ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック ヴェニスの商人におけるエリザベス朝のユダヤ人観
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(2) 北海道教育人学紀要（人文科学・社会科学編）第56巻 第1弓 JournalofHokkaidoUniversityofEducation（HumanitiesandSocialSciences）Vol．56，No．1. 平成17年8月 August，2005. ShylockasaJew：. TheElizabethanViewofJewsin The胞rchantqfT々nice SASAOTomoandHIGASHIKAWAYoichi＊ GraduateSchoolofEducation，HokkaidoUniversityofEducation ＊DepartmentofEnglishLiterature，SapporoCampus，HokkaidoUniversityofEducation. ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック 『ヴェニスの商人』におけるエリザベス朝のユダヤ人観 佐々尾 知・東川 洋一＊. 北海道教育人草人学院教育学研究科 ＊北海道教育人学札幌校英文学研究室. Abstract. IntheElizabethanera，althoughtherewasnoJewofficially，theprejudiceagainstJewswasdeeply rooted．Asurprisingcasehappenedin1594；theJewishphysicianLopezattemptedtopoisontheQueen． Marlowe’s TheJew ofMalta，firstplayedin1592，WaSreplayed atleastfifteen timesin1594． Shakespeare’s The脇rchantqftjbnicewasplayedprobablyin1596．Elizabethanssawtheseeventsand. dramasinthesameviewandformedatypeofJew．Whenthetwoplaysareviewedasthesucceeding playswiththeprejudiceformedbytheLopezcase，itrevealshowcloselytheseplayswereinterrelated WitheachotherandhowvariouslyeachplaycrystallizedtheviewofJews，inwhichbothdramatists WOuldhavedifferentviewsofJewsandintendedtoexpresseachfigurepartlyinthesimi1arwaybut mostlyinthedifferentway．Shylockneededtobealosereconomicallyandreligiously．Shakespeareused. theMarlowe’straditionalviewofJewstoestablishthenewviewofJewsbywhichElizabethansrecog− nizedJewsasaliens．The脇rchantqftjbnicewasasocialcomedyandthefigureofJewwasakindofa. SCapegOatfortherecoveryoftheElizabethansidentityandconfidence．. 1．Introduction Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexaminethe. analyzeChristopherMarlowe’s TheJewqf腸Ir ta，Writteninthesameperiod，Whichprobably influenced The腸rchantげtjbnice．Inthelate. ElizabethanviewofJews，mainlyinWilliam. Sixteenthcentury，anumberofplaysabout. Shakespeare’s TheMerchantqftjbnice．Iwi11. JewswereperformedinLondon，butexceptfor. 83.
(3) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. ThreeLadiesqfLondon，nOfavorableJewwas portrayed．InElizabethanperiodtherewereno. Shylock’straits．. Atfirst，Wewi11analyzeJewishdaughters，. Jewsofficially．TheJewwasdescribednotas. AbigailandJessica．Inthecomparisonofthe. StrangerSinappearanceorreligiousdoctrine，. two，Wewi11viewhowthetwoJewishdaught−. butasothersofLondon．AmongtheseJewish. ersseemtobedescribedasJews，andintheir. characters，themostfamousandcontroversial. relationshipstotheirfathers，BarabasandShy−. CharacterisShylockinThe脇rchantqftjbnice．. lock，Weknowthatthetwodaughtersarere−. ThedifferencebetweenShylockandthe. gardedasJewishrepresentation．Secondary，We. OthercharacterswasthatShylockwasinvested. wi11viewBarabasasthepredecessorofShy−. withhumanity，Whichmadehimatragicchar−. lock，eSpeCiallyabouthisreligiousdoctrineand. acter．Shylocksurelyhadhumanity，butthe. moneyastheyappearinbothhisspeechesand. humanitywasnotthesameasthatofaudiences. his acts．We know that he was seen as a tradi−. inElizabethanperiod．Wereanyofhisspeeches，. tionalJewishcharacter．Lastly，Wewi11scruti−. performancesandinsistencesbasedonhis. nizeShylock．AlthoughShylock’scharacteris. Jewishness？WhenweviewtheJewishnessin. partlyinheritedfromBarabas’，hisidentityis. the historicalcontinuanceElizabethan audi−. SharplydistinguishedfromBarabas’one．When. encewatched TheMerchantofVeniceaj壱w. WeCOnSiderShylockinthelightofElizabethan. yearsqfierTheJewqfA4dlta，itmakesclear. Situations，WeknowthatShylocktranscended. WhathappenedbetweenShylockandBarabas. thetraditionalviewoftheJewandthathis. and how Jewish figures had been formed. identityasaJewwascり7Siallizedtofiercelyex−. throughthetwodramas．1. presshisJewishness，equatingandconfronting. AsforShylock，ElmerEdgarStollsuggests thatalthoughmanycriticshaveseenShylockin. withChristiansintheeconomical，SOCial，andre−. 1ig10uSSituations．. themoderncontext，WeShouldviewhiminthe Elizabethancontext．IfweseeShylockinthe Elizabethancontext，thenweknowShylockwas no doubt a comical”character at the Eli−. 2．Abig・ailandJessic. Amongmanydramaswhicharerelevantto. zabethanperiod（Stol1274）．IIarleyGranville−. theportrayalofJewsin1iterature，theclosestto. BarkersaysofTheMerchantofVenicethatit. TheMerchantqftjbniceisChristopherMar−. is afairytaleandthatShylockisfabulous. lowe’s TheJew ofMalta．In aseriesofEli−. （Granville−Barker55）．MaxPlowmansuggests. Zabethandramas，TheMerchantofVenice. thatTheMerchant。fVeniceisa“r。mantic. ／′・／∴1小∴ヾ．ヾ′∴ご′J／り．ヾ／′．リイ／り／り／い：／；′り仙′「／■∫川ノ7日1帖. COmedyofheart’sdesire，designedtothrowthe. hasastrongrelationshipto TheJewqf腸Ita. life−Valueandmoney−Valueintothestrongest. J〈、／J／（、／J／∫∫′／んJ／（り／′／／イ／〃／）（・♪り二／iげ〃け′り）▲川ノJl封lユ. possiblecontrast，”andShylockdefeatsPortia，. Lopez，aJewishphysician，isbroadlyknownas. because he depends only on the power of. asocialincidentofJew．Lopezwasaccusedof. money（Plowman79）．HaroldFischseesShy−. tryingtopoisontheQueen．Aftertheincident，. lock as“thecharacteristicsofGalut，”theHeb−. TheJewげ肋Itawasplayedagainandagain，. rewtermfortheDiaspora，inShylock（Fisch. SOtheygotagoodreputation．TheJezL，qf腸Iia. 34）．Manyresearchershaveformedvarious. WOuldinfluence TheMerchantqftjbnice：au−. 84.
(4) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. diencesprobablywatcheditremembering The ノー〃・イlんイ／′∴. One ofthe similarities between the twois. Andwhiterthanthepaperitwriton Isthefair handthatwrit． （rゐg腸γCゐα〝≠げ睡〝毎Ⅲ．vii．11−13）乞. theJewishmerchantBarabasandhisdaughter Abigail，andtheJewishmoneylenderShylock. Lorenzousestheword“fair”whenhecallsJes−. andhisdaughterJessica．TheroleofJewish. Sica．Othercharactersoftheplaycallher“fair. daughterhadnotappearedbeforetheperiod．. Jessica”aswellexceptforShylock．Additionally，. Thetwoauthors，thoughMarlowefirstim−. the“fair”is alsousedinthe case ofPortia．Bas−. agined，WOuldassignspecifictraitstothese. saniotalksofPortia：. Characters．Ontheonehand，thetwodaughters. aredescribedasaJewandbothhaveChristian. InBelmontisaladyrichlyleft，. lovers，andtheywishtoconverttoChristianity．. Andsheisfair，and，（fairerthanthat. Onthecontrary，theyresultedinaquitedif−. word），. （朋γⅠ．i．161−62）. ferentsituation．Abigailbelievedherfather’s. WOrdsandfinallylostherlover，WhileJessicais. Theword“fair”expressesthebeautyinappear−. married to herlover and receives halfofher. anceandmind．Thewordoriginallyexpresses. father’sfortune．Itisnecessarytoviewwhat. PortiaanditsmeaningaddsthesensethatJes−. roletheyareplayingandhowtheyarede−. SicahasapossibilitytoturntoChristianinthe. SCribed．JoanOzarkHolmerarguesthat“these. blessingoffairChristian．Thewordfairalso. playsalsoincludeacontrary，andperhapsquite. means“givingpromiseofsuccess”（OEDfair，. remarkableandcomplicating，elementofphilo−. 14．a）．ThisisPortia’sspeechwhenMorocco. Semitism embodied in the Christian love and. visits Belmontto selectone outofthree caskets：. admirationthatthetwoJewishdaughtersin−. Spireintheirrespectivedramaticworlds”. Your self（renowned prince）then. （HolmerllOrlll）．Saito regards the two. stood as fair. daughtersasasymbolofconflictinreligionand. AsanycomerIhavelook’donyet. Culture，andhealsosuggeststhatShakespeare. Formyaffection． （MVII．i．20r22）. Selectedtheoppositeconsequenceasthecoun− terpartofMarlowe（Saito177）．Iwi11viewtheir. Thefairhassomewhatironicalmeaning．When. processthroughwhichtheyseemtobetrans−. Moroccofailstoselecttherightcasket，Portia. formedintoChristianityandtheirJewishness. Sighed，relieved，andsaid：. Whichtheyarenotconsciousof． OzawadescribestheChristian society. Agentleriddance，rdrawthecurtains，. aroundJessicainThe腸rchantqftjbnice．Jessi−. gO，￣. Caisapartfromherfatherandfledwithher. Letallofhiscomplexionchoosemeso．. lover，Lorenzo．Theadjectivejdirisusedrepe−. （朋ⅤⅢ．vii．78−79）. atedlyintheprocessofherturningChristian （Ozawal17）．ThefollowingspeechisLorenzo’s：. Theword“gentle”hasapunofgentileand SeemStOhaveastrongrelationshipwithfair．. Iknowthehand，infaith’tisafairhand，. Thewordfairoftenfunctionsasasymbolof. 85.
