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水平的財政調整制度の役割について

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㧙㧙

᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛ೙ᐲߩᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡ

㤗ޓ↢ޓޓ⦟ޓᢥ

㧔ᘮᙥ⟵Ⴖᄢቇᴺቇㇱᢎ᝼㧕

㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ

ߎߩ⺰ᢥߢߪ㧘࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭ㑆ߩ᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ਥߦ౏ᐔᕈߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᬌ⸛ࠍട߃ࠆޕᣣ ᧄߦ߅޿ߡ᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᓎഀࠍᜂߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆޕ࿾ᣇಽᮭᡷ㕟ࠍ߼ߋࠆ⼏⺰߇ ᵴ⊒ߦߥࠆਛ㧘࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢ߩᡷ㕟߽ᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸߼ߡ޿ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ႐วߦ᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛ߇ᔅⷐ ߣߐࠇࠆߩ߆㧘୘ੱࠍ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߦߒߚౣಽ㈩ߢߪߥߗਇචಽߥߩ߆㧘ߘߒߡᦸ߹ߒ޿⒖ォߩⷙᮨߪߤߩ ⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ᩮᧄ⊛ߥ⼏⺰ߪ߶ߣࠎߤⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ޿1)ޕߎࠇࠄߩὐࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߩ߇ᧄ⺰ᢥߩ⋡ ⊛ߢ޽ࠆޕ ᦨೋߦ㧘࿾ၞ㑆⒖ォߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ⺰ߓࠆ㓙ߦᵈᗧߔߴ߈ὐࠍ 4 ὐᜰ៰ߒߡ߅ߎ߁ޕ╙ 1 ߦ㧘ଢ⋉߿⽶ᜂߪ ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪ୘ੱߦᏫ⌕ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ╙ 2 ߦ㧘⽷᡽⺞ᢛ೙ᐲࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ㓙㧘ㅢᏱߩ⚻ᷣ໧㗴ߣหߓߊ㧘 ല₸ᕈߣ౏ᐔᕈߩਔ㕙߆ࠄߩ⹏ଔ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ2)ޕߚߛߒ㧘ߎߩ⺰ᢥߦ߅޿ߡߪਥߦ౏ᐔᕈߩ㕙߆ࠄߩᬌ ⸛ࠍⴕ߁ޕ╙ 3 ߦ㧘࿾ၞ㑆ᩰᏅࠍᤚᱜߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ႐วߦ㧘ߘߩᩰᏅߩේ࿃ࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒߡ⼏⺰ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ ޽ࠆޕ╙ 4 ߦ㧘૑᳃ߩ⒖േน⢻ᕈࠍ⠨߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޕ․ߦ㧘⍴ᦼ⊛ߦߪ⒖േ࿎㔍ߢ߽㧘㐳ᦼߦ߅޿ ߡߪ⒖േߪኈᤃߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘⍴ᦼߣ㐳ᦼߢ౏ᐔᕈߩౝኈ߇⇣ߥࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆޕߎࠇߣ㑐ㅪߔࠆ߇㧘ዬ૑࿾ ࠍ᳿ቯߒߚᓟߩ੐ᓟ⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈߛߌࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘ዬ૑࿾ㆬᛯએ೨ߩ੐೨ߩ౏ᐔᕈߦᛶ⸅ߒߚࠅ㧘㕖ല₸⊛ ߥዬ૑࿾ㆬᛯࠍ⺃⊒ߔࠆߣ޿߁໧㗴߽޽ࠆޕ ߐߡ㧘એਅߢߪ㧘2. ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᩮ᜚ࠍ⽷᡽⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈ㧔᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ㧕ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆ ߚ߼ߩᚻᲑߣ૏⟎ߠߌ㧘વ⛔⊛ߥ⼏⺰ߦ᜸ᚢߒߚ Buchanan ߩ⼏⺰ࠍ߹ߕ⚫੺ߔࠆޕᰴߦ㧘Boadway and Flatters ᩺ࠍ⚫੺ߒ㧘Buchanan ᩺ߣᲧセᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ3. ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⼏⺰ࠍᛕ್⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒ㧘ᦸ߹ ߒ޿⒖ォߦߟ޿ߡਥߦ౏ᐔᕈߩ㕙߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ * 1959 ᐕ↢߹ࠇޕ84 ᐕᘮᔕ⟵Ⴖᄢቇᴺቇㇱතᬺ㧘89 ᐕ৻ᯅᄢቇᄢቇ㒮⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻⺖⒟න૏ขᓧㅌቇޕ89 ᐕ৻ᯅᄢቇ⚻ᷣቇ ㇱഥᚻ㧘90 ᐕㇷ᡽⋭ㇷ᡽⎇ⓥᚲ⎇ⓥቭ㧘91 ᐕᣂẟᄢቇ⚻ᷣቇㇱ⻠Ꮷ㧘92 ᐕหഥᢎ᝼㧘97 ᐕᣣᧄᄢቇ⚻ᷣቇㇱഥᢎ᝼㧘99 ᐕ৻ᯅᄢ ቇ⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥᚲഥᢎ᝼㧘01 ᐕᘮᔕ⟵Ⴖᄢቇᴺቇㇱഥᢎ᝼ࠍ⚻ߡ 04 ᐕࠃࠅ⃻⡯ޕߎߩ㑆㧘06 ᐕ 4 ᦬㨪 08 ᐕ 3 ᦬⽷ോ⋭⽷ോ✚ว᡽╷ ⎇ⓥᚲ✚᜝ਥછ⎇ⓥቭޕᚲዻቇળߪᣣᧄ⚻ᷣቇળ㧘ᣣᧄ⽷᡽ቇળޕਥߥ⪺ᦠ╬ߦޡ౏౒⚻ᷣቇޢ㧔1998 ᐕ㧘᦭᢫㑑㧕㧘ޟ⋧⛯ࠍㅢߓ ߚ਎ઍ㑆⒖ォޠ㧔ޡ⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥޢ╙ 49 Ꮞ╙ 4 ภ㧘pp.289-296㧘1998 ᐕ 10 ᦬㧕㧘ޟ౏⊛ᐕ㊄ᡷ㕟ޓⓍ┙ᣇᑼ߳ߩ⒖ⴕޠ㧔ޡ౏౒᡽╷ߩᣂߚ ߥዷ㐿ޢ㊁ญᖘ♿㓶✬㧘᧲੩ᄢቇ಴ ળ㧘2005 ᐕ㧕߇޽ࠆޕ 1) ࠊߕ߆ߥ଀ᄖߪᜬ↰ (2005) ߢ޽ࠆޕ 2) ޟ⿷ߦࠃࠆᛩ␿ޠ߇ࡄ࡟࡯࠻ല₸⊛⾗Ḯ㈩ಽߩታ⃻ߦᄬᢌߔࠆߣ޿߁๮㗴ߪ⃻࿷ߢߪࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ౏౒⽷ଏ⛎ߦ઻߁ⷙ

ᮨߩ⚻ᷣᕈ㧘૑᳃߇⒖േߩ㓙ߦᄖㇱᕈ㧔ᷙ㔀㧘⽷᡽⊛ᄖㇱᕈ㧕ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߥ޿ߎߣߥߤ߇ߘߩේ࿃ߢ޽ࠆޕFlatters, Henderson and Mieszkowski(1974) ߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ႐ว㧘࿾ၞ㑆ߩ৻᜝⒖ォߦࠃߞߡല₸⊛ߥ⾗Ḯ㈩ಽ߇ታ⃻ߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߚޕ ߎߩ⼏⺰ࠍេ↪ߒߡ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛࠍല₸ᕈߩታ⃻ߩߚ߼ߩ⒖ォߣ૏⟎ߠߌࠆߎߣߪℂ⺰⊛ߦߪน⢻ߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘ߘߩߚ߼ ߦߪ㧘⃻ታߩ㕖ല₸ᕈߩ⒟ᐲ߿⽷᡽⒖ォ߇⺃⊒ߔࠆ⒖േߩⷙᮨߦߟ޿ߡߩᖱႎ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ߎߩ⼏⺰ࠍ߽ߣߦታ㓙 ߩ೙ᐲ⸳⸘ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

