬଡ଼ᑎȻለȬɞ॒ᛵॴɥ̈ȪȢȨȮɞǿ ǽቼ2Ⱦᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁᄻᄑȻȪȹᴩᇋ͢Ⱦ఍འȽ̷యᑎ਽Ȼρ̷Ɂɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺȻɥኄȪȢ ऐᝩȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽ2011ኌ႑ɁɑțȟȠȾɂᴩޙಇଡ଼ᑎȻ̷యᑎ਽ȻɁᣵᩜɁಏࢷȾᴩˢ̷ˢ̷ȟɛɝࢶᇩȽ̷ႆɥ ᣞɞȦȻȟȺȠɞɛșȾȬɞȻȗșଡ଼ᑎɗޙ᏿Ɂట஖ȟȕɞȻᣖɌɜɟȹȗɞǿȳȟᴩȰɁట୫Ⱦᴩ ȦɁȦȻȾᩜȬɞᜤᣖɗᴩȈࢶᇩȉȈɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺȉȻȗș᜘ᕹɂ᛻ՙȤɜɟȽȗǿ ǽஓటȺɂᴩ1981ࢳȞɜ2005ࢳȾȞȤȹᴩ˿ᜊᄑȽɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺᴥࢶᇩ৞Ȼ̷ႆɋɁ຿ᠴ࣊Ȼ Ɂն਽۰ୣᴦɂ˨஡Ȫȹȗɞǿȳȟᴩّ෢1̷ȕȲɝGPDɁᭊȟᣋȗّȁɁȽȞȺɂᴩஓటɁȰɟ ɂᄾߦᄑȾͲȗɎșɁ᥂᭒ȺȕɞᴥInglehart et al. 2007ᴦǿ ǽHelliwell et al.ᴥ2018ᴦȺɕᴩպറɁᅺ᛻ȟᇉȨɟȹȗɞǿஓటɁࢶᇩ࣊ɂᴩ156Ȟّ˹54ͱȺȕ ɞǿ2017ࢳȾȝȤɞّ෢1̷ȕȲɝGPDɁᭊȾȷȗȹᴩஓటɁϏᴥߦୣᴦɂ10.568ᴥʑ˂ʉȟȕɞ 134Ȟّ˹22ͱᴦȺȕɝᴩ10.000͏˨11.000ఝ຿ȾᝉछȬɞ42Ȟّ˹ᴩஓటɁࢶᇩ࣊ɂ34ͱȺȕɞ

ᴥonline dataɁ᚜2.1ᴦǿ ǽInglehart et al.ᴥ2007ᴦɂᴩጽຑᄉࠕȾͧȗᴩጽຑᄑˁᡵͶᄑί᪩Ȟɜᴩᒲࢄ᚜းȾᩜɢɞΙϏᜊ ɗᒲႏᤣ੻ȟɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɥᄽ૚ᄑȾ᛼ްȬɞɛșȾȽɞȻᣖɌɞǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩஓటȺɂɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɥտ˨ȨȮɞͺ٥ȟȕɝᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɂᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴ းɁ΢᣹ɥᣮȫȹᴩȰɟȾ߆˫ȺȠɞǿᝊȪȢɂᴩऻᣖȬɞǿ ´ᴫɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ³®±Ɂഫ਽ᛵጨ ǽȦȦȞɜɂᴩَ1ȾમȥȲ6ȷɁᛵጨȾȷȗȹȰɟȱɟᝊᣖȬɞǿ ḧ఼߬ɁᐳഈȺ॒ᛵȻȽɞᑤӌȾژȸȗȹᴩଡ଼ᑎᄻൈɥᜫްȬɞ ǽɑȭᴩቼ1ɁᛵጨȻȪȹᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁ఼߬ɁᐳഈȾȝȗȹ॒ᛵȾȽɞȻᐎțɜɟɞᑤӌȾژȸȗȹᴩ ଡ଼ᑎᄻൈɥᜫްȬɞȦȻȟમȥɜɟɞǿ᜘ȗ૰țɟɃᴩ۹റȾᐎțșɞଡ଼ᑎᄻൈɁșȴᴩᐳഈȻᩜᣵ ȬɞɕɁɥऐᝩȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽқኄˁ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎȺɂᴩȦɁȦȻɂޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻȾȝȗȹᤎ਽ȨɟȹȗɞȻᜓȨɟɞǿ ǽޙಇଡ଼ᑎɁᄻൈɂᴩଡ଼ᑎژటศɗޙಇଡ଼ᑎศȾᇉȨɟȹȗɞᣮɝᴩ۹ࠢȾɢȲɞǿȰɁᄻൈɂᴩ᪅ ɜɟȲ̷ᄑˁ஽ᩖᄑ៾ໃɁȽȞȺቧնȬɞȦȻȟȕɝșɞǿȰɟɜɁቧնȬɞᄻൈȟᝩ୥ȨɟȲፀ౓ ȻȪȹᴩଡ଼ᑎᝥሌ፾਽Ɂ઩ᦉȻȪȹɁޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻȟȕɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȽ̜ষȻైటᴥ2018bᴦɁᅺ᛻ɥɈɑțɟɃᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɂ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎ͏᪃Ɂ՘ɝጸɒȻ ȬɟɃɛȗǿқኄଡ଼ᑎȺɂᴩޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻɁ᛼ްɥ޴းȬɞȦȻȾาӌȬɟɃᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȻȪȹ ɕԚґȺȕɞǿ ǽ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹɂᴩޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻɁ᛼ްȾภȗȽȟɜɕᴩޙ᏿ᐐȾȝȤɞఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖᴥై ట 2018bՎྃᴦȾᩜȬɞᝓᅺᑤӌɁછ۾ɗ࢑ఖȬɞ᣹ᡅȾख़ȫȹᴩյޙಇɁଡ଼ᑎᝥሌɥ፾਽ᴥɵʃ ʉʨɮʄᴦȬɞȦȻȾȽɞᴥ2004ڨ֖ంᴦǿ ǽȽȝᴩଡ଼ᑎᝥሌȻɂᴩޙಇȾȝȤɞޙ᏿ᐐɁጽ᮷Ɂ፱Ͷɥ৙֞ȬɞɁȺᴩଡ଼ᑎᝥሌɁ፾਽Ȼɂᴩޙ ಇȾȝȤɞޙ᏿ᐐɁጽ᮷ɥʑʀɮʽȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ΍țɃᴩɽ˂ʃˁᇼᄻɁᜫްɗᴩଡ଼ᇼˁଡ଼ᇼ۶ ଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞૌഈˁ઩߳ю߁Ɂࡾ܁ȟમȥɜɟɞǿ ǽᯚኄଡ଼ᑎȺɂᴩɛɝᒲऺᄑȾଡ଼ᑎᄻൈɥᜫްȬɞȦȻȾȽɞȟᴩޙۢӌɗᇋ̷͢ژᇀӌᴥ2006ࢳ ጽຑႇഈᅁȈᇋ̷͢ژᇀӌȾᩜȬɞᆅሱ͢źȈ˹ᩖ՘ɝɑȻɔȉȉᴦȟՎᐎȾȽɞǿɑȲᴩߩᩌଡ଼ᑎȾ ȝȤɞଡ଼ᑎᄻൈȻᴩᐳഈ̷ȻȪȹ޴᪨Ⱦ॒ᛵȻȨɟɞߩᩌॴȻɁ୥նॴɥཟ೫ȬɞȦȻɕ॒ᛵȻȽɞǿ ǽͅ஁ᴩ2004ڨ֖ంȾᇉȨɟȲȈᐳഈᜊˁӱәᜊɥᑎɓޙ᏿ʡʷɺʳʪɁౕጸɒᴥ΍ᴦȉɁȗɢəɞȈ4 ᑤӌȉɗᴩ2011ኌ႑ȺᇉȨɟȲᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɥ˹॑ȻȪȹᑎ਽ȬɞȻȨɟȲȈژᇀᄑˁ෱ႊᄑᑤӌȉ ɂᴩིႊȽകॡȺȕɞǿ ǽȽȯȽɜᴩ˿Ⱦқኄˁ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎɥॡᭀȾ૬ಘȨɟȲȦɟɜɁᑤӌɥᑎȹɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞȽɜɃᴩޙ᏿ ઩߳ᛵᬻȾ᛼ްȬɟɃɛȢᴩးȾȰșȽȶȹȗɞᴥɂȭȳᴦȞɜȺȕɞǿ ǽȢɢțȹᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɥ˹॑ȻȪȹȈژᇀᄑˁ෱ႊᄑᑤӌȉɥᑎ਽ȬɞȻȗș2011ኌ႑Ɂᜤᣖɂᴩ

