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【論 文 】      日本建 築学会構造 系論 文 報 告 集 第 439 号 ・1992年 9 月

Journa]of Struct. Censしr, Engng, AIJ, No、439t Sep、,】992

AFUNDAMENTAL

 

STUDY

 

ON

 

NONLINEAR

 

WAVE

PROPAGATION

 

IN

 

INHOMOGENEOUS

 

MEDIA

不均 質媒体 中の非線 型 波動伝 播に関する基礎 研究

Yasuhiro

 

OHTSUKA

* and  

TakWf

 

KOBOR

∫*

        大 塚 康 弘, 小 堀 鐸 二

 This paper investigates the characteristics 、 of nonhnear  wave  propagation in inhomogeneeus media . The density of the inhomogeneous medium  treated herein is assumed  to change  slowly  in the spatial  direction. An approach  utilizing  .the Soliton Theory is proposed to analyze  nonhnear wave  phenomena  in(simple )inhomogeneous media , The results  are summarized  as follows:The final equation  f6r a plane wave  propagating in a l・dimensional finite elastic  medium  with  in−

homogeneity is represented  by the modified  K−

dV

 equation  including the 

dissipative

 term. From numerical  analyses , the number  of scattering  solitary  waves  due to the medium ’s inhomogeneity increases with  the intensity of the inho皿ogeneity .

 Keywords :inhomogeneity, nohlinear  wa ・ve,50titon theory, modtfied κ一dV e4uation  

dis5iPative

 term,          ∫跏 ガ館 deformatien

         不均質性,非 線 型 波 動,ソ リ トシ理 論,変 形

K

dV

方 程 式,散 逸 項,有 限 変 形

1

. 

lntroduction

 In genera1,0ne  of the characteri ’stics  of nQnlinear  phenomena  is shown  

by

 

destroying

 the prinCiple of superposition of wave  motion and  most  natural  phenomeha  are governed 

by

 nonlinear  wave  motion . As is wellknown  the earthquake  wave  isan example  of this kind.of wave  motion ,

artd  many  resea chers

have

 investigated the characteristics  of earthquake  wave  propagation in nonlinear  soil m ’edia、 Nonlinear waves  can  

be

 

broadly

 classified  as either dispersive waves  or 

dissipative

 waves . In particular

, the

nonlinear −stationary  wave

, which  is gen6rated by balancing the nonlinear  and dispersive effects , is

called  a “

Solit6n

(or 

Solitary

 Wave

 About 160 yeaTs ago

, 

John

 

Scott

Russel

 observed  solitaエy waves  going up  a cana1 , and  D .

J

Korteweg &

G

. de Vries forIhulated the nonlinear  constitutive  equation  

for

 solitary  waves  the so ・called

K −

dVequation

, in 1895. In 1965, 

N

, 

J

. Zabusky &

M

. D , 

Kruskal

 solved  numerically  the K −

dv

equation  

by

 treating the solitary  wave  as a particle, which  they called  a ‘‘

Soliton

”. 

Since

 theri

, the

. Sohton Theory has been rapidly  developed by many  researchersi }一’4}and  applied  in many  

fields

:Fluid

Mechanics Ωuantym  Physics,  Electronics and  so on .

 

In

 

Earthquake

 Engineering

, 1925,  Matsuzawasl postulated that earthquake  waves  showed  the

characteristics  of solitary  waves  as indicated by 

furrow

 shaped  corrugations  appearing  Qn the surface  of rice  fields  after  the Great Kanto 

Earthquake

 

1923

 

He

 theoretically 

discussed

 the existence  of

gravitatiorial waves  in very  soft soil covered  with  lnud . 

Although

 

discuss

三〇n of viscous  

fluids

 was applied  to waves  propagating 

in

.soft soil he could  not  prove the existence  of  solitary  wa ヤes or ponlinear stationary  waves

by

 using  

Stokes

’approxim 尋te equations ,  Recently,  Kobori. et al.帥

* Senior

 Research Engineer, Kebori Research Cothplex. Kajima

  CorporaIion, Sc. M .

鱒 Emerit

ロs  Prof., Kyoto Univ.

  jimaCorporation, Dr, Eng.

Executive Vice President of Ka.

鹿 島建 設 株 式 会 社 小 堀 研 究 室 主任研究 員・修 士(理学1 京都 大 学 名 誉 教 授 鹿 島建設株式会 社 副社長 ・博士 (工

学〉

33

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Architectural Institute of Japan

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ArchitecturalInstitute of Japan

proposed an approach utilizing the

Soliton

Theory

to analyze thephenomena of earthquake wave rnotions, which seem to

be

stationary processes, likesome of the ground motions recorded

in

Mexico

City,

Sept.

1985.

Later,

Izumi

&

Xuenng}

investigatedthe characteristics of wave propagationin

1-dimensional

homogeneous

elastic soils with a nonlinear relation of stress-deformation gradient,

adopting the

Soliton

Theory

toanalyze earthquake wave propagation duringa greatearthquake.

They

noted that the relation

between

stress and

deformation

gradientisnonlinear under the assumption of

finite

deformatio'n

in

an elastic medium,

hereafter

called "finite elastic medium", even though

it

is

assumed to

b,e

linear,

They

clarified that shear wave propagationina

(homogeneous)

finiteelastic rnedium isgoverned

by

the modified

K-dV

equation,

hereafter

callecl the "mK-dV

equation", as

is

well known

in

the

Soliton

Theory.

Thispapet extends the in"yestigations of Izumi

&

Xue tothe problem of nonlinear wave propagationin

an inhomogeneous finiteelastic medium. The

density

of theinhornogeneousmedium treated herein

is

assumed to change slowly in the spatial direction.We

derive

the constitutive equation

for

an

inhomogeneous

finite

elastic mediurn and clarify the characteristics of wave propagationinsuch a

medium.

2.

Propagation

ot

1-Dimensional

S-Wave

In

thisstudy, we consider

plane

waves

(S-waves)

propagatingina 1-dimensionalfinite

linear

elastic medium with inhomogeneity,

The

following

assumptions are made :

Al.

Deformation isfinite.

(i.e.,

displacement

is

not

infinitesimal.)

A2,

Relation

between

stress and strain islinear.

(constitution

of material is

linear,

)

A3.

Density

of medium changes slowly inspatial

direction.

A4.

Length

of propagation wave

is

sufficiently

long.

Let us derivea

balance

equation

based

on these assumptions. First,we show the nonLinear elastic constitutive equation

derived

by

Izumi

&

XueSi・").

Usually

as

in

the

linear

elastic theory, the strain

potentialis represented by a quadratic polynomial approximation of a strain component according to

Lagrangian

foTmulationie)

:

Z=A+BE+CE2:strainPotential-・-・-・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・-・・・・"・・・-・・・・・----・・-・・・・・・・J・・・(2,1)

where

A=:S-,t+g(R+2,i),

B-,t+t(A+2stL

c-S(A+2;t),

E=g(pZ-1) : Lagrangi'anstrain, p=

aaxU:cipformation gradient,

y(X, Y, t)==Y+u(X,t):Plane SLzvave motion, x,y:spatinl coondnates,

X,Y:materialcoordinates,

u:sheardsPlacement,

A,pt:Lame'sconstants,・・・・・・・・-・・-・-・・(2.2)

and the X-axis isdirectedalong the

direction

of wave propagation.

As

we are considering 1-dirpensional

S-wave

propagation along the X-axis and assume thatthe material isinitiallyinthe stress-free state, the nonlinear elastic constitutive equation can beexpressed

inthe

following

form8)・9}

:

T==

{Zi

£

p

=Lip+g

(A+2")pS

:PVola-1finchhoffpseudostress・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・--・-・・・・・・・・・i・J・・・・-(2.3)

isthe shear stres$ acting on the surface

IX==constan4.

Therefore,itisconfirmed that the stress isrepresented

by

the nenlinear term, which is the third order

of

deformation

gTadient,even

if

the relation

between

stress and strain

is

linear.