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㧙㧙

㧞㧚᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᩮ᜚

2.1. Buchanan

ࡕ࠺࡞

Buchanan㧔1950㧕ߪ㧘߹ߕ㧘ౣಽ㈩ߪ୘ੱࠍኻ⽎ߦ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ࿾ၞࠍ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߦߔߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿ ߎߣࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒߚ਄ߢ㧘⼏⺰ߩ૛࿾ߩᄙ޿ု⋥⊛౏ᐔᕈߢߪߥߊ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈߦၮߠ޿ߡ໧㗴ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ ߴ߈ߎߣࠍਥᒛߒߚޕ߹ߚ㧘⽷᡽ജᩰᏅߩᤚᱜߦߟ޿ߡߩવ⛔⊛ߥ⼏⺰ߦኻߒߡ㧘୘ੱਥ⟵⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄᛕ ್ࠍട߃ߚὐߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘ߘࠇߪ࿾ၞ࡮୘ੱߦࠃߞߡ⒖ォ㗵ࠍᄌൻߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ⶄ㔀ߥ᩺ߢ޽ࠅ㧘 ታⴕ਄ߩ࿎㔍ߐߣ޿߁ᰳὐࠍᜬߟޕએਅߢߪ㧘Buchanan ߩ⼏⺰ߩⷐὐࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ3)ޕ ⽷᡽⊛ߥ᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈߣߪޟห╬ߥ୘ੱߪ㧘ዬ૑࿾߇ߤߎߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘⽷᡽⊛ߦߪ╬ߒߊขࠅᛒࠊࠇߥ ߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޠߣ޿߁ⷐ⺧ߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩቯ⟵ߢ㧘߹ߕ໧㗴ߦߥࠆߩ߇㧘ޟห╬ߥ୘ੱޠߣޟ⽷᡽⊛ߥᛒ޿ޠ ߩᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆޕߎߎߢߪ㧘ޟห╬ߥ୘ੱޠߣߪᚲᓧߩ╬ߒ޿ੱߣߒߡ߭ߣ߹ߕ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁4)ޕᰴߦޟ⽷ ᡽⊛ߥᛒ޿ޠߛ߇㧘 Buchanan ߪߎࠇࠍޟ⽷᡽૛೾ޠ㧔Net Fiscal Surplus ߹ߚߪ Net Fiscal Residuals㧕ߣ޿ ߁᭎ᔨߢᝒ߃ࠃ߁ߣߒߚޕ⽷᡽૛೾ߪᰴߩᑼߢቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆޕ ⽷᡽૛೾㧩᡽ᐭᡰ಴߆ࠄߩଢ⋉㧙⒢⽶ᜂ ޟห╬ߥ୘ੱޠߣޟ⽷᡽⊛ขࠅᛒ޿ޠࠍߎߩࠃ߁ߦᝒ߃ࠇ߫㧘᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈߩⷐ⺧ߣߪޟᚲᓧߩ╬ߒ޿ ੱߪߤߩ࿾ၞߦ૑ࠎߢ߽⽷᡽૛೾߇╬ߒߊߥߞߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޠߣ޿߁ⷐ⺧ߦߥࠆ5)ޕ ߐߡ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫࠍ⠨߃ࠆޕੑߟߩ࿾ၞ߇ሽ࿷ߒ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߦߪ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ 2 ੱߣૐᚲᓧ⠪ 1 ੱ߇૑ࠎ ߢ޿ߡ㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߦߪ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ 1 ੱߣૐᚲᓧ⠪ 2 ੱ߇૑ࠎߢ޿ࠆޕ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩᚲᓧߪ 1000 ਁ౞㧘ૐᚲᓧ⠪ ߩᚲᓧߪ 500 ਁ౞ߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘ߤߜࠄߩ࿾ၞߢ߽ 10% ߩᚲᓧ⒢߇⺖ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ࿾ၞߩ ⒢෼ߢ᡽ᐭᡰ಴߇⾔ࠊࠇࠆޕߐࠄߦ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߪ⑳⊛⽷ߢ㧘ฦ૑᳃ߪ࿾ၞౝߢߪဋ╬ߦߎࠇࠍᶖ⾌ߔࠆޕ ✚⒢෼ߪ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߇ 250 ਁ౞㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߇ 200 ਁ౞ߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴߆ࠄߩଢ⋉ߪ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߢߪ 1 ੱ ᒰߚࠅ 83.3 ਁ౞㧔=250 ਁ౞¸ 3㧕㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߢߪ 1 ੱᒰߚࠅ 66.7 ਁ౞㧔=200 ਁ౞¸ 3㧕ߦߥࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞ ߡ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ 16.7 ਁ౞㧔=83.3 ਁ౞ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ 100 ਁ౞㧕㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ 33.3 ਁ౞㧔=66.7 ਁ౞߆ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ 100 ਁ౞㧕ߦߥࠆޕห᭽ߥ⸘▚ߦࠃࠅ㧘 ૐᚲᓧ⠪ߪ࿾ၞ 1 ߢ 33.3 ਁ౞㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߢ 16.7 ਁ౞ߩ⽷᡽૛೾ࠍᓧࠆޕએ਄ߩ⚿ᨐߪ⴫ 1 ߦ߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇߡ ޿ࠆޕ⴫߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧘ૐᚲᓧ⠪ߣ߽ዬ૑࿾ߦࠃߞߡ⽷᡽૛೾߇⇣ߥࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ᒰೋߩ ⁁ᴫߢߪ᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ߇ḩߚߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ ߎߩ႐ว㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩᚲᓧ㓏ጀߏߣߦో࿖⊛ߥ⽷᡽૛೾ߩᐔဋ୯ࠍ᳞߼㧘ߘߩᐔဋ୯ߣߩᏅ㗵ࠍ⒖ォߔ ࠆࠃ߁ߥ઀⚵ߺࠍߟߊࠇ߫㧘ᚲᓧ㓏ጀߏߣߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪဋ╬ൻߐࠇ㧘ዬ૑࿾ߦࠃࠆᏅ೎⊛ᛒ޿ߪᶖṌߔࠆޕ ߎࠇ߇ Buchanan ߩឭ᩺ߢ޽ࠆޕ⴫ 1 ߩᢙ୯଀ߢߪ㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩ㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅ⽷᡽૛೾ߩᐔဋ୯ߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ 22.2 ਁ౞ߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪߆ࠄ㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅ 5.5 ਁ౞ขࠅ਄ߍ㧔✚㗵ߢ 11.1 ਁ౞㧕㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߩ

3) એਅߢߩ Buchanan ࡕ࠺࡞㧘Boadway and Flatters ࡕ࠺࡞ߩᢙ୯଀ߩ⸃⺑ߪ Mieszkowski and Musgrave(1999) ࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߚޕ 4) ᚲᓧ߇ౝ↢⊛ߦ᳿ቯߐࠇࠆ⁁ᴫࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘଀߃߫㧘⾓㊄ߦⅣႺߩଔ୯߇෻ᤋߐࠇߡ޿ߚࠅ㧘⾓㊄ߩ࿾ၞᩰᏅ߇↢ߓࠆࠃ߁ߥ⒖ ૑ဋⴧ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ߎߩ઒ቯߪᱜߒߊߥ޿ޕ 5) ߥ߅㧘ߎߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߩቯ⟵ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘㒢⇇ଢ⋉㧘㒢⇇⽶ᜂ㧔㒢⇇⊛⒢⽶ᜂ㧕ߪ৻ቯߣߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦᵈᗧߒࠃ߁ޕߎߩߚ߼㧘㒢 ⇇ଢ⋉ߣᐔဋଢ⋉ߪ╬ߒߊ㧘㒢⇇⽶ᜂߣᐔဋ⽶ᜂߪ╬ߒ޿ޕࠃࠅ৻⥸⊛ߦߪ㧘㒢⇇ଢ⋉߇ㅛᷫߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫࠍ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆ ߒ㧘ߐࠄߦߪ୘ޘੱߩ⑳⊛⽷ߩᶖ⾌᳓Ḱ㧔㧩นಣಽᚲᓧ㧕ߦࠃߞߡ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߩ㒢⇇ଢ⋉߇⇣ߥࠆ⁁ᴫࠍᗐቯߒߚᣇ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿ޕ߹ߚ㧘 ߎߎߢߪ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߪ⑳⊛⽷ߢ޽ࠆߣߒ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴߆ࠄߩ৻ੱᒰߚࠅଢ⋉ߪ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߩ✚㗵㧔㧩⒢෼✚㗵㧕ࠍ૑᳃ᢙߢഀߞߚ߽ߩ ߦ╬ߒ޿ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘Boadway and Hobson(1993) ߪ㧘૑᳃৻ੱᒰߚࠅଢ⋉ࠍ G/Nǩ

ߩࠃ߁ߦቯᑼൻߒߡ޿ࠆޕߎߎߢ G ߪ᡽ᐭᡰ ಴ߩ✚㗵㧘N ߪ૑᳃ᢙߢǩߪ 0 ≤ǩ≤ 1 ࠍḩߚߔቯᢙߢ޽ࠆ㧔ǩ=0 ߪ⚐☴౏౒⽷㧘ǩ=1 ߪ⚐☴ߥ⑳⊛⽷ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ㧕ޕߒ߆ߒ㧘᡽ᐭ ᡰ಴߇౏౒⽷⊛ᕈᩰࠍᜬߟ߆⑳⊛⽷⊛ᕈᩰࠍᜬߟ߆ߪ㧘୘ޘߩᡰ಴ߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥࠆޕ᡽ᐭᡰ಴৻⥸ࠍߎߩࠃ߁ߥᒻߢቯᑼൻߔࠆߩ ߪ㧘⽷᡽૛೾ߩᏅ߇ߤߎ߆ࠄ↱᧪ߔࠆ߽ߩ߆ࠍᦌᤒߦߒߡߒ߹߁ޕߘߎߢ㧘ߎߩ⺰ᢥߢߪ㧘᡽ᐭࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇⑳⊛⽷ߛߣߒߡ⼏⺰ࠍ ⴕ޿㧘ߘߩᓟ㧘ߘߩ⼏⺰ߩୃᱜࠍⴕ߁ޕ