(5) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. Christiancelebration，Whichworksasthemark. OrderofBarabas，MathiasandLodowicktryto. foreliminatinggentile．. COnVertherintoChristianity by usingthe. David Bevington argues that“His. Christianizedfair．Asseeingabriefview，the. ［Barabas’］loveforhisdaughterAbigailproves. twoJewishdaughtersarecelebratedbythe. tobemerelyan expressionofhisself−absorbed. WOrdwhich signifiesChristian beautyinboth. greed”（Bevington35）．Abigailislovedbythe. internalandexternalbeauty．Theyseemtobe. MaltaseGovernor’sson，Lodowick，Whomshe. COnVertedtoChristianity．. doesnotloveatall，andbyMathias，Whomshe. Thereisnoclueforthespecificpointof. trulyloves．Inthebeginningoftheplay，Abigail. ViewforaJewishdaughterinElizabethan. likes herfather and believes hisword．After. period．Wassheblessedwiththewordfairby. Barabas forfeited all his wealth to the Maltase. theaudiences？PeopleinthePostReformation. Governor，BarabasmetAbigailandsaid：. PeriodthoughtthatJewwasneversavedwith− OutSalvation．AlthoughAbigaildiesinthemid−. ButwhitherwendsmybeauteousAbi−. dleoftheplay，itisclearthatshedoesconvert. gall？. toChristianityinherspeech．ThisisAbigail’s. Ohwhathasmademylovelydaughter. SpeeChatthepointofdeath：. sad？. What，WOman，mOanenOtforalittle. Abigail．SoIhaveheard；praythere−. losse：. forekeepeitclose．. Thyfatherhasenoughinstorefor. Deathseizethonmyheart：ahgentle. thee．3. Fryar，. （TheJewqf腸Iia，I．ii．224r27．，italics. Convert my father that he may be. mine）. SaV’d，. AndwitnessethatIdyeaChristian． Barabasuses“beauteous，”not“fair．”True，ifthe. ニハム．ヾ．］. fairisasymbolofChristianityinElizabethan. 2．Fryar：I，and a Virgin too，that. period，heneverusesit：heisaJew．Onthecon−. grleVeSmemOSt：. trary，MathiascallsAbigailinthefollowing. ButImusttotheJewandexclaimeon. Way：. him，Andmakehimstandinfeareof me．. 朗Ⅲ．vi．37−43）. Whosethis？Faire Abigalltherich JewesdaughterBecomeaNun？. Herdyingwishhereexpresseshergentlemind. 朗Ⅰ．ii．366−68）. forherfathereventhoughherdeathisderived fromhim．Abigailalsodeclaresthattheconver−. Lodowicksaysaswell：. SiontoChristianityistheonlywayofsalvation forhim．Then，Whatshewishesforisthatthe. YondWalkstheJew，nOWforfaireAbi−. gentlefriarturnsBarabasintoaChristianand. gall．. giveshimakindofeasebyGod’sgrace．Butthe. ㈹Ⅲ．iii．38）. friardoesnotintendasshewishes；thefriar’s. ForAbigailwhopretendstobeanunbythe. 86. SpeeChmakesitclearthatheintendstogive.
(6) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. Barabasfear．Fromhisspeech，the“gentle”re−. SayIwi11come．. （M㌣II．v．2839）. mindsusofthewordgentiletherepeatedly usedimagefortheJew．Audiencesmaybeanx−. Shylockexpresseshostilityforthesoundin. iousabouthereaseofconvertingtoChristian−. masquerade．Theword“sweet”whichJessica. ity．Theword“virgin，”whichmeansChristian. usesimplies“pleasingtothemindorfeeling. chastity，lostitsmeanmg．4. （OEDsweet，5．a）．The“sweet”necessarilyim−. Jessica，unlikeAbigail，ismarriedtoLoren−. pliesthefestivalsoundwhichShylockhates．6. ZO，andcallsherselfChristian．Holmerindicates. ThefestivalsareheldintheChristiansociety，. thesimi1aritybetweentherolesoftwodaught−. WhichisheterogeneousfortheJew．Jessica. ers．He alsothinksthatMarloweisthefirstdra−. feelssadfromthesweetmusicnotonlybecause. matistthatpresentedJew’smarriagetoChrist−. sheis sentimentalbut also she takesfrom her. ian，andShakespearecreatedthedramain. deepJewishness．. Whichthemarriageiscelebrated．Healsowrites. Frombothcases，Jessicadoesnotneces−. that“marriagemightbeseenassymbolizing. SarilyturntoChristianity；herJewishnessdis−. theidealunionofloveintermsofmutualassist−. turbsher．Sheisconstantlyafraidofbecoming. ancetoeternalsalvation”（HolmerllOrll）．But. aChristianeventhoughsheinsiststhat“Ishall. Jessicasometimesexpressesasadcountenance．. besav’dbymyhusband，−hehathmademea. AfterhertalkwithLauncelotGobboJessica. Christian！”（Ⅲ．v．17r18）．Bothdaughtersdonot. isnotsavedbecausesheisaJew，Jessica. becomeChristiancomfortably．Atleasttheaudi−. seems to be sad because Lorenzo calls her. encecannotfeelthattheyaresaved．. “whatcheer．”5continuallyshesays，“Iam. Theothersimi1arityofthetwodaughtersis. nevermerrywhenIhearsweetmusic”（Ⅴ．i. therepresentationofjewelsaroundthem．In. ．69）．The“sweetmusic”isambiguous．Thefol−. Venice，SuCCeSSfulJewishmoneylendersoften. lowingisShylock’s speechaboutthe mas−. accumulatedquantitiesofunredeemedpledges，. querade：. especiallyjewels．In TheJewqfMdlta，Lodo− Wick，Who wants Barabas to act as a go−. Whataretheremasques？Hearyoume. betweenforLodowickandAbigail’smarriage，. Jessica，Lockupmydoors，andwhen. talked to Barabas：. youhearthedrum And the vile squealingofthewry−. Lodowick．Well，Barabas，CanSthelpe. neck’dfifeClambernotyouuptothe. metoaDiamond？. CaSementSthenNorthrustyourhead. Barabas．Oh，Sir，yOurfatherhadmy. into the public street To gaze on. Diamonds．. ChristianfooIs withvarnish’dfaces：. YetIhaveoneleftthatwi11serveyour. Butstopmyhouse’sears，Imeanmy. turne：. CaSementS，Letnotthesoundofshal−. ／川＝．リJ＝ノり・′J′．リJ、ぐ／ご／−∫・．・−／りJ／−、∫・−／ご＝／ご−〃. lowfopp’ryenterMysoberhouse．By. ゐαγgゐgγ』∫ブdg．. 朗Ⅲ．iii．48−51）. Jacob’sstaffIswearIhavenomindof feastingforthto−night：. LodowicklikensAbigailtoadiamond．IIeex−. ButIwi11go：Goyoubeforeme，Sirrah，. pressesherbeautylikethatofadiamond．Bara−. 87.
