BrianFriel，sT1rw"MUJ伽"s:LogocentricFlux
人文科学研究科英文学専攻 博士後期課程３年下川理英
WecaneverseeordescribeanalTntiｖｅ
ｔｏｔｈｅｈｉｓｔｏＩｙｏｆｎａｍｉｎｇ・
SeamusDeanel
Introduction
lnthisessay,IfbcusonlogocentricfluxinFrie１，ｓ、J"Mmjms・InthepIaytheEnglishmilitarycomestoBaileBeagto makeamap；ｔｈｅａｉｍｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｏｓｐｒｅａｄＢｒｉｔｉｓｈauthoritypoliticaIIythloughoutlrelandbymilitalyfbrce,butalsoto changeplacenamesfiPomlrishtoEnglish・ChangingnamesindicateschangmgIrishpcopleandtheiridentities､Oneofthe significantcharactersinthisplaybHugbmakesadecisionwhenhefhcesthecrisisoflosmghislinguisticidentity､Ianalyse first,throughthecaseofplacenames,howweconsiderthemeaningofanameanditsnarmtive,whichisatooItorCmember theoriginoftheplacename・Next，IexaminethecrisisofthellPishlanguageisthefaceofEnglishlanguage，finallMI considerthepossibility/impossibilityoftranslation、Idesclibethesurvivingnarrativesinthepeculiarsituationinwhich originallanguageisincrisis.Ｔｂａｎalysethelanguagecrisis,Iconcludethatlinguisticfluxisneededtosurvivetmditional nanrativesinBaileBeag．
MeaningofNames
mmMtJ"olzFwaswritteninl980,andfirstpresentedbyFieldDayTheatrCCompanyintheGuildhau，DerTyon23 Septemberl980TheactiontakesplaceinBaileBeag，CountyDonegaLInAugustl833，Ｏｗｅｎ，oneoftheimportant protagonists,comesbackhomDublinasatranslatorwiththeEnglishGeneralSurvey,ｗｈｏｓｅａｉｍｉｓｔｏｍａｋｅａｍａｐｏｆＢａｉｌｅ Ｂｅａ9.Inthepmcess,theyputmplacenewnamesunderthesupervisionofGeneralLanceyandLieutenantYblland・Neithcr understandsanylrishand,theにfblCtriestoanglicizeaⅡIrishplacenames・ＴｈｅｖｉⅡagersareanxiousabouttheAngIicization notonlyofplacenamcsbutalsothatthelrisharebeingfbrcedtouseEnglish・SomeopposetheEnglishauthority;buta schoolmasteEHugh,makesthedccisiontoaccepttheAnglicizedworld
lnActI，OweniscaIledRollandbytheEnglishcoI1eagues・Hedoesnotseemtomindthis,buthisbmtherManusis sulprisedathisbrother，sattimdetowardhisname．
ＯＷＥＮ:…Owen-Roland--whatthehel1.1t，ｓｏｎｌｙａｎａｍｅ､1t，sthcsameme,is､,tit?Well,is､，tit?(7粒"SAJ"o"s，
408）
WhenOwenappearswiththeGeneralOrdnanceSurveytomakeamap,ｈｅｉｓｃａｌ１ｅｄ``Rolland，，Hisbrothel;Ｍａｎｕｓａｓｋｓｈｉｍ ｗｈｙｈｅｉｓｃａｌｌｅｄ``Rolland，，.OwenrepIiesthathiscolIeagues,theEnglishcannotpronounce``Ｏｗｅｎ，，、Hethinksthathis nameisnotitsonlysignificancethmgthatidemifies、
ＩｔｉｓｔｍｅthatanameisonlyanamethatbelongstosomeoneHoweverbthisisnotitsonlysignificancefbraperson、
Everybodyhasanameandeachcontainsameaning,suchasleligious,orbeingnamedaftersomeone・Thoughthereisno indicationwhyOwｅｎｉｓｎａｍｅｄ``ＯｗＣｎ，，,hisnamealsohasacertainbackgrounｄａｎｄｍｅaning,Evenplacenames,likeBaile Beag,havemeaningsbasedontheirhistoricnarrativeormyth．
IDeane:1993.10凶I．
3５
Andersondescribestheappearanceｏｆａｎａｍｅａｓｆｂｌｌｏｗ、
ＮｏｏｎｅｃａｎｇｉｖｅｔｈｅｄａｔｅｆｂｒｔｈｅｂｉｒｔｈofanylanguageEachloomsupimperceptivelyoutofahorizonlesspast…
languagethusappearmotedbeyondanythingelseincontemporarysocietyも(Anderson:1983,132）
Ｈｅｅｘｐｌａｉｎｓｔｈａｔａｐｌａｃｅｎａｍｅｈａｓａｎａncestralmeaningbccauseitcontainsacertaineventrdatedtothatplace、And wheneverwehearitsroot,theplacebecomeshistoncal,beyondthetemporaldimension・Silversteinalsocommentsthat