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㧙㧙 㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧝ੱߦ 11.1 ਁ౞ࠍᷰߖ߫㧘ోߡߩ࿾ၞߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪဋ╬ൻߔࠆޕૐᚲᓧ⠪ߦߟ޿ߡ ߽ห᭽ߩ⒖ォࠍⴕ߃߫㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪߽ૐᚲᓧ⠪߽ዬ૑࿾ߩ㆑޿ߦࠃࠆᏅ೎⊛ߥᛒ޿߇ᶖ߃ࠆߩߢ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛౏ ᐔᕈ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆޕ ੹ߩ଀߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘Buchanan ߩឭ᩺ߒߚ⒖ォߪ㕖Ᏹߦⶄ㔀ߢ޽ࠆޕߎࠇࠍታ㓙ߦㆡ↪ߒࠃ߁ߣ ߔࠇ߫㧘࿾ၞ࡮୘ੱߦᔕߓߡ⒖ォ㗵ࠍᄌ߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒ㧘⽷᡽ᡰ಴ߩ⽶ᜂߣଢ⋉ߪ୘ੱߦᏫ ⌕ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒߚ਄ߢ㧘⽷᡽⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈ㧔᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ㧕ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⒖ォࠍⴕ߃ ߫ࠃ޿߆ߦߟ޿ߡߩේℂ⊛ߥ⼏⺰ࠍⴕߞߚὐߪ㧘⃻࿷ߢ߽㊀ⷐߥ໧㗴ឭ⿠ࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆޕ

⴫ 1ޓBuchanan ߩ⽷᡽⒖ォ

࿾ၞ ୘ੱ ᚲᓧ ⒢⽶ᜂ ଢ⋉ ⽷᡽૛೾ ⒖ォ ⒖ォᓟ⽷᡽૛೾ 1 H 1000 100 83.3 -16.7 -5.5 -22.2 H 1000 100 83.3 -16.7 -5.5 -22.2 L 500 50 83.3 33.3 -11.1 22.2 2 H 1000 100 66.7 -33.3 11.1 -22.2 L 500 50 66.7 16.7 5.5 22.2 L 500 50 66.7 16.7 5.5 22.2 ޓޓޓ㧔ᵈ㧕H ߪ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧘L ߪૐᚲᓧ⠪ࠍ⴫ߔޕ ޓޓޓ㧔಴ᚲ㧕╩⠪ߩ⸘▚

2.2. Boadway and Flatters

ߩ⼏⺰

Boadway and Flatters㧔1982㧕ߪ୘ੱන૏ߢߪߥߊ㧘࿾ၞ㑆ߩ৻᜝⒖ォߢ߽᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ߇ታ⃻ߢ߈ࠆ ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚޕ߹ߕ㧘⒖ォ೨ߩ㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅ⽷᡽૛೾ߩ࿾ၞᏅߦᵈ⋡ߒࠃ߁ޕ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩ⽷᡽૛೾ࠍᲧセ ߔࠆߣ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߩᣇ߇࿾ၞ 2 ࠃࠅ߽ 16.7 ਁ౞ᄢ߈޿ޕૐᚲᓧ⠪ߦߟ޿ߡ߽࿾ၞ 1 ߩᣇ߇࿾ၞ 2 ߦᲧߴ ߡ 16.7 ਁ౞ᄢ߈޿ޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ᚲᓧ㓏ጀߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕ⽷᡽૛೾ߩ࿾ၞᏅߪ 16.7 ਁ౞ߢ╬ߒ޿ޕߘߎߢ㧘ߎߩ 16.7 ਁ౞ߩ 2 ಽߩ 1 ߢ޽ࠆ 8.3 ਁ౞ࠍ࿾ၞ 1 ߆ࠄ࿾ၞ 2 ߦ⒖ォߒߡߺࠃ߁㧔ߚߛߒ㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅߩ⒖ォ㗵㧕ޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⒖ォߩലᨐ߇⴫ 2 ߦ߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ⒖ォᓟߦߪ㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ 25 ਁ౞㧘 ૐᚲᓧ⠪ߩߘࠇߪ 25 ਁ౞ߦߥࠅ㧘⽷᡽૛೾ߩ࿾ၞᏅ߇ߥߊߥࠅ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆޕߥ߅㧘ߎߩ ᩺ߢߪ㧘⒖ォ㗵ࠍ୘ੱߦࠃߞߡᄌ߃ࠆᔅⷐߪήߊ㧘ߘߩᗧ๧ߢ㧘ታⴕ߇߈ࠊ߼ߡኈᤃߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁․ᓽࠍ ᜬߟޕߚߛߒ㧘⒖ォߩ✚㗵㧘⒖ォᓟߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪ Buchanan ᩺ߣ⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆޕ

(4)

㧙㧙

⴫ 2ޓBoadway and Flattaers ߩ⽷᡽⒖ォ

࿾ၞ ୘ੱ ᚲᓧ ⒢⽶ᜂ ଢ⋉ ⽷᡽૛೾ ⒖ォ ⒖ォᓟ⽷᡽૛೾ 1 H 1000 100 83.3 -16.7 -8.3 -25.0 H 1000 100 83.3 -16.7 -8.3 -25.0 L 500 50 83.3 33.3 -8.3 25.0 2 H 1000 100 66.7 -33.3 8.3 -25.0 L 500 50 66.7 16.7 8.3 25.0 L 500 50 66.7 16.7 8.3 25.0 ޓޓޓ㧔ᵈ㧕H ߪ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧘L ߪૐᚲᓧ⠪ࠍ⴫ߔޕ ޓޓޓ㧔಴ᚲ㧕╩⠪ߩ⸘▚

2.3.

Ყセ

Buchanan ᩺ߣ Boadway and Flatters ᩺㧔એਅ㧘BF ᩺ߣ๭߱㧕ࠍᲧセߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ᓐࠄߩឭ᩺ࠍᢙᑼࠍ ↪޿ߡ⴫ߒߡߺࠆޕ੹߹ߢߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ 2 ࿾ၞ߆ࠄߥࠆ␠ળࠍ⠨߃ࠆޕߘࠇߙࠇߩ࿾ၞߦߪ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧔H㧕 ߣૐᚲᓧ⠪㧔L㧕߇ዬ૑ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩᚲᓧߪ yH㧘ૐᚲᓧ⠪ߩᚲᓧߪ yLߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆޕ ߹ߚ㧘ฦ࿾ၞߩੱญࠍ 1 ߣߒ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩੱญࠍ n1㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߩੱญࠍ n2ߣߔࠆ㧔ߒߚ߇ߞ ߡ㧘ૐᚲᓧ⠪ߩੱญߪ࿾ၞ 1 ߇ 1–n1㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߇ 1–n2ߣߥࠆ㧕ޕߚߛߒ㧘n1>n2ߣߒ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߇ޟ⼾߆ߥޠ࿾ၞ㧘 ࿾ၞ 2 ߇ޟ⽺ߒ޿ޠ࿾ၞߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆޕ࿾ᣇ⒢ߩ⒢₸ߪਔ࿾ၞߢ╬ߒߊ t ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ฦ࿾ၞߩ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߪฦ ࿾ၞߩ࿾ᣇ⒢෼ߩߺߢ⾔ࠊࠇࠆߣߔࠆޕએ਄ߩ⸳ቯ߆ࠄ㧘࿾ၞ i(i = 1,2㧕ߩ 1 ੱ޽ߚࠅ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ࠍ giߢ ⴫ߔߣ㧘gi㧩 tyi߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘࿾ၞ i ߩ࠲ࠗࡊ j ߩ୘ੱߩ⽷᡽⺞ᢛ೨ߩ 1 ੱᒰߚࠅ⽷᡽૛೾ࠍ si,jߢ

⴫ߔߣ㧔i=1,2㧧j=H,L㧦H ߪ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㧘L ߪૐᚲᓧ⠪ࠍ⴫ߔ㧕㧘si,j㧩 gi㧙 tyj㧩 t㧔yi㧙 yj㧕߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆޕߚ

ߛߒ㧘yiは地域 i の所得の平均値である。 Buchanan ᩺ߪ s1,jߣ s2,jߩဋ╬ൻࠍߘࠇߙࠇߩᚲᓧ㓏ጀ㧔j=H,L㧕ߏߣߦⴕ߅߁ߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߕ㧘 㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩਔ࿾ၞߩ 1 ੱᒰߚࠅ⽷᡽૛೾ߩᐔဋ୯ sHߪ (1) ߣߥࠆޕn1>n2ߣ઒ቯߒߚ߆ࠄ㧘s1,H > s2,H߇ᚑ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆޕߘߎߢ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪߆ࠄ࿾ၞ 2 ߩ㜞ᚲ ᓧ⠪ߦ⒖ォࠍߔࠇ߫㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊౝㇱߢߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߩဋ╬ൻ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆޕs1,Hߣ sHߩᏅ㗵ࠍǍHߢ ⴫ߔߣ㧘 (2) ߣߥࠆޕ࿾ၞ 1 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪߆ࠄ 1 ੱ޽ߚࠅǍHߛߌߩᚲᓧࠍขࠅ਄ߍ㧘ߎࠇࠍ࿾ၞ 2 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߦ⒖ォߔࠆޕ ⒖ォ✚㗵ߪ nHߦߥࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍ࿾ၞ 2 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ n2ੱߢಽ㈩ߔࠆ߆ࠄ㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߩ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߪ 1 ੱ޽ߚ ࠅߢ (n1/n2) ǍHߩ⒖ォࠍฃߌࠆޕ ޓห᭽ߦߒߡ㧘ૐᚲᓧ⠪ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩਔ࿾ၞߩ 1 ੱᒰߚࠅ⽷᡽૛೾ߩᐔဋ୯ sL㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߩૐᚲᓧ⠪৻ੱᒰߚ ࠅ߆ࠄߩ⒖ォ㗵ǍLࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆߣᰴߩㅢࠅߦߥࠆޕ (3)