᝝ᜓɥગȢǿޙ᏿ᐐɁ఼߬ɁᐳഈȾȝȗȹ॒ᛵȾȽɞȻᐎțɜɟɞᑤӌȻଡ଼ᑎᄻൈȻɁᩜᣵॴɥऐɔ ɞȦȻȟɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁᛵཟȺȕɝᴩߩᩌᑤӌɥ૑᪍ȪȲ࿑ްɁᑤӌɥᑎ਽ȬɞȦȻɥɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ ȻȬɌȠȺɂȽȗǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩௐᣮଡ଼ᑎȳȤȺᐳഈˁߩᩌᑤӌȟᑎȲȽȗȦȻᴩȬȽɢȴɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȟ਽቏ȪȽȗ ȦȻȾา৙ȬɌȠȺȕɞǿ࿑ȾᯚኄޙಇௐᣮᇼȾȝȗȹᴩ2011ኌ႑ȟ૬ಘȬɞɛșȾᴩᐳഈˁߩᩌ ᇼᄻɁᜫᏚɥ೫᜞ȬɌȠȺȕɞǿ Ḩ ᣹ᡅᤣ੻ȝɛɆޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɁಎȻȽɞޙ᏿ᐐɁᒾ֞ɥ࿑ްȬɞᴩȕɞȗɂȰɁȲɔɁୈ૵ɥ ᚐș ǽైటᴥ2018bᴦȺᣖɌȲɛșȾᴩᒾ֞ɂᴩޙεɗ᣹ᡅȾᩜȬɞᤣ੻ȾऐȢफᬭȪᴩޙഈᤎ਽Ⱦɕᩜɢɞǿ ȷɑɝᴩᒾ֞ȟᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɁಎȻȽɝᴩޙഈȻᐳഈȻɥፀɆȷȤᴩȰɁሉᚐɥя໙ȾȬɞ༁໙ บȻȪȹɁमҾɥ౓ȲȬǿ ǽᒾ֞ɂᴩ߿ഈȪȹȞɜɕˢްɁमҾɥ౓ȲȬǿ΍țɃᴩᒾ֞ȻᐳکɁ࿑ौȻɁˢᒵ࣊ɂᴩᐳө਽౓ ɗጸᎥࢍ෢ᚐӦᴥorganizational citizenship behaviorᴦȻऍȗᄾᩜȟȕɞᴥNye et al. 2012Ⱦɛɞʫ ʉґ౏ᴦǿ ǽȪȞȪᴩȻɝɢȤ۾ޙȾȝȗȹɂᴩᒾ֞ɥɔȣɞᯚಇႆɁ৙ឧȻȰɁҤ࣊ᄑ࿑ौȻɁʩʃʨʍʋȟ ႆȫȹȗɞǿ ǽᯚಇႆȻ۾ԡɁᯚಇଡ଼࢙ɂᴩᒾ֞ɥᄉ᛻ȪȲɝᴩժᑤॴɥࢿȥȲɝȬɞȻȦɠȻȪȹ۾ޙɥᝓឧȪᴩ ఙशȬɞᴥʴɹʵ˂ʒʨ˂ɻʐɭʽɺʛ˂ʒʔ˂ʄ 2016ᴩ2017ᴸ᥆ኊ 2014ᴦǿ ǽߦȪȹᴩоޙ஽Ⱦߩᩌґ᥿ɥขɔᴩоޙऻɕࠚεᇼᄻɥᎱɝᣌȪᤣ੻ȬɞȻȗș۾ޙɁҤ࣊ᄑ࿑ौ ɂᴩ۾ޙȟᴩᒾ֞ɥᄉ᛻ȬɞȲɔɁک੔ȺɂȽȢᴩஒȾɕȶȹȗɞᒾ֞ɥ຅ɔɞک੔ȻȪȹȕɞȦȻ ɥ৙֞ȬɞǿɑȲᴩͷȞɥᤣ੻ȬɞȦȻɂᴩҝɁͷȞɥȪȽȗȦȻȻ᚜ᚾȺȕɞȞɜᴩ۾ޙɂᴩժᑤ ॴɥ࿳ɔɞȦȻȾɛȶȹߩᩌॴɥ๭᭴Ȭɞک੔Ⱥȕɞǿ ǽˢᓐᄑȾ̷ɂᴩᤣ੻ᑆȟȽȢȽɞȦȻɋɁݲমȞɜᴩȰɁᤣ੻ᑆȟᄾߦᄑȾӐȶȹȗȹɕᴩȕɞ ȗɂȰɁᤣ੻ᑆɁ፟ધȾ៵ႊȟȞȞȶȲȻȪȹɕᴩɕȶȹȗɞᤣ੻ᑆɥુȹɞᤣ੻ɥȪȾȢȗᴥShin & Ariely 2004ᴦǿȦɁɛșȽ॑ျᄑϿտȾภȶȹᴩᒾ֞ɥ࿑ްȪȽȗȺᴩժᑤॴɥ࿳ɔɞȦȻɥᤧȤ ɞޙႆɂᴩޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɁඑᕶȾɛɞ਽᎝˪ᓦɗᴩߩᩌॴɥᡵȾȷȤɞȦȻȟȺȠȽȗȻȗȶȲ ͍Рɥፀ౓ᄑȾୈ੝șȦȻȾȽɞǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎ෉᪡ɑȺȺᴩȦɟȞɜɁ᣹ᡅȾȝȤɞᒾ֞Ɂ᥾ᛵȽमҾɥᝓឧȨȮɞȻȻɕ Ⱦᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁᒾ֞ɥ࿑ްȬɞȦȻɗȰɁȲɔɁୈ૵ɥᚐșȦȻȟ᥾ᛵȺȕɞǿȦɟȟᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ 3.1ȾȝȤɞቼ2ɁᛵጨȺȕɞǿ ǽଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞᒾ֞ɥᑎȹɞ஁ศɁɅȻȷɂᴩȈȺȠɞȉɛșȾȬɞ઩߳ȺȕɞǿȰɁȲɔȾɂᴩ ץᭉɥᜓȤɞɛșȾȨȮɞȳȤȺȽȢᴩȰɁΙϏɥɢȞɜȮɞȦȻȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞᴥైట 2018bᴦǿȦ ɁȦȻȦȰȟᴩץᭉȟᜓȤȽȗٌᫍɥ̋ɝᠰțɞՁӦӌȻȽɞǿ ǽɕȶȻɕᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎȳȤȺԚґȽᒾ֞ȟᑎȷɢȤȺɂȽȗǿ ǽ΍țɃᴩ۾ޙȾȝȤɞޙ᥂ኄɂᴩқኄˁ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞଡ଼ᇼᄻɁԖґȻߦख़ȪȹȗȽȗȪᴩଡ଼ᑎ

ޙȽȼᴩȰɕȰɕȰɁଡ଼ᇼᄻȾȽȗޙץґ᥿ɕȕɞǿɑȲᴩး͍ᇋ͢ȾȝȤɞ޿࣍ȻᐳکȻɁґᫌɂᴩ ޙ᏿ᐐȟᐳഈɥጽ᮷Ȭɞൡ͢ɥນߵȨȮȹȠȲǿ ǽᐳഈᒾ֞೫౼ɥ๊ႊȬɟɃᴩᒾ֞ȟɢȞɞɛșȾȽɞɢȤȺɕȽȗǿȰɟɂᴩጽ᮷ȪȹȠȲȦȻɋ Ɂ᜻Ιɥ୥ျȬɞȻȗșढࣻȺͽɜɟȹȗɞȞɜȺȕɞǿ ǽᒾ֞ɥᑎȹɞȲɔȾɂᴩറȁȽጽ᮷ɥȬɞȦȻȟᴩȰɁသᤍȺȕɞǿҋ͢ȶȹȗȽȗȦȻȾᒾ֞ɥ ɕȷȦȻɂȺȠȽȗȞɜȺȕɞᴥBergin 1999ᴦǿ ǽ̜޴ᴩʞɬʕʃʒɗୣޙᐐȽȼɁറȁȽߩᩌ޿ȟᴩᒲɜɁး٣Ɂߩᩌґ᥿ɥขɔɞҰȾᴩȰɁґ᥿ ͏۶ɁറȁȽȦȻȾભ੉Ȫᴩᝁᚐ᧷᝝ȪȹȗɞȦȻɥᴩBloomᴥ1985ᴦȟɮʽʉʝʯ˂ᝩ౼Ȟɜ஥ɜ ȞȾȬɞǿ ǽȳȟᴩး޴Ⱦɂᴩޙಇ෉᪡ȟ˨ȟɞɎȼᴩȰɁᝁᚐ᧷᝝ɁນߵȟᇉדȨɟȹȗɞǿూ̱۾ޙᇋ͢ᇼ ޙᆅሱ੔ˁʣʗʍʅଡ଼ᑎ፱նᆅሱ੔ᴥ2017ᴦȾɛɞߴˁ˹ˁᯚಇႆɋɁ᠎ץጤᝩ౼ȾɛɟɃᴩᤈՍ1 ࢳᩖȾȝȗȹᴩ৞ӦȪȲɝۼ˹ȾȽȶȲɝȪȲጽ᮷ɗᴩ٥ڒɁᚐ̜ɋɁՎӏᴩᏩᚓᮁɗԩ࿎ᮁɁՎᜊ ɂᴩޙಇ෉᪡ȟ˨ȟɞȧȻȾນߵȬɞǿ ǽɛȶȹᴩᒾ֞Ɂ੔٣ɥޙ᏿ᐐȾᝓឧȨȮɞȲɔȾᴩޙಇю۶ȺɁ۹റȽͶ᮷ɥ΢ȪᴩȰɁጽ᮷ɥ୥ ျȪȹ̾ऻɁ᣹ᡅɥᐎțȨȮɞൡ͢ɥ૬ΖȬɞȦȻȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿ ǽȰɁˢ៩ȻȪȹᴩɴ˂ʡʽɷʭʽʛʃɗᴩᯚኄޙಇɁޙಇᜫᏚᇼᄻኄȾȝȤɞ۾ޙȻɁᣵଆૌഈɥ ɂȫɔȻȬɞᯚ۾ᣵଆɁ՘ɝጸɒɂᴩ఍৙ᏲȺȕɞǿ ǽȽȝᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞᜊཟҝޙ᏿࿡ม᜻ΙȾȕɞȈᩜ॑ˁ৙ඕˁৰ࣊ȉɁ᜻Ιɂᴩଡ଼ᑎᄻൈȾᒾ ֞Ɂᑎ਽ɥоɟɞȽɜɃᴩଡ଼࢙ȟଡ଼ᑎӛ౓Ɂ઩ൈȻȪȹȰɁᤎ਽࣊ɥᒲɜᆬᝓȬɞȲɔȾɂᚐșɌȠ Ⱥȕɞǿ ǽȳȟᴩޙ᏿ᐐɥࣃҚԇȬɞȲɔȾɂᚐșɌȠȺɂȽȗǿైటᴥ2018bᴦȺᣖɌȲɛșȾᴩᒾ֞ɂา ৙ɥሥ഍ᄑȾ࿳ɔɞॴ᠎ȟȕɝᴩȬɌȹɁଡ଼ᇼᄻȾኄȪȢᒾ֞ɥɕȷȦȻɂᝤȾɕȺȠȽȗȞɜȺȕ ɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩȰɁ᜻Ιɥᣮᅺ᚜Ⱥޙ᏿ᐐȾͤțɞ॒ᛵॴɕ̈Ȫȗǿᒲґȟ՘ɝጸɦȳȦȻȾߦȪȹᒾ֞Ɂ ఍ིɥᒲᜁȺȠȽȗޙ᏿ᐐɂɑȭȗȽȗȞɜȺȕɞǿ ḩ ଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎᴥ࿑ȾɬɵʑʩʍɹȽଡ଼ᇼᴦȝɛɆଡ଼᭴ଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹᴩɷʭʴɬᄉᤎȻޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤ ȻɁᄾ̋ӛ౓ɥႆɒҋȬ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ɥࠕᩒȬɞ ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȾȝȤɞቼ3Ɂᛵጨɂᴩқኄˁ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎᴥ࿑ȾɬɵʑʩʍɹȽ ଡ଼ᇼᴺّ᝙ˁᇋ͢ˁୣޙˁျᇼˁᔐ᝙ᴦȝɛɆᯚኄଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞଡ଼᭴ଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹᴩɷʭʴɬᄉᤎȻ ޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤȻɁᄾ̋ӛ౓ɥႆɒҋȬ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ᴥైట 2009ᴦɥࠕᩒȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ɂᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞӦൡȸȤˁю߁ˁᄻൈȻᐳഈȻȗș ᇋ͢୫ԇᄑ୫ᑩȻɥȷȽȣɕɁȺȕɞᴥైట 2009Ɂቼ4ቛᴦǿȰɟȟᴩޙ᏿઩߳Ɂ͇᧸ȺɂȽȢȹᴩ ޙӌտ˨Ⱦ॒ᛵ˪ժඑȳȻᝓឧȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿Ɂᝊጯɂᴩైటᴥ2009ᴦȺᝲȫȲɁȺᴩȦȦȺɂȰȦȺᣖɌɜɟȹȗȽȗȦȻ ɥᛃᠴȻȪȹᣖɌɞǿ