The 1-dimensional

finite

linear

elastic medium with inhomogeneity can

be

replaced by a

1-dimensional

lattice

inwhich an infinitenurnber of particles

is

connected totheirnearest neighbouTs

by

inhornogeneoussprings.

Force

balance

on the nth mass

point,

neglecting the

body

force,

is

given

by

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-34-NII-Electronic Library Service

AxA,

dd2tU,"

==

T..,-

7h・・:・・・・i・・・1---・J・----・---・・・-・r-・--・・・・-・・・・・・・・--・・・・・・・・・--・・--(2.4a

)

d2Un-i

.dt2 =:Th'7;z-i''''''''''''''''';''''''''''''''''-'-''''''''''''''''''-''"'''''''---・・・(.2.4b)

AXpn-i

'

where

u. : ctisplacement

of

nth-mass

Point,

A,:

densic),

of

nth-maFs

Point,

T. :stressofnth-massPoint,

AX

:

length

betzveen

t.ze,omassPoints・・・-・-・・,・・・・・--・・-・・・・・--・・-・--・・-・(2.5)

Subtractingeq,(2,4b)

from

eq.(2.4a), we

have

ph

(iTA(ih'i)

ddt',

(Uniiilin-O=

Tn+i-(A2

xL)i,+

Tn-]

・--・---・・・-",,,.m,,...".".-...".,,,(2.6)

From assumption A3, eq.

(2,6)

can

be

approximated as :

ddi,

("niiilln-i)

=il:

(

Tn-i-(A2 xTh),+

7h-i)

..HHH.HHH...HH..."...,..,,.,.".".,..(2. 7)

Since

the

length

AX issufficiently small cornpared to the

length

of the propagatingwaves, the

following

approximate expression

holds.

'

(Un-Un-1)

Pn=

Ax ''''"'""""'H'''''H""""'''HH'"H"HH'''H'''HH"'''''''''''''"'・・t-・・-・-・"・・・・(2.8)

Substitutionof eqs,(2.3) and

(2,8)

intoeq.(2.7) gives

ddt',

p.=ii;(

T"'iT(i

x7;>t,+

7}'-i)-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・:・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-:----・・-・-・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・--・・・・-<2. g)

From Taylor'sexpansion of p..,about pn,

p.±i= p.±

AiX!

aaPx"+(A21I,l)2

Oa2i"!(A31;)S

.ao3i"+(A4i,I)`Oa`i"±・・・・-・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・---・・・・・-.(2.io)

Substituting

eqs.(2.3) and

(2.

10)

into

eq.

(2.9),

we can obtain the

balance

equatibn as

follows:

a,2

,"r-f.

(O,2i"+",

a,`.","+("l2g) a,Z.pi)・・・・・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・----・-・・・・・・・・-・--・・-・-・・・・・・

(2.ii)

This is the wave propagatingequation, called the Boussinesq equation with spatial vanable

coefficients inthe inhomegeneous medium. Here,we assume that

AX=1,

which means that the interval of the mass pointwithout an external

force

isunity.

The

thirdof the right side of eq.

(2.

ll)

has

the coefficient

depended

on the

dilatational

wave component

(i.e,,

A+2p).

This

component is automatically

due

to the nonlinear teTm of the nonlineai elastic constitutive equation

(2.3).

The

constitutive equation

(2.

3)shows the shear stressi acting on the surface with fixednormal

direction

of wave propagation.It seems thatthe nonlinear term of eq.

(2.

3)

viith'

the

dilatational

wave component is

induced by the assumption of

finite

deformationand the

distinct

directions

of the str6ss and the wave propagation. This isone of

discrepancies

between

the

finite

deformation

thgory and the infinitesimal

deformation

t,heory.

' '

3.

Derivationof

Modified

K-udV

Equation

inoluding

Pissipative

Term

The

previoussection

derives

thenonlinear wave equati6n, which

describds

aplanewave propagating

in a 1-dimensienal

finite'elastic

medium considering inhomogeneity, as follows:

c(ix),

aa2,P,

-aOiP,++, aax`P,+3K

aax

(p2

eOxP

),

for

V(x,

t)ERxR' ・---・・・・・-・-・・・-・・・・・-・・c3.i)

where

1

ac

c(x)2=p("x), C(X)ECco(R),

oax

<1,

K=Al;2"=ii"-2". , p= oaxU, v:

pbissoh's

rntio ・・・・・----・----・--・・・・・-・---・-・--・・・・・----・(3.2). and R, R' and Cco(R)

denote

the1-dimensionalreal space, the 1-climensionalpositivereal space and the

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ArchitecturalInstitute of Japan

infinitely

differentiable

function

space over R, respectively.

Thissection

derives

a non}inear wave equation representing spatial evolution of planewaves and we extend the Reductive PerturbationMethod, assurning a

long-wave-length

approximation

<assumption

A4),

proposed

by

Taniuti]) et al. tothe plane

S-wave

propagationproblem

in

theconsidering model

herein.

As

the

density

of the medium isassumed to change slowly inthe spatial

direction,

we introducethe

exten'ded

Gardner-Morikawa

transformationi)"`)as

follows

:

T-E"(f2 ,d,X.,-t),

g==E}(f2

,d,X.,)--・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・-・--・・--・---・・-・・-・・---・・・・・・・・・-・J(3,3)

From

eq.(3.3), partial

derivatives

with respect to

(X,t)

can

be

obtained as follows:

o

.,,..,."...-・-・a-・----・-''''''''''HH''''Z'''''"''''''(3.4)

Ei

c

Using

thistransformation and the asymptotic expansion about the constant value p{O' with respect to

infinitesimalparameter E :

p= ptO)+EipU)+ Epva)+ Egp{3)+.", ..".."...,.,,.-""..."h..."-.H.,.,..,,.,,....,..,...,...(3.5) we transform eq.(3.1) to the perturbedequation,

The term of theminimum order intheperturbedequation isESi2and thisequation

has

infinitetermsof

higher

order

(

e3,e'/2 in

due

order).

By

puttingthe

first,

second and thirdorder terms, eS!2, E3 and E'12,

respectively, as

identically

O,eq.(3.1) can

be

approximated

(up

to the thirdorder)

by

the

following

equatlons :

,a,

[

a,P,`i'+3,"

p["'

{lll;"+,,i,,

OSeii'+g

,O,

(-5)p"'l-=o,

--・・・・・・・・・-・・・--・・・・・・・-・--・・・・(3.6a)

,a,

(

O,Pe(2'+3,K

aP5';P`"+,,i,,

aSel2'+S

,Oe

(e)p`z)]-o,

・・-・・・・・・・---・-・--・・-・---・・・-・・(3.6b)

,a,

(

O,pi3'+3,"

Op5'lp(3'+,,',,aSeiS'+-S

8,

(-iS')p(3]]

=

-oa.

I3

Kp`"'

aaPe`i'+3,K

aP5".P[!"+

C,K

oae

('5)p['"+,,ic,

(i,+3)

aa.:,Pii#

+,i,

(t,+2)

,a,

(i)

Ogel')1-e[ e3?li'+c

,O,

(2f)

ilili"]-・・---・-・・・・・-・・・・・(3.6c)

Finally,the mK-dV equation with spatial variable coefficients is obtained

by

integratingeq.

(3.6a)

with respect to T as

follows:

a,"i')+3,K

p("'

O,P,`"+,,i,,

aii?i"+-li-

8g

(-5)p`"-o・・・・-・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・-・・-・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・(3.7)

We introducethe.following change of variables :

n=fZ

cfS,・

v-Cp`"--J・--・---・・-・--・・・・-・--・・・--・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・----・-・・・-・・・・・-・-・(3.s)

Finally,

eq.(3.7) can be transformed as follows:

- aoVrp+32K v2 aoV.+it

aa3.?+p(rp)v=o,

-i・i----・--・・・・・-・・・・・・・・t・・・・---・-・・・・・・---・・・・-・・・-・(3.g)

where

3d

v(o)=-2

drp

(log

C}

--・---・・・---・・・---・・・--・・・・・-・・--・・・-・・-・-・・・-・・・--・-・・・・・・・・-・-・・-・・-・

(3.