(7) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. bas recognizes that the diamond is the. HowIshalltake herfrom herfather’s. metaphorofhisdaughter，andanswerstohim. house，. aswell：Barabasacceptsherastherepresenta−. Whatgoldandjewelssheisfurnish’d. tionofajewel．Additionally，Barabastalkedto. With，. MathiasinthefollowlngWay：. Whatpage’ssuitshehathinreadiness，− If e’er theJew her father come to. PardonmethoughIweepe；theGov−. heaven，. ernorssonneWill，WhetherIwi1lorno，. Itwi11beforhisgentledaughter’ssake， （〃㌣Ⅲ．iv．29−34）. haveノ4∂な昔JJ：. Hesendsherletters，bracelets，jewels，. rings．. UMII．iii．257r59）. LorenzointendstobringnotonlyJessicaher− Self，butalsoShylock’sgoldandjewels．When. BarabasregulatesLodowickwithinhistitle；. hehearsthatJessicaisfleeingwithLorenzo. ShylockdoesseeLodowickonlyinconnection. andsheisnotfoundyet，Shylockcriesasfol−. Withhisfather，theMaltesegovernor．Addi−. lows：. tionallyLodowicksendsAbigailajewelwhich representsher．AsissorrowfulforLodowick，. Whythere，there，there，there！adi−. hispresentsneverheldherheart；forthejewel. amondgonecost. CandefineherasJew．Inadditiontothepre−. metwothousandducatsinFrankfort，−. ViousLodowick’swords，theBarabas’following. the curse. SpeeChalsolinksAbigailtojewels：. neverfelluponournationtillnow，I neverfeltittill. Bagsoffiery（ブタals，S＊hires，Amatisis，. now，−tWOthousand ducatsinthat，and. ノ′．・■・．ごJJ／．ヾ∴l；−l・tl／り／り∴ヾ、、ぐ∫・′∴ヾ．ヾい、ぐ∫・＝…. Otherprecious，. ／二1ナノけ／1〃／／′人．. preciousjewels；Iwouldmydaughter. BeauteousRuわ′eS，SparklingDhImOndk，. Were. Andseildsenecostlystonesofsogreat. deadatmyfoot，andthejewelsinher. prlCe，. ear！：WOuld she. UMI．i．25r28）. Were hears’d at my foot，and the. Barabasusestheadjective“beauteous”tode−. ducatsinhercoffin：（Mtj：Ⅲ．i．76r82）. SCribejewelswhichepithetheattachestohis daughter，Abigail．. How is Jessica described in The. Shylockisbesidehimselfwithanger．Shylock Cries，“thejewelsinherear！”Itremindstheau−. Shakespeare’sDrama？Thefollowinglinesre−. diencesofthestrongrelationshipbetweenJessi−. VealthestrongrelationshipbetweenJessicaand. Caandthejewel．Ofcoursethejewelsareex−. thejewel．ThisistheLorenzo’sspeechwhenhe. Changeableforgoldandmoney．Asisclearfrom. bringsJessicaduringthemasquerade：. thewordsofTubal，aShylock’stribe，Jessica. usesthejeweltobuyamonkey．Thejewelhas. 88. Imustneedstelltheeall，−Shehath. twofunctions：arepreSentationofaJewanda. directed. metonymyofgoldandmoney．.
(8) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. ItisclearthattheJewishdaughtersand. doesnotsuggesttheChristian’svictoryorthe. JeWelhaveastrongrelationshiplnthetwo. Jewishdefeat．Rather，“TheJewqf肋Itacon−. plays．Ajewelsometimesrelatesthemandrep−. tinuallydemonstrateshowcloseBarabasisto. resentsthemasaJew．Abigailisrepresentedas. the gentile world against which heis set”. ajewelitselfandisportrayedasafortune−. （Greenblatt210）．villainsareChristiansaswell. bearertoherfather，Barabas．Whilethejewelis. asBarabasintheplay．MarlowemploysBara−. anornamentofJessica，Sheisportratedasa. bastosatirizeChristianmoralpretensions．Con−. fortune−Stealer from her father，Shylock．. SideringMarloweasanatheist，“hehascapitu−. Althoughbothdaughtersseemedtobesavedin. 1atedtovulgaranti−Semiticprejudice．”8when. Christiancelebrationbythewordfairtheydo. hecomposedthedramawhoseliterarysource. not become true Christians because oftheirim−. wasnotknown，hewouldusetheElizabethan. agecloselyrelatedtojewelsandmoneywhich. COnVentionaboutaJewishtradition，afolktale，. theaudiencealwaysassociateswithaJew．7. andofcourseprejudice．Hisfigurecouldsurely. Theyarenottrulyblessed．Theirfathersdonot. influenceShakespeare’sShylock．Atfirst，We. know the difference between surface fair. needtorevealBarabas’Jewishness．. CelebrationanddeepJewishnessinjewels．Asa. Surfaceparticularity，Orphysicalcharacter−. result，themisunderstandingfathershavea. isticsare，aSIthamoresays，Only“bottlenose. StrOngmOtiveforrevengetowardsChristians．. （Ⅲ．iii．10）whichisusedtoexpressthetypical. viewofaJew．9Nodescriptionsofsurfacetraits 3．Barabas Barabas，theprotagonistinTheJewqf腸Ir. areseenintheplayexceptforthenose．Bara− bas’physicalfeatureisintheexpression“mas− ty．”Duringtheplay，thereisnorelevancebe−. ta，isaJewishmerchant．Hehastradewith. tweenhimbeingfatandthatheisaJew．The. forelgnCOuntries．Therearemanyviewpoints. WOrdmasty，however，Startedtobeusedfor. aboutBarabas：anunrepentingprotagonist. swinefromthefourteenthcentury，（OEDmasty，. when the play is regarded as a homiletic. 2）whichmayhaverelevancetomarano，pigin. tragedy（Bevington31）and，aS T．S．Eliot. EnglishadiscriminativewordforJewswho. Writes，theprotagonistwhentheplayisviewed. COnVertedtoChristianity．IIisJewishnessisex−. asafarce（Eliot92）．Bevingtonarguesthat“he. pressedinthehierology，faith．ThenameBara−. isclever，miserly，devoidofconscience”inthe. basisfrom New Testament．The biblicalBara−. firsthalfoftheplayandthat“Barabasgrows. basisacriminal．Hisnameoriginallysignifies. moreviolentandevil”inthelasthalfoftheplay. theconfrontationtoChristianity．. （Bevington35，44）．Grossarguesthat“Mar−. It was the most wellknownin the Eli−. loweputsagooddealofhimselfintoBarabas−. ZabethanperiodthatJewishcharactersoften. hispowerfantasies，hisdynamism，hisscornfor. quotedthetextoftheOldTestamentintheir. receivedopinion”（Gross21）．Fischsuggests. SpeeCh．Therearemanybiblicalquotationsin. that“the old ritual−murderthemeis recalledin. TheJewqf腸Ita．ThisisBarabas’speechafter. thequestionofFriarJacomo”（Fisch27）．Even. theforfeiture．. ifBarabashasaclearmalice，andifMachiavelli declares“thetragedyofaJew，”thedramaitself. What tellyou me ofJob？Iwot his. 89.
(9) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. wealth. Was written thus：he had seven. Sixthly，theyoughttobestoppedfrom. thousandsheepe，. usury．［Usurymeansanydegreeofin−. ThreethousandCamels，andtwohun−. terest，nOtOnlyanexorbitantrate．］All. dred yoake. their cash and valuablesifsilver and. OflabouringOxen，andfivehundred. goldoughttobetakenfromthemand. Shee−Asses：butforeveryoneofthose，. putasideforsafekeeping．Forthis. Hadtheybeenevaluedatindifferent. reason，aSSaidbefore，eVerythingthat. rate，. theypossesstheystoleandrobbed. Ihadathome，andinmineargosie. fromusthroughtheirusury，forthey. Andothershipsthatcamefrom蝕少t. havenoothermeansofsupport．This. last，. moneyshouldbeusedinthecase（and. Asmuchaswouldhaveboughthis. innoother）whereaJewhashonestly. beastsandhim，. bec。meaChristian．11. And yet have kept enough to live upOn；. （Ⅰ．ii．181−90）. Barabasis also a usurer as wellas a merchant．. ChristiansregardedthefortuneoftheJewsas ThoughthereisacomparisontoJobonthefor−. WhatwasstolenfromChristian，Whichisclear. tuneindex，Barabasnotonlycriesforthelossof. inFerneze’sspeech．Theideaunderlyingthe. hisfortune，butalsodeclaresJewishcompara−. proverbistrueofthenotionoffortune；thefor−. tivethinkingJewsalwayscomparetheirex−. tuneistransferredfromChristianstoJews，and. periencetothepastone．10Barabasquotesthe. VICeVerSa．. bibleinhisspeechbecauseofhishatredagainst. AsforBarabas’Jewishness，CharlesLamb. Christians．Eachspeechmakesclearthecon−. arguesthat“hisJewishnessdefineshisconde−. frontation：Ontheonehand，Ithamore’s“Toun−. mnation”andEliotinsiststhat“hisJewishness. dueaJewischarity，andnotsinne．”（Ⅳ．v．81）. actuallydefinesnothingnotallitis，inafact，. resonates asBarabas‥‘It’sno sinneto deceive a. asubjecttheplayinvestigates．”12Barabas，. Christian”（II．iii．311）．Eachjustifieshisownbe−. Jewishnessdefinesnotonlyhiscondemnation，. havior．ThisisBarabas’speech：. butalsohisidentityspringingupfromthe hatredagainstaChristian．ExceptforBarabas’. ThisisthelifeweJewesareus’dto. hatredofChristians，Weneedtofocusonthere−. lead；. 1evancybetweenmoneyandtheJew．. Andreasontoo，forChristiansdoethe like：. （Ⅴ．ii．115−16）. In the beginning ofthe play，Barabas’. argosyreturnstotheMaltaseharborinSceneI， ActI．Barabasis described as amerchantwho. Barabas here expresses a Jewish biblical. hasmanyargosiesandfortune．Theglobalmer−. proverb“eyeforeye”（Exodus，ⅩⅩi：24）．This. Chantpraiseshisjewels．Barabasisproudthat. proverbstrangelyechoesMartinLuther’sConr. therearemanyJewishmerchantsintheworld，. Cg”gブ′gg≠ゐg′g紆∫α′gd rゐgブγ⊥ゴビ∫in1543，in. andthattheyallarerich，Whichshowsboththe. Whichhedeclaredtheampleanti−Semitism．. largeeconomicalnetworkformedbyJewsand. 90.