ǽ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿Ⱦ᪅ɜȭᴩρ̷Ɂ఍৙֞Ƚ୫ᑩȾᩜᣵȸȤɞଡ଼ૌศɂᴩᎱɝᣌȪ૬ಘȨɟȹȠ Ȳᴥe.g. Deci et al. 1991ᴸHidi 2000ᴸLepper et al. 1997ᴸMalone & Lepper 1987ᴸWalkington & Bernacki 2014ᴸWigfield et al. 2017ᴦǿ

ǽȦȦȺȗșȈ఍৙֞Ƚ୫ᑩȉȻɂᴩਖ਼෉ॴɗ఍ႊॴɥɂȫɔȻȬɞΙϏɁւ֞ɥֆɓǿȰɟȟᴩޙ ᏿ɁӦൡȸȤȾӛ౓ᄑȺȕɞᴥైట 2018bᴦǿ ǽ̜޴ᴩ۹ᬂᄑȽޙ᏿ᜊɥ఍Ȭɞ˹ޙႆɎȼޙ᏿৙ඕȟᯚȗϿտȾȕɞᴥᗵดࢍଡ଼ᑎ୫ԇʅʽʉ˂ 2016ᴦǿ ǽɑȲᴩޙ᏿ɁΙϏɂᴩޙಇȺɁ਽ӎɥᠯᠰȪȲȻȦɠȾސ٣ȬɞɁȺᴥNewmann et al. 1995ᴦᴩȰ Ɂ఍৙֞Ƚ୫ᑩɂᴩޙಇ۶ȾࢿȟȶȹȗɞȦȻɕᝓឧȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩޙ᏿ᐐɥӦൡȸȤɞȲɔȾ॒ᛵȽȦȻɂᴩૌഈɁᝥᭉɥᤈ࣊ȾȝɕȪɠȢȪȲɝޙ᏿ ᐐɥᒾܣȨȮȲɝȬɞɁȺɂȽȢᴩޙ᏿ᐐȟȰɁᝥᭉɥᅊҶȾՙȤ՘ɝᴩȰȦȞɜ৙ᏲɗΙϏɥ᛻ҋ ȬɛșȾȬɞȦȻȺȕɞᴥBrophy 1983ᴦǿ ǽȨȹᴩρ̷Ɂ఍৙֞Ƚ୫ᑩȾᩜᣵȸȤɞଡ଼ૌศɁӛ౓ɂᴩଡ଼޷ȺɁ̿оᆅሱȺɕᆬᝓȨɟȹȗɞ ᴥe.g. Cordova & Lepper 1996ᴦǿޙ᏿Ɂᒲࢄ˹॑ॴᴥైట 2018ᴦɥɈɑțɟɃᴩܵछॴɁᯚȗᅺ᛻Ⱥȕɞǿ

ǽ΍țɃᴩAssor et al.ᴥ2002ᴦȾɛɟɃᴩૌഈȾȝȗȹଡ଼࢙ȟᴩޙ᏿ю߁Ȼး޴ȻɁᩜᣵɗޙ᏿ю ߁Ɂ᥾ᛵॴȾ᜘ՒȪȹȗɞȻ৞ȫɞቼ3 ᵻ 8ޙࢳɁޙ᏿ᐐɂᴩૌഈȾߦȬɞʧʂʐɭʠȽ৞ষɗᚐӦ ᄑˁᝓᅺᄑᩜ˫ɥᯚɔɞǿ ǽȻɝɢȤRossᴥ1983ᴦɂᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾᇉדȬɞȻȦɠȟ۾Ƞȗǿଡ଼ᐳᝥሌޙႆȾፋ᜛ޙɥଡ଼ țɞ᪨ᴩᑱ୫ᑩᴥ઄៎ᴦᄑȾଡ଼ૌȪȲᏰɛɝɕᴩଡ଼ᑎɁ୫ᑩȾᩜᣵȨȮȹଡ଼ૌȪȲᏰɁɎșȟᴩ̜ऻ Ɂᝁ᮷Ⱦȝȗȹᴩଡ଼ᑎɁ୫ᑩȾᩜᣵȨȮȲץᭉȳȤȺȽȢᴩ୿܋Ɂ୫ᑩȾᩜᣵȨȮȲᢆሉץᭉȺɕ఍ ৙ȾඩኌလȟᯚȞȶȲǿRossɂᴩᅆ឴ޙ᥂ޙႆȾߦȪȹɕպറɁ̿оᆅሱɥᚐȗᴩകȪȹպറɁᅺ ᛻ɥڨ֖Ȭɞǿ ǽȦɁRossɁᆅሱɂᴩඒɁ2ȷɁ᥾ᛵȽȦȻɥᇉדȬɞǿ ǽɅȻȷɂᴩ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿Ɂ఍ӛॴᴩȻɝɢȤᴩ᫺ࢳఙȾȝȗȹᴩᐳഈɋɁᩜ॑Ȼଡ଼ૌю߁Ȼɥ ᩜᣵȨȮɞȦȻȟɛɝɛȗޙ᏿਽౓ɥႆɒҋȬȦȻȺȕɞǿȷɑɝᴩ᫺ࢳఙɁଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞޙ᏿ю߁ ȻᩜᣵȨȮɞ୫ᑩȻɂᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖȾख़ȫȹᴩఝ఼ɥ઩տȬɞɕɁȺȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗǿ ǽɕșɅȻȷɂᴩᑱ୫ᑩᄑȽകॡɥଡ଼ૌȪȹɕᴩޙ᏿ᐐɂ୿܋Ɂ୫ᑩȾȝȗȹȰɁകॡɥ๊ႊȺȠɞ ɛșȾɂȽɜȽȗȦȻȺȕɞǿȦɟɂᴩޙ᏿ᇼޙɁᅺ᛻ȻȪȹᴩBransford et al. eds.ᴥ2000ᴦɕ઩ଊ ȪȹȗɞཟȺȕɞǿ ǽȻȦɠȺᴩ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ɂᴩԦպޙ᏿ɗɿ˂ʝʃˁʳ˂ʕʽɺᴩʡʷʂɱɹʒɥژᄷȻȪȲޙ ᏿ᴥproject-based learningᴦȽȼɁɬɹʐɭʠʳ˂ʕʽɺȻᜆ֪ᄑȺȕɞᴥైట 2012ᴦǿ୿ޙ᏿઩߳ ᛵᬻȺɕᴩɬɹʐɭʠʳ˂ʕʽɺɂऐᝩȨɟȹȗɞᴥ2016ኌ႑ᴦǿ ǽɬɹʐɭʠʳ˂ʕʽɺȾɂᴩ̷ɁޙɆȾȝȤɞॴ᠎ȾᤛնȬɞଡ଼ૌศȻȗșֆ৙ȟȕɞᴥైట 2016ᴦǿ̷ȟᑤӦᄑȾᚐའȪޙ᏿ȬɞȲɔȾɂᴩᄻᄑɗȰɟȾ͇᪢ȬɞΙϏɁւ֞ȟ॒ᬳȺȕɞǿȰ ɁᄻᄑɁᜫްɂᴩޙ᏿ᐐᒲᡵȺȪȞ਽ȪᤁȥɜɟȽȗǿ ǽ᜘ȗ૰țɟɃᴩޙ᏿઩߳Ⱦɬɹʐɭʠʳ˂ʕʽɺɥȗȢɜ՘ɝоɟȲȻȦɠȺᴩޙ᏿ᐐȟᒲɜɁᄻ