10)

Boussinesq

eq.

(3.1)

with spatial variable coefficients isthus reduced to the spatial evolutionary

7nK-dV eq.(3.9)

including

the

dissipative

term. For homogeneous media,

Le.,

where C(X) is constant with respeet toevery spatial value X, eq.

(3.

9)isequivalent tothe mK-dV equation obtained

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oataax

1-El 1 ETc aaraoe

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'

'

by

Izumi and Xue')t'9),

because

v(n) vanishes.

The above method of derivingthe model equation, making a balance between the n6nlinear and

.dispersiveterms with respect to the infimtesimalparameter

(e),

isusually called the Reductive

PeTturbation

Methodiir`),

'

'

4.

Conservative

Quantity

for

Modified

K-dV

Equation

lncluding

Dissipative

Term

.

In this sectio'n, we calculate a conservatiye quantity

for

eq.(3.9) and 'predictthe behaviour of

propagating

waves ininhomogeneous media, '

Eq.

(3.9)

can

be

writteh in the

following

form:

'

. O,",==-,a.('l;v3+,i, a,2.e)-v(n)vH-:・""・---・---(4,i)

Let us assume the rapidly

decreasing

boundary

conditions of T at infinityas '

' a2v av =O----・-・--・---・・・・・・-・---・--・・・・-・・・・・・・・-・-・--・・t-・・・・・-(4,2) =1im

1im

v=1irn T- ±co r-+±co aT T- ± oe Ort

These

conditions mean that the farfieldisan absorbing

barrier

or source-free of energy. The

'

following

discussion

is

also valid under periodic

boundary

conditions, ・ ,

First,

integration

of eq.(4.1) with respect to Tgives ・

ddn

Xi

vdT=-v(o)

X["

vdT ・・・・・・・・・-・-・-・-・・・・・:・・・・・・・-・・-・・・-・・-・-・-・・・-・・-・-・・・・・・-・・・・t-・・-・--・・・・-・・・(4.3)

Then we obtain the

first

order conservative quantityas

follows:

'

ddrp

L(n)=-v(rp)L(n),

A(v)

:=fvdT--・'''-'-'-'''''''''''''''''''''''''''H"''''''''H''''・-・--・・・・(4.4)

Multiplying

both

sides of eq.

(4.

1)

by

v yields

e

OaVi

=-aa,

(3sK

v3+tt v

ao2,Z

-dg

(OaV.

)2)-v(rp)v2・・・・・・・・・・-・--・・・・・-・・・・・----・・・・・・・・--(4.

s)

Integrating

thisequation with respect to T yielcls

ll

8n

Jl'

v2dT=-v{ rp)

rf

v2dT ''''''''''-'''''''''''`'"''''''''''`'-''-'-''H'''''''"'''''''--'''''''''''''(.4,6)

Thus, we obtain the segond order conservative quantityas

follows

:

ddny

ib(o)=-2 v(rp)h(rp),

G(n):

=

1'-ll[2-

dT・・---・・・---・----・・-・・・-・・-t-・・-・・--・・・・・・-・・・--・・-(4.7)

From

the

boundary

conditions

(4.

2),theinhomogeneitycan

be

restricted toa

16cal

region

in

o-space

and v(o) can

be

equal

to

O

in

the exterior of

local

regien, namely

sumplv(rp)IC[oi,rp2], o]:=n(XD>O, o!:=o(X:)>O・・・・・・・・・・・・・・=-・---・v・・・・・;・・・---・・・-・(4.8)

where `sump' means a support ef fupctionv(o).

Integrating

eqs,(4.4) and

(4.7)

with respect to o yields

Jl(n)=A(oDexp(-JCr

y(s)ds], 11(oi):==

1;..,,.,vdr''''''''''''''''''"'''''''H'"'-"'''''-'(4・9)

h(n)=k(o)

exp(-2

J:r

v(s)ds],

G(oi):

=

ll..,.,

V2Z

dT''''''''''''''-''''''''-''-''-'''''''-

(4,

10)

Where rpsatisfies o)o,, eqs.(3,10),

(4.9)

and

(4.10)'give

'

Il(n,)=L(o,)exp(glogCl:r]==L(v,)(:li)},

-・---・--・-・-r・・----・-・・・・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・・・t・・・(4.ii)

h(

n,)=E(o,>exp

l3

1og

cl

:il=b(oJ

(

gl

)3

・・・・-・・---・--・・・---・・・-・-・・・・・---・・・・・・・-・・--

(4.

12)

where

'

Ci=CCoJ

fornSrpi,

C2=

C(n2)

forn2n2

-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・----・・・・・:・・---・・・・v(4.13)

Considering

the inhomogeneous model as monotone

decreasing

the phasevelocity C

(increasing

the

density

pdue tothe

first

expiession of eq.

(3.

2)

)

in

thepositive

direction

of

X,

eqs,

(4.

11) and

(4.

12)

t t

. .'

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Architectural Institute of Japan

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yield the

following

importantresults :

ci>c2

=>

l

E((

:lliil

2:

Zij

--・・・・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・+・・・--・-r・・・・・-・-・・・----i・-・・

(4.

i4)

Therefore,

it

is

confirmed thattwo conservative quantities

A

and

E

decrease

inthisinhomogeneous

model.

The

amplitude v of eq.

(3.

9)decreasesinthe inhomogeneous region because v<n)ineq.

(3.

10)

ispositivewith

decreasing

velocity

C.

Hence,

the second of eq.

(3,8)

gives

C,

V(rpi,T)> V(rp,,T) => C,pS'i>C,pS"O

pti'>pLiL・・・-・・-・--・-・・・-・・--・-"'''''-''''"''''''''''''

(4.

15) C2

Although

the

last

inequalityof

(4.

15)can not

determine

any sizes of

deformation

gradients,

it

shows

the relation of

deformation

gradientsat

different

points,

5.

Influenceof DissipativeTerm due tolnhomogeneity '

This

section

discusses

the

influence

of the

dissipative

term

in

the

derived

equation

(3,

9)considering

the initialvalue problem

for

one soliton that isan incidentwave.

Generally,

one particular solution of eq.(3.9) without the

dissipative

term

(i,e.,

inthe case of

homogeneous

media) is

derived

as:

v=

rk

sechlk

(241c,

rp-T+o)] '`'''''''''''''''''-''''''''''HH''''''''''H'''・'・・・・・-・--(s.

1>

where 0 isan integrationconstant.

If

the initialpoint

is

defined

as rp=e, eqs.(4.9) and

(4.10)

give two conservative quantities as

follows

:

L(o)=L(o)exp(-J('"v(s)ds),

-・-・-・・-・---・-t--・-・・-・・・・・---・・-・・-・-・----・・--・--J--・・・--・-(s.2)

h(o)=k(o)expl-2Jl'"

v(s)dsl, ・--・・--・ -・・・--J ・----・・・--・-・・-・・---・・--・・-

(s.3)

where

2

Il(O) : ==

XI.,,.,

vdT,

h(O>

:=.II.,,.,-IZI

dr

''-''''''''''-''''''-'"''・・--・・・--・・-・-・--・・・・・・--J-(s,4)

Assuming

that the phase velocity

C(X)

is monotone

decreasing

in

thepositive

direction

of X, the

amplitude of the propagating wave

(i,e.,

v(n,T))

decreases

due

to the

dissipative

effect.

Let us examine a stationary wave solution forinitialvalues at o=O

inothe

follewing

form

:

v1n..o=de sech(7il : T1''''''''"'''''''''''''''''''''''-''H""''''"''"-""i'"'-・`""-・・・--・・-(s.s)

First,

we seek a

formal

solution of eq.

(3,9)

satisfying the initialcondition

<5.5)

as :

v=vs+vp・・・-''''H-''''"''""''''''''''''''"""''''H''H''"''・・-・・'''H'''"'''''''-''''"'"''''''''''--(5.6)

The firstterm on the Tight side ef eq.

(5.