(10) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. theirsuffocationfrompower．. meansoriginallyfather’sjoy．ForBarabaswho. eagerlydesiresmoney，Abigailandthejewel Bagsoffiery（ブタals，S砂hires，Amatisis， Jacints，hard To♪as，graSSe−greene. Whichisexchangeablewithmoneyareunited． Barabas has dualmeanings aboutmoney，. ／■．1川り1〃／／／人．. jewels．fJethinksofjewelsaslikepebblestones. Beauteous Rubyes，Sparkling Dir. andking’sransom（I．i．7r23）．Histhinking. ／／〃川JJ′J∫．. Showsthatmoneyhasavaluenotwhenitisin. Andseildsenecostlystonesofsogreat. hishand，butwhenitisused；inotherwords，. prlCe，. Whosevalueisnotinhispossession，butinhis. Asoneofthemindifferentlyrated，. COntrOl，incurrency．Thisthinkingalsocorres−. AndofaCarrectofthisquantity，. pondstothecurrencysysteminthemonetary. Mayserveinperillofcalamlty. economyandtherepresentationofjewelsin. ToransomegreatKingsfromcaptiv−. Abigail：BarabasiscuriousaboutAbigailwhen. ity．（Ⅰ．i．25−32）. Sheisinhishand，buthelosesthecuriosityas SOOnaSitscontrolislost，inotherwords，Shebe−. InthetalkwithAbigail，afterhereceiveshis. COmeSa“pebblestone．”Thephrase“Kingran−. hiddenmoneywhichAbigailbrings，hespeaks：. SOm”isremindedofthepasteventthatRichard rsransominthetwelfthcentury．Inthosedays，. Omygirle，. JewspaidaransomofRichardI．SinceEngland. Mygold，myfortune，myfelicity；. COuldnotreimbursethemoney，Jewswerede−. Strengthtomysoule，deathtomine. portedfromEngland．Barabasclearlysatirizes. enemy；. thepastevents．Barabas’sethnicismasaJew. Welcomethefirstbeginnerofmyblis−. appearshere． Barabasspeaksaboutthemarriagebe−. Se：. OhAbigal，Abigal，thatIhadtheehere. tweenAbigalandLodowick：. too， Thenmydesireswerefullysatisfied，. Oh，butIknowyourLordshipwuddis−. ButIwillpractisethyenlargement. daine. thence：. TomarrywiththedaughterofaJew：. Ohgirle，Ohgold，Ohbeauty，Ohmyblis−. AndyetI’1egivehermanyagolden. se！. CrOSSe. 川1ぐ．ヾ／∴1ヾ／一′．こぐ．ヾ．. （Ⅲ．i．47−54）. WithChristianposiesroundaboutthe rlng．. （Ⅲ．iii．294−97）. BeforeBarabasgothisownhiddenfortune，he mentionedtohisjewel（1．ii．349）．Despitethe. Thisspeechmakesclear“thesubtleidentifica−. StrOngpraiseforJeWels，thejoyforthejewels. tionofreligious’profession’withfinancialadvan−. doesnotappearinhisspeech；itcanbesaid. tageifthewoodencrossdividesJewand. Simultaneouslythatthevalueofjewelsbecomes. Christian，thegoldenoneunitesthem”（Levin. thatofgoldandthatthevalueofthedaughter. 66）．Abigailalsoimpliestherelevancyabout. becomesthatofthejewels．Thename“Abigail”. Jewsandmoney．. 91.
(11) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. Abigailasjewelswhosevalueisnotitsbeauty，. GivechargetoMoプ少heusthathemay. butitsexchangeability．Fromtheviewpointof. dream. themonetaryeconomy，thereisnocleardistinc−. Agoldendreame，andofthesudden. tionbetweenJewsandChristians．Bothdesire. wake，. moneyandtheirviewsabouttheinterestare. Come and receive the TreasureIhave. inversed．. found．. （II．i．36r38）. Althoughthereseemstobeareligiousdis− tinctionbetweenthetwo，aStheplaygoeson，. Abigailwishes Barabas to have a’golden’. the distinctreligionis beingunitedinthe. dreamwhichiscloselyrelatedwithmoney．. mediumofthedesireforthemoney．Forthe. AdditionallyBarabasdeclarestheirrelationin. playshowsnoChristianvirtuewhichisalways. hisspeech：“Whohatethmebutformyhap−. attached totheChristian play．Finallythe. pinesse？RatherhasIaJewbehatedthus，”（I．. Christians’imageisunitedwithBarabas’image．. i．113r14）．Butthedesireformoneyisnotonly. Thisambiguous，OrCOmmOn，religiousdistinc−. forBarabas，mOrebroadly，forJews．Thespeech. tionneedstobefixed．Thedistinctionemerges. OfFerneze，theChristianGovernor，“Bepatient. ill川（∴1んソ・（、／J′川／（イl’r〃／什．. andthyricheswi11increase”（I．ii．122）clearly COntraStSwithBarabas’speech：“Ofnoughtis nothingmade”（I．ii．104）．Thesespeechesre−. mindusnotonlyoffortuneitselfbutalsoofthe interestwhichthefortune breeds．Totake an. 4．Shylock 4．1BackgroundofShylock Among Shakespeare’s plays，the best. interesthasbeenprohibitedinaChristiansocie−. knownJewishcharacterisinTheMerchantqf. ty．ChristiansseverelycondemnJewsbecause. t句nice．AsLeslieA．Fiedlersuggests，“The脇rr. Oftheirtakinginterest．AlthoughBarabasisex−. ChantofVeniceisundeniably，amOngOther. pressedasaJewishmerchant，itisrevealed. things，aplayaboutaJew”（Fiedler86）．AJew−. duringtheplaythatheisalsoausurer．Onthe. ishmoneylenderShylockperformsthecentral. Onehand，Barabasinsiststhatmoneydoesnot. roleintheplay．ShylocklendsAntoniothree. increasewithoutthebase，Whichisobviouslya. thousandducats．AlthoughShylockdoesnot. Christianconceptforaninterest．Ontheother. Chargeanymonetaryinterest，Shylocksaysto. hand，Fernezeinsiststhatmoneyincreasesby. Antoniothathewouldtakeapoundoffleshif. itself，anditisaJewishconcept．Ferneze’s. Antoniocannotrepay themoney．Antonio. SpeeChshowstheconvertedconceptionabout. agreestothesuggestionandentersintoabond. 13. interest．. TheJewishnessaroundBarabasgivesthe. WithShylock．Later，Shylocktakesactionbe− CauSeAntoniocouldnotrepayit．Inthejudg−. audienceakindofprejudiceformedbyanold. ment，Shylockinsistsonhislegitimacyrepe−. JewishtraditionsuchasaccountsintheOld. atedly．Portiadisguisedasanlawyerdefeats. Testament．Barabasisintegratedintothe. Shylockinthemiddleofthecourtscene．Shy−. monetaryeconomicsystemwithAbigailwhois. lockloses andisforced toconverttoChristian．. representedbythejewel．Barabas’strongde−. Sireformoneyisreinforcedbytheimageof. 92. Thefirstperformanceof The脇rcha71tqf Veniceissaidtohavetakenplacein1596．In.