ᄑɥɕȲȽȗȦȻȾɂޙ᏿ᐐȟ˿ͶᄑȾޙɉȦȻɂȽȗǿ΍țɃᴩץᭉᜓขᑤӌȻɂᴩޙ᏿ᐐȟץᭉ ȻᝓឧȪȹȗɞȦȻɥᜓขȬɞᑤӌȺȪȞȽȗɁȺȕȶȹᴩȰɁץᭉɥͅᐐȞɜऐҤᄑȾ˫țᴩᜓข ȨȮɛșȻȬɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗǿȦɁཟȞɜɕᴩΙϏɥֆɓᒾ֞Ɂᑎ਽ˁ࿑ްᴥᛵጨḨᴦɗᴩᄻൈɥ ɕȷȦȻᴥᛵጨḬᴦɂ᥾ᛵȺȕɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȾᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁ˿ᛵȽᝥᭉɂᴩ2011ኌ႑Ɂȗșژᇀᄑˁ෱ႊᄑᑤ ӌɁᑎ਽ȺɂȽȢᴩޙ᏿઩߳ᛵᬻኄɁްɔɞᄻൈɥᤎ਽ȬɞȲɔȾᴩ఼߬ɁᐳഈȾᩜȬɞޙ᏿ᐐɁ৙ ९Ⱦख़ȫȹᴩᐳഈȾᩜᣵȪȲଡ଼యɥႊ৙ȪȲɝᴩޙ᏿ю߁ȻᐳഈȻɁᩜᣵɥᜓᝢȪȲɝᴩᐳഈɁᜊཟ Ȟɜޙ᏿ю߁ɁΙϏɥւ֞ȨȮȲɝȬɞȦȻȾȕɞǿ ǽȰɟɜɁȦȻɥᣮȫȹᴩᐳഈɋɁᒾ֞ɥᑎ਽ȬɞȻȻɕȾᴩଡ଼ᇼଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞޙ᏿ɋɁӦൡȸȤɥ ऐԇȬɞȻȗșᴩȰɁᒾ֞ȻȰɁӦൡȸȤȻɁʠ˂ʒʃʒʳʍʡᄑᩜΡɥഫኳȪᴩɅȗȹɂ࿑Ⱦɬɵ ʑʩʍɹȽଡ଼ᇼȾȝȤɞޙ᏿ᐐɁᑤӌɥտ˨ȨȮɞȦȻȟᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ Ɂ৙ᏲȺȕɝᴩ఼߬ɁᐳഈȺ॒ᛵȻȽɞᑤӌȾژȸȗȲଡ଼ᑎᄻൈᴥᛵጨḧᴦɁ޴းȾ߆˫Ȭɞǿ ǽȦɁ᪨ᴩ઩߳஁ศɥޙ᏿ᐐɁ࿡ৰȾɛȶȹ۰țɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿᒲࢄᑤӌᜊɁᯚͲᴥHulleman & Harackiewicz 2009ᴦɗᴩᒾ֞Ɂ఍ིᴥHøgheim & Reber 2015ᴦᴩᇋ͢᪡࠙ɗ̷ሗȽȼɁࠖॴ ᴥHarackiewicz et al. 2016ᴦȾɛȶȹႱȽɞӛ౓ȟႆȫɞȞɜȺȕɞǿ

ǽ΍țɃᴩ఍ႊॴȾȷȗȹᴩȰɁޙ᏿ю߁ȾߦȬɞᒲࢄᑤӌᜊȟᯚȗᐐȾɂᴩଡ଼࢙ȟᄽ૚ᄑȾଡ଼ᇉȬ ɞɎșȟᴩȰɟȟͲȗᐐȾɂᴩޙ᏿ᐐᒲᡵȺᐎțȨȮɞ઩߳ɁɎșȟᴩȰɟȱɟɛɝӛ౓ᄑȺȕɞ ᴥCanning & Harackiewicz 2015ᴦǿȲȳȪᴩȰɟȟͲȗᐐȾɂᴩ˵ᐐɁଡ଼ᇉˁ઩߳ɥፋնȪȹᚐșȦ

Ȼȟఊɕӛ౓ᄑȺȕɞǿ ǽ࿑ȾᴩȰɟȟͲȗᐐȾȝȗȹᴩޙ᏿ю߁ȻᐳഈȻɁᩜᣵɥଡ଼ᇉȬɞȳȤȳȻᴩᣡӛ౓ȺȕɞᴥCanning & Harackiewicz 2015ᴦǿȰɁɛșȽᐐɂᴩȰɁᐳഈȾ߿ȤȽȗժᑤॴɥ઩ଊȨɟȲȻȗș৙֞Ⱥᴩժ ᑤᒲࢄɥ࿳ɔɞষڨȻȪȹȰɁଡ଼ᇉɥՙȤ՘ɞȞɜȳȻ૜ລȨɟɞǿ ǽȦɟɜɁᅺ᛻ɂᴩ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ɥࠕᩒȬɞșțȺᴩޙಇ෉᪡ȟ˨ȟɞɎȼᴩޙ᏿઩߳Ɂρҝԇ ɥ૜᣹Ȭɞ॒ᛵॴɥᇉדȬɞǿρ̷Ɂᒾ֞ᩜ॑ȾภȶȹૌഈɥᚐșȦȻɂᴩȬɌȹɁޙ᏿ᐐɁޙ᏿ɥ ΢᣹Ȭɞȟᴩՙផ̷ୣȟ۹ȗȻ᪩޼ȟ۾ȠȗᴥHidi & Harackiewicz 2000ᴦǿɛȶȹᴩ˹ኄˁᯚኄଡ଼ ᑎȾȝȤɞߵ̷ୣૌഈɁ޴းɕ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿ Ḫ˿Ⱦᇋ͢ᇼˁᇋ͢ᇼޙଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹᴩᇋ͢ᝓឧɥ຅ɔȨȮɞ ǽ˿Ⱦᇋ͢ᇼˁᇋ͢ᇼޙଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹᴩᇋ͢ᝓឧɥ຅ɔȨȮɞȦȻȟᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȾȝȤɞቼ 4ɁᛵጨȺȕɞǿ ǽȦɟȞɜɁጽ؆ᐐɂᴩᇋ͢ᄑȾ᥾ᛵȺȞȷࡄᯚȽᄻᄑɥૡȥȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗȻHamelᴥ2009ᴦ ȟ˿एȬɞɛșȾᴩᇋ͢៤စɂ̾ऻɁᐳഈȾȝȗȹɛɝ᥾ᛵ᛾ȨɟɞᛵጨȺȕɞǿ ǽտᇋ͢ॴɂᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɁژᇀȺȕɝᴩ᥂ґᄑȾႆျᄑ࿑ौȾચɝᴩᡵᣋȽͅᐐɥᣮȫȲᇋ͢ ԇɁˢၥȺᑎɑɟɞᴥైట 2018bᴦǿȷɑɝᴩͅᐐȞɜȪȹɕɜȶȲȦȻȾڨȗɞȻȗșᴩᇋ͢ᄑጽ ᮷ȾژȸȢ̠গॴȾɛɞᴥȗɢəɞȈᣌڨॴȉᴦǿ ǽ᫺ࢳɂᴩտᇋ͢ॴɥകɀԚґȾ఍Ȭɞǿʣʗʍʅଡ଼ᑎ፱նᆅሱ੔ᴥ2015ᴦȾɛɞ᠎ץጤᝩ౼Ⱥɂᴩ