6) isa

damping

solitary-wave solution with

decreasing

rp

inqluding an unknown

function

A(o)

as follows: .

vs(n, T)=:tmi

n sechI7i:ltrpr

(i4

X"

Als)

ds-r)]

・・''・''-・・--・・-・--・--・-・・-・・-・-・-・・・-・・-・-・(s.7)

where

A(o)=c,--・・---・-・-・---・-・-・-・-t--・・・・・---・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・-・-・・--・--;--・-・・-・・--・・・・・・・・---(s.s)

and vp isa selution excluding the

damping

solitary-wave soiution. .

The

second o.rder conservative quantityof v, isobtained from

li(O)=Jf

ZS:

d'=12

KIA(o).(SeCh2[thn

("t

J['"Als>

dS-r)ld'::'

nin

6K '''''''''''(5'9)

(Where

we use the

formula

./fsech2x

dx=2.)

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However, eq.(5.3) gives

G(o)=

i2

kc,

rfsech!(72:

rl exp(-2

X"

v(s)ds]d; T

=ve]i6K exp

(-2

JC"

v(s)dsl:-・・-・・・・--・・--・--・・・・・・・・・・・・-・----・-・----・・・・・・・・--・

(s.

io)

Using

eqs.(5.6) and

(5,10),

we calculate the amplitude of eq.(5.7) as follows:

thn

=k exp

['2X"

v(s)ds]=th] exp

(3

iog

(

Ci?)))=k

(

Ci?))S--・--・

(s.

ll)

Substituting

thisequation into eq,

(5.

7),the

damping

solitary-wave solution v, can

be

represented

by

vs(n, T)==

de

(

Ci7))3

sech(

71i

(

Ci7))3

(

24ic,f"

(

Cii))`ds-Tll----t-4--・--

(s.

i2)

The firstorder conservative quantityof v takes the form

A(rp)=lvsdT+lvpdr=

rk

(

CiZ)

)S

Xsech

(

7

:

(

Ci?))'

(

24ic,

X"

(

Ci?))6ds- rl

ldT

+XvpdT=rd?+Xvpdr---・・・-・-・・・・・・---・-・-・・・・・・-・・---・・・・・・----・・・・・・・・・(s.13)

Using eqs.(5,2) and

(5.5),

we have '

L(o)=rk

Xsech

(k

TldT exp

I-X"

v<s)dsl=

rd?=

exp

I-X"

y(s)ds] ・・・・-・

(s.

14)

Subtracting

eq.

(5.

14)

from

eq.

(5.

13)

yields the

first

order conservative quantity of v. as follows:

'

.tl

vpdT=rdlk:

1exp

(-.]('"

v(s)ds]-il=

rdlii

I(

C6?))t-i]・i・・t・・・-・・・・-・・・-1.,,.,...

(s.

is)

'

The

terrn

in

the

6race

has

negative values

due

tothemonotone

decrease

in

thephase velocity. Hence,

we

have

the

following

ineqllality.

.L'vFdt<o''"-・-・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・:・・・・-・lr・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・-・t・・・・・・---・・・・J・・・・--・-・・・・・・・・・(s.i6)

This

ineqtialityshows thattheamplitude of vpwhich means thesolution excluding the solitary!wave

soluti.on,

is

negative on average.

For thesoil model with a monotene increasingphasevelocity

(decreasing

soil depsity),theterm in

the

brace

on the right side of eq.

(5.

15)haspositive values. Thus, we havethefollowing

inequality.

,

JCv,dT)SOt・t--・・---・---・・・-・・・・・・・・-・--・・・・-・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・-・-・-・・;・・・・・-・・・--・---・(5.17)

'

Consequently

the amplitude of v. ispositiv,eon' average.

"

This

shows the

influence

of the

dissipative

term inthe

derived

eq.

(3.

9)

forma,11y

solving the

initial

"

value problem

for

the incidentsoliton. The

following

can

be

predicted

based

on the analogy of the

theoryof an inhomogeneous nonlinear ladder-network`): .

1)

Gererally

the solution v.

is

c'alled a

lplateau'

and inducesthesecond solitary wave

(the

scattering

wave) propagating through the

inhomogeneou$'region

in the soil model which has a monotone

increasingph4se velocity

(decreasing

soil density),'

'

2) The number of scattering solitary waves inducedby the plateau increaseswith the intensityof the m6dium's inhomogeneity,

'

These estimations show theoccurrence of nonlinear scattering waves

due

tothe

inhomogeneity

of a medium assumed to

have

a

finite

deformation.

To

provetheses estimations, we will examine a solitary wave solution

for

the initiil values at rp=o

in

'

the

following

form: ' ' '

vl n-uo=

Ao

sech

lVG-k-Aod

''H'''''''-'':'''-'H""''''''''''・'''-''''-'''''"''''''''"''"'''"'''"'''''''

(5・

18) where

A,

denotes

amplitude and v(o) satisfies'the inhomogeneous condition

(4.s).

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-39-Architectural Institute of Japan

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ArchitecturalInstitute of Japan

From

the condition

(4.8),

eqs.

(5.2)

and

(5.3)

give two conservative quantitiesas :

ll(ot)=Il(O>=JCAosechiV6-R'AoTldT=wh,

-・---・----・--・・・-・・--+・・・-・-・t・-・・・・(s.1g)

h(o,)=h(o)=:XI!

L9

sech2

kl6KAoTIdr=

7gl

f

・--・・・---・・--・・・-・・-・・・・-・・・・-・・---・-・-・・-

<s.

2o)

If

N-solitary

waves of

distinct

amplitudes can

be

induced

by

the plateauforo>n,, we

have

11(o>op,)=tf.li,

JfAJ

sech(vte-]l-AJTIdT=th' , ・・---・・・--・・・・-・・・・・・-・・・----・---・--・・--・-

(s.21)

h(o>

rp2)=tY.,ISIsech:

IJ6-k"AJrI

dT=,i.,

XIilf

'-"'''"---・-・・・t・・-・・・・--・-・・・・・・・・・・-・-・・

(s.

22)

where A, denotes

jth

amplitude and A,XA,

(i#

j}

can be equal to O without

loss

ingenerality.

Considering

the inhomogeneous condition

(4.8),

eqs.

(4.11)

and

(4.

12), eqs.(5. 21) and

(5.22)

become

k<op>n2>=L(n,)==L(o)exp

(-lir'

v(s)ds]=

7Elir

(X'

)l,

・-・-・・・・・--・・・・-・・・-・---・-・・

(s.

23)

G(rp>lp)==

A(ip)=k{o)

exp

I-2

./Cr'y(s)dsl=

7glii=

(-Si'

)3

-・----・・・-・・・・・・・・----・・・-・・・-・・a・・-・

(s.

24)

Hence,

using eqs.(5.21)-<5.24), we can obtain the

following

equations:

C(o,)=:NiC(nD

for

VNEZ+'''m''''H'''''H''''''''H''""'"""'"H"''-'''''H"'''・・-''''-'''・・

(5.

25) N

£

A,=NeA,--・・--・・-・--・---・---・---・-J---・・・-・・-・・・・--・・・-・・-・・・・・--・・-・・・・・(5.26)

J=1

where

Z"

denotes

the positive

integer

set.

Eq.

(s.

2s) shows that the plateau

induces

solitary waves propagatingthrough the

inhomogeneous

region inthe soil model which

has

a monotone increasingphasevelocity,

but

any solitary waves are net

induced

by

the plateau

in

the converse model,

because

C(rp2)<C(ni)

yields N<1.

Moreover,

the same

equation shows that N

(i.

e. , the number of solitary waves induced

by

the plateau) increaseswith the ratio of C(n2)to C(oi).

Those estimations are thus proved and wi!1 also

be

confirmed

by

numerical analyses inthe

latter

sectlon.

6.

Comparison with CharacterjstjcsolLjnear Wave

This

section shows a comparison

for

linear

wayes propagating

in

a 1-dimensional

linear

elastic medium with

inhomogeneity.

The

waye equation cQrresponding to

Boussinesq

equation

(3.