(12) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. thelastpartofthesixteenthcentury，there. JesusChrist，WhichcomingfromoneoftheJew−. WeremanyplaysaboutJewssuchasthelost. ishprofessionmovednosmalllaughterinthe. play TheJewwhichwasmentionedinStephen. Standers−by．Abouttheevent，itissaidthat. Gosson’spamphletandanalmostunknown. thereweresomepointsalludedin TheMerr. workbyThomasT）ekker，TheJewqftjbnice．14. Chantqftjbnice．Oneofthemappearedinthe. Inmanyplays，Jewswereseeninthetradition−. COurt SCene：. alviewofJewexceptWilson’s ThreeLadiesqf London．ThesourceofThe脇rchantqftjbnice. thycurrishspirit. istheItaliannovel，11Pecorone．Althoughthe. Govern’dawolf，Whohang’dforhuman. twoplaysaresimi1araboutthedramaticaction，. Slaughter−. thesearenotaboutJews．First，inllPecorone，. Evenfromthegallowsdidhisfellsoul. theJewishmoneylenderhasnonameandno. fleet，. noteworthyfeatures．Second，inthelastscene，. Andwhilstthoulayestinthyunhal−. heisangryforthesentence，tearSthecontract. loweddam，. andexitsfromthecourt．Third，thereisnoJew−. Infus’ditselfinthee：. （Ⅵ．i．133r37）. ishdaughterintheItaliannovel．Asforthe third，manyCriticshavepointedoutthesimilar−. AlthoughGracianospeaksofawolf，hemaybe. ityofTheJewqf腸Iia（Brownxxxi．）．Although. thinkingofaman．Thewordwolfmeanslupus. thereareotherdifferencesbetweenthetwo，. inLatin，andthewordalludestoLopez．WoIves. maybeShakespearecreatedtheJewishfigure. WereOftenhungsoitcouldberelatedtoLopez．. COnSideringthesocialproblemsoftheJewsin. Ausurerwasoftencalledawolfintheperiod，. London．Oneoftheconspicuousexampleswas. andwolfisthesymbolofgreed．17Theselines. Lopez’sjudgmentin1592，Whowasexecuted. havemanysuggestions．Grossarguesthathu−. fortryingtopoisontheQueen．15. manpredatorswereoftencomparedtowoIves. Fiedlersaysthat The腸rchantqftjbniceis. acomedywrittenatamomentwhenaquite. anyway．Brownarguesthat“themoregeneral. theorythatShakespearewrote The腸rchant. uncomiccourtscandalinvoIvingaJewishphysi−. qftjbniceasaresponsetotheLopezcaseand. Cianhadstirredthepassionsofacommunity，”. therenewedsuccessof TheJezL，OfMalta，is. （Fiedler86）andtheeventprobablygavea. likewiseinsecure”（Brownxxiv）．Howeverallof. StrOnginfluenceto TheMerchantqftjbnice．. theseimagesgreed，humanpredator，andus−. EvenifShakespearedidnotseetheexecution，. uryremindusofBarabas，Shylock，andJews．. hewouldsurelyhaveheardabouttheincident．. AlthoughShakespearedidnotwritetheplayas. Lopez，theQueen’sphysicianandtheMarano，. aresponsetotheLopezcase，Shakespeare. WaSjudgedbecauseofthediscordwithEssex. perhapswroteitthinkingofLopez．Theimage. althoughLopezhadbeenunderthewingof. OfLopezthepoisoningJewishdoctoris. Essex．16Lopezwaseventuallyconvictedonthe. trueofBarabasratherthanofShylock．The. basisofaconfession extracted underthreatof. firstplayofTheJewqf腸Iia，aSmanyOpinions. torture，hung，drawnandquarteredatTyburn．haveit，WaSperformedprobably26Februaryin. WhenLopezwasatthegallowshedeclared. 1592，andthelastwasprobablylFebruaryin. thathelovedtheQueenaswellasheloved. 1593．Theplayswerereplayedatleastfifteen. 93.
(13) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. timesaftertheLopez’sduranceon4February. donthoughtheywerebanishedin1290．Again，. in1594．Barabas’declarationsofpastcrimes. Shakespearedidnotnecessarilymeetandsee. SuChas“SometimesIgoeaboutandpoyson. Jews，butatleastheprobablyknewabout. wells”（II．iii．176），and“BeingyoungIstudied. Lopez．. Physicke”（II．iii．181）haveastrongassociation. Shylock’spossiblefigurescouldbemadein. WithLopez．InRobertWistrich’sAntisemitism：. thesesituations．19Asmanycriticspointedout，. TheLongestHatred，hesuggestsofTheMerr. Shylockclearlyresemblesanddiffersfrom. chantqftjbnicethat“his［Shakespeare’s］por−. Barabas．BradbrookandKitagawaargue，Shy−. traitservedtocrystallizeandreinforceananti−. lockis notsomuchdemonic as humanethan. Semiticliterarystereotypeforcenturiestocom−. Barabas，（BradbrooklO7，Kitagawal12）and. e”（WistrichlO2）．Rather，eVeniftheplayreinr. Elizabethan audiences more orlessfeltthat he. jbrcesthestereotypeforcenturiestocome，the. WaS．ShylockisclearlypresentedasaJew：he. Criticalplaywhichcrystallizesthestereotype. CannOtfleefromhisethnicity．Itismostimpor−. forJewswasnot TheMerchantqftjbnicebut. tanttoconsiderwhatkindofJewShylockisde−. TheJewqf腸IiaintermsoftheLopezcase．A. scribed tobe．. poisoningJew”wasreinforcedbothwithBara−. ThereseemstobenorecordsofhowShy−. bas’declaration，pOisoningpottageoftheNun−. lock’scharacterwasperformedontheEli−. nery，andlearningphysicsinItalyandwiththe. Zabethanstage．VariousShylockcharactersin. ChristiantraditionalprejudiceforJews．Asfor. theeighteenthcenturyshowtheambiguous. anothercluethatShakespeareintendedtowrite. Shylock．200neclearclueisthefrontpageon. aboutLopez，SOmeCriticshavepointedoutthe. thequartoversionofThe腸rchantqftjbnice. similar name between AntonioinThe脇rchant. publishedin1621：. qft句niceandSpanishMarano，DonAntonio，. WhostayedinLondon．ButAntonioisapopular. The mostexcellent. nameintheShakespeareandramasuchas. Historie ofthe MerchantofVenice．. TweLfih几なht，SOitisnotnecessarilycrucial．. ⅤViththeextreamecrueltieofShylocke. ExceptfortheLopezcase，therearemany. theIewe. COntrOVerSiesabouttheJewsinthesixteenth. towardsthesaydMerchant，incutting. CenturyLondon．Ontheonehand，Bradbrook. aiustpound. arguesthat“Elizabethanshadvirtuallynoex−. Ofhisflesh：andtheobtayningofPortia. periencewithJews”（105）．180ntheotherhand，. bythechoyseofthreechests．. KogishiarguesthatMaranostayedinLondon. Asithathbeenediuerstimesactedby. becauseoftheordinanceaboutusury；Queen. the Lord. Elizabethwasphilo−Semitistandifshetrusted. Chamberlaine his Servant．（italics. Lopezdearly，ShetooktheJewishusurersinto. mine）. accountandtheystayedinLondontoaclear extentforcitizens（Kogishi63）．Inconsidering. This“extremecruelty”showedtheviewpointof. theElizabethan economicalsituationthein−. JewsinElizabethanperiod．Theplaycouldpost−. crease oftheinternationaltrade and the rise of. ulatethosewhohaveaprejudicecreatedbythe. financiers，JewishcitizenscouldliveinLon−. Lopezcaseand TheJewqf肋Ita．Besides，the. 94.
(14) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. frontpageshows‘theJew’functionedasthe. Duke：AntonioandoldShylock，both. markofracial，ethical，Orreligiousdistinction．. standforth．. EventhenamesofAntonioand Bassanioare. Portia：IsyournameShylock？. notdescribedonthepage；Antonioisimpliedin. Shylock：Shylockismyname．. amerchant．”Fromthefrontpage，thereseems. （Ⅳ．i．170−73）. neitherrelig10uSCOnfrontation，nOrapparent vocationalone such as amerchant and a usurer. Althoughaudiencesalreadyknewwhichone. thoughtheJewimpliesausurer：Shylockisfi−. WaSAntonioandShylock，Portiadoesnotknow. guredonlyin“theJew．”Thereisalsonoim−. them．Afterthewordofduke，Portiadisting−. plicationoflaterjudgmentscene，eVenOfBel−. uishesthetwoandtalkstoShylock，“Isyour. mont．Thepageshowsthatextremelycruel. nameShylock？”PortiacanperceiveShylock’s. Shylockcutsamerchant’sfreshinamainplot. physicalcharacteristicorparticularappearance．. andsomeoneobtainsPortiabythechoiceof. Inthiscourtscene，Elizabethanaudiencewould. threecasketsinsecondplot．Astheplaygoes. recognizeJewishpeculiaritydifferentfromEn−. On，itrevealsthatShylockisconfrontedwith. glishalthoughJewishgabardinecouldbean. Portia，nOtAntonio．Shylockwouldperformasa. ordinarycIothamongLondoners．22 Thesur−. representativeofJewsandPortiawouldasa. facedifferencestrengthensShylock’sJewish−. representativeofChristians．Beforethebegin−. ness．Duringthejudgment，Portiacallshim. ningoftheplay，audienceneverknowsthedif−. “Shylock”threetimes，“theJew”ninetimes．The. ferenceinthegeographicalborderbetween. SuCCeedingcourtmarkshimwiththeJewor. VeniceandBelmontandinthereligiousborder. otherswhois derived notsomuchfrom his. betweenShylockandtheotherChristians．. appearanceasfromhisethnicity．. Fewlinesarethereabouttheappearance. Shylock，Who was distinct from other. OfShylockonthestage．Asforclothes，nOde−. Citizens，WaSmarkedasotherswhetherornot. SCriptionabouthischaracteristicsexceptthat. thathestayedinLondonandexpressedout−. Shylock’scostumeis“Jewishgabardine”appears. burstsofhisidentity．WeneedtoviewShylock. inSceneIActⅢ（I．iii．107）Shylockputson. bythefollowingthreeelementsbywhichShy−. theyellowbadgewhichdistinguishedtheJews. lockismarkedasaJew，Others：Shylockasa. fromothermen．Althoughsomecriticsassume. usurer，Shylockasafather，ShylockasaJew．. thatShylockhadabottle−nOSelikeBarabas，and. ared−hairedwigwhichwascharacteristicof Jewishcharacters，thereisnoevidencethat Shylockwasplayedasacomiccharacterin. 4．2MoneyandShylock Itisdifficulttoextractusuryfromthese elementswhichformShylock’sfigure；uSury. Shakespeare，sday．210nthestage，Shylock meantJewintheElizabethanera．23Forallthe would have no distinctfeaturesfromtheother. Jewishvarietiesinrelationtotheconceptionof. Characters．Portia’sspeechclarifiesthesimi1ar−. usury，itisnecessarytoviewtheusuryalone. itybetweenthem．. forgraspingthedynamicmovementfroma usurertoaJewasIwi11arguelater．Itisalso. Portia：Whichis the merchant here？. andwhichtheJew？. difficult to use freely the inclusive word. money”withoutsubdividingitintomany 95.