ᇋ͢Ⱦ៤စȪȲȗȻኌțɞᯚಇ3ࢳႆȟ7Ҿ͏˨ȾՒɉᴥȈȻȹɕȕȹɂɑɞȉᴨȈɑȕȕȹɂɑɞȉᴦǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩ᫺ࢳɁտᇋ͢ॴɥȨɜȾ΢᣹ȪɛșȻȬɞȽɜɃᴩޙಇ۶Ɂ۹റȽጽ᮷ᴥᛵጨḨᴦɗ ᐳکޙ᏿ᴥᛵጨḪᴦȽȼɥᣮȫȹᴩࢳᩋᐐȻ۹Ȣᩜɢɞൡ͢ɥӁɞȦȻȟ఍ӛȺȕɞǿȦɁȦȻɥȮ ȭȾᴩᤍोɗȈуцȉᴥᯚኄޙಇɁ୿ᇼᄻᴦɁૌഈȾɛȶȹᴩᇋ͢៤စɥोᄻȻȪȹଡ଼țᣅɦȺɕӛ ౓ɂఙशȺȠȽȗǿ ǽɕȶȻɕᴩᛓ᫆ԇȪȹȗȢး͍ᇋ͢ȾȝȗȹᴩȰɁᇋ͢ԇȳȤȺɂᴩտᇋ͢ॴɁߦ៎ȻȽɞȈᇋ͢ȉ ȾᩜȬɞᝓឧȟԚґȾᑎȲȭᴩ᫺ࢳɁտᇋ͢ॴȟᄉ૴ȨɟȾȢȗǿ ǽ̜޴ᴩ᫺ࢳɂᴩᇋ͢Ⱦ៤စȬɞᒲґɥ৊ЅȬɞȦȻȾٌᫍɥ৞ȫȹȗɞǿюᩝࣈȈࢲ਽25ࢳ࣊ਾ ȟّȻច۶ّɁᔌᐐɁ৙ឧȾᩜȬɞᝩ౼ȉȾɛɟɃᴩ40දȧɠɁɮʫ˂ʂȻȪȹȈ۹ȢɁ̷ɁमȾ቏ȶ ȹȗɞȉȻኌțȲᐐɂᴩ34.3%ᴥȈȰș९șȉᴨȈȼȴɜȞȻȗțɃȰș९șȉᴦȺȕɝᴩ7Ȟّ˹ఊ ͲȺȕɞǿ ǽȦɟȞɜɁәЄᐐɂᴩᒲґȟȽȬɌȠ៤စɂͷȺȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗɁȞȻȗșץᭉɥᒲץᒲኌȪȽ ȤɟɃȽɜȽȗᴥDrucker 1999ᴦǿȰɁȲɔȾɂᴩᒲґȟ៤စȬɌȠߦ៎ȻȪȹɁᇋ͢ȾᩜȬɞᝓឧ ɥ຅ɔɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥᣮȫȲޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤȾȝȗȹɂᴩఝ఼Ɂᇋ͢ɋɁ࢑ఖȟֆɑɟȹȗɞ ɁȺᴩȰɟɥޙ᏿ᐐȟ᛻ҋȬȦȻɕ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿ ǽȳȟᴩպ˨Ɂюᩝࣈᝩ౼ȾɛɟɃᴩஓటɁ఼߬ȟȈ஥ɞȗȉȕɞȗɂȈȼȴɜȞȻȗțɃ஥ɞȗȉ Ȼᐎțɞᔌᐐɂᴩ3ҾȾ຿ȲȽȗǿ ǽ࢑ఖȻɂᴩ᚜៎Ⱥȕɝᴩᇋ͢ɁʶʣʵȺɂᴩఝ఼Ɂᇋ͢ȾȷȗȹɁцպ᚜៎ȻȪȹᇋ͢Ɂး٣ɥఝ ఼ȾᩜᣵȸȤɞमҾɥɕȴᴩᇋ͢Ɂ۰ԇˁ۰ᬆɥժᑤȾȬɞಏЫᄑᛵጨȺȕɞᴥࢿຝ 2009ᴦǿȰɁ᚜ ៎ɥျᜓȪᴩӁɝҋȬȦȻɕᴩᇋ͢ᝓឧɁˢብȺȕɞǿ᜘ȗ૰țɟɃᴩޙ᏿ᐐȟᒲґȲȴɁਖ਼Ⱥᴩ࢑ ఖɁɕȹɞᇋ͢ɥ޴းȺȠɞɛșȾᴩ࢑ఖɁɕȹȽȗᇋ͢ᄑᛵىɁး࿡ɥᅺɝᴩȰɁߦኍɥᐎțɞȦ Ȼȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿ ǽȨɜȾᴩޙ᏿ᐐȟᒲɜɁ఼߬Ѕɥɮʫ˂ʂȬɞșțȺɂᴩᐳഈɥȻɝɑȢᇋ͢࿡มȻȰɁ۰ԇȾᩜ Ȭɞျᜓɥ΢ȬȦȻɕ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿȷɑɝᴩȰɁᇋ͢࿡มɁධխɗး࿡ȳȤȺȽȢᴩȰɁఝ఼Ⱦȷȗ ȹɕᐎțȨȮɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽȦɟɜȾᩜȬɞᇋ͢ᝓឧɁᑎ਽ɂᴩ˿Ⱦқኄˁ˹ኄଡ଼ᑎɁᇋ͢ᴥ٥ျධխˁу෢ᴦᇼɗᴩᯚኄଡ଼ᑎ ȾȝȤɞᴥ˿Ⱦଡ଼᭴ଡ଼ᑎɁȽȞȺɁᴦᇋ͢ᇼޙଡ଼ᑎɁमҾȺȕɞǿȰɁमҾɥԚпȾ౓ȲȬȲɔȾɂᴩ ȰɟɜɁଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹᴩျᜓɁ۹Ыˁ᥾܏ॴȾژȸȢȄ຅ȗျᜓȅɥ΢Ȭଡ଼ૌɋȻᢆ૰ȪȹȗȢ॒ᛵ ȟȕɞᴥైట 2018aᴦǿ ḫᐳکޙ᏿ɥᣮȫȹᴩ఼߬ɁᐳഈȾᩜɢɞɽʩʯʕʐɭɋɁޙ᏿ᐐɁՎӏɥ΢᣹Ȭɞ ǽᐳکͶ᮷ɗɮʽʉ˂ʽʁʍʡȽȼᴩᐳکȺɁͶ᮷ᄑȽޙ᏿๊Ӧᴥ͏˩ᴩᐳکޙ᏿ǿȰɁᄻൈȻ஁ศ Ɂ۹റॴȾȷȗȹɂైట 2012ᴦȾȷȗȹɂᴩ୑ኍ୫ంȺᎱɝᣌȪ᜘ՒȨɟȹȗɞǿȰȦȺɂᴩӱәᜊˁ ᐳഈᜊɁढ਽ɗᒲࢄျᜓᴩޙɉȦȻɁ৙ᏲɁျᜓȾɛɞޙ᏿৙ඕɁտ˨ኄᴩ˿Ⱦ॑ျᄑˁᝓᅺᄑϫᬂ Ɂӛ౓ȟ՘ɝ˨ȥɜɟȹȗɞᴥ2004ڨ֖ంᴦǿ

ǽኂᐐɁӌཟɂᴩȰɁᇋ͢ᄑϫᬂᴩȬȽɢȴ఼߬ɁᐳഈȾᩜɢɞɽʩʯʕʐɭɋɁޙ᏿ᐐɁՎӏɥ΢ ȬȦȻȾȕɞǿȦɁȦȻȦȰȟᴩᐳഈɋɁя໙ȽሉᚐȾȻȶȹɕᴩ͙ഈኄȾȻȶȹɕ˪ժඑȺȕɞǿ Ȧɟȟᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȾȝȤɞቼ5ɁᛵጨȺȕɞǿ ǽ̷ȁɁ޴ᡇȾȝȗȹɂᴩ࿎᠎ɗകॡȽȼɁщͶԇȨɟȲɕɁȻᴩᇋ͢ᄑϫᬂȻȪȹɁՎӏȻȗș2 ȷɁᄾᛃᄑȽᛵጨȟᴩጽ᮷ɥ৙֞ȸȤɞᴥWenger 1998ᴦǿ ǽȦɁȦȻɥɈɑțɞȻᴩ఼߬ɁᐳഈȾᩜɢɞɽʩʯʕʐɭᴥƼᐳکᴦɁ਽׆ȾȽɞȾɂᴩȰɁɽʩʯ ʕʐɭȺႊȗɜɟɞᅺឧˁ੫ᑤᴥщͶԇȨɟȲɕɁᴦɁ᏿ीȻᴩȰɁɽʩʯʕʐɭȾȝȗȹᒲɜɁȕ ɞɌȠ቏کɥԬɔᴩ࿲ᒲɁɬɮʑʽʐɭʐɭɥीɞȦȻᴥՎӏᴦȻȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞᴥɛɝᝊȪȢɂᴩై ట 2009Ɂቼ6ቛᴦǿ ǽޙ᏿ᐐɁӦൡȸȤȾᩜȬɞץᭉɗᴩޙಇȞɜ̜̈́ɋɁሉᚐɁٌᫍȾȝȤɞ᥾ᛵȽᛵىɁɅȻȷɂᴩ ޙಇଡ଼ᑎȟᅺឧˁ੫ᑤɁပीɃȞɝɥऐᝩȬɞȦȻȾȕɞǿ᜘ȗ૰țɞȻᴩ͙ഈኄȟ૬ΖȬɞᐳکޙ ᏿Ɂൡ͢ȟ᪅ɜɟȹȝɝᴩᐳکɋɁՎӏɥͧɢȭᴩޙ᏿ᐐȟޙഈᴥȾȝȤɞᅺឧˁ੫ᑤᴦɁ৙ᏲɥԚ ґȾ৞ȫɞȦȻȟȺȠȹȗȽȗǿ ǽᆬȞȾᴩޙಇȻȗșޙᚓᄑȽɽʩʯʕʐɭȾՎӏȪᴩȰȦȺɬɮʑʽʐɭʐɭɥढ਽ȬɞȦȻɂᴩ ޙഈɥșɑȢɗɞșțȺ఍ӛȺȕɞǿȳȟᴩȰɟȟᐳഈɋɁሉᚐɗᴩ۰ԇɁ༜ȪȗȦɟȞɜɁᇋ͢ɥ ႆȠɞșțȺɁᑤӌढ਽Ⱦम቏ȷȻɂ᪅ɜȽȗᴥKaplan et al. 2014ᴦǿ ǽՎӏɁᤈሌȾȝȗȹᴩޙಇȻᐳکȻɁᩖȾȰɁɛșȽ୽ፏȟȕɞȦȻɂᴩ͙ഈȾȻȶȹɕᴩ෰ɔɞ ̷యЅȻɁ̊ᫌɗ஗ఙᫌᐳȽȼɁʴʃɹɥ੿țɞȦȻȾȽɞǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩ͙ഈɂᴩ̷యᑎ਽ɥͧș૗ႊ๊ӦɁˢၥȻȪȹᐳکޙ᏿ɥሥ഍ᄑȾͱᏚȸȤɞɌȠȺ ȕɞǿ ǽȦɟɂᴩ2015ࢳȾ୎᜙ȨɟȲ୫᥂ᇼޙᅁˁՀႆәЄᅁˁጽຑႇഈᅁȈɮʽʉ˂ʽʁʍʡɁ૜᣹Ⱦ छȲȶȹɁژటᄑᐎț஁ȉɁ஁ᦉȻɂඩՕߦȺȕɞǿᆬȞȾᴩᐳکޙ᏿ɂᴩ஽ᩖᄑȾޙഈɋɁ᪩޼Ⱦ Ƚɞ͍Рɂȕɞǿ ǽȳȟᴩޙ᏿ᐐȻ͙ഈኄɁՔ஁ȾȻȶȹᐳഈɋɁя໙ȽሉᚐȟժᑤȾȽɞȻȗșɛɝ۾ȠȽʫʴʍʒ ȟȕɞǿȦɁɛșȽʫʴʍʒɥ͙ഈȟ̰ՙȺȠȽȗး࿡Ⱥɂᴩᐳکޙ᏿Ɂൡ͢ȟ۾ࢥȾછЭȨɟɞ᛻ ᣅɒɂȽȗǿ ǽɑȲᴩᐳکޙ᏿ɂᴩमҾʬʑʵȻȽɝșɞʫʽʉ˂ɗਖ਼టȻȽɞɲɷʃʛ˂ʒȻɁᩜɢɝɥᣮȫȹᴩ ᅺឧˁ੫ᑤɁပीȳȤȺȽȢᴩ॑ျᄑˁᇋ͢ᄑˁɷʭʴɬȽȼɁп̷ᄑᄉᤎɥɕ΢᣹ȬɞȻȗșᴩޙ ഈȾ͍ɢɞȦȻɁȺȠȽȗ࿑᠎ɥ఍Ȭɞᴥైట 2009ᴦǿ ǽȷɑɝᴩᐳکޙ᏿ɂᴩп̷ᄑȽᄉᤎɥ΢᣹ȬɞȄȻɕȾඬɓȅаᤎȻɁᩋఙᄑȽʫʽʉʴʽɺᩜΡ ɥഫኳȬɞܑൡȻȪȹɕસțɜɟɞɌȠȺȕɞᴥైట 2014ᴦǿʫʽʉʴʽɺᩜΡȺɂᴩʫʽʐɭᴥޙ ᏿ᐐᴦȳȤȺȽȢᴩʫʽʉ˂ᴥ઩߳ᐐᴦȾɕʫʴʍʒȟȕɞᴥైట 2014Ⱦɛɞകᜊᴦǿ ǽȨɜȾᴩޙಇю۶ȾȝȤɞᒾ֞ɥ๭᭴Ȭɞ۹റȽൡ͢ᴥᛵጨḨᴦȻȪȹɁᴩᐳکޙ᏿ɥᣮȫȲ۹റ ȽɽʩʯʕʐɭɋɁՎӏɂᴩޙ᏿ᐐɁӁᣲॴɥ๭᭴Ȭɞጨ٥Ⱥȕɞǿ۹റȽɽʩʯʕʐɭȾ᥾ᛓȪȹ ੔ࠖȬɞȦȻȟᴩޙ᏿ȾȝȤɞ᥾ᛵȽ៾ໃȺȕɝᴩ࿲ᒲɁɬɮʑʽʐɭʐɭɥढ਽ȬɞȦȻȾȷȽȟ ɞᴥWenger 1998ᴦǿ