(5)

㧙㧙 (4) ޓవ߶ߤห᭽ߦ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߆ࠄߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ߪ (1–n1) ǍLߢ޽ࠅ㧘࿾ၞ 2 ߩૐᚲᓧ⠪ߪ 1 ੱ޽ߚࠅ [(1–n1)/(1– n2)] ǍLߩ⒖ォࠍฃߌࠆޕߥ߅㧘⒖ォߩ✚㗵ߪ nH+(1–n1)ǍLߦ╬ߒ޿ߩߢ㧘(2) ᑼߣ (4) ᑼࠃࠅ (5) ߇ Buchanan ᩺ߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ߦߥࠆޕ ࡕ࠺࡞ߩᗐቯ߆ࠄ㧘ฦ࿾ၞߩ㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅ᡽ᐭᡰ಴㧔ଢ⋉㧕߇ߘߩ࿾ၞߩᐔဋᚲᓧߩ㑐ᢙߦߥࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘 ߘߩߚ߼ߦ↢ߓࠆ࿾ၞᩰᏅࠍ⋧Ვߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⒖ォࠍ㧔ห৻ᚲᓧ㓏ጀ㑆ߢ㧕ⴕ߅߁ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ Buchanan ߩ ឭ᩺ߢ޽ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ု⋥⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈߣቢోߦή㑐ଥߛߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕߎࠇߪ㧘(2) ᑼ㧘(4) ᑼ ߆ࠄ߽᣿ࠄ߆ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ BF ᩺ߪ㧘୘ੱߏߣߦ⒖ォ㗵ࠍᄌ߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ή޿ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߦ߅޿ߡታⴕน⢻ᕈߦఝࠇࠆ᩺ߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߕ㧘 si,jߩቯ⟵ࠃࠅ㧘s1,j – s2,j = g1 – g2߇ j ߩ୯ߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕᚑ┙ߔࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߣૐᚲ ᓧ⠪ࠍ඙೎ߖߕ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߆ࠄ࿾ၞ 2 ߳㧝ੱ޽ߚࠅߢ (g1 – g2)/2 ߩ⒖ォࠍⴕ߃߫㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩᚲᓧ㓏ጀߩࠣ

࡞࡯ࡊߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߪਔ࿾ၞߢဋ╬ൻߔࠆޕ⒖ォᓟߩ⽷᡽૛೾ s’i,jߪ s’i,j = (g1+g2)/2 –t yjߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ (i=1, 2;

j=H,L)ޕBF ᩺ߪ㧘⚿ዪߩߣߎࠈ㧘ਔ࿾ၞߢ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ࠍဋ╬ൻߐߖࠆߎߣߦ╬ߒߊ㧘વ⛔⊛ߥ⽷᡽ജᩰᏅ ߩဋ╬ൻߩ⠨߃ᣇࠍ୘ੱਥ⟵⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄౣ⹏ଔߒߚ߽ߩߣ޿߃ࠆޕ BF ᩺ߣ Buchanan ᩺ߩ⒖ォࠍᲧセߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘n1ߣ n2ߩ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ୯ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⒖ォ✚㗵 ࠍ⸘▚ߒߡᲧセߒߚߩ߇⴫ 3 ߢ޽ࠆޕ⴫߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘n1ߣ n2ߩࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇ᄢ߈޿߶ߤ BF ᩺ߩ⒖ ォ✚㗵ߪᄢ߈ߊߥࠆޕ৻ᣇ㧘Buchanan ᩺ߦߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥන⺞ߥ㑐ଥߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿ޕߎࠇߪ㧘Buchanan ᩺ ߇ޟ࿾ၞᩰᏅޠߩᤚᱜߦ㑐ᔃ߇ߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕᭂ┵ߥࠤ࡯ࠬߣߒߡ㧘࿾ၞ 1 ߦ㜞ᚲᓧ⠪ߛߌ߇૑ߺ㧘࿾ ၞ 2 ߦૐᚲᓧ⠪ߛߌ߇૑߻ࠤ࡯ࠬࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁ޕߎߩ႐วߦߪ Buchanan ᩺ߢߪ⽷᡽⒖ォߪᔅⷐߥ޿߇㧘 BF ᩺ߢߪᄢⷙᮨߥ⒖ォ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘BF ᩺ߪ᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈߪḩߚߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩ⒖ォ ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕߥ߅㧘 ⴫߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ BF ᩺ߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ߪ Buchnan ᩺ࠃࠅ߽ᄙ޿ޕߘ ߒߡ㧘ߎࠇߪ৻⥸⊛ߦᚑ┙ߔࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ6)ޕ 6) ⴫ߩᢙ୯଀ߛߌߢߥߊ৻⥸⊛ߦᚑ┙ߔࠆޕBF ᩺ߢߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ࠍǍߢ⴫ߒ㧘Buchanan ᩺ߢߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ࠍǍ̉ߢ⴫ߔߣ㧘 Ǎ=(g 1-g2)/2 ߢ޽ࠅ㧘Ǎ̉ߪ (5) ᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߎࠇ߆ࠄ㧘 ߇ዉ߆ࠇࠆ߇㧘{ } ߩਛߪ⋧ടᐔဋߣ⺞๺ᐔဋߩ㑐ଥ߆ࠄᔅߕ 0 એ਄ߢ޽ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘Ǎ≥Ǎ̉߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆޕ

(6)

㧙㧙

⴫ 3ޓ⒖ォ✚㗵㧦Buchanan ᩺ߣ Boadway and Flatters ᩺

n1 n2 ᐔဋᚲᓧߩᏅ Buchanan BF 0.9 0.8 50 2.45 2.50 0.9 0.6 150 6.60 7.50 0.9 0.4 250 9.07 12.50 0.9 0.2 350 8.84 17.50 0.9 0.1 400 7.20 20.00 0.8 0.6 100 4.76 5.00 0.8 0.4 200 8.33 10.00 0.8 0.2 300 9.60 15.00 0.8 0.1 350 8.84 17.50 0.6 0.4 100 4.80 5.00 0.6 0.2 200 8.33 10.00 0.6 0.1 250 9.07 12.50 0.4 0.2 100 4.76 5.00 0.4 0.1 150 6.60 7.50 0.2 0.1 50 2.45 2.50 㧔ᵈ㧕yH=1000㧘yL=500ޕฦ࿾ၞߩ✚ੱญߪ 1.0ޕ 㧔಴ᚲ㧕╩⠪ߩ⸘▚

㧟㧚᳓ᐔ⊛⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᓎഀ㧦ౣ⠨

ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⼏⺰ߢ⠨ᘦߒߡ޿ߥ޿໧㗴߇޽ࠆޕ೉᜼ߔࠆߣ㧘(1) ᔕ⋉⺖⒢߇೑↪ߢ߈ࠆ႐ว㧘(2) ᩰᏅߪ ઁߩේ࿃ߢ߽↢ߓࠆߎߣ㧘(3) ૑᳃ߩ⒖േߩലᨐ㧘ߥߤߢ޽ࠆޕએਅߢߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄࠍ㗅ߦ⼏⺰ߔࠆ7)ޕ

3.1.

ᔕ⋉⺖⒢

߹ߕ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⼏⺰ߢߪ㧘૑᳃ߦߪ୘ޘߩ⒢⽶ᜂߣߪή㑐ଥߦ৻ቯߩ᡽ᐭࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ଏ⛎ߐࠇࠆߣ઒ ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚޕ߽ߒ㧘෩ኒߥᔕ⋉⺖⒢߇ታⴕߢ߈ࠇ߫㧘ߤߩ࿾ၞߦ૑߻߆ߦ㑐ଥߥߊోߡߩ୘ੱߩ⽷᡽૛ ೾ߪ࠯ࡠߦߥࠅ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⽷᡽⒖ォߪਇⷐߦߥࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘੹߹ߢߩ⼏⺰ߪ㧘 ᔕ⋉⺖⒢߇ታⴕߢ߈ߥ޿႐ว㧘߹ߚߪᔕ⋉⺖⒢ߢ⽷Ḯ߇ᓽ෼ߢ߈ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥᡰ಴ߩㇱಽߛߌߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ ߣ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆޕ

3.2. ᩰᏅߩේ࿃

੹߹ߢߩ⼏⺰ߢߪ㧘࿾ၞ㑆ߩᐔဋᚲᓧߩᩰᏅ߇ 1 ੱ޽ߚࠅߩ⽷᡽૛೾ߩᩰᏅࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔ໑৻ߩේ࿃ߢ ޽ߞߚޕ⃻ታߩ਎⇇ߢߪ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥේ࿃߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ 1.ޓ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ⒢෼ߩ㆑޿㧔giߦ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆ㧕 ޓޓa) ࿾ၞߩᐔဋᚲᓧߩ㆑޿㧘b) ࿾ଔ㧘c) ⒅⒢ャ಴ 2.ޓ⾌↪᧦ઙߩ㆑޿㧔⽶ᜂߦ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆ㧕 a) ੱญ㧔౏౒⽷㧕㧘㕙Ⓧ㧘b) ↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔᩰ㧔⾓㊄࡮࿾ઍ㧕ߩ㆑޿㧘c) ⥄ὼⅣႺ࡮࿾ℂ⊛᧦ઙ㧘d) ല ₸ᕈ 3.ޓ⒢෼ߣ⽷᡽㔛ⷐߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣߩਇ৻⥌㧔㜞㦂ൻ㧕 7) ߎߎߢߩ⼏⺰ߪ Oakland(1994) ߦᄙߊߩߣߎࠈࠍ⽶ߞߡ޿ࠆޕ

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㧙㧙 ࿾ၞߦࠃߞߡ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߩଢ⋉ߩ᳓ḰߦᩰᏅߩ↢ߓࠆ৻ߟߩේ࿃ߪ㧘࿾ၞߩᐔဋᚲᓧߩ㆑޿ߢ޽ࠆ㧔੹߹ ߢߩ⼏⺰ߢߪߎࠇ߇໑৻ߩේ࿃ߢ޽ߞߚ㧕ޕߎߩઁߦߪ㧘࿾ᣇ⒢ߣߒߡ࿕ቯ⾗↥⒢߇޽ࠇ߫㧘࿾ଔߩ㆑޿ ߦࠃࠆ⒢෼ᩰᏅ߽㊀ⷐߦߥࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘࿾ᣇ⽷᡽ߩᮡḰ⊛ߥℂ⺰ߦᓥ߃߫㧘࿕ቯ⾗↥⒢෼ߩᩰᏅࠍᩮ᜚ߦ ⽷᡽⒖ォࠍⴕ߁ߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿8)ޕ߹ߚ㧘⒢෼ᩰᏅߩේ࿃ߣߒߡ㧘⒅⒢ャ಴ߩሽ࿷߽㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕᣣᧄߩ࿾ ᣇ⒢ߪᴺੱ⺖⒢ߦᄢ߈ߊଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ․ߦᴺੱડᬺߩ㓸ਛߔࠆ᧲੩㧘ᗲ⍮㧘ᄢ 㒋ߥߤߣ㧘ਛᔃ࿾ߩࡌ࠶࠼࠲࠙ࡦߢ޽ࠆㄭ㓞ߩㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵ߢߩ⒢෼ᩰᏅߪ㧘࿾ᣇᴺੱ⒢ߩ⒅⒢ャ಴߇ේ࿃ߢ ޽ࠆ9)ޕ ߐߡ㧘หߓ⒢෼߇਄߇ߞߡ߽㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩଏ⛎⾌↪ߦ㆑޿߇޽ࠇ߫㧘૑᳃ߩ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᶖ⾌㊂ߪ ⇣ߥࠆޕଏ⛎⾌↪ߩᩰᏅߩේ࿃ߦߪ޿ߊߟ߆޽ࠆޕ╙ 1 ߦ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴߇౏౒⽷⊛ߥᕈᩰࠍᏪ߮ߡ޿ࠆ႐ว ߦߪ㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᶖ⾌ߦⷙᮨߩ⚻ᷣᕈ߇௛ߊޕߎߩ႐ว㧘౏౒⽷⊛ᕈᩰࠍᜬߟ⽷࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘 ੱญߩᄙ޿࿾ၞ߆ࠄዋߥ޿࿾ၞ߳⒖ォࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇౏ᐔᕈߦ߆ߥ߁10)ޕߥ߅㧘౏౒⽷ߩଢ⋉ߩ෸߱▸࿐ߦ ‛ℂ⊛ߥ㒢⇇߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘ੱญⷙᮨߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ੱญኒᐲߩ㆑޿ߦၮߠ޿ߚ⒖ォߩᣇ߇ ㆡಾ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ ╙ 2 ߦ㧘↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔᩰߩ࿾ၞᏅߩሽ࿷߇⾌↪᧦ઙߩᏅࠍ↢߻ޕ㊀ⷐߥߩߪ㧘⾓㊄߿࿾ઍߩ࿾ၞᏅߢ޽ࠆޕ ߚߛߒ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩሽ࿷߇⋥ߜߦౣಽ㈩ߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ↢ߓߐߖࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߣߘ߁ߢߪߥ޿ޕߎࠇߪ㧘⾓㊄߿࿾ ઍߦߪߘߩ࿾ၞߩࠕࡔ࠾࠹ࠖ࡯㧘┙࿾਄ߩ᦭೑ߐ߇෻ᤋߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ㑐ଥߔࠆޕ଀߃߫㧘࿾ઍ߇㜞޿ ߚ߼౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩଏ⛎⾌↪߇㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ࿾ၞߦ㧘࿾ઍߩૐ޿࿾ၞ߆ࠄ⽷᡽⒖ォࠍⴕߞߚߣߔࠇ߫㧘 ߘࠇߪ┙࿾ߩ᦭೑ߥ࿾ၞࠍߐࠄߦ᦭೑ߦᛒ߁ߎߣߣหߓߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘࿾ઍߩ㜞ߐߩߚ߼ߦߘߩ࿾ၞߢ⾌ ↪߇૛ಽߦ߆߆ߞߚߣߒߡ߽㧘࿯࿾⺖⒢ߦࠃߞߡઁߩ࿾ၞࠃࠅ߽૛ಽߦ⒢෼߇޽߇ࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞ ߡ࿾ઍߩ㜞ߐࠍᩮ᜚ߦ⒖ォࠍߔࠆᔅⷐᕈߪߥ޿ޕ߹ߚ㧘ኙ಄࿾߿ጊ㑆࿾ၞߢੱ᧚ࠍ㓸߼ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ઁ࿾ ၞࠃࠅ߽㜞޿⾓㊄߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕㅒߦ㧘ᔟㆡߥ᳇୥ߩ࿾ၞߢߪ⾓㊄߇ૐߊߡߔ߻ޕੱઙ⾌ߩ ㆑޿߇ߎߩࠃ߁ߥℂ↱ߢ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ႐ว㧘ੱઙ⾌ߩ቟޿࿾ၞ߆ࠄ㜞޿࿾ၞ߳ߩ⽷᡽⒖ォߪ㧘᳇୥ߩ෩ߒ޿ ࿾ၞ߳ߩዬ૑ࠍᅑബߔࠆߎߣߦ╬ߒ޿ޕߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ⅣႺߩଔ୯߇↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔᩰߦ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆ႐ว㧘↢↥ ⷐ⚛ଔᩰߩᩰᏅࠍᩮ᜚ߦ⽷᡽⺞ᢛࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪ㕖ല₸⊛ߥዬ૑࿾ㆬᛯࠍ߽ߚࠄߔޕ߹ߚ㧘ዬ૑࿾߇᳿ቯߐ ࠇߚᓟߩ੐ᓟ⊛౏ᐔߢߪߥߊ㧘᳿ቯ೨ߩ੐೨ߩ౏ᐔᕈࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⒖ォߪ౏ᐔᕈߩ㕙߆ࠄ߽ᱜ ᒰൻߢ߈ߥߊߥࠆ11)ޕ ᰴߦ㧘⥄ὼ࡮࿾ℂ⊛᧦ઙߩ㆑޿ߦࠃࠆ⾌↪ᩰᏅࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁ޕ଀߃߫㧘ጊ㑆࿾߿⽕㔐࿾Ꮺߢߪ㧘หߓ ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆߩߦࠃࠅ㜞޿⾌↪߇߆߆ࠆޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥᩰᏅߦၮߠ޿ߡ⒖ォࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪ㧘ߘߩ ࠃ߁ߥ࿾ၞ߳ߩዬ૑ߩᅑബߢ޽ࠅ㧘㐳ᦼ⊛ߦߪ㧘㕖ല₸ߥዬ૑ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒߡߒ߹߁ޕߎߎߢ߽㧘 8) ࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߩⴕ߁ᵴേߩ⚐ଢ⋉ߪ⒖േਇน⢻ߥ↢↥ⷐ⚛ߩଔᩰ㧔࿾ଔ㧕ߦ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߎߩߚ߼㧘࿯࿾⺖⒢ߪℂᗐ⊛ ߥᔕ⋉⺖⒢ߣ޿߁஥㕙ࠍᜬߟޕ࿕ቯ⾗↥⒢ߩ⒢෼ߩ⼾ንߥ࿾ၞ߆ࠄߘ߁ߢߥ޿࿾ၞߦ⒢෼ࠍ⒖ォߔࠆߣ㧘ߎߩᔕ⋉⺖⒢ߩ઀⚵ߺ߇ ៊ߥࠊࠇࠆߎߣߦᵈᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕ 9) ࿾ᣇᴺੱ⒢ߩ⒢෼ᩰᏅߩ໧㗴ࠍ⒢Ḯߩ஍࿷ߩ໧㗴ߣߺߥߔߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ᔕ⋉⺖⒢߆ࠄߩㅺ⣕߇㊀ⷐߛߣᝒ߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ⒢ Ḯߩ஍࿷⥄૕߇ߚߛߜߦ⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᔅⷐᕈࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧔᡽ᐭࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩฃ⋉⠪߽஍࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧕ޕߥ߅㧘 ౏ᐔේೣ߆ࠄߩㅺ⣕ߦട߃㧘࿾ၞ૑᳃ߩ⒢⽶ᜂᗵ߇Ꮧ⭯ߦߥࠆߚ߼㧘⽷᡽ⷙᓞߩ✭ߺ߇↢ߓࠆߣ޿߁໧㗴߽޽ࠆޕߎࠇߪ㧘⽷᡽ⷙ ᓞߩ✭ߺ߇㧘੤ઃ⒢߿⵬ഥ㊄ଐሽᐲߩ㜞޿࿾ᣇㇱߛߌߩ໧㗴ߢߪߥ޿ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆޕ 10) ߎߎߢߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⒖ォ߇૑᳃ߩ⒖േߦਈ߃ࠆലᨐࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿ߥ޿ޕੱญⷙᮨߩᄢ߈ߥㇺᏒ߆ࠄዊߐߥㇺᏒ߳ߩ⒖ォߪ㧘৻⥸ ⊛ߦߪหߓᣇะ߳ߩੱญ⒖േࠍ߽ߚࠄߔޕ߽ߒ㧘⒖ォ೨ߩੱญ㈩⟎߇ല₸⊛ߢ޽ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⒖ォߪല₸ᕈࠍ៊ߥ߁ലᨐ ࠍᜬߟޕߚߛߒ㧘⍴ᦼ⊛ߦߪ㧘⒖േࠦࠬ࠻ߩ㜞޿ੱ߽ᄙߊሽ࿷ߔࠆߩߢ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽⍴ᦼ⊛ߦߪ౏ᐔᕈߣല₸ᕈߩ࠻࡟࡯࠼ࠝࡈ߇ ⊒↢ߔࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘⒖ォ೨ߩ⁁ᘒ߇㕖ല₸⊛ߥဋⴧߢ޽ࠆ႐ว߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߎߩ႐ว㧘ዊⷙᮨㇺᏒߩఝㆄ߇ࡄ࡟࡯࠻ᡷༀߦߥ ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ㧘ᒰೋߩဋⴧߩ⁁ᴫ㧔ⷙᮨߩ⚻ᷣᕈ㧘෼ⓠㅛᷫ㧘ᷙ㔀⾌↪ߩߤࠇ߇ᒝߊ૞↪ߔࠆ߆㧕ߦଐሽߒ㧘৻⥸⊛ߥߎߣߪ⸒߃ ߥ޿ޕ⹦⚦ߪ Flatters, Henderson and Mieszkowski(1974) ࠍෳᾖߖࠃޕ

11)

ߎߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ᤨ㑆ᢛวᕈߩ໧㗴ߣ㑐ㅪߒߡ޿ࠆޕੱޘߩዬ૑࿾ㆬᛯᓟߩᤨὐߢߪ㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬଏ⛎ߩ⾌↪᧦ઙߢਇ೑ߥ࿾ၞࠍ ૑ࠎߛੱࠍ੐ᓟ⊛ߦᢇᷣߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒ㧘᡽ᐭ߇ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ᡽╷ࠍណࠆߎߣࠍੱޘ߇ᦼᓙߔࠆߥࠄ㧘ߘ ߩᦼᓙߦၮߠ޿ߡੱޘߪ⾌↪᧦ઙߩਇ೑ߥ࿾ၞࠍㆬᛯߒߡߒ߹޿㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘᡽ᐭߪ૛ಽߥᡰ಴ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘 ᦨㆡߥ᡽╷ߪ㧘ਇ೑ߥ࿾ၞߦዬ૑ߒߚੱޘࠍᢇᷣߒߥ޿ߣ᡽ᐭ߇ት⸒ߒ㧘ߘߩት⸒ࠍੱޘߦାߓߐߖࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ

(8)

㧙㧙 ዬ૑࿾᳿ቯᓟߩ੐ᓟ⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈ߆ࠄߪᩰᏅߩᤚᱜ߇ⷐ⺧ߐࠇࠆ߇㧘੐೨ߩ౏ᐔᕈࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ ᩰᏅᤚᱜߩᔅⷐᕈߪή޿ߎߣߪ↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔᩰᩰᏅߩ႐วߣోߊหߓߢ޽ࠆޕ ᦨᓟߦ⾌↪᧦ઙߩ㆑޿ߪ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ߘߩ࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭ߇⾌↪ᦨዊൻⴕേࠍᕃߞߚ߆ࠄߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ේ࿃߆߽ ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ႐วߦ⽷᡽⺞ᢛࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐߪߥ޿ޕ ߐߡ㧘⒢෼ᩰᏅ㧘⾌↪᧦ઙᩰᏅߣᓸᅱߦ⇣ߥࠆ╙ 3 ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆޕߘࠇ߇㧘⽷᡽㔛ⷐߣ⒢෼ߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦ ࠣ߇৻⥌ߒߥ޿ߎߣߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ໧㗴ߢ㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘․ߦ㧘㜞㦂ൻߩㅴዷᐲว߇࿾ၞߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥࠆ႐วߦ໧ 㗴߇㗼࿷ൻߔࠆޕ଀߃߫㧘㜞㦂⠪ߩᄙ޿࿾ၞߢߪ㧘㜞㦂⠪ߦ㈩ᘦߒߚⴝߠߊࠅ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ㧘⽷᡽㔛ⷐ߇Ⴧ ടߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ৻ᣇߢ㧘㜞㦂ൻߩᓇ㗀ߢ㧘૑᳃⒢㧔ᚲᓧ⒢㧕ߩ⒢෼ߪዋߥߊߥࠆޕੱญߩ⒖േ߇ሽ ࿷ߒߥ޿႐วߦߪ㧘⒢෼ߣ⽷᡽㔛ⷐߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣߩਇ৻⥌ߪ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪߘߩ࿾ၞߩᐕ㦂᭴ᚑ߇⧯޿߁ߜ ߦ૛⵨㊄ࠍⓍߺ┙ߡߡ߅ߊߎߣߢኻಣߢ߈ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘ੱญ⒖േߩሽ࿷ߔࠆ႐ว㧘࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߦోߡࠍછߖ ࠆߣࡈ࡝࡯࡜ࠗ࠳࡯໧㗴߇⊒↢ߔࠆߩߢ㧘᳓ᐔ⊛ߥ⽷᡽⺞ᢛ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆ12)ޕ