1)

is represerited hereinthe

following

form:

c(ix),

aa2tP,

=

aax2P,

,

for

V(x, t}ERxR', ・・・---・・・-・---・-・・-・----・・-・・--・・・・・・・・-・・・・・(6.o where

c(x)!=p("x),

c(x>Ectu(R),

{IrgxC

<i・-・--・--・----・・・-・・・・・-・----・-・・-・--・-・-・--・(6.2) The densityof the medium isassumed tochange slowly inthe spatial

direction,

as assumed insection

3.As in section 3, we trahsform eq.

(6.

1)

by

the extended

GaTdner-Morikawa

transformation

(3.

3)

to the spatial evolutionary wave-equation :

O,Pi"+g

,ae

(e)p"'-oJ・--・-・・----・---・----・---・・・・--・・・・・-・・--・---・・--・・・--・・-.."".(6.

3)

and transform this equation according to thetransformation

(3.8)

tothe

final

equation :

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-40-NII-Electronic Library Service

aaVn+v(v)v==O''""'HH"'""""'-H"--'"-h'''''""'''''''H'''''''"'H''''''''''"m''''''''''--・(6.4)

'

where

v(n)=-g.ddo

(iog

c) ・・・・・・・-・・-・・・・・・・-・-・・・・-・・・・・-・・・・---・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・----・・・・・・・・-・・-・(6. s)

Evidently,

eq.

(6.4)

shows thefirstorder linearwave-equation with the nonlinear and dispersiye

terms

dropped.

The general solution of eq,(6.4) with an arbitrary

initial

wave,

f(T),

is ,

b(

rp,T)=f(T) exp

l-./C"

v(s)dsl=f(T)

(

Ci7)

){

-・・---・--・・・・・・・

J・

・・・・・・・-・-・・・・・・・・・・・(6.6)

By comparing the right side of eq.

(5.

12)with thatof eq.

(6,

6),itis confirmed thatthe

damping

of a

'

solitary wave isstronger than that of a linear

inTave.

Thischaracteristic of the

damping

for

thenonlinear wave motion occurs

because

thesoiitary wave widens with

decreasing

amplitude' flom eq.

(5.

7). We・ confirm that there are

po

scattering waves with the appearance of a plateau

in

accordance with

propagatingthe incidentwave through the inhomogeneous region.

7.

Numerical

Analysis

Method

'

,

Insections 3and 4,we confirmed thatthe

behaviour

of planewaves propaggting

in

a 1-dimensional

finite

linear-elastic

rnedium with

imhomogeneity

is

governed

by

thenonlinear

Boussinesq

equation with

spatial variable coefficien'ts and this equation is reduced tothe spatial evolutionary mK-dV equation

includingthe

dissipative

term using the ReductivePerturbation

Method,

This

section formulatesthe

initialvalue problem

((3.9)

and

(5.5))

using the

finite

difference

scheme as

follows.

Since the physical space

(X,

t)corresponds one to ong to the irnagespace

(n,

r) given

by・the

coordinate'tFansformations

(3.

3)and

(3,

8),eq,

(3.

9)can

be

approximated toadifference equation ina computational coerdinate

(no+iAn,

th+nAT) transformed

discrete

data

of physicalspace.

Using

the

central

differen,ce

with respect toT and the

Adams-Bashforth

Methodi])

with respect torpl

eq:

(3.9)

isreduced to the followingform:

v7.i=v7+gg?-Sg7-i---・-r---・・-・-・-・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・-・---・-・-r・・・-・---・・・--:-(711)

'

where

v? :== V<m7+-

iAv,

th+nAT),

'

9?':=P[-litt V?'i-l'l}rAr2(v7'i}'-it

l

v7'i

'+

[5AT2(v7-'i)!-it

l

vl-i+"t v?・'2]-zSolt v7,

p : ==

i?rO,

, Z!T, Ao : incfements of r and o・---・--・-・---;-・・・・・・・・・・--・-・・・・・・・--・..

(z

2)

'

Consequently, we can obtain a

difference

approximate solution which solves the'diffeience equatiop

(7.

1)and satisfies the

initial

condition

(5.

5).

Inparticular,if'weconsicler thestationary wave soiution as

'

v{o, r)=v(241c, n-v),

Cs

: characteristic velociby, ・・・・-・・-・-・・--・・---・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・-・・(7.3) a necessary condition

for

convergence to an approximate solution

for

eq.<7.1) is

given

by

2".

<4s

c,

---・----・・---・・-・---1・---l-".(7. 4)

In

fact,

the regions of

dependence

for

the initial value at rp==O, with respect to the exact

stationary-wave solutien at

(th,

Tb) ancl the

difference

approximate solution, are represented

by

9=[th-'241c, th,.Tla+241c, oo],-'''''''''''''''''''''''"H"'''"'-'"''''H-'''''''''''''''''''-'""'(7. s)

. t

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Architectural Institute of Japan

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ArchitecturalInstitute of Japan

gA.=[Tb-2AAoT m, k+2AAor rpo], ---J・-・---・--J・・-・i--・・-・・・・-・・・・・-・---・・-・-・・・・・・i---i(7,6) respectiyely.

Hence,

the necessary condition

for

convergence to an approximate solution is

9C9dr''''''''''`''""'""-''"-''''"'H''"i'''''''H'''-''''''''H`'''-"-"'-'''''''"'''''''-''''(7.7)

Then the

inequality

(7,4)

isvalid.

8.

Numerical Examples

To show the validity of thepredictionsof section 5,numerical solutions forthe

forrnulated

difference

equation

(7.1)

satisfying an

initial

condition

v1x--xe==

7g=ks]

sech(k t],xoER"'''"'''''""''-''"'''H""'''"''''m'--''''''"'---・・・-(s. i) are shown

in

the

following

typical models of studied soil media.

8.1 Amalyticalmodel

A homogeneous soil medium with a constant phase velocity expressed as :

C(X)=C,==C,・-・-・--・----・----・---・-・--・--・---・・・--・---・・・-・・・・・----・-・・・-・-・・・・・・・--(8.2)

is

noted as Model A. Next, an inhomogeneous soil medium with two

different

phase velocities

connected

by

a sine curve expressed as:

C,

XKX,,

Xi

+ X2

C(X)=

C';C!-Ci;C!sin(X-x,-lli, n) x,sx<-x,,`HHH'""'''""--H''''-H-"'''(8'3)

C,

X2X,

isnoted as Model B

(Fig.1(a)).

We also consider another inhomogeneous soil medium with an

inhomogeneous

region embedded ina homogeneous mediurn with phase velocities connected

by

two

sine curves expressed as :

c, xsx,

gr

x2x.

X,+X,

Ci;C2.CiiC2sin(X-

x,-ft,

n)

XigXSX2,

c(x)=

---・-・---・(8.4) c, x,sxgx,,

X3+&

CisC2+Ci;C2sin(XM

x,-k, rr) x,sxSX"

This

model

is

noted as

Model

C

(Fig.1(b)).

The physicalpropertiesof these models are summarized inTable 1. As shown inTable 1,Model A-l and B-4 havetwo solitary initialwaves of

different

amplitudes and the value

in

the parenthesisshows the initialphase velocity with a

large

amplitude.

Model

B-5

shows the

linear

wave propagation.

Table

2 shows

discrete

data

ineach model.

Since

the setting up

data

satisfies the

inequality

T>e, we

can suppose, without

loss

of generality,that e=1, whe.re E indicatesthe infinitesimalpararnetershown

in eq.(3.5).

In

Table2,

At

and

AX

are time and spatial

increments.

8.2

Results

of

Aualyses

The results of the analyses are shown in

Fig.2-Fig.7.

In

each Figure, the

horizontal

axis 'istime

(seconds)

and the vertical axis isthe

deformation

gradientcoordinate p.

The

lowest

line

of each

Figure

isthe input

line

and the solved wave shapes propagateupward.

These

propagatingwaves are plottedat equal 10.0rn intervals.

Fig.2

shows the

behaviour

ef nonlinear waye propagation with two solitary

incident

waves of

different

amplitudes inthe

homogeneous

medium.

Generally,

as iswell

known

influid

clynamics,

electronics and so on, we confirm the typical

interaction

of two solitons at succeeding spaces so that the

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Table1Physicalpropertiesof numerical models

c(x)

C2

Cl

Xl

X2・

(a)

Model

B

(Ci

<

C2)

Fig1 Configurationof analytical in

{m}x=so XIO-1Max,=4,9Max.=4,9 X.70 Max.=4.9 ' X=60X.50 'Max.=4,g X.40 Max.=4.7Max.=4.6 X=30X.20 Max.=4.3Max.=3.8 X.10xi Max.=3,4 oX=-IO Max.=3.e x--2e' Max.=43Max.=4,6 X=-30 Max,-4 X.-40 Max,=4.e X=-50X.-60 Max,=4.9Max.=4,9 X.-70 Max.=4.9 x=-se Table2

c(x)

e2

Cl

Discretedataof numerical models

Xl

X2

X3

X4

(b)

Model

C

(Ci

(

C2)・

'

homogeneous medium

(Phase

velocity)

x=(?o)3 '. X= 40u

e

x=3e"X. 20t

v

X.IO"x= ot

s

XsOt

s

7 x.2ot

s

7 X2.-30Xl=-40X.-50 Fig.2o 2o 4o eo eo loo12o14o16oleo2oo22e24o26o(sec)

Wave prppagation produced by incident two-solitons in homogeneous medium

(Model

A-1)

eFig.3lo2o 3o 4o so 6e 7o sogo.teollo12o13o14elso(see}

Wave propagation produced by incident

soliton in inhornogeneous medium

(Model

B-1)

fast

soliton ispushed

forward

apd the slow one

is

retarded without

destructien

by

mutual collision or

passing.

The

rate of phase shift of the small-amplitucle

(slow)

soliton isgre4ter than that of the

large-amplitude

(fast)

one.

This

is

due

to the interactionof the two solitons,

Fig.3 shows the

behaviour

of nonlinear wave prop'agationinthe inhomogeneous medium with a

decreasing

phase velocity

(increasing

soil'clensity) with' sine shaped variation,

for

Model

B-1.

It

is

confirmed that the scattering wave with anegative amplitude

(plateau)

isgenerated

clue

to the

influence

of

inhomogeneity

and afterward inducessmall oscillatory waves. The region of srnall oscillatory wav'es

widens with increasing

distance

X.

Fig.4 shows the

behaviour

of nonlinear wave propagationinthe inhomogeneous medium with

increasingphase velocity

(decreasing

soil

density)

with sine shaped variation.

As

shown

in

Fig.

4,the scattering wave with a positiveamplitude

(-plateau)

is

generated

by

the

incident

wave.propagating

in

the

inhornogeneousregion and

develops

the second s.olitary wave. By comptiring Fig,4(a)w'ith

Eig.

4(b),.

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-43-Architectural Institute of Japan

NII-Electronic Library Service

ArchitecturalInstitute ofJapan X. 50X. 40X. 30X. 20X.10x=X=-10X.-20 m) XIO-1Max.=5.0

::

Mar.=5.2Max.=5.1 30 Max.=5.1 20 Max,=5.1

:1

Max.=5.0Max,=4,9 20 Max.=4.6 X2="Ot

s

Xl=-40-X.-50-XXXXXxXXX2

90 tOO "O rl2e(see)

xl..4o- M29 x=-soW M29 O 10 20 Fig.4 30 40 50 60 70 SO

(a)

Model B-2

Wave propagationproduced byincident

o lo' 2o 3o 4o so 6o 7o so go loo(sec)

(b)

ModelB-3

soliton ininhomogeneous meclium

x= {m} M,,.X.194' =80 Max,=7.2 .70 Max,=7,3 =60 Max.=7.3 =50.40.-.30.20.10 x.=7,Ox..7.0Max,=6.1Max.=3.8Max.=3.4 =o Max.=3.B =-10 Max.=4.3Max.=4.6Max.=4,S .-20.-30.-40..50=-60=-70=-80 Max.=4.8Max,;4.9Max.=4.9Max,-4.9

20 40 60 8e 100120140 160-18e2ooan0240{sec} Wave propagation produced byincident two-solitons in inhomogeneous medium

(Model

B-4) (mX= 50x= 4eX.30x= 2eX2= 10X= D }x

x

ii

r

s

2

l

l

2

r

a

2

u

s

2

=JAJ=

=

, Xl=-lon v 6 x..2on

v

6 x..3on v M06 x..4on v 6 x=-se- 6 oFig.5 Fig6o lo 2o 3o ao so 6o 7o so{sec} Wave propagation produced

by

incidentsoliton

ininhomogeneousmedium

(Model

B-5)

it

is

confirmed that the number of scattering solitary waves

increases

with the intensityof

inhomogeneity. Thus, Figs.3-4 confirm that the estimations insection

5

are numericaliy valid.

Fig.5shows the behaviourof nonliner wave propagationwith two solitary incidentwaves of

different

amplitudes inthe inhomogeneous medium with increasingphase velocity

(decreasing

soil

density)

with sine shaped variation, for

Model

B-4. The second solitary wave isgenerated due tothe inhomogeneity

and the

interaction

of two solitons isshown inFig.5. Since the phase velocity

depends

on the wave

amplitude, as shown inthe solution

(5.

12),the behaviourof phase shifts due tothe interactionof two solitons isdifferent

from

that in

homogeneous

mediurn,

Modei

A-1

(Fig.2).

Fig.6 shows the

behaviour

of

linear

wave propagatign

in

the

inhomogeneous

medium with

increasing

phase velocity

(decreasing

soil

density)

with sine shaped variation,

for

Model

B-5.

Although the change

in

wave amplitude

due

to the inhornogeneityisas shown inFig.6,no scattering waves

(plateau

)

are

induced

by

the inhomogeneity of the medium, unlike the nonlinear wave

propagation.

'(a)

Fig,

7

shows the

behaviours

of nonlinear wave propagationin the inhomogeneous medium. InFig.

7

(Model

C-1),

themedium

has

an embedded region

[-30.

0m, -20. 0m] of smaller

Phase

velocity

(larger

soil

densi,ty)

than the

homegeneous

region.

As

shown in

Fig.

7(a),asmall plateau

is

induced

by

the

inhomogeneity

and propagationinthe medium without destruction,Figs,7(b), 7(c)and 7(d)$how

the

behaviour$

of nonlinear wave propagation in the inhomogeneous medium with the embedded region

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-44-NII-Electronic Library Service x=(sMo} Max.X--.ioO.g` X. 40t

s

X= 30j

l:i:fx=

oj

jX4=11OXs=・20t

s

Xl=-30Xl=-40x.Lso Mex.=O,3 xlD-1 x.(sMo)d

i

Max18 x.4oe

c

Max19 x.3o" . Max18 x.2o" Max19 x.Ioe

c

Max19 x=X4=-10X3=-20X2=-30 ' 'o" M24Max,=3.0Max,=6.0 Max.=O.6

u

l

v

Xl=-40-xu-soW o lo 2o 3o 4o so 6o 7o so go loo(sec)

(a)

Model

C-1

x.(sMo)tn

v

.E1201i O 10 20 30 {m)X= 50 40.50 6.070 8090:oOllO12013o14o{sec}.

(b)

Model

C-2

XIO・1 Max.=1.7

x.4o" Max24X= 40. Max.=1.7

x=3o" Ma25 x=2o" Max23 X,.lon

y

M3

t

s

x=3s c Max2O X3=.OX=-,10X,=-20Xk.30

t

s

t

v

t

s

4-x=aoxs= oX=:10X2=-20X.-30 x-2o" Max3O

t

s

t

s

k

4

k

e

t

s

5 xt.-4o.W M2g Max.=2.g 'X=-soU M29 x..so- Max2g O 10

?O

3040 50 6070 80 90100"O120130140(seC) O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 go loOllO120{sec)

(c)

Model

C-3

(d)

Model

C-4

Fig.7 Wave propagation produced by incidentsoliton ininhomogeneousmedium

of

larger

phase velocity

(smaller

soil

density)

than the

homogeneous

region,

i.

e., the converse of

Model

C-1

(Fig.

7(a)

).

These

figures

confirm thatthe

behaviours

of

induced

solitary waves

drastically

change

due

to the

length'

and

intensity

of the medium's

inhomogeneity.

.

9.

Conclusions-

, ,

Concluding

remarks and the

future

direction

for

research

based

on this

investigation

are as

follows.

1) A planewave propagatingina 1-dimensional

finite

linear-elastic

medium with inhomogeneity is

governed

by

the mK-dV equation includingthe

dissipatiye

term, which isobtained

by

approximating the nonlinear

Boussinesq

equation with spatial variable coefficients using the

Reductive

Perturbation

Method2)

A plateauisgeneratedby an incidentwave propagatingin an inhomogeneous region with a

monotone increasingthe phase velocity

(decreasing

soil

density),

and

develops

a second solitary wave

(scattering

waye), The sign ofthe amplitude of the second solitary wave

depends

on thephase velocity

(or

the density)'ofthe medium. . ・ ,'

' 3)

The

nurnber of scattering solitary wayes increaseswith the

intensity

of the mediuni]s

in-homogeneity,

The

characteristics of'scattering

selitary

wayes

drastically

change

due

to

discrepancies

in

the medium's inhomogeneity.

These results are obtained

from

analyses

based

on the

first-order

perturbed approximation. However,

in the approximate expression with increasingintensityof inhomogeneity, we must censider the

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Architectural Institute of Japan

NII-Electronic Library Service

Arohiteotural エnstitute  of  Japan

influence

 of terms up to 

higher

 order , as a 

fttture

 study  topic. 

Another

 

is

 to 

investigate

 actual

phenomena  of earthquake  wave 皿otion  in the finite elastic 皿 edia with  the inhomogeneity treated 

herein

 

Computation

 was  made  on  the YHP −DN  10000 at Kobori Research Complex  of Kajima Corporation.

Helpful

 suggestions  

by

 

Dr

. 

K

. 

Miura

 and  

Dr

, 

M

. 

Motosaka

 of the 

Kobori

 Research 

Complex

 of 

Kajima

Corporation

 are gratefully acknowledged .

Re暫erences

1> Taniuti, T. and Mslhhara , K.;NonlineエWaves , John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,ユ986

2) Toda, M .:Nonlinear Waves  and  Soliton, Nippon・HyouTon−Sha Co., Ltd.,1983.5

3) Toda, M. and Watanabe, S.;Nonlinear Mechanics, Kyourltsu・Sy皿ppan Co., Ltd.,1984.1 4) Watauabe , S.:Introductio皿 to Soliton Physics, Baifukan Co., Ltd.,1985.6

5) Matuzawa, T.;On the Possibility of GravitationaL Waves in Soil and Allied Problems, Journal of lnstitute of Astrenomy and

    Geophysics,  No.3, pp.161〜174,1925.

6> Kobori, T. and Yamada, A. et al.;The Propagation Characteristics of Nenlinear Seismic Waves,7th Japan Earthquake

    Engineering Symposium, pp.505−510,1986.12

7) Izumi, M  and  Xue, S.:AStudy  on Nonlinear Wave  Propagating Equation, Annuat Meeting(Summarie$ofAIJ No.2403

    pp.805−806, 1989.10

8) Izumi, M.  and  Xue, S.:Nonlinear Wave  Propagation in Elastic Continua,  Joumal of Stru ral and Construction

   Eng重neering Transactiens of AIJ. No.414, pp.47〜54,1990.8

g) Xue. S.;Derivation of Censtitutive Laws for Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material with  Fading Memory  and Their Applicatiens

   to Wave  Propagation Prob[ems  in Earthquake Engineeiing, Doctoral Thesis(Tohoku Univ.,1991.1

10) Eringen, A、 C. and  Suhubi, E. S.:Elastodynamics , Vol.1, Academic Press New York and  Londen, lg74. 11) Roache, P.J.:Computational Fluid Dynamlcs, Hermosa Pubishe[s Inc.,1976,

   (Papers listed above  are written  in Japanese except  1,5,6,9,10,11

〔ManuscTipt  received  November  5,1991 ;Paper Accepted June 8,1992

和 文要約 1.序  本 研 究で は,媒 体の密 度が空 間 方 向に緩や かに化 す る よ う な不 均 質 性 を持つ 1次 元 有 限 変 形 線 型 弾 性 体 中を 伝 播す る非 線型波 動の特 性 を検 討する。こ の よ うな不 均 質媒体 中の線 型 波 動 が 散 逸 項 を持つ変 形 丿(−dy 方 程 式で記 述さ れ ることを 示し,数 値 解 析に よ り不 均 質 性に よっ て発 生する (散 乱 )弧 立 波の挙 動を調べ る。 2.1次 元S波 伝 播 問 題  本 研 究で は 以下の仮定を充た す不 均質な 1次元有限変 形 線 型 弾 性 体を伝 播す る平 面 波 (S波 )を考察の対 象と す る : Al . A2. A3 , A4 , 有 限 変 形 応 力 度とひずみ度は線 型 関 係 媒 体の密 度は空 間 方 向に緩 やか に変 化 する 対 象とする平 面 波は長 波 長の波とする  こ の節で は以上の仮定を充たす 媒 体 を伝 播 する平 面 波 を 支 配 する平 衡 方 程 式 を 導く。 最 初に和 泉 ・薛 (文 献 8),9))に よっ て導 出され た非 線 型 構 成 式 を示す。  一般に線 型 弾 性 理 論で は,Lagrange の定式化により, ひずみポテ ンシャ ルは (2,1) 式 (文 献10 ))で,応 力 度 と変形 勾 配 との 関 係 を 表 す 非 線 型 構 成 式は (2.3) 式 で与え ら れ る。(2.3 )式は X 面に作 用する せ ん断 力 を 表し,有限変形仮定の もと で は応 力 度 とひずみ度が線 型 関係で あっ て も,応 力 度は変 形 勾 配の 3次の非 線 型 項で 表され るこ とがわか る。  次に 1次 元 有 限 変 形 線 型 弾 性 体 を “ば ね一質 点 系モ デル”に置 換 する と,π 番 目の質点に働く力の釣合式は (2.4)式でさ れ る。不均質性の 仮 定を考慮して (2.4) 式を計 算す る と平 衡 方 程 式 (2.11 )がか れ る。こ れ は 空間変数係 数 を 持つ (非 線 型)Boussinesq方 程 式である。   (2,11)式の右 辺 第 3項は非 線 型 構 成 式 (2.3)の非 線 型項に応する P波 成 分 (λ+2μ)に比 例する係 数を含 む。これ は有限変形 仮 定であること, 波の伝 播 方 向 と 応 力の向き が異なることに起 因 すると考えられ る。 3.散逸 項 を含む変形K −dY 方 程式の導 出  前節の議 論か ら不 均質な 1 次元有限変形線 型弾性体 中 一

46

一 N工 工一Eleotronio  Library  

(15)