ǽȽȝᴩ۾ޙɁ՘ɝጸɒɋɁᯚಇႆɁՎӏɕᴩ۾ޙȻȗșɽʩʯʕʐɭɋɁՎӏȻસțɞȦȻȟȺȠ ɞɁȺᴩᐳکޙ᏿ȾᩜȬɞȦȦȺɁឰᝲɥᤛႊȺȠɞǿ Ḭ ɷʭʴɬᄉᤎȾᩜȬɞޙᚓᄑᅺ᛻Ȼᐳഈᇋ͢Ɂ޴ৰȾԴȪȲ᣹ᡅ઩߳Ⱦɛȶȹᴩ఼߬ɁᒲࢄЅȻȰ Ɂ޴း᜛႕ɥʑʀɮʽȨȮɞ ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȾȝȤɞቼ6ɁᛵጨȻȪȹɁ᣹ᡅ઩߳ɂᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁ˹ಎȺȕɝᴥ2004ڨ֖ ంᴦᴩ࿑ҝ๊ӦȻȪȹޙಇଡ଼ᑎȺِ఍ɁᬻڒɥɕȶȹᄉࠕȪȹȠȲǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳ɂɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɁᛵጨɥഫ਽ȬɞȟᴩȰɁឰᝲȻɂҝȾᴩɷʭʴɬᄉᤎȾᩜ Ȭɞޙᚓᄑᅺ᛻Ȼᐳഈᇋ͢Ɂ޴ৰȾԴȪȹᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳ɥፏțȭ௿୿ȪȹȗȢȦȻȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞᴥe.g. ైట 2012ᴩ2014ᴦǿ ǽ᣹ᡅ઩߳ȾȝȤɞ˿ȽᄻᄑɁɅȻȷɂᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɁୈ૵Ⱦȕɞǿ᣹ޙɂᴩᐳഈɋɁᣮᤈཟȺ ȕɞȞɜᴩȰɟɋɁ઩߳ɕᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥ᛻ᣮȪȹȽȨɟɞɌȠȺȕɞǿ ǽైటᴥ2018bᴦɥɈɑțȹᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳ȺऐᝩȨɟɞɌȠȦȻɥ͏˩Ⱦ4ཟᣖɌɞǿ ǽቼ1ɂᴩɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺȾȷȽȟɞᄻൈɁఖɑȪȗધȴ஁ȺȕɞᴥPink 2009ȾऀႊȨɟȲR. M. RyanɁᄉ᜘ᴦǿȬȽɢȴᴩͅᐐȻɁᓦܧȽᩜΡॴɁ޴းȻᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းȻȗșᜊཟȞɜᴩޙ᏿ᐐȾ ᣹ᡅɥᐎțȨȮɞȦȻȟᴩɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɥ΢᣹Ȭɞǿ

ǽᒲࢄขްျᝲɁᆅሱᴥKasser & Ryan 1996ᴸNiemiec et al. 2009ᴦȾɛɟɃᴩͅᐐȻɁᜆ߈Ȩɗᇋ ͢៤စᴩ਽ᩋᴩϧ࣐ȻȗșюᄉᄑȽᄻൈɁᣜ෰ɑȲɂᤎ਽ȟᴩɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺȾ߆˫Ȭɞˢ஁Ⱥᴩ ᛀᇩɗ۶ᜊᄑᰀӌᴩջۦȻȗș۶ᄉᄑȽᄻൈɁᣜ෰ɑȲɂᤎ਽ɂᴩɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺȾমफᬭɥɕȲ ɜȬᴥպറɁᅺ᛻ȻȪȹᴩɬʫʴɵȾȝȤɞKasser & Ryan 2001ᴩʓɮʎȾȝȤɞSchmuck 2001ᴦǿ ǽSeligmanᴥ2011ᴦɕᴩɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɁᛵጨȻȪȹᴩͅᐐȻɁᩜΡॴɥમȥɞǿտᇋ͢ॴɂᴩ șȷგɥɕȲɜȬ഍࣊Ɂρ̷˿Ᏺɥ፿֪ȬɞᴥSeligman 2006ᴦǿ

ǽɛȶȹᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳ȾȝȗȹͅᐐȻɁᩜΡॴɥऐᝩȬɞȦȻȟఖɑȪȗᴥైట 2014ᴦǿ

ǽቼ2ɂᴩʧʂʐɭʠȽժᑤᒲࢄȻʗɶʐɭʠȽȰɟȻɥȻɕȾɕȷȦȻȺȕɞᴥOyserman & Markus 1990aᴩ1990bᴸOyserman & James 2009ᴦǿ

ǽOyserman & Markusᴥ1990aᴦɂᴩ᫿ᚐߵࢳȻȰșȺȽȗߵࢳȻɁ෗ᢎȾɛȶȹᴩȦɁȦȻɁ᥾ᛵ ॴɥ˿एȬɞǿ ǽ᥆ኊᴥ2001ᴦȾɛɞߴޙಇ6ࢳႆȞɜ˹ޙಇ1ࢳႆȾȞȤȹɁ᎒୽ᝩ౼ȺɕᴩպറɁᅺ᛻ȟीɜɟ ȹȗɞǿఝ఼ɋɁఙशȻ˪ާɁ˵஁ɥɕȶȹȗȲз቟ȟᴩȰɟɜɁˢ஁ɁɒɕȷȞȼȴɜɕȽȗᐐɛ ɝɕᴩȰɁऻɁ˹ޙಇႆ๊Ⱥྒ˹ȪȹȗɞɕɁȟȕɝᴩ˹ޙಇ1ࢳႆ஽ཟȺɗɝȲȗȻ᭐șɕɁȟȕ ɞȻ۹ȢوኌȪȲǿ ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȺɂᴩۼɥᣜșȦȻɥ૜ܟȬɞϿտȾȕɞᴥзᏩࡺ 2015ᴦǿȰɟɂᴩʧʂʐɭʠȽժ ᑤᒲࢄɥᑎȹɞȻȗșཟȺ᝝ɝȺɂȽȗǿ ǽȲȳȪᴩᤈ࣊Ɂഒᜊ˿ᏲɗᒲࢄᑌްᴩȰɟɜȾᩜᣵȪȲʧʂʐɭʠȽ࿑ॴɂᴩʴʃɹɥᤈߴ᜻ΙȪᴩ ໿٣ᄑȾԲ᪙Ƚ৙९ขްɗї᪙ȾȷȽȟɝɗȬȗᴥKahneman 2011ᴸMischel 2014ᴦǿ ǽɛȶȹᴩۼɥᣜșȦȻȾɂʴʃɹȟͧșȦȻɕնɢȮȹଡ଼țɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿȰɁʴʃɹȾา৙ɥտ

ȤȨȮɞɁȟᴩʗɶʐɭʠȽժᑤᒲࢄɁमҾȺȕɞᴥOyserman 2008ᴦǿ ǽȰɁʴʃɹɥᐎțɞșțȺɂᴩȼɦȽʴʃɹȟȕɞȞɗᴩȰɟɥوᤧȬɞ஁ศȳȤȺȽȢᴩȰɟȾ ᤜᤃȪȲȻȠɁߦѿศȾȷȗȹɕျᜓȪȹȝȢȦȻȟఖɑȪȗᴥّ቏ଡ଼ᑎ୑ኍᆅሱ੔ႆा઩߳ˁ᣹ᡅ ઩߳ᆅሱʅʽʉ˂ 2016ᴦǿ ǽȪȲȟȶȹᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳Ⱦȝȗȹɂᴩۼ࿎᝙ɥޙ᏿ᐐȾ૫ȞȬȦȻȳȤȺȽȢᴩȰɁ࿎᝙ɥ᣹ɔɞș țȺɁʴʃɹɥᐎțȨȮɞȦȻȟᴩʧʂʐɭʠȽժᑤᒲࢄȻʗɶʐɭʠȽȰɟȻɥȻɕȾɕȷȦȻȻ Ȫȹ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿȰɟɂᴩSeligmanᴥ2006ᴦɁȗșᴩȪȶȞɝȻᄻɥ᛻ᩒȗȲ౬ᢅȽഒᜊ˿Ᏺɥᡵ ȾȷȤɞȦȻȳȻɕȗțɞǿ ǽȦɁ᪨ᴩᇋ͢ᝓឧᴥᛵጨḪᴦȾژȸȗȹȈᇋ͢ɁȽȞȺɁժᑤᒲࢄȉȻȗș᛾ཟɥɕȷȦȻȟ᥾ᛵ Ⱥȕɞǿᇋ͢ȞɜɁᒲࢄɋɁफᬭɂི᛾ȺȠȽȗȪᴩᇋ͢ȰɁɕɁɕ஽ᩖȻȻɕȾ۰ԇȪȹȗȢȞɜ Ⱥȕɞǿ ǽቼ3ɂᴩᴥఝ఼ᄑᴦ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖȺȕɞǿ ǽ᥆ኊᴥ2014ᴦȾɛɞూ̱23Ԗ۶Ɂ᥆቏ᯚಇௐᣮᇼ3ࢳႆɋɁ᠎ץጤᝩ౼Ⱥɂᴩ᣹ᡅᤣ੻৙ឧˁᚐ ӦɁऐȨɂᴩఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖᴥȈ఼߬ɋɁ࢑ఖȉȈ఼߬ɋɁॖտॴȉȈ᜛႕ॴȉᴦɗᴩޙಇႆ๊ɁЭ޴ ࣊ᴩޙ᏿ျᜓɁᒲࢄ᜻ΙȻᄾᩜȬɞǿɑȲᴩఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖɂᴩᑌްᄑȽᒲࢄ৙ឧȻᩜᣵȬɞǿ ǽȷɑɝᴩఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖɂᴩᑌްᄑȽᒲࢄ৙ឧɥͧȗᴩᄻൈᤎ਽ᚐӦɥ΢ȬȦȻȺᴩޙഈɁਖ਼෉ ॴɥᯚɔᴩޙಇႆ๊ɁЭ޴Ȼޙഈᤎ਽ɥɕȲɜȬǿ ǽᴥఝ఼ᄑᴦ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖɁᑎ਽ȾᩜȪȹᴩ᣹ᡅ઩߳Ɂ୫ᑩȺɂᴩඒɁ2ཟȟ᥾ᛵȺȕɞǿ

ǽቼ1ཟɂᴩఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖȾȝȤɞ2ȷɁϫᬂᴥDe Volder & Lens 1982ᴦᴩȬȽɢȴᴩӦᄑϫᬂ ȻᝓᅺᄑϫᬂȻɥȻɕȾ΢᣹ȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿщͶᄑȾɂᴩҰᐐɂᴩɛɝᩋఙᄑȽᄻൈɁᜫްᴩऻᐐ ɂᴩး٣ɁᚐའɋɁᤍщॴɁ͇˫Ⱥȕɞǿ ǽ̜޴ᴩ۾ޙႆȾȝȗȹᴩᩋఙᄑȽᄻൈɁᜫްɗᴩȰɁᄻൈɥ޴းȬɞȲɔɁ᜛႕ɥɕȷȦȻɂᴩɰɱ ʵʝ˂ɮʽɺȻᄾᩜȟȕɞᴥZaleski et al. 2001ᴦǿ ǽպറȾᴩࠆࡆᴥ2001ᴦȾɛɞஓటɁ۾ޙႆɋɁ᠎ץጤᝩ౼Ⱥɕᴩ఼߬ȾտȤȹȬɌȠȦȻȟɢȞɝᴩ ȰɁȦȻɥ޴ᚐȪȹȗɞᐐᴥᝩ౼ߦ៎ᐐɁ35.1%ᴦɂᴩȬɌȠȦȻɥျᜓȪȷȷȰɁȦȻɥ޴ᚐȪȹ ȗȽȗᐐᴥպ45.6%ᴦɗᴩȰɕȰɕȬɌȠȦȻȟɢȞɜȽȗᐐᴥպ19.3%ᴦȾ෗Ɍȹᴩး٣ɁЭ޴৞ ɥीȹȗɞᐐȟ۹ȗǿ ǽɑȲᴩޙ᏿ᐐȾȻȶȹᴩᤍщॴɁ͇˫ɂᴩޙഈȾߦȪȹᚐșȦȻȟ᥾ᛵȺȕɞǿȰɁȦȻȟᴩޙഈ ɋɁӦൡȸȤɗᤎ਽ȾफᬭȬɞᴥైట 2018bᴦǿ ǽȷɑɝᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾȝȗȹۼɥᑎȹɞȦȻȻɂᴩۼ࿎᝙ɥ૫ȞȮȹᴩȰɁ޴းɁȲɔȾᴩޙഈ ɋɁ՘ɝጸɒɥɂȫɔȻȪȲး٣ɁᚐӦɥʑʀɮʽȨȮɞȦȻȺȕɞǿȦɁȦȻȟᴩᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴း ɥᣮȫȲɰɱʵʝ˂ɮʽɺɁ΢᣹Ⱦ߆˫Ȭɞǿ

ǽȦɁ᪨ᴩး٣ȞɜᣋȗɕɁȻȪȹ఼߬ɁᒲࢄЅɥɛɝᰚ஥ȾᝓឧȨȮɞȦȻᴥNurra & Oyserman 2018ᴦɗᴩஇȻȗșʫʉʟɫ˂ɥႊȗɞȦȻᴥLandau et al. 2014ᴦȟᴩȰɁӛ౓ɥᯚɔɞǿ

ǽቼ2ཟɂᴩᤈՍȻఝ఼ɥး٣ȾፋնȬɞȦȻᴥe.g. ᄌ̢ 2001ᴦȺȕɞǿ

ǽMCIIȺɂᴩʧʂʐɭʠȽఝ఼Ɂۼ৊ᴥfantasiesᴦȻး٣Ɂး޴ᴥఝ఼ɋɁ᪩޼ᴦȻɁȈ॑ᄑߦྃᴥmental constrastingᴦȉȾɛȶȹᴩጽ᮷ȾژȸȢఙशᴥexpectationᴦɥɕȲȮᴩȰɁఙशȾภȶȹᴩȈif-thenᴥɕ ȪᵻɁȻȠᴩ॒ȭᵻȬɞᴦʡʳʽȉȻȗșᚐӦɁ᜛႕ɥ቏ȹȨȮɞǿȰɁፀ౓ᴩӓӌɗᤁᚐᴩɰɱʵ ʝ˂ɮʽɺȾӛ౓ɥɕȲɜȬǿ

ǽቼ4ɂᴩ຿ᠴᤂ࣫ɥֆɓᒲࢄᝩ୥ʃɷʵȺȕɞǿȦȦȺɁᒲࢄᝩ୥ɂᴩᒲࢄɽʽʒʷ˂ʵɗ৙ॖӌ ᴥBaumeister & Tierney 2011ᴦȻպᏲȺȕɞǿ

ǽȼɦȽ̷ɕᴩႆ๊ɁȽȞȺറȁȽඕఖɥ੿Ƞᴩሌ࣊ɁࢃɂȕɟᴩȰɟȾߦȪȹ ᗵȪᴩᒲࢄᝩ୥ ɥӛ౓ᄑȾᚐșᴥHofmann et al. 2012ᴦǿߵȽȢȻɕ۾ޙႆȾȽɞɑȺȾᴩᝥᭉɁሗ᭒ȾɛɞᒲɜɁ ᒾ֞ɁऐȨȾख़ȫȹᴩᒲɜɁᒾ֞ɥᯚɔɞᒲࢄᝩ୥ʃɷʵɥᄉ૴ȺȠɞᴥSansone et al. 1992ᴦǿ ǽȪȞȪᴩஓటȾȝȤɞᯚಇႆɗ۾ޙႆɁး࿡ɥɒȹᴩ۹ȢɁᐐȟޙഈȾᒲࢄᝩ୥ʃɷʵɥᄉ૴Ȫȹ ȗɞɛșȾɂ९ɢɟȽȗǿᩋȗޙಇႆ๊ȺڗɢɟȲޙ᏿ॴི෥ӌȟफᬭȪȹᴩᤛҒȽӦൡȸȤȾඑȤ ȹȗɞȦȻȾˢىȟȕɞǿ ǽᒲࢄᝩ୥ȾȝȤɞӛ౓ᄑȽ஁ศɁɅȻȷɂᴩɛȗ᏿ৼɥɕȷȦȻᴥe.g. Duhigg 2012ᴦȺȕɞǿ ǽᒲࢄᝩ୥ɁȲɔɁ৙ॖӌɂᴩɅȻȷɁҋ੔ȞɜȬɌȹɁሗ᭒ɁᚐӦȾႊȗɜɟɞǿȰɁᦀȾɂ᪅ɝ ȟȕɝᴩΈșȦȻȺ๡ᐗȬɞᴥBaumeister & Tierney 2011ᴦǿȷɑɝᴩ࣊᥾Ƚɞ৙९ขްɂᴩȰɁऻ Ɂᒲࢄᝩ୥ɥऍɔɞᴥVohs et al. 2008ᴦǿ