(15) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. elements；inthefrequencyoftheuseinthe. Butmore，forthatinlowsimplicity. play．Thefollowingthreesubcategorieswi11be. Helendsoutmoneygratisandbrings. usefultoread：1）goldormoney．（goldisused. down. twentytwotimesincludinggolden）：2）interest. The rate of usance here with usin. （usedsixtimes，Whichcamealmostallfromthe. Venice．. speechesbetweenAntonioandShylock）：3） jewels（usedfivetimes）ThoughIhavesug−. IfIcancatchhimonceuponthehip，. gestedtheexchangeabilitybetweenmoneyand. bear him．. jewel，Itakethemonebyoneinthelightof. He hatesour sacrednation，and he. eachdramatic effect．. rails. In TheMerchantqftjbnice，manymOney. Iwillfeedfatthe ancientgrudgeI. （Eventherewheremerchantsmostdo. elementsaredeeplyinscribedintothestructure. congregate）. Ofthedrama．AntonioborrowsitfromShylock. Onme，mybargains，andmywell−WOn. becauseAntoniohadnomoney．Bassaniowants. thrift，. Antoniotoborrowthemoneybecauseheneeds. Whichhecallsinterest：CurSedbemy. ittopaythedebthimselfandtoobtainthe. tribe. handofPortia．Jessicabringsmuchmoneyand. IfIforglVehim！. （I．iii．36r47）. jewelswhenshefleeswithLorenzo．Shylock， Whois ofcourse a usurer，Speaks，“Three. ShylockhatesAntonionotonlybecauseheisa. thousandducats，Well”athisentrance（I．iii．1），. Christian，butalsobecausehetakesnointerest. Which“identifiesShylockfromtheoutsetwith. fromanyone．ShylockalsocomplainsthatAnto−. thespiritofcalculationandmoney”（Gross. nioregardsinterestnotasprofitbutas“ven−. 47）．Inspiteofusingthesamewordmoney，. ture”（I．iii．85）．Thewordinterestwasabetter. Antonio，Bassanio，andPortiauseitinadif−. namethanusury．Interestcanbethetermbe−. ferentwayfromShylock．Antoniousesmoney. tweenwhatShylockcalls“thrift”andwhat. forhisfriendandPortiaforherhusband，Whose. Christianscall“usury，”whichunitesShylock. moneyisdescribedasaChristianvirtue，pOSi−. andAntoniostronglyintheeconomicalsociety．. tivewealth．Shylock，bycontrast，embodiesaIncidentally，thisinterestiscorrelatedwith money−pOWerinitsmostnakedform．. Jews．ChristiansintheElizabethanperiodwere. SigurdBurckhardtarguesthatmoney. prohibitedtotakeinterest，WhileJewsinsisted. makesitpossibletouniteShylockandPortia. upontheirlegitimacybecauseofthequotation. betweenthetworealms，VeniceandBelmont. fromtheOldTestament．24Antonio，sspeech，. and that money also unites the lovers. “Butlenditrathertothineenemy”（I．iii．30），eX−. （Burckhardt211r12）．precisely，mOneyOrin−. emplifiesthatheisinvokingthebiblicaltradi−. terestseemstobeShylock’sstrongmotiveof. tionasmostChristiansinterpretit．. revengeforAntoniountilJessicafleesfromher father．. 96. Bothdifferent attitudestowardstheinterest. areexpressedinthefollowingwords：. IIowlikeafawningpublicanhelooks！. Ifthouwi1tlendthismoney，1enditnot. Ihate himfor heis aChristian：. Astothyfriends，forwhendidfriend−.
(16) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. ship take. Ididreceivefairspeechlessmessages：. A breedfor barren metalofhisfriend？. HernameisPortia，nOthingunder−. （Ⅰ．iii．127−29）. valu’d. ToCato’sdaughter，Brutus’Portia， ThisclearlycontrastswithShylock’s，“Tcannot. Noristhewideworldignorantofher. tell，Imakeitbreedasfast”（I．iii．91）．Antonio. worth，. regards money as“barren metal，”which. Forthefourwindsblowinfromevery. negatestheinterestwhichmoneyproduces．. COaSt. Shylockcontrarilyaffirmstheinterestwhich. Renownedsuitors，andhersunnylocks. moneybreeds．Apointshouldbemadeclear：. Hang on her templeslike agolden. Antonio’smoneyisrepresentedasamotifofex−. fleece， （I．i．161r70．，italicsmine）. Changebasedonthetrade，Venture．Thesame image，however，isusedbybothcharacters. Whentheyspeakaboutinterest．Theimageis. BassaniocomparesPortiato“goldenfleece. produceandbirth，inotherwords，SOmethingis. Whichimpliesmoney．HerePortiais“asymboI. madefromnothing．Inasense，aSmanyCritics. ofthefortunesfor whichmerchants ventured”. havepointedout，Antoniocan be seen asa. andasymbolofmoneyitself．27 Astheplay. homosexual．25AntoniowhosecretlylovesBas−. goeson，however，Antoniospeakswithadif−. sanioisexpressedasa“barren”character．26. ferentaspect：. ShylockspeakstoAntoniowithametaphorof ewesandrams，”towhichAntonioresponds：. Youmayaswellusequestionwiththe wolf，. ThiswasaventuresirthatJacobserv’dfor，. Whyhehathmadetheewebleatfor. Athingnotinhispowertobringtopass，. thelamb：. （Ⅵ．i．73r74）. Butsway’dandfashion’dbythehandofheaven．. Wasthisinsertedtomakeinterestgood？. ThoughAntoniocondemnsShylockwiththe. Orisyourgoldandsilverewesandrams？（I．. imageofthewolfoftenusedasametaphorof. iii．86−90）. usury，thenextlineofhisaddsthatanother meaningtotheimageofewethatthewolfkills. AgainAntonioclearlynegatesShylock’sviewof. theewe．Shylockneverkillstheewewhichis. interest．Nevertheless，Antoniousestheimage. deeplyimplicatedwithinterest．Itisnecessary. Ofsheep．ThestronglmplicationwithmoneylS. toconsiderwhethertheuseofimageherehas. notonlyforAntonioandShylock．Bassanio. COherencyornot．Antoniospeaksinthecourt：. shows as well：. Iamataintedwetheroftheflock，. InBelmontisaladyrichlyleft，. Meetestfordeath，−theweakestkindof. Andsheisfair，and（fairerthanthat. fruit. word），. Dropsearliesttotheground，andsolet. Ofwondrousvirtues，−SOmetimesfrom. me；. hereyes. Youcannotbetterbeemploy’dBassa−. 97.
(17) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. nlO．. （Ⅳ．i．11417）. girl， Shehaththestonesuponher，andthe. Antoniocallshimself“ataintedwether，”andhis. ducats．”. （II．viii．15r22）. WOrdsfinishaseriesofimages：Shylock，the. wolfkills Antonio the wether．The shift ofhis. ShylockcriesbothforJessica，“myOWnflesh. imagefromaeweorinteresttoawetherhasa. andblood”（Ⅲ．i．31）fleesfromhimandforhis. dualmeaning；theonesignifiesthatAntonio. lostmoney．HerewhatShylockproposedasa. CannOtbreedmoney；theothermeansthathe losesthemale．Itisnoteworthythatthisspeech is hislastone before Portia’s entrance．Antonio. atfirstnegatestheinterestandtheimageof. merrysport”（I．iii．141），thebond，becomes Ser10uS．. AnoteworthysuggestionaboutJessicaand ShylockisshowninMarcShell’sArt＆肋nり′：. eweandram，”butgraduallyheusestheimage. repeatedly，SOfinallyexpresseshimselfasa wether．”This shows Antonio’s conscious shift. Having lost the person of his own “fleshandblood”hissupposedlycon−. aroundinterestandmoney．Antonioisinte−. SanguineouschildJessicaShylockis. gratedintotheworldofinterestwhereShylock. COnCernedwiththelossofhispurse，Or. 28. lives．. SCrOtum，bymeansofwhichhemight generateanothersuchchild．Andlike. 4．3JessicaandShylock JessicaisShylock’sdaughter，andshe. manyamoneydevilinChristianideolo− gy，Shylockcriesoutatthelossofthe. wishestoconverttoChristianity．Shylockdoes. purse，Or mOneybag，by means of. notloveJessicaasmuchasBarabas．Fromthe. Whichhemightgenerateothercoinsas. first，ShylocktellshernottomeettheChristian．. interest．（34）. ButJessicametherdearest，Lorenzo，andflees. fromherfatherwithhim．Shylockcriesout. Shellarguesthe stone hasthe dualityin a. Whenheheardofherescapefromhim：. monetarychildandinakindredchild．Inaddi− tiontothat，manyrepeatedcries，“daughterand. “My daughter！O my ducats！O my. ducats”canidentifythemasone．ForJessicais. daughter！. representedbyajewelexchangeablewith. FledwithaChristian！OmyChristian. moneyaswasseenbefore：. ducats！. 98. Justice，thelaw，myducats，andmy. Whythere，there，there，there！adi−. daughter！. amondgonecost. A sealed bag，tWO Sealed bags of. me two thousand ducatsin Frank−. ducats，. fort，thecurse. Ofdoubleducats，StOl’nfrommebymy. neverfelluponournationtillnow，I. daughter！. neverfeltittill. Andjewels，tWOStOneS，tWOrichand. now，tWOthousand ducatsinthat，. preciousstones，. andotherpre−. Stol’nbymydaughter！Justice！−findthe. Cious，preCiousjewels；Iwould my.
(18) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. daughter were. gold．AdiamondisaholystoneintheOldTes−. deadatmyfoot，andthejewelsinher. tament．29Thereremainsanotherspeechabout. ear：WOuld she. 」eWel：. Were hears’d at my foot，and the ducatsinhercoffin！. （Ⅲ．i．76r82）. Outuponher！Thoutorturestme，Tub−. al：itwasmy ShylockisangrythatJessicasoldhisjewels．Of. turquoise；IhaditofLeahwhenIwas. COurSe，ShylockisanxiousforJessicaevenif. abachelor：. Shylock’sindignationdoesnotseemtocarefor. Iwouldnothavegivenitforawi1der−. Jessicaherself；forShylock，Jessicaisequalto. nessofmonkeys．（Ⅲ．i．110r12）. hisJewishdaughterwhoonlycanbreedhisde− SCendants．Jessicaalsohasthedualityina. ShylockfuriouslytakesoffenceatJessicabe−. monetarychildandinakindredchild．Precisely，. CauSeShesoldhisringwhichwasgivenhimby. jewelsarespecialforJews．IntheOldTes−. hiswife，Leah．Turquoiseswerewidelybelieved. tament，therearesomelinesaboutjewels，One. tohavemaglCalproperties．Theyweresup−. ofwhichis asfollows：. posed“toreconcilemanandwife”；theywere. Saidtochangecolor，inordertowarnthosewho 17Andthoushaltsetinitsettingsof. worethemofimpendingdanger（Gross69）．. StOneS，eVenfourrowsofstones：the. Thejewelwasnotforsaleatall．Here，three. firstrows ofstones：thefirstrow shall. arethreereasonsforShylock’sanger；firstJessi−. beasardius，atOpaZ，andacarbuncle：. CatOOkjewelswithherwhichbreedmuch. this shallbe thefirstrow．. money；SeCOnd，theunpurchasablejewelfor. 18And the second row shallbe an. Shylockissoldbyhisdaughter；third，Jessica. emerald，aSapphire，andadiamond．. SOldthejewelwhichrepresentsherself．Jessica. 19And the third row aligure，an. isoutofthecircleofharmonyinBelmont．She. agate，andanamethyst．. alsohastheanxietythatshecannotbecomea. 20Andthefourthrowaberyl，andan. trueChristianbecauseofherJewishblood，. OnyX，andajasper：theyshallbesetin. deeplylinkedtoheranxietyaboutprospective. goldintheirinclosings．. issues．JessicadoesnotbecomeaChristiandis−. 21And the stones shallbe withthe. turbedbyherjewelimageandherbloodasI. names，1iketheengravingsofaslgnet；. explainedbefore．AlthoughJessicaholdsthe. everyonewithhisnameshalltheybe. Seriousfear，Shylockdoesnotknowthat；it. accordingtothetwelvetribes．. SeemStOhimthatJessicahasconvertedto. （Exodus，ⅩⅩviii：17r21．）. Christianity．Lastly，Shylockcriedout，“my. daughterweredeadatmyfoot，andthejewels TheselinesshowthepriestAaron，thebrother. inherear！”（Ⅲ．i．79r80）．why“inherear”？. OfMoses，andhisbreast−plateinwhichtwelve. Johnsonwi11giveasignificantimplicationfor. jewelsareembedded．Thesejewelsaresetin. thequestion．Iwi11quotehishistoricalexplana−. goldrosettes．Itisremarkablethatjewelsare. tionthoughlong：. Setintothegoldrosette；jewelsareunitedwith. 99.
(19) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. SuccessfulJewishmoneylendersoften. ChristiansareJews；Jewsareneverdisting−. accumulatedquantitiesofunredeemed. uishedfromtheirreligiousdisciplinesanddaily. pledges，eSpeCiallyjewels．Localsump−. CuStOmSeVenifJewsdistinguishChristiansby. tuarylawswereenactedtoprevent. themeansofreligiousthings．Thus，Jewswere. themwearingsuchspoil；indeedthe. reinforcedinLondon，WhichinvoIved serious. Jewsdrewuptheirownsumptuary. COnfrontationbetweenthetworeligions．Shy−. prohibitions，tOaVert’theenvyand. lockhatesChristiansmorefiercelyafterJessica. hatredofthegentiles，Whofixtheir. ranawayfromhim．WhenShylocklostJessica. gazeuponus：（Johnson273）. economicallyandreligiously，Shylockasher fathervanishes；heexpressestheoutburstina. Accordingtothelines，Jewswereprohibitedto. usurerandaJew．Aremarkablepointisrepe−. putonanyjewels．30shylock，scry“inherear. atedlyused“fair”whichfunctionsasthemark. CanmeanhispartingfromherasaJew．Jessica. Ofgentile．. isnotsomuchareligiouskinsmanasasymbol Ofmoney．. Benominatedforanequalpound Ofyourfairflesh，tObecutoffand. 4．4ReligionandShylock Religiousdistinctions，betweenChristians andJews，SeemtObecapturedmostclearlyin. takell. Inwhatpartofyourbodypleasethme． （I．iii．145r47．，italicsmine）. thesurfaceconfrontationintheplay．Although Shylockisregardedasadevilatthebeginning. ShylockdesiresAntonio’sfairflesh，andhis. Oftheplay，aStheplaygoeson，hisdevilishim−. WOrdmeansnotonlythatShylockwantsjusta. agedeclinesgradually．Inadditiontothelossof. poundofflesh，butalsothatShylockwants. hisdevilishimage，Shylockisnotnecessarilyde−. Christianflesh．Inotherwords，SinceShylock. SCribedasaproperJew．Noghettoisdepicted. losthis“fleshandblood”（Ⅲ．i．31）Jessica，he. andlittleaboutthesynagogue；thelatterwas. wantsChristianfleshinstead．Antonio accor−. mentionedonlyonce（Ⅲ．i．120）．AlthoughShy−. dinglyexpressesasaChristian：. lockdeclareshisreligiousdiscipline（I．iii ．29r33），hescarcelymentionstothereligious. SayhowIlov’dyou，Speakmejdirin. matter．Rather，althoughShylocksometimes. death：（Ⅳ．i．271．，italicsmine）. Criesout“Christian，”hehardlycallshimself “Jew．”Bradbrooksumsupthereligiousback−. AntoniodeclareshisChristianityjustbeforethe. groundintheElizabethanperiod．. SentenCeisannouncedinthecourt．Though AntoniobehavesasamerchantintheRialto，he. FromtheGospelstheJewsweretre−. acts as aChristian．WhenLorenzotalks toPor−. atedasexamplesofthosewhorejected. tiawhowi11gotothecourtindisguise，anOther. Offeredgrace；SOaChristiancouldhave. Christianityappearsinthefollowingline：. a’Jewishheart’ifherejectedChrist．. 17birthoughtsandhappyhoursattend BradbrookclarifiesthefigureofJews；nOn. 100. onyou！. （Ⅲ．iv．41．，italicmine）.
(20) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. The“fairthoughts”remindsusofthejudgment；. SCene．Aboutthelaw，Shylocksaidinthefollow−. fairshowsaChristian，sattitudeforJews．31. ingway：. ManydescriptionsclarifythealienShylock． Thepungentletogentileisawellknowninst−. Ihavepossess’dyourgraceofwhatI. anceofthem．Tnthetrialscene，T）ukesaysto. purpOSe，. Shylock，“WeallexpectagentleanswerJew！”. AndbyourholySabbathhaveIsworn. （Ⅳ．i．34）；althoughDukerequeststheChristian. To have the due and forfeit of my. mercyofShylock，animaginable“gentile”im−. bond，. pliesthatShylockrejectsChristianmercy．. Ifyoudenyit，1etthedangerlight. Fiedlerarguesthat“morearchaicsetof associationswiththe bond，mOVed backtocir−. Uponyourcharterandyourcity’sfree−. dom！. （Ⅳ．i．35−39）. cumcisionandFatherAbraham”（Fiedler123）．. Abrahamwasthefirstpersonwhocircumcised. TheVenetianlawandthebondguaranteeonly. hisson（Genesis，ⅩVii：9r14）．Hisnameismen−. thefreedominVenice．ForShylock，thebond. tionedafewtimesintheplay．Shylockcites. COmeSfromtheJewishTorah，“theLawwhich. Jacob’scaseinGenesis，ⅩⅩⅩ：33r39．. GodmadeforJews，WhichJewshaveabond withGod”（Exodus，ⅩⅩⅩi：16r18）．Inanother. WhenJacobgrazedhisuncleLaban’s. SCene，Portiamentionsaboutthelaw．. Sheep， ThisJacobfromourholyAbramwas. Itmustnotbe，thereisnopowerinVenice. （Ashiswisemotherwroughtinhisbe−. Can alter a decree established：. half）. ’Twi11berecordedforaprecedent，. Thethirdpossessor：ay，hewasthe. Andmanyanerrorbythesameexample. third．. Willrushintothestate，itcannotbe．（Ⅵ．i. （Ⅰ．iii．66−69）. ．214−18）. Aftertheconnectionaboutinterest，Shylock Speaks：. Portiaclearlymentionsaboutinviolabilityofthe lawandthatnopowerchangesthelaw．About. OfatherAbram，WhattheseChristians. exactnessofthelaw，althoughBurckhardt. are，. admitsthatthe riddle ofthe casketsmustbe. Whose own hard dealings teaches. COrreCtlyinterpreted，hearguesthatPortia. them suspect. winsShylockbecausesheusesthelawasthe. Thethoughtsofothers！（I．iii．156r58）. written bond（Burckhardt 206−36）．His argumentisdoubtful；althoughDuke’slaw，the. AbrahamisthefatherofallJewsandShylock. baseofthenation，insistsupontheprescription. useshisnameinarepresentationofaconscious. Clearlylnitself，Portia’slawallowspeopleto. Jew，andhisquotationreinforcestheconflict. makesomeinterpretation．Portiainterpretsthe. againstChristiansbydemandingAntonio’sfair. lawinthesamewayasBassaniointerpretsthe. flesh．. CaSkets．InBelmont，Jessicaanxiouslysaysas. Inthecourt，theVenetianlawcontroIsthe. follows：. 101.
(21) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. Iflaw，authority，andpowerdenynot，. （Eagleton36）．whatShylockexpectsforthe. Itwi11gohardwithpoorAntonio．. lawisestablishedrigidly，nOteaSilyinterpreted. （Ⅲ．ii．288−89）. ortransformed．. Thisimpliesthechangeabilityoflaw．TnBel−. WhatjudgmentshallTdreaddoingno. mont，thelawisneverconstantasifcasket. WrOng？. selection connoted the difference betweenwhat. Youhaveamongyoumanyapurch−. ison the surface andwhatis hidden．Bassanio. as’dslave，. mustchoosetherightcasketbecauseheinter−. Which（1ikeyourasses，andyourdogs. pretshersong．. andmules） Youuseinabjectandinslavishparts，. Inlaw，Whatpleasotaintedandcor−. Becauseyouboughtthem，ShallIsay. rupt，. toyou，. Butbeingseason’dwithagracious. Letthembefree，marrythemtoyour. VOICe，. heirs？. Obscures the show ofevil？. Whysweattheyunderburthens？Let （Ⅲ．ii．75−77）. their beds Bemadeassoftasyoursandlettheir. Hissoliloquyhereatcasketselectionexpects. palates. theconsequencebyakindofdramaticeffect．. Be season’dwithsuchviands？Youwill. Bassanioalsoclarifiestherelativityofthelaw．. anSWer. Aboutthelaw，TerryEagletonsaysasfollows：. “Theslavesareours，”SOdoIanswer yOu：. Forlawto belawits decreesmustbe. ThepoundoffleshwhichIdemandof. generalandimpartial，quiteindepen−. llilll. dentofandindifferenttoanyconcrete. Isdearlybought，’tismineandIwi11. Situation．Ifthiswerenotsowemight. haveit：. endupwithasmanylawsasthereare. Ifyoudenyme，fieuponyourlaw！. Situations，Whichwould defeatthe. There is no force in the decrees of. Wholeideaoflawbyviolatingitscom−. Venice：. parativenature，itsattempttoapply. Istandforjudgment，anSWer，ShallI. thesamegeneralprinciplestowidely. haveit？ （Ⅳ．i．89rlO3．，italicsmine）. differentconditions．（36）. ShylockrejectsDuke’ssuggestion；Shylock. Thisshowsthenecessityofinterpretation，aS. boughtAntonio’sfleshataveryhighprice．. longasthelawisappliedintheextentofits. Simultaneously，ShylockcondemnsChristiansin. Splrit．Ifweinterpretthelawcreatively，We. thelightofaslavemarketSlaveswerein. Shouldrespectthespirit．Thus，inThe腸rchant. Londonbuttheywereregardedasaliens，Or. qft句′lice，“itisShylockwhohasrespectforthe. theywerethesameasShylock．Amongthem，. Spiritofthelaw and Portiawho does not”. thephrase“season’d”islinkedtotheentrance. 102.
(22) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. OfPortia．ThisisPortia’sveryfamousspeech. twoimages theeweandramrepresentedas. aboutthemercy．. interestandducatwhichbreedbyitselfre− SOnatewitheachother．UnexpectedlyShylock. Andearthlypowerdoththenshow. negatesthepartingducat，Orinterest．There. likest God’s. SeemStObenoimplicationwithmoney；there−. WhenmercyseasonsJuStice：. foreheisnotausurer．Shylockhasonlyhisre−. （Ⅳ．i．192r93．，italicsmine）. 1igiousJewishnessbasedonlawandbond．Im− mediatelywhenShylocktriestocutAntonio’s. PortiaspeaksinBelmontafterthejudgment：. “fairflesh”withhisknife，Portiasays．. Howmanythingsbyseason，SeaSOn’d. Take then thy bond，take thou thy. are. poundofflesh，. Totheirrightpraise，andtrueperfec−. Butinthecuttingit，ifthoudostshed. tion！. OnedropofChristianblood，thylands. （Ⅴ．i．107rlO8．，italicsmine）. and goods Shylockcondemnstheslavemarketbecause. Are（bythelawsofVenice）confiscate. Christiansdonotgiveslavesmercy，bywhich. Unto the state ofVenice．. ShylockinsiststhattheVenetianlawisnever. （Ⅳ．i．302−307）. transformedbymercyoranypower．Onthe COntrary，Portiaarguesthat“mercyseasonsJuS−. Shylock says as a response to Portia’s. tice”orlawcanbetransformedbymercy. judgement：. therelativityoflawislikeGod，andsaidthat manythingsbyseasonseason’d”1eadsto“right. Is thatthelaw？. （Ⅳ．i．309）. praise and true perfection．”A series of SeaSOnS”1eadtothelegitimacyoftheinter−. Antonio as amerchantvanished because hecal−. pretation；32theinterpretationispraisedright，. 1edhimselfawether．Portiafoundhimonlya. andtruly．Thustheinterpretationreinforcesthe. Christian．ThereforePortiasentencesShylock，. Christianssacredness，nOtthelegitimacyof. “OnedropofChristianblood．Shylockbecomes. Venice．Shylockadherestothebondhislaw. awarethatPortia’s sentenceisnotbased onthe. andtheancestor’sbondandheexpresses. Venetianlaw；itistheChristianinterpretation．33. WhatheisnotsomuchausurerasaJew．. ThusShylockasks，“Isthatthelaw？”Shylockis. defeatednotonlybecausehebelievestherigid− Ifeveryducatinsixthousandducats. ityofthelaw，butalsobecauseherejectsthat. Wereinsixparts，and everyparta. heisausurerandentersintothereligiouscon−. ducat，. frontationunconsciously．. Iwouldnotdrawthem，Iwouldhave mybond！. （Ⅳ．i．85r88）. There remains another episode in the COurt．PortiadenotesalawinVeniceinspiteof thepresenceofherChristianity．. This reminds us of the connection about an ewe andaram．Moneydoesnotsplitbyitself．The. Ifitbeprovedagainstanalien，. 103.
(23) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. Thatbydirect，Orindirectattempts. naturalforthemtoacceptthesentencethat. Heseekthelifeofanycitizen，. COmpelledShylocktoturnintoaChristian. Theparty’gainstthewhichhedoth. （Lelyveld6）．whichistrue？Onepersuasive. COntrive，. ClueisthatSt．ThomasAquinasaffirmedthat. Shallseizeonehalfhisgoods，theother. truebeliefhastobevoluntary（Gross91．fJe. half. alsoexemplifiesanotherclueinthesamepage；. Comestotheprivycofferofthestate，. “AttheendofthesixthcenturyPopeGregory. And the offender’slifeliesin the mer−. theGreatestablishedtheprinciplethatJews. Cy. WerenOttObebaptizedbyforce．”Butitseems. Ofthedukeonly，’gainstallothervoice．. tobesomeoldclueforviewingