1st lesson for low/middle level student (25 min)

86th lesson（レッスン第86 回）(25-50 mins) Today’s Pattern（今日のパターン）

Expressing Advice or Necessity

（忠告を表す助動詞）

You should help others.

（他者を助けるべきです。）

You shouldn’t hate other people.

（他者を憎むべきではありません。）

- - - Objectives of This Material（このテキストの目的）

1. Broaden word expressions, not only to understand but also to construct them.

（基本文型を理解するだけでなく、使いこなせるようになる）

2. Gain confidence in speaking by completing simple practice conversations.

（簡単な会話練習から始めて、英会話の自信をつける）

3. Feel your progress and enjoy English! （自分の上達を実感し、英語を楽しむ）

Previous Lessons Review（これまでのレッスンの復習）(5-10 mins)

Directions: Practice the sentence pattern of your previous lessons.（これまで学習したパ ターンを復習しましょう）

0-1. have got to –

Tutor: What do you have to do?

Student: I have got to ____________________.

0-2. needn’t/don’t have to –

Tutor: How did your interview go?

Student: Everyone was so nice to me. I needn’t _____________.

0-3. used to –

Tutor: Tell me about your childhood days. Student: I used to ____________.

0-4. dare (to) –

Tutor: Did someone make you angry today? Student: Yes. My brother dared _____________.

0-5. had better –

Tutor: What can I do to learn English well?

Grammar Review（文法の復習）(5-10 mins)

We can give our opinion as to what is advisable or necessary with a certain degree or level. We use the following words in giving advice or saying what is necessary:

1. should and ought to

 That’s my advice. You can ignore it if you want to. You have other options.

Examples: You should see a doctor.

You ought to vote in the next election.

2. had better

 That’s my urgent advice. There may be consequences if you ignore it.

Example: You had better see a doctor. 3. have to, have got to (less formal) and must

 That’s the strongest advice I can give you. Don’t ignore it—it’s necessary.

Examples: You have to see a doctor. You have got to see a doctor. You must see a doctor.

We can also say what is not advisable or what is forbidden with a certain degree or level. Only this time, we use the negative form such as the examples below:

1. shouldn’t (should not) and oughtn’t to (ought not to)  In my opinion it’s not advisable, but it’s up to you.

Examples: You shouldn’t drive too fast.

You oughtn’t to vote in the next election. 2. had better not

 I do advise against it. There may be consequences if you ignore it.

3. Can’t (cannot) and mustn’t (must not)  You have no choice—it’s forbidden.

Examples: You can’t stop on a motorway. You mustn’t stop on a motorway.

忠告を表す助動詞の用法 このレッスンでは、忠告や義務を意味する助動詞の使い分けを学習します。 should と ought to は「〜するべき」という忠告を表し、必ずしも従わなくても良い場合に 用います。 had better は「〜した方がいい」という忠告を表し、従わないと問題が起こり得る場合に 用います。

have (got) to と must は「〜しなければならない」という強制的な忠告を表し、拒否できな い（強制である）場合に用います。

例文： You should see a doctor.

あなたは医者に行くべきです。（忠告を無視しても構わない） You ought to vote in the next election.

あなたは今度の選挙で投票するべきです。（忠告を無視しても構わない） You had better see a doctor.

あなたは医者に行った方がいいです。（忠告を無視すると何かしら問題が起きる可能性がある） You have (got) to see a doctor. / You must see a doctor.

あなたは医者に行かなければなりません。（忠告を無視することはできない）

否定形について、shouldn’t と oughtn’t to は「〜しない方がいい」という忠告を表し、必 ずしも従わなくても良い場合に用います。

had better not も同様に「〜しない方がいい」という忠告を表しますが、忠告に従わないと 問題が起こり得る場合に用います。

can’t と mustn’t は「〜してはならない」という禁止を表します。 例文： You shouldn’t drive too fast.

スピードを出し過ぎない方がいいです。（忠告を無視しても構わない） You oughtn’t to vote in the next election.

今度の選挙で投票しない方がいいです。（忠告を無視しても構わない） You had better not lose your passport.

パスポートをなくさない方がいいです。（忠告を無視すると何かしら問題が起きる可能性がある） You can’t stop on a motorway. / You mustn’t stop on a motorway.

Exercise 1（エクササイズ1）(2-4 mins)

Directions: Repeat after your tutor.（講師に続けて言ってください） Example: You should see a doctor.

（例文：あなたは医者に行くべきです。） 1-1. You should come to class every week.

（毎週授業に出るべきです。）

ought to attend the seminar in order to learn more. （もっと学ぶためにセミナーに出席するべきです。） had better visit your mother soon.

（すぐにお母さんを訪ねた方がいいです。）

have to undergo a surgery so that you’ll get well. （元気になるために手術を受けなければなりません。）

1-2. The students oughtn’t to be late for class to do better in school. I had better not skip my English class

She must not forget to do her homework Everybody shouldn’t forget their textbooks

Exercise 2（エクササイズ2）(3-6 mins)

Directions: Complete the exercise below to make a sentence.（下の文を完成させてくださ い）

Example（例文）: You shouldn’t hate other people. （他者を憎むべきではありません。） 2-1. She should ____________ the plants so they won’t wilt.

（植物が枯れないように彼女は べきです。） 2-2. I must ____________ at the meeting before 8:30 am.

（私は朝8 時半前に会議に なければいけません。） 2-3. You shouldn’t ____________ his letters away.

（彼からの手紙を ない方がいいです。）

2-4. He can’t ____________ the office wearing that kind of clothes. （彼はあんな格好で職場に いけません。）

2-5. He ought to ____________ the upcoming singing contest. （彼は今度の歌謡コンテストに べきです。）

Exercise 3（エクササイズ3）(3-6 mins)

Directions: Match the words below to make a correct sentence or phrase. There may be multiple combinations. Choose the best answer.（左と右の言葉を組み合わせて文を完成さ せてください。対応する組み合わせはひとつとは限りませんが、その中で最も適切な答え を選びなさい。）

You _____

3-1. must finish information for your project. 3-2. should gather your medicine regularly. 3-3. ought to speak your password in the PC. 3-4. have to take in English when you’re in class. 3-5. had better change reading the book by tomorrow.

The students _____

3-6. shouldn’t go during an examination. 3-7. mustn’t cheat a single meeting in class. 3-8. had better not miss an underground organization. 3-9. can’t bring to video arcades during class hours. 3-10. ought not to join firearms to school.

Exercise 4（エクササイズ4）(3-6 mins)

Directions: Practice having a conversation with your tutor.（講師と会話の練習をしまし ょう）

Tutor: What have your friends been telling you lately?

Student: One of my friends told me that I <should / think / would> see a doctor before my sickness gets worse.

Tutor: Why? Are you that sick?

Student: I feel pain in my back. I <had better not / had better / need to> work in front of the computer for a long time.

Tutor: Did you tell your parents about it?

Student: I told my mom. She said, “You <are / must / have not to> ask the doctor about it.”

Tutor: She must have been so worried about you.

Student: I think so, too. Now, I think I <need / would / have to> take care of myself more.

Tutor: That’s right. It is always good to be healthy.

Student: I <must / might / am> start taking care of myself if I want to live longer.

Exercise 5（エクササイズ5）(3-6 mins)

Directions: Practice having a conversation with your tutor.（講師と会話の練習をしまし ょう）

Tutor: I need your help. My college entrance exam will be this coming week! （お願い、助けて！ 今週いよいよ大学入試なの！）

Student: Sure. I can give you tips. You should _____________ very hard. （いいよ。アドバイスしてあげる。必死で した方がいいよ。） Tutor: I did. Do you have any tips on the day of the actual exam?

（したよ。試験当日のアドバイスってない？）

Student: Yes, I think so. Do not take the exam on an empty stomach. You must _________________.

（うん、あるよ。空腹で試験を受けないこと。 しなきゃだめだよ。） Tutor: What is the most important thing I should know?

（覚えておいた方がいいいちばん大事なことは？）

Student: You have to ___________________. Don’t pressure yourself too much. （ しないとだめ。あんまり自分を追い詰めないこと。）

Tutor: Thank you so much. Anything else? （どうもありがとう。ほかに何かある？）

Student: You ought to _____________. Don’t pull an all-nighter. （ した方がいいよ。徹夜はだめ。）

Exercise 6（エクササイズ6）(5-10 mins)

Directions: Practice and enjoy a free talk with your tutor.（講師とフリートークを楽しん でください）

Guide Questions from the tutor:（講師は次の質問で会話を始めます） 6-1. What does your mother often remind you?

6-2. Are there any rules in your family that need to be observed? 6-3. Are there rules in your country which you think are unusual? 6-4. What was the last advice you told your best friend?