ǽɛȶȹᴩ᏿ৼȾɛȶȹ৙९ขްȰɁɕɁɥນɜȮɃᴩӓӌȾᛵȬɞ៾ໃɥኮጙȺȠɞɁȺᴩɛɝӛ ౓ᄑȾᄻൈɥᤎ਽ȺȠɞᴥMaslow 1970ᴸWood 2016ᴦǿаᣖɁif-thenʡʳʽɕᴩ᏿ৼɁщͶᄑ஁ศ Ⱥȕɞǿ

ǽ̜޴ᴩᒲࢄᝩ୥ӌɁऐȨɂᴩ৙ឧᄑᚐӦɛɝᴩི৙ឧᄑȺ᏿ৼᄑȽᚐӦȻᄾᩜȟȕɞᴥde Ridder et al. 2012Ⱦɛɞʫʉґ౏ᴦǿȷɑɝᴩᒲࢄᝩ୥Ȼɂᴩɛȗ᏿ৼɥढ਽Ȫᴩমȗ᏿ৼɥ୽ȴҒɞӌᴥde Ridder et al.ᴦȺȕɝᴩ৙ॖӌɥΈɢȽȗɛșȾȬɞȦȻᴥBaumeister & Tierney 2011ᴦȺȕɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩॴಐȾȝȤɞBig FiveɁșȴᴩޙഈɗᐳഈȺɁ਽౓Ⱦ፱ȫȹఊɕᩜᣵȟȕɞɁɂᴩᅊᬂᄻȨ ᴥConscientiousnessᴦȺȕɞᴥe.g. Almlund et al. 2011ȾɛɞകᜊᴸBarrick et al. 2001ᴸHeckman &

Kautz 2013ȾɛɞകᜊᴸPoropat 2009ᴦǿȦɁᅊᬂᄻȨɂᴩఖɑȪȗޙ᏿᏿ৼȻᄾᩜȟȕɝᴥCredé & Kuncel 2008Ⱦɛɞʫʉґ౏ᴦᴩޙ᏿᏿ৼȟᴩᅊᬂᄻȨȻޙഈ਽᎝ᴥଡ଼࢙Ⱦɛɞ᜻ΙᴦȻɥݨ̿Ȭ ɞᴥAlmlund et al. 2011Ⱦɛɞകᜊᴦǿ ǽȦɟɜɁȦȻɂᴩॴಐȟႆीᄑȽɕɁȺɂȽȢᴩढ਽ȨɟȲ᏿ৼȺȕɝᴥTough 2012ȾȝȤɞA. DuckworthɁᄉ᜘ᴦᴩ۰țȲɝᨃțȲɝȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȦȻᴥAlmlund et al. 2011ȾɛɞകᜊᴦȻ ቺհȬɞǿ̜޴ᴩᅊᬂᄻȨɂᴩࢳɥȻɞɎȼऐȢȽɞϿտȾȕɞᴥRoberts et al. 2006ᴦǿ ǽɛȗ᏿ৼɥɂȫɔȻȪȲᒲࢄᝩ୥ʃɷʵɥᄉ૴ȬɞȲɔȾɂᴩᄻൈɥɕȷȦȻȟ॒ᛵȺȕɞᴥe.g. Baumeister & Tierney 2011ᴸDuckworth 2016ᴦǿȷɑɝᴩȦɟɑȺȾમȥȲ3ȷɁᛵጨᴥᄻൈȾȢ ɢțȹᴩʚʳʽʃɁȻɟȲժᑤᒲࢄᴩ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖᴦȾᩜɢɞǿᒲࢄᝩ୥ʃɷʵɥΈȝșȻȬɞӦൡȸ ȤȟȽȤɟɃᴩȰɁʃɷʵȟΈɢɟɞȦȻȟȽȗᴥTough 2012ȾȝȤɞA. DuckworthɁᄉ᜘ᴦȞɜ Ⱥȕɞǿ

ǽɑȲᴩ᥆ኊᴥ2014ᴦȾɛɟɃᴩఝ఼ᄑ஽ᩖᄑࠕఖȻ஽ᩖɁΈȗ஁ȾߦȬɞ຿ᠴ࣊ȻȟᩜᣵȪȹȗȲǿ ȰɁ຿ᠴ࣊ȟᯚȗᐐɂᴩ᛼ҬඩȪȢᴩʫʴʙʴɁȕɞႆ๊ɥᣞȶȹȗɞȻᒲࢄ᜻ΙȪȹȗȲǿ ǽȽȝᴩᒲࢄᝩ୥ʃɷʵɗ຿ᠴᤂ࣫ʃɷʵɥᑎȹɞȦȻȾ࿑ԇȪȲଡ଼ᑎʡʷɺʳʪɗଡ଼ૌ஁Ⴉᴥe.g. Mischel 2014ȾɛɞകᜊᴸNilson 2013ᴦɕȕɝᴩଡ଼ᑎးکȺ๊ႊȺȠɞǿ µᴫ፱જ ǽటሟȺɂᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȾȝȤɞ̾ऻɁȕɝ஁ȻȪȹᴩޙഈᤎ਽ȻӁᣲᄑȽ̜̈́ɁȲɔȾᴩޙ᏿ᐐ Ɂᐳഈᄑᒲࢄ޴းɥୈ૵Ȭɞɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ɥ૬ಘȪȲǿ ǽ୎ɔȹऐᝩȪȲȗɁɂᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȟᴩȻɝɢȤ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ᴥᛵጨḩᴦɗᐳکޙ᏿ᴥᛵ ጨḫᴦȻȪȹᴩᒲऺᄑȽᄻൈɥͧșޙഈɋɁӦൡȸȤɁ΢᣹ȝɛɆᅺឧɁˢ஁ᄑȽଡ଼ૌȞɜɁᑱԵᴥȬ Ƚɢȴᴩɬɹʐɭʠʳ˂ʕʽɺɁછЭᴦȻȗșޙಇଡ଼ᑎ୎ᬆȾȝȤɞ˿ᛵȽᝥᭉɋɁѿ஁ኚȾȽȶȹ ȗɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩ޴᪨Ɂɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎᴥȻ᣹ᡅ઩߳ᴦȺᴩᒾ֞ɁमҾȟᤈߴȾ᜻ΙȨɟȹȗɞȦȻɥᣖɌȲǿ ైటᴥ2018bᴦɂᴩ޴᪨Ɂޙ᏿઩߳Ⱥᴩᒾ֞Ɂ৙֞ȟ˪छȾ࿳ȢસțɜɟᴩȞȷȰɁमҾȟᤈ۾Ⱦ᜻ ΙȨɟȹȗɞȦȻɥ઩ଊȬɞǿ ǽȷɑɝᴩޙಇးکȺɂᴩᒾ֞Ⱦȷȗȹˢ៩ȪȲᤛҒȽျᜓȟԚґȽȨɟȹȗȽȗǿȰɁፀ౓ᴩɷʭ ʴɬଡ଼ᑎȺɂ᫺ࢳȻ᣹ᡅаȻɁᴩޙ᏿઩߳Ⱥɂ᫺ࢳɁᄉᤎᄑʕ˂ʄȻଡ଼ૌศȻɁᳫᳳɥȰɟȱɟႆȫ ȨȮȹȝɝᴩޙ᏿઩߳ɗɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎȟൡᑤȪȽȗᛵىȻȽȶȹȗɞǿᒾ֞ȾᩜȬɞᤛҒȽျᜓɥௐ ՒȨȮɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎ3.1ȾȝȤɞ̾ऻɁᆅሱᝥᭉɂᴩ̜΍ڨ֖ɁᖞሥȻґ౏Ⱥȕɞǿଡ଼ૌျᝲɁഫኳȾȝ ȗȹᴩȰɟɜȟ᥾ᛵȺȕɞᴥShulman 1987ᴦǿȻɝɢȤᴩ୫ᑩᄑଡ଼ૌˁޙ᏿ᴥᛵጨḩᴦɗᐳکޙ᏿ᴥᛵ ጨḫᴦȾᩜȬɞ̜΍ڨ֖ȕɞȗɂޙ᏿઩߳ಘɁᖞሥȟఖɑɟɞǿ ǽɑȲᴩ޴ᡇᄑȽᝥᭉɂᴩɷʭʴɬଡ଼ᑎɗ᣹ᡅ઩߳ɁᄉࠕȾ៾Ȭɞޙᚓᄑᅺ᛻ɥଡ଼࢙Ⱦ૬ΖȬɞȦȻᴩ ȕɞȗɂᴩՎᐎంȽȼɥᣮȫȹޙ᏿ᐐȾȰɁᅺ᛻ɥᄽ૚૬ΖȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ऀႊ୫စ

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