"Namesfimctionas"abbreviations"ofnaTratives…thenamebecomestherepositoIyofa(nalmtive)historythataI1owsthe objecttoappearonthestageof(tempoml)history."(Silverstein:1992,137)Ashesays,aplaccnamehasasimultaneous nalTativemeaningandeverytimewerefbrtothenameplace,wecanassociatewithitsnarrativeslntheplaybOwentellsthe
stoＩｙｏｆ"TbbiarViCe，,．
ＯＷＥＮ：…wecallthatclossroadTbbairVree・ＡｎｄｗｈｙｄｏｗｅｃａⅡitmobairVree？’，lltellyouwhy､Tbbairmeansa welLButwhatdoesV1℃ｅmean?１t,sacorruptionofBnan---(ｃａｅﾉにｐｌＤ"Ⅲ"ciq【わ")Brian-anerosionofTbbair Bhriain・Becauseahundred-and-finyyearsagothereusedtobeawelltheに,notatthecmssroads,ｍｉｎｄｙｏｕ‐－that wouldbetoosimple-butinafieldclosetothecrossroads［…]Iknowthestouybecausemygrandfklthertoldme[…]．
(ｍｍｓｂｊｊｏ"s,420)．
ＯｗｅｎｈｅａｒｄｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｏＩｙｆｉｒｏｍｈｉｓｇrandfhthenbutitisnotweⅡknownbythevillagers，ａｎｄｉｔｓｅｅｍｓｉｔｉｓｎｏｌｏｎｇｅｒ ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒcdbymanypeople,Inotherwords,nanntivecannotlivewithoutbeingnalTatedbysomeone,andaplacenameis oneofthesimplestsigns､Silversteinusestheterm,“abbreviationofnarTatives"(Silvelnstein:1992,137);Jamesonlefbrsto narrativeanditscontainedhistoIy:“Histolyisnotatext,notanarTative,masterorotherwise,ｂｕｔ…itisinaccessibletous exceptintextuaIfbrmand…ｏｕｒａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｉｔａｎｄｔｏｔｈｅＲｅａｌｉｔｓelfnecessarilypassesthrough…itnarrativization (Jameson:1981,35)HeutiIizestheword,"narTativization"inwhichheindicatesthathistoIyexistsinnarrative．
Furthennorc,Owensaysaftertheabovequotation．
Ｏｗｅｎ：…Sothequestionslputtoyou,Lieutenant,ｉｓthis:ｗｈａｔｄｏｗｅｄｏｗｉｔｈａｎａｍｅｌｉｋｅｔｈａｔ？SowescrapTbbair Vfeealtogetherandcallit--what？－ＴｈｅCross？Crossroads？ＯｒｄｏｗｅｋｅｅｐｐｉｅｔｙｗｉｔｈａｍａｎＩｏｎｇｄｅａｄ,longdead，
longfbrgotten，ｈｉｓｎａｍｅ‘eroded，beyondrecognitionWhosetrMallittIestolynobodyintheparishrcmembers？
(、7"Mmio"s,420）
Fromtheabovequotation,itseemsthatthenarTativewiIlsoonbefbrgottenafterAnglicizationEvelytimewetalkabout placename,itsnarrativeemelgesinh｢ontofusvividlySilversteinexpIainshowthenalmtivesuwivesthroughouroral
tradition
Therecitationofnarrativeallowsｔｈｅ‘`ｗｅ，，ｏｆ“wecallitTbbairVree，，totranscendthediscontinuitiesseparating Owen，sBaileBeagfiPomtheBaileBeagofonehundredandfiftyyearsago,ａｎｄ(1℃)crcateBaileBeagasaspaceof
temporalsimultaneity(Silverstein:1992,138)．
ThoughOwenparticipatesinthemapmakingteam,heunderstandswellhowplaccnameslinktonamesnalTativeand thatanglicizinganamemeansIosingidentityJrishplacenameshavetheirnarmtivebutwhenthelrishnameistmnslated
intoanEnglishname,itisonlyanametoindicatetheplaceitselfKeameynotesthatthemeaningofnamingisdifferent betweenlrishandEnglishThefblmerembodiesitshistoricalrootsornarratives,whilethelatterjustindicatesthepIace
geographicaI1y21nshort,thelrishplacenamehasahistoricalmeaningandanAnglicizedplacenameisjustageographical
slgn．
２Andrews:1985,170.