3.3. ૑᳃ߩ⒖േ

2. ߢዷ㐿ߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪ૑᳃⒖േࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ৻ߟߩᭂ┵ߥࠤ࡯ࠬߣߒߡ૑᳃ߩ࿾ၞ㑆⒖േ߇⾌↪ ࠯ࡠߢⴕ߃ࠆ႐วࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁ޕߎߩ႐ว㧘૑᳃ߪᦨ߽ല↪ߩ㜞ߊߥࠆ࿾ၞߦ⍍ᤨߦ⒖േߔࠆޕᒰὼ㧘 ห╬ߥ୘ੱߪหߓ࿾ၞߦ⒖േߔࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈߪ⥄േ⊛ߦ㆐ᚑߐࠇࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘⾓㊄ᩰᏅ߽ ౝ↢⊛ߦ᳿ቯߐࠇࠆޕ ߹ߕ㧘ੱญⷙᮨߩᄢ߈޿ㇺᏒߢߪഭ௛߇⼾ንߥߚ߼⾓㊄߇ૐߊ㧘⑳⊛⽷ᶖ⾌㊂߇ዋߥ޿ߣᗐቯߒࠃ߁ޕ ߒ߆ߒ㧘৻ᣇߢ㧘౏౒⽷ᶖ⾌ߩⷙᮨߩ⚻ᷣᕈ߇௛ߊߚ߼ߦ㧘৻ੱᒰߚࠅ౏౒⽷ᶖ⾌㊂ߪᄙߊߥࠆޕߎߩࠃ ߁ߥ⁁ᴫߢ㧘⇣ߥࠆੱญⷙᮨ㧘౏౒⽷ᶖ⾌㊂ߩታ⃻ߔࠆ⒖૑ဋⴧࠍ⴫ߒߚߩ߇࿑ 1 ߢ޽ࠆޕᮮゲߪ᡽ᐭᡰ ಴㧔౏౒⽷㧕㧘❑ゲߪ⑳⊛⽷ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ✢ಽ AẢߪᮡḰ⊛ߥੱญⷙᮨߩㇺᏒߩઍ⴫⊛୘ੱߩ੍▚✢㧘 ߘߒߡ㧘BB̉ߣ CC̉ߪੱญ߇ᄢⷙᮨߣዊⷙᮨߩㇺᏒߩઍ⴫⊛ߥ୘ੱߩ੍▚✢ߢ޽ࠆޕᄢㇺᏒ߶ߤ౏౒⽷ ᶖ⾌ߦⷙᮨߩ⚻ᷣᕈ߇௛ߊߩߢ੍▚✢ߩ௑߈ߪ✭߿߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆޕ࿑ߩ S㧘M㧘L ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩㇺᏒߢ ታ⃻ߔࠆ⑳⊛⽷ᶖ⾌ߣ౏౒⽷ᶖ⾌ߩ⚵วߖߢ޽ࠅ㧘ห৻ߩήᏅ೎ᦛ✢਄ߦ޽ࠆޕᄢㇺᏒߢߪ᡽ᐭࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ ߆ࠄߩ৻ੱᒰߚࠅଢ⋉ߪᄢ߈ߊ㧘৻ੱᒰߚࠅ⒢⽶ᜂߪዊߐ޿㧔⽷᡽૛೾ߪᄢ߈޿㧕ޕዊㇺᏒߢߪଢ⋉ߪዊ ߐߊ㧘⽶ᜂߪᄢ߈޿㧔⽷᡽૛೾ߪዊߐ޿㧕ޕߘࠇߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘╬ߒ޿ല↪߇ታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘⽷᡽⺞ ᢛߩᔅⷐᕈߪή޿ޕ ⃻ታߩ਎⇇ߢߪ㧘⒖േ⾌↪ߪ࠯ࡠߢߪߥ޿ޕߘߒߡ㧘⒖േ⾌↪ߩ㜞޿ੱߣૐ޿ੱ߇ᷙ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆޕᣣᧄ ߩ⃻⁁ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘⒖േ⾌↪ߩૐ޿ੱߪ⧯޿ੱ㧘⒖േ⾌↪ߩ㜞޿ੱߪߘߩ࿾ၞߦኒ⌕ߒߚ⡯ᬺߦᓥ੐ߒߡ ޿ࠆੱ㧔⥄༡ᬺ㧘ㄘᬺ࡮Ṫᬺ╬㧕߿㜞㦂⠪ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕߎߩ႐วߦ߽㧘వߦᜰ៰ߒߚᤨ㑆ᢛวᕈߩ໧㗴߇↢ ߓࠆޕ⍴ᦼ⊛ߦߪ㧘⒖േ࿎㔍ߥੱߩሽ࿷ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ౏ᐔᕈߦၮߠ޿ߡ⽷᡽⺞ᢛ೙ᐲࠍ⸳⸘ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ ࠃ߁ߦᕁ߃ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇ߇ੱޘߩᦼᓙࠍᄌ߃㧘㐳ᦼ⊛ߦ㕖ല₸⊛ߥዬ૑࿾ㆬᛯࠍ߽ߚࠄߔ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߎ ߩ⍴ᦼߣ㐳ᦼ㧔߽ߒߊߪ੐ᓟ⊛ⷰὐߣ੐೨ߩⷰὐ㧕ߩ⍦⋫ࠍߤ߁ൊ᩺ߔࠆ߆ߪ㔍ߒ޿໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆޕߎߎߢߪ㧘 ోߡߩ⾌↪᧦ઙߩᩰᏅࠍဋ╬ൻߔߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿ߎߣߛߌࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ߅ߊߎߣߦߣߤ߼ࠆޕ 12) ଀߃߫㧘࿾ᣇௌߩሽ࿷ߔࠆ਎⇇ߢߪ㧘૑᳃ߪ࿾ᣇௌࠍᄙߊ⊒ⴕߒߚ࿾ၞߢଢ⋉ߛߌࠍ੨ฃߒ㧘Ⴧ⒢ߩᤨᦼߦઁߩ࿾ၞߦㅏࠇࠃ߁ ߣߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕㅒߦ㧘Ⓧ┙㊄ࠍᄙߊᜬߟ࿾ၞߢߪ㧘዁᧪㧘ߎߩⓍ┙㊄ࠍขࠅ፣ߔߣ߈ߦ㧘⒢⽶ᜂߥߒߦଢ⋉ߛߌࠍ੨ฃߒࠃ ߁ߣߔࠆ૑᳃߇ߎߩ࿾ၞߦ⒖૑ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ࿾ᣇௌ߿Ⓧ┙㊄ߩ৻ㇱߪ࿾ଔߦ⾗ᧄൻߐࠇࠆߩߢ㧔዁᧪ߩჇ⒢߿዁᧪ ߩᡰ಴Ⴧടߪቢోߦ⾗ᧄൻߐࠇߥ޿ߥࠄ㧕㧘⃻࿷ߩ࿯࿾଻᦭⠪ߦ዁᧪ߩ⽶ᜂ߿ଢ⋉ߩ৻ㇱߪᏫ⌕ߔࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘⾗ᧄൻ߇ቢోߢߥ ߌࠇ߫㧘૑᳃ߩ⒖േߦࠃࠆࡈ࡝࡯࡜ࠗ࠳࡯໧㗴߇⊒↢ߔࠆߩߢ㧘৻࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߢኻಣߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥߊߥࠆޕ ޓหߓࠃ߁ߥ໧㗴ߪ㜞㦂ൻߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ሶ⢒ߡߩᤨᦼߦ޿ࠆᐕ㦂ጀ߇ᄙ޿࿾ၞߢ߽⿠ߎࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߎ߁ߒߚᐕ㦂ጀߩሽ࿷ ߪ㧘଻⢒ᣉ⸳㧘ቇᩞᣉ⸳╬ߩ㔛ⷐࠍჇടߐߖࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩᣉ⸳߇౏ௌ⊒ⴕߦࠃߞߡ⾔ࠊࠇ㧘ᕲᕺࠍฃߌߚ਎Ꮺ߇⽶ᜂࠍ৻ㇱߒ߆ߖ ߕߦઁ࿾ၞ߳ォ಴ߒߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߇޽ࠆޕ

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㧙㧙

࿑ 1ޓ⒖૑ဋⴧ

㧔಴ᚲ㧕╩⠪૞ᚑ

3.4.

ߘߩઁߩ໧㗴

޽ࠆ⒳ߩ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧘․ߦ↢ᵴ਄ਇนᰳߥ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⽷᡽૛೾ߢ౏ᐔᕈࠍ⼏⺰ߔࠆߩ ߪㆡᒰߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁⼏⺰߽޽ࠆޕcategorical equity ߣ޿߁౏ᐔ᭎ᔨߦᓥ߃߫㧘޽ࠆ⒳ߩ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ ߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߘߩ࿾ၞߩ⽷᡽ജ߇ૐ߆ߞߚߣߒߡ߽৻ቯ㊂ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ଏ⛎ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘౏ ౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ৻⥸߇㧘⑳⊛⽷㧘଀߃߫ᦨૐ㒢ߩ⴩㘩૑ߩᶖ⾌ߦᲧߴߡ㧘ࠃࠅ✕ᕆᕈߩ㜞޿ᔅⷐਇนᰳߥ߽ߩ ߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢ߽ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁ޕක≮߿ೋ╬ᢎ⢒ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡߪᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ৻ ⥸ߦߎߩ⠨߃ᣇࠍㆡ↪ߔࠆߦߪήℂ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ

3.5. BF

ᦨᓟߦ BF ᩺ࠍౣ߮ᬌ⸛ߒࠃ߁ޕߎߩ᩺ߪ㧘࿾ၞ㑆ߩ৻᜝⒖ォࠍⴕ޿ߥ߇ࠄ᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ߽ታ⃻ߢ߈ࠆ ߣ޿߁᩺ߢ޽ߞߚޕߒ߆ߒ㧘⚿ዪߪ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߩ᳓Ḱࠍోߡߩ࿾ၞߢ৻⥌ߐߖࠆࠃ߁ߥ᡽╷ߢ߽޽ߞߚޕ ߎߎߢߪ㧘1㧕BF ᩺ߪ Buchanan ᩺ߩㄭૃߦߥࠆ߆㧘2㧕᡽ᐭᡰ಴ࠍ৻⥌ߐߖࠆߎߣߩ໧㗴ὐ㧘ߩ 2 ὐࠍ ⼏⺰ߒࠃ߁ޕ Buchanan ᩺ߪ࿾ၞ࡮ᚲᓧ㓏ጀߏߣߦ⒖ォ㗵ࠍᄌ߃ࠆⶄ㔀ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ߎࠇࠍታ㓙ߦ ታⴕߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠇ߫㧘ታᣉߩ⚦ㇱߪ࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߦછߖࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇৻ߟߩ⃻ታ⊛ߥᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩ႐ว㧘 BF ᩺߇ Buchanan ᩺ߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ߣᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠄߥߌࠇ߫㧘ᓐࠄߩ᩺ߪ Buchanan ᩺ߩㄭૃߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ߘߎߢ㧘⴫ 3 ࠍ߽߁৻ᐲߺߡߺࠃ߁ޕ⴫߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ਔ࿾ၞߩᐔဋᚲᓧߩᩰᏅ߇޽߹ࠅᄢ߈ߊߥ޿ ߣ߈㧘ੑߟߩ᩺ߩ⒖ォ✚㗵ߪߘࠇ߶ߤ⇣ߥࠄߥ޿ޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘BF ᩺߇ Buchanan ᩺ߩㄭૃߦߥࠅ߁ࠆ ߩߪᲧセ⊛࿾ၞ㑆ߩᚲᓧᩰᏅ߇ዋߥ޿႐วߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘⃻࿷ߩᣣᧄߩᚲᓧߩ࿾ၞᩰᏅࠍ೨ឭߦ⠨߃ߚ႐วߦ㧘 BF ᩺߇ Buchanan ᩺ߩߤߩ⒟ᐲߩㄭૃߦߥࠆߩ߆ߪታ⸽⊛໧㗴ߢ޽ࠅ㧘್ᢿߪ੹ᓟߩ⎇ⓥߦᆔߨߚ޿ޕ ᰴߩ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴ࠍోߡߩ࿾ၞߢ৻⥌ߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡߢ޽ࠆޕ⏕߆ߦ BF ᩺ߢߪ⽷᡽⊛ ߥ᳓ᐔ⊛౏ᐔᕈ߇ታ⃻ߢ߈ࠆޕߒ߆ߒ㧘৻ᣇߢ㧘⑳⊛⽷ߩᶖ⾌᳓Ḱ߇⇣ߥߞߡ޿ߡ߽ߘࠇߪ⠨ᘦߐࠇߥ޿ޕ ⑳⊛⽷ߣ౏౒ᡰ಴ߩᛒ޿ߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߪᄸ⇣ߢ޽ࠆޕ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߪ⑳⊛⽷ߦᲧߴߡ↢ᵴ਄ਇนᰳߥ߽ߩߢ㧘୘ ੱߩᚲᓧ᳓Ḱߣߪή㑐ଥߦ৻ቯߩ᳓Ḱࠍ⏕଻ߒߡ޽ߍࠆߩ߇౏ᐔߛߣ޿߁ categorical equity ߩ⼏⺰߇ᚑ┙

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㧙㧙 ߟߥࠄ⺑ᓧജࠍᜬߟ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘ోߡߩ᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߦߟ޿ߡߎߩ⼏⺰߇޽ߡߪ߹ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕ߻ߒ ࠈ㧘ක≮߿ೋ╬ᢎ⢒ߥߤ㒢ࠄࠇߚಽ㊁ߦߟ޿ߡߩߺ޽ߡߪ߹ࠆ⼏⺰ߣ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘 BF ᩺ࠍᯏ᪾⊛ߦฃߌ౉ࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴ߩ㗄⋡ߏߣߦ౏ᐔᕈࠍ⼏⺰ߔࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆޕ

㧠㧚߹ߣ߼

੤ઃ⒢ᡷ㕟ࠍ⼏⺰ߔࠆ㓙ߦ㧘⽷᡽ജߩᩰᏅߣ޿߁⸒⪲߇Ẃὼߣ૶ࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ޕߎߎߢ⼏⺰ߒߚࠃ ߁ߦ㧘ᩰᏅߩේ࿃ࠍ․ቯߒ㧘ߘࠇߦࠃߞߡኻಣᣇᴺࠍ⠨߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޕᤚᱜߔߴ߈ᩰᏅߣߘ߁ߢߥ ޿ᩰᏅ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣ߽㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘૑᳃ߩ⒖േࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ⍴ᦼ⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈ㧔੐ᓟ⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈ㧕ߣ 㐳ᦼ⊛ߥ౏ᐔᕈ㧔੐೨ߩ౏ᐔᕈ㧕߇⇣ߥࠆὐ߽㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕߐࠄߦ㧘⽷᡽㔛ⷐߣ⒢෼ߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣߩਇ৻ ⥌߽⽷᡽⺞ᢛߩᩮ᜚ߦߥࠆޕ ᩰᏅߩේ࿃ߦኻᔕߒߡኻಣᣇᴺࠍ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߛߣ޿߁┙႐߆ࠄߪ㧘᡽ᐭᡰ಴৻⥸ߢ໧㗴ࠍᝒ߃ࠆߩߢߪ ߥߊ㧘㗄⋡೎ߦᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߛߣ޿߁⼏⺰ߦߟߥ߇ࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘 categorical equity ߩ⼏⺰߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆ ᡰ಴߿㧘ੱญⷙᮨߩ㆑޿߿㜞㦂ൻߩ⒟ᐲߩ㆑޿ߦᔕߓߚᩰᏅᤚᱜߩᔅⷐᕈߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘නߦ↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔ ᩰ߿⥄ὼⅣႺ࡮࿾ℂ⊛ⅣႺߩ㆑޿ߦࠃࠆ⾌↪ᩰᏅᤚᱜߩᩮ᜚ߪ⇼ࠊߒ޿ߣ޿߁⼏⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߒߚޕ⃻࿷ߩၮ Ḱ⽷᡽㔛ⷐߩ▚ቯߢߪ㧘↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔᩰߩ㆑޿߿⥄ὼⅣႺ࡮࿾ℂ⊛ⅣႺߩ㆑޿ߪ෻ᤋߐࠇߚ߽ߩߦߥߞߡ޿ ࠆߒ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⼏⺰ߢߪ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚភ⟎ߪᒰὼߣߺߥߐࠇߡ߈ߚ13)ޕ৻ᣇߢ㧘ੱญⷙᮨߩ㆑޿ࠍ⽷ ᡽⺞ᢛߦ෻ᤋߐߖࠆ઀⚵ߺ㧔ޟᲑ㓏⵬ᱜޠ㧕ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⚛ᧉߥ⼏⺰߆ࠄߩ෻ኻ⺰߇ᄙ޿ޕߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘੤ ઃ⒢ᡷ㕟ࠍ߼ߋࠆ⺰⼏ߩ⃻⁁ߪ⚛ᧉߥᲑ㓏ߦ⇐߹ߞߡ޿ࠆޕ࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢ߩ▚ቯᣇᑼߩޟ◲⚛ൻޠ߇ᔅⷐߛ ߣ޿߁ࠃߊ޽ࠆ⼏⺰ߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ౏ᐔᕈߩၮḰߦၮߠ޿ߡᡷ㕟ߒߡ޿ߊߴ߈߆ߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⠨߃ ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕⶄ㔀ߥ▚ቯᣇᑼ߇᡽ᴦ੺౉߿ᕭᗧ⊛ߥ᳿ቯࠍ᜗߈߿ߔ޿ߩߪ੐ታߛ߇㧘⃻࿷ߩ▚ቯᣇᑼߦ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ౏ᐔ਄ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ߆߇ࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕ࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢ߩ౏ᐔᕈߩ㕙ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘੹ᓟߣ߽ߐࠄ ߦℂ⺰⊛ߥᬌ⸛߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕ 13) ጟᧄ (2002)㧘ᨋ (2006) ߢߪ↢↥ⷐ⚛ଔᩰߩ㆑޿߿⥄ὼⅣႺ࡮࿾ℂ⊛ⅣႺߩ㆑޿ߦᔕߓߚ⽷᡽⺞ᢛߪ౏ᐔߛߣߒߡ޿ࠆޕᓐࠄߩ⼏ ⺰ߢߪ㧘૑᳃ߩ⒖േ߿㧘ᤨ㑆ᢛวᕈߩ໧㗴ߪ⠨ᘦߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ

(11)

㧙㧙

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂

੗ၳ೑ብ࡮ጤᧄᐽᔒ࡮Ꮉ⷏ᐽਯ࡮࿯ዬਂᦶ࡮ጊᧄஜ੺ (2006)ޟၮḰ⽷᡽㔛ⷐߩㄭᐕߩേะ╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆታ ⸽ಽᨆޓ㧙࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢೙ᐲߩ⷗⋥ߒߦะߌߡ㧙ޠKeio Economic Society Discussion Paper Series. No.06-1 ጟᧄోൎ (2002)ޡ࿾ᣇ⽷᡽ᡷ㕟⺰⼏ޢ߉ࠂ߁ߖ޿ ⽴Ⴆ໪᣿࡮ᧄ㑆ᱜ᣿࡮㜞ᨋ༑ਭ↢࡮㐳ፄ⚐৻࡮⑔㑆ẖ (1986)ޟ࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢ߩᯏ⢻ߣߘߩ⹏ଔޓPart Iޠ㧘ޡࡈࠖ ࠽ࡦࠪࡖ࡞࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ޢ╙ 2 ภ㧘6-28 㗁 ⽴Ⴆ໪᣿࡮ᧄ㑆ᱜ᣿࡮㜞ᨋ༑ਭ↢࡮㐳ፄ⚐৻࡮⑔㑆ẖ (1987)ޟ࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢ߩᯏ⢻ߣߘߩ⹏ଔޓPart IIޠ㧘ޡࡈࠖ ࠽ࡦࠪࡖ࡞࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ޢ╙ 4 ภ㧘9-26 㗁 ૒⮮ਥశ (2002)ޟ࿾ᣇ⒢ߩ⻉໧㗴ߣಽᮭ⊛⽷᡽೙ᐲߩ޽ࠅᣇޠޡࡈࠖ࠽ࡦࠪࡖ࡞࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ޢ╙ 65 ภ㧘 148-168 㗁 ᨋ⦟༹ (2006)ޡᣂ࡮࿾ᣇಽᮭߩ⚻ᷣቇޢᣣᧄ⹏⺰␠ ᜬ↰ା᮸ (2004)ޡ࿾ᣇಽᮭߩ⽷᡽ቇޢ᧲੩ᄢቇ಴ ળ ᜬ↰ା᮸ (2005)ޟ⽷᡽⺞ᢛ⺰ߩዷ㐿ߣᣣᧄߩ࿾ᣇ੤ઃ⒢ޠޡ࿾ᣇ⽷᡽ߩࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓォ឵ޢ㧔ᣣᧄ࿾ᣇ⽷᡽ቇ ળ⎇ⓥฌᦠ㧘╙ 9 ภ㧕ᣣᧄ࿾ᣇ⽷᡽ቇળ✬㧘ഹ⨲ᦠᚱ

Buchanan, James M.(1950) ̈Federalism and Fiscal Equity,̉ American Economic Review. vol.40. no.4, pp.583-99

Boadway, Robin and Frank R. Flatters (1982) Equalization in a Federal State; An Economic Analysis, Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada

Boadway, Robin W. and Hobson, Paul A.R.(1993) Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Canada. Canadian Tax Paper. No.96, Canadian Tax Foundation

Flatters, F., V. Henderson and P. Mieszkowski (1974) ̈Public Goods㧘Efficiency㧘and Regional Fiscal Equalization,̉ Journal of Public Economics. 3. pp.99-112

Mieszkowski, Peter and Richard A. Musgrave (1999) ̈Federalism, Grants, and Fiscal Equalization,̉ National

Tax Journal. vol.52. pp.239-260

Oakland, William H. (1994) ̈Fiscal Equalization: An Empty Box?̉ National Tax Journal. vol.47, no.1, pp.199-209

参照

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