NII-Electronic Library Service を 伝 播する平面 波の支配方程式は変 数 係 数の非 線型波 動 方 程 式 (3.1)に帰 着された。こ の節で は谷 内 (文 献1)) に よっ て提 案 され た長 波 長 近 似 を用い た逓 減 摂 動 法 を拡 張 し て不 均 質モ デ ル に対する S波 伝 播問題に適用 する。 (3,ユ)式は,拡 張 型Gardner−MQrikawa 変 換 (3.3>式 (文 献1)〜4))と微 小パ ラメ ータ εに対す る摂 動 展 開 (3.5) 式 を 用い て (3.6) 式に変 換され る。特にεにつ い て の最 低 次 数の (3.6a >式 をτ につ いて積分 し,さ らに 変数 変 換 (3.8) を施せ ば最 終 方 程 式 (3.9)を得る。 こ の式は非 線 型 波 動の空 間 発 展 を記 述す る変形 K −dV 方 程 式であり, 媒 体の不 均 質 性 が散 逸項 (3.10)と して取 り込 まれ てい る点が特 徴 的である。特に,媒体が均 質な 場合は この散 逸 項が消え て和 泉 ・薛 (文 献 9))に ょっ て得 ら れ た変 形K −dV 方 程 式と一致す る。 こ の節で述 べ 方 法 一般に逓 減 摂 動 法 (文 献 1))と呼ばれ る もの で,微 小パ ラ メータ に関 して非線型 項 と 分 散項と を 釣り合わ せ て モ デル方 程 式 を導く方 法で あ る。 4.散 逸 項を含む変形 K−dy 方 程 式の保 存 量  最 終 的にられた変形 K −dV 方 程 式 (3,9)の保 存 量 か ら,媒体の不 均 質 性に よ る波 動の ふ る まい を予 想 する。  τ に関す る無 限 遠 方で の境 界 条件 (4,2}の下で (4.1) 式 を τ につ い て分 する ことによ り,1保 存 量 (4.4 式が得ら れ る。ま た, (4,1)式の 両辺 に v を掛けて τ にっ い て積 分す ると2次の保 存 量 (4.7)式を得る。  こ こで, 媒体の不 均質性を あ る局所領 域に制 限し,そ の領域の外 部で は均質性を仮定す る。 2つ の保 存 量から 位相速 度と保存量 との 関 係 式(4.9)〜(4,13 )が導か れ る。 特に,位相速度C (密度ρ)が X の正方 向に単 調 減 少 (単 調増加

1

す る媒体モ デル に対 し て は関係式 (4.14)が成 立する。したがっ て,非 線 型 波 動が この よ う な 不均質領 域 を伝 播する時に は 2つ の保 存 量は減 少する こと が わ か る。 さ らに (3.8 )式の第 2式か ら不 均 質 領 域にお け る 任 意の 2 点問の変形勾配の関 係 式 (4,15)が得 ら れ る。 5.不 均 質 性に よ る散 逸 項の影 響  散 逸項を含む変形 K −dV 方 程式に対して

Soliton

波 を 入射 波と す る初 期 値 問題 を考 察する ことに よ り 不 均 質 性に よる散 逸 項の影 響を検 討 する。  一般に散 逸 項を持た ない変 形 κ一dV 方 程 式の特 殊 解 は (5.1)式で与えら れ る。今, 初 期 値 を η=0で与え る と2つ の保 存 量は 5.2),(5.3)式で表 され る。ま た,媒 体の不 均 質 性は,位 相 速 度 C (密 度 ρ)が X の 正方 向に単 調減少 (単 調 増 加 )す るモデルと仮 定す る。 こ の前節議論か ら波 動の振 幅散逸効 果 η の増 大と と もに減少す る。  この よ う な不 均 質 媒 体モデル にお け る初 期条 件 (5.5) に対する定 常 波 解の挙 動を検 討する。まず, (3.9 )式の 解を形 式 的に (5.6)式で与え る。こ こ で (5.6)式の第 ユ項は (5.7),(5.8)式で表され る よ うな減 衰 型の弧 立 波 解であり,Vp は減 衰 型の弧 立 波 解 以 外の解と する。 そ こで Vs の 2次 保 存 量が (5. 95.10) 式で表さ れ ることに着 目し,これらを等 置す ることに より減 衰 型 弧 立波解の振 幅 (5.11 )式 を得る。これ を (5.7)式に代 入 す るこ とに よ り,減衰型立 波 解 Vsが (5.ユ2 >式で 示さ れ る。 次に, v に対す る1.次保 存量 (5.13), (5.14) 式か らVp「に関す る 1次 保存量 (5,15)式 を得る。位 相 速 度の調減少 性か ら不等式 (5.16)得る。これ よ り Vp は平 均 的に負の振幅を持つ こと が わ か る。 逆に, 位 相速度 (密度 )が単調増加 (単調 減少 )す るモ デル に お い て は v。は平均 的に正の振 幅 を 持つ。し た がっ て, 不 均一な非 線型 は し ご回路 の 理論 (例えば,文献4))の 類推か ら;1)一般に,位 相速度 (密度〉が単 調 増 加 (単 調 減 少)す るモ デル において Vpは plateau と呼 ばれ, 第 2弧 立 波を 発生さ せ る, 2)不 均 質 性 が 強く な ると発 生 する 徹 乱 )弧 立 波の数が増 大 する,こと が予 想さ れ る。  これ ら予 想は以 下の よ うに して証 明さ れ る。 初 期 値 をη=0で (5.18)式で与え る と き,(4.8)式に よ り2 つ の 保存量 が (5.19 ),(5. 20)式さ れ る。今,1V 個の弧 立 波が遠 方で plateauによっ て発 生する と仮定す れば2つ の保存量 は (5.21>, (5.22)式で示され る。こ れ らの式と (5.23 ),(5.24)式 を等 置す るこ とに よ り弧 立波のと位相 速度の 係式 (5.25 )と初期値で与え た弧立波の振 幅と発 生 し た弧 立波の 振幅との 関 係 式 (5.26 )を得る。し た がっ て,(5.25)式か ら位 相 速 度 が単調 増 大す る不 均質モ デル で は N≧ 1と なっ て散 乱 弧 立波が発生 し, 不 均質性が強く な るとその個 数 が 増 加 す るこ と がわ か る。これ らの予 想は後 節で数 値 計 算に より 再 確 認さ れ る。 6.線型波動と の比 較  こ の で は,不 均 質 媒 体 中 を 伝 播 する線型波 動との比 較を行う。   (3.1)式に対応す る線型 波 動 方 程 式は (6.1)式で示 . さ れ る。媒 体の均質 性は 3・節と 同 様に 媒 体の密 度の 空間 的に緩や か な変化と仮定す る。 3節の議論に従っ て, (6. 1)

Gardner

・Morikawa変 換 (3.3)と変数変換 (3.8>を施すことに よ り空間 発 展型の線型波 勤 方 程式 (6.4)をる。 この方 程 式は,(3.9 )式の非 線型項と 分散 項が落ち た式に なっ て お り,η=0にお け る任 意の 初期波形 ∫(τ)に対 し て一般 解 (6.6)を持つ。(5.12) 式 右辺 と比較 し て明か なように 弧 立 波の減 衰は線 型 波 の そ れ よ りも強い こと がわ か る。 こ の非 線 型 波の減 衰 特 性は,弧 立 波の振 幅が減 衰すると波の幅が広が るためで あ る (例え ば,(5.7)式)。ま た,入 射 波 が 不 均 質 領 域 一 47 一 N工 工一Eleotronio  Library  

Table 2 shows discrete data in each   model. Since the setting up data satisfies the inequality T&gt;e, we can suppose, without loss of generality, that   e=1,   whe.re   E   indicates the infinitesimal pararneter shown
Fig1 Configuration of analytical in {m}x=so XIO-1Max,=4,9Max.=4,9 X.70 Max.=4.9 ' X=60X.50 'Max.=4,g X.40 Max.=4.7Max.=4.6 X=30X.20 Max.=4.3Max.=3.8 X.10xi Max.=3,4 oX=-IO Max.=3.e x--2e' Max.=43Max.=4,6 X=-30 Max,-4 X.-40 Max,=4.e X=-50X.-60 Max,=4.9Max.=

参照

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Sommerville [10] classified the edge-to-edge monohedral tilings of the sphere with isosceles triangles, and those with scalene triangles in which the angles meeting at any one

If Φ is a small class of weights we can define, as we did for J -Colim, a2-category Φ- Colim of small categories with chosen Φ-colimits, functors preserving these strictly, and

If condition (2) holds then no line intersects all the segments AB, BC, DE, EA (if such line exists then it also intersects the segment CD by condition (2) which is impossible due

Figure 5 shows that the velocity of Rayleigh waves Re and attenuation coefficient Im under effect of gravity field, friction coefficient, relaxation time, and rotation with respect to

Viscous profiles for traveling waves of scalar balance laws: The uniformly hyperbolic case ∗..

These are derived fi’om the total velocity potential which can be decomposed as two velocity potentials; one due to scattering in the presence of an incident wave on fixed

We can also confirm that the spreading speed coincides with the minimal wave speed of regular traveling waves of (1.1), which has been founded in many reaction-diffusion