3６
ThePossibility/ImpossibiUtyofTranslation
WhydidtheEnglishfbrcethelrishtospeakoruseEnglish？NotonIylrishnamesbutalsoplacenamesarechanged intoEngIishnames・HolsteinpmposesthattransIatingfiPomlrishtoEnglishisaveryviolentdeed．
Butonecancertainlybparticularlyifonebelievesone，sownlanguagetobesuperiortoallothers・AndthisIinguistic chauvinismreverberatesthroughout刀口"McJljmJFaswellasthrougboutthehistoryofEnglishandAmericanencounters withotherlanguages.(Holstein:2004,4）
ForcingthepopulationtouseEngIishwascommonincolonizedcountries,suchaslreland,mdiaandsomeAfiPicancountnes、
InthisplaybtheEnglishmilitarytriestomakeamap,anglicizepIacenamesandestablishnationalschoolsalloverlreland、
Thismeansthat,stepbystep,Englishisbeingspにa。thmughoutthecountryProhibitingtheuseofthelrishnativelanguagc isawaytomintheculturalidentityofthelrish.Ｍ０１℃oveLeducationinEnglishisaneasywaytoincreaseEnglishuseinthe lrishcommunity・ＩｎｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆＴｂｂａｉｒＶｒｅｅ，oncethelrishlanguagebecomesobsolete，TbbairVree,snarlnativemay disappearsoonandfbreve凪Silvcrsteinalsopointsouttheviolenceoffbrcingotherstouseanon-nativelanguage.“…[qhe processofnamingrefnsetonameisthepowerofviolencetoenfbmetheidentificationof(English)nameswiththecreative word"(SiIverstein:1992,134）
LanceyspeaksonlyEnglish，ａｎｄｈｅｉｓｖｅｒｙｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅｄｗｈｅｎｈｅｆｉｎｄsoutthevillagersinBaileBeagcannotspeak English．
ＨＵＧＨ：…一IencounteredCaptainLanceyoftheRoyalEngineerswhoisengagedintheOrdnancesurveyofthis area.…HethenexplainedthathedocsnotspeaklrishLatin？IaskedNone・Greek？Notasyllable・Hcspeaks--on hisownadmission--onlyEnglish;andtohiscreditheseemedsuitablyve"cund--.(T)YJ"Ｓｍ"０，，３９９）
ForLanceybEnglishisthesuperiorlanguageandotherlanguagesareinfbriorBItseemsthatLanceyisaveryegoisticperson，
ａｐａrticulartypeofacolonizeImnfhct,ｉｎ1833,Englandgovemedmanycolonizedcountries,andfbrcmgthepopulationto useEnglishwasthemostconvenientwayofmasteringthemandrcducingtheirnativeidentity
lnthepIay,HughquotesOvid，slineironically：
HUGH:[…]BarbarushicegosumquianonintelIigorulli(IamabarbarianinthispIacebecauselamnotunderstood byanyone.)--James?"(ｍＪｍﾉmio応,442.Englishtranslationsa】℃fiPom7}mzFb"0129,443.）
Hecallshimselfabarbarianbutitisverycuriousthatatthesametime,Ovid，slinesimplythathe雁isasophisticatedplace butheisanalienandbarbariansohecannotbeundelBtoodbyanyone,HughquotestheselinesmBaileBeag;heisnotan aIienheleandthelrishlanguageisthemajorIanguagefbrvilIagers・AtfirstgIance,HughseemstobetaIkingabouthimself butinfactheiscriticizingtheEnglish､HowevenalthoughtheEngIishtrytofbrcethevillagerstouseEnglish,theirnative languagewiI1remainlrishaslongastheylive・
Asahighlightscene,HughtalkstoJimmyaboutthenewsituation.“Wemustleamwhe妃ｗｅlive､Wemustleamto makethemourown・Wemustmakethemournewhome.”（７）z71msAJ"o"s,444)ThisisasumrisingcommentbyHugh BecauseheisnotonlyaschoolmasterinthehedgeschoolbutalsoagodparentinBaileBeagHeislBga｢dedasverywise person・ManyexpectHughtofightagainsttheEnglishGenemlOrdnanceSurveyぅbuthejustsays"WemustIeamwherel live"(7”"smljo"3,444).ＡlthoughheisnotkeentouseEnglish,hechoosestospeakittoswimwiththetide．
ＨＵＧＨ;…ButrCmemberthatwordsa1℃signals,countelsTheya1℃notimmortal､Ａｎｄit(Anglicization)ｃａｎｈａｐｐｅｎ
－－ｔｏｕｓｅａｎｉｍａｇｅｙｏｕ，lIunderstand-itcanhappenthatacivilizationcanbeimprisonedinalinguisticcontourwhich nolongermatchesthelandscapeof…fact､Gentlemen.(7)zmFﾉﾋJ"o"3,419,SuppIementalexplanationismine.）
３７
Heknowseventhoughwecantranslateonelanguagetoanotherlanguagewordbyword,wccannottlanslateitssignifier completely・Langmlageisasign(sigm/6,71)atocommunicatingwithpeopleinthesamecommunity・Anderson，sdefinition
ofthenationasanimagecommunitybpmposedthat"[b]ecausethemembersofeventhesmallestnationwiUneverknowmostoftheirfellow-membcrs，ｍｅｅｔｔｈｅｍ，ｏｒｅｖｅｎｈｅａｒｏｆｔｈｅｍ，ｙｅｔｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｎｄｓｏｆｅａｃｈ］ivestheimageoftheir communion."(Andermn:1983,15)Accolxlingtohim,languageasasjgll坑口"爪sinextricablylelatedwithimage＝sjgll抗Ｂｒ・
Inshort,ｗｅｕｓｃｌａｎguagetoexp配ssanimagethatwewanttosha妃.Thelanguagemustbeacommunicationtoolbetween
speakers，becausetheimageandthelanguagearefirmIytiedtoeachothenAndersoncauedthissimation“imagined
communion''４．
LanguageandimagearealwaysaltogetheLbutintheplay’OwenandYOllandtrytochangealllrishplaccnamesto
Englishstylenames・HughtelIsLanceythatEnglishcannotexpressthewholelrishmeaning・Irishhasitsownuniqueimage
andthisisnotsuitablefbrEnglishlnotherwolds,IrishcannotbetranslatedintoEnglish・Deanesays"Translationisinterpretation”(Deane:1993,107).Itiscertainthattranslationisthemeansofdelivering meaningffomonelanguagetoanothe凪Howevemnmanycases,eachnotionisslightlydiHblCntfiPomlanguagetolanguage orwordtowordThismeans,thateachsjgｿ!/}α"hasasjgl7腕erandthisnotionworkspmperlyonlyinthesameimagined communionso,whenwetranslateourlanguagetoanotherlanguage,wehavetointelpretthesjg7?城〃deeplyandlookfbr themostsimilarwhatmostcloselyrepresentswhatwealctakingtocommunicateHowevenevenifwetaketheclosest meaningfbrtheimagethatwewanttoexpress,itisimpossibletoexplaintheimagecompletelylnmyopimon,wecannot representthewholemngeofimagesorcmotionsthaｔｏｃｃｕｒｉｎｏｕｒｍｉｎｄｅｖｅｎｗｉｔｈｏｕｒｎａｔｉvelanguage、Languageisa mediumtoexpressnotonlysomeconcreteandpracticalthingsbutalsocognitiveandabstlactideas・DelTida（1996：
337-477)usestheword``transfbr"toexplain"translation，，．
Allsuchdiscussionoflanguage,posits``fbrthenotionofbFanslationoftranslationwewouldhavetosubstimtｅａｎｏｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ〃、3s/ｍｍＺ７Ｄ〃…Wewillneverhave,ａｎｄｉｎｆｉｌｃｔｈａｖｅｎｅｖｅｒｈａｄ,ａｎｙ‘tmnsfbr，ｏｆｐｕｒｅｓｉ即ified--fromonc languagetoanothelborwithinonelanguage---whichwouldbeleftvilginandintactbythesignibinginstrumentor
`vehicle，，，､５
Derridapointsoutthattranslationisatlansferwithlanguageandweusethelanguagetodeliverthemeanmglikeavehicle・
MaIenichalsolcgardslanguageasatooltocommunicatewitheachotherkHecomments：
LamguageisthemeansthmughwhichwｅｃｏｎⅢnunicateourexpenencesandunderstandingofrealitywiththosewho sha1℃thissystemofsymbolswithus.…AsymbolicrelationshipexistsbetweenculmralidentityandlangUage,sincea cultu1℃anditsexpenencesdistinctIyshapethelangUagethatitspeaks；butlanguagealsomaintainsthehistolyand
beritagethatisaculmmlidentity(Malenich:2001,68)．
Languageisacommunaltoolfbrunde燗tanding，andMalenich,sproposalisverysimilartoAnders０，，ｓ“imagined communion，，､Throughlanguagewecommunicatewitheachotherand1℃citenarrativesofourhistoricalbackground
Ontheotherhand,Pineinsiststhattranslationtoanotherlanguageisadistortionofideaorideologythatisconstmcted bytradition．
[t]mnslationisnotonlyareleaseorliberationofaword/ConceptfiPomonelanguagetoanotheliitisalsoanactof betrayaIacaITylngacmssfmmthecampofthetruetothatofthefaIse,けomdextertosinisteEadroittogauche・Sucha tradition,ｏｒ`handingope｢，(tmdere),isasubversionorperversionoftraditionconceivedascontinuityうｏｒ`handing
dbML，(Pine:1990,158）
s"qg7Tj/it３，７'andsigw版era1℃Saussure'sIermsimlinguistic・SceSaussure:I96q Amdermn：1983.15．
Demda：1996.337-447.
３４５
3８
ltisclearthattranslation,especiauyinthesituationofm7応AJ/io"siscruciaItodestroyinglanguageandislinkedtotbe disappearinglrishlanguage・Infhct,viuagersinBaileBeagcannotresistthesituation,eventhoughsomeofthembecome terroriststolcsisttheEnglishmilitary・TheirrcsistancewiIlbeinvain
SurvivingofNarrativeS
LanguageisnotonIyanessentialpartofidentitybutamediumtoexpressaperson，ｓｉｄｅas；inotberwords,itisa communicationtooLHughtellsLanceynottofbrcetheuseofEnglishinBaileBeag,buthefinallychangeshismindand says“Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｌｅａｍｗｈｅｒｃｗｅｌｉｖｅ，Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｌｅａｍｔｏｍａｋｅｔｈｅｍｏｕｒｏｗｎ・Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｍａｋｅｔｈｅｍｏｕｒｎｅｗｈｏｍｅ,，．
(７７，２sﾉｍｉｏ"3,444)ItseemsheisgivinguptheuseofIrish・Isheabandoningoneofthemostimportantfbaturesfbrhis identity？ＮＣ,infhct,hegivesuplrishlangUagetoprotecｔｈｉｓidentityasavillagerofBaileBeag､Ｈｅｓａｙｓ．
IⅡＪＧＨ:Itisnotthelitemlpast,the‘fact，ofhistorybthatshapesus,butimagesofthepastembodiedinlanguage…we mustneverceaserenewingthoseimages;becauseoncewedo,wefbssilize`(7)zmMmjo祁,445）
HeisafiraidthataremembranceofhistolyisembodiedinhisIanguage,andthiswillbefbrgottenfbrthesakeofnotbeing nalTatedanylongerThoughEnglishcannot1℃presentcompletelyimagesinlrishlanguage,atleastplacenamescankeep theirmeanings,andchangingthelanguagefiPomllPishtoEnglishmaybeaninevitablewayofkeeｐｉｎｇｕｐｗｉｔｂｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｓ・
Silversteinexploresnarrativeandhistory.‘`Hugh，spoint，howevezthatthevillagersmusttmnslatesuchafhctintothe imagesthmughwhoserenewalthenationwiucontinuetoexistasan"imaginedcommunity",asubjectofandin(hi)story.”
(Silverstein:1992,140)HisideaisrclatedtoBenjamin，s"TheTtlskofTlnnslator，，(Belljamin:1996,253-264).Inhisessayb Benjaminsuggests,thatliteramreshouIdbetranslatedintootherlanguages:itislikeacurrentthatisalwayschangingits shapesandneverstays，ｉｔｉｓｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌ，ｓｏｗｈｅｎｗｅｐｕ店uethefhshionoflanguageitmever焔ｍａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｌａｃｅ・
Furthennore,firomplacetoplace,eachlanguageisdifYb1℃nt;therefbre,whentheliteramrehasbeen唾adbypeop1ealIover thewoTldfbrmanycenturies,theworkistranslatedintovanouscontemporalylanguages､６１，short,にxtneedstobe adaptedtoanykindoflanguageForBenjamin,maintainingnarTativeortextismolcimportantthanlanguage,whichplays theroleofrenewingthetexttomakeitmorelCadablefbrp1℃sent唾aders、
Hughalsorealizesthatna【Tativeismoreimportantthanlanguage,Eventhoughthenewlanguage(English)cannot translatetbenarrativecompletely9itisbetterthanadisappearingnarmtive､ThisisthefluxofnanPative・Hugh，sgivingupthe lrishlanguageissometimescriticized,butAndrcwsexplainsusHugh，sdecisionas“Ｈｕｇｈａ垣uesfbrrenewingtheimagesof languagetoavoidfbssilizing.”(Andrews:1985,176)"Fossilizing，，meansthcnarTativebelongstothepastandisfbrgotten bypeopleNalTativeneverbecomesafhctinthepast・AdaptingtoanewlanguageisafIux．
Traditions,ｈｅsees,ｃａｎonlysurvivethroughtranslation､Herepliesto‘inevitabilities，,ｎｏtbyescapingintoromantic fantasy(likeJimmyJack),notbyintransigence(IikeManus)andnotbyrcvolt(liketheDinnellytwins,Doaltyand Owen),butbyseekingtoadapttochange,bylookingfbrwaystoreconcilethetraditionalandthemodememotionand reason,thcintimaterealityoftheparishandlargerperspectivestbatcutacrosstimeandplace.(Andrews:1985,176）
IagreewithAnd歴ｗｓｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄｔｈｕｓ，namtivehasalifbinpeopIe，sspirits・NarTativelivesalongwiththepresent language．
６Benjaminstales:“ForanytTanslationofaworkmgoTiginatinginaspecificstageofIi⑪guistichistory肥prBsents,inregaTdloaspecificaspectofits contenLtmnsIaIionintoaⅡotherlanguages.、us,ironicaⅡMtmnsIaliontmnspIantstheoriginalimoamoredefinitivelinguisticrcaIm,sinceilcannoIonger bedispIacedbyasecondaryrcndering・mleoriginalcanonIyberaisedthereanewandatotherpoinlsoftime・癖(Benjamin:】”6,258）
3９
Conclusion
lnthisessayblanalysedBrianFriel，ｓｍＪ"s〃/ioJTsfiomthepointoflanguageflux・First,Imentionedthemeanmgof namingandexplaimedthesignificanceandthebackground､Next,IaddIcssedthecrisisoftheIrishlanguagefilcedwith English・Iconsideredtheroleoflanguageanｄｔｈｅｐｏssibility/impossibilityoftranslatingintoanotherlanguage・Thenl discussednanPativeandlanguage，whicbislclatednotonlytonarTativebutalsotopeople，ｓｉｄｅntityThmughthese observations，Ｉｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｔｈａｔｎａｒｍｔｉｖｅｈａｓｔｏｂｅａｄaptedtocontemporalylanguageandmustkeepbeing媚nｅｗｅｄｔｈｅ
naImtivetosurviveitscontextualOrigin,evenifitispartlylostthroughlinguisticchange．WOrksCited
Anderson,Benedict・jmqgmedCbmmw""j巳FJRQ/7ｃｃ/io"o"肋ＢＯＪ弓jgj"α"dsp"α`q/MJjio"αﾉism.London:Verso,1983．
Andrews,Elmermhe』〃Q/Ｂ'わ"ﾉｗｅﾉＷどiﾉﾉler陸αﾉﾉﾘﾉＶｂｒＤ花α"９３.London:Ｓｔ・Martm，s,1995．
Benjamm，Walte凪ｌｉｂﾉﾉｃｒＢｅ碗ｍｍＪＳｾﾉｾc極陥"､８３，ノpJ3-ﾉ”６，Ｅｄ、MamusBullockandMichaelWbJennin9s・
Cambridge,ＭＡ:BelknapPofHarvardUR1996
Deane,Seamus.“BrianFrieI:ＴｈｅＮａｍｅｏｆＧａｍｅ.”、lleAcﾙﾉeye胴c"/ｑ/Ｂ"α〃ﾉｗｅﾉ.ＥｄＡＩａｎＪ・Peacock・London:Colin Smythe，1993.103-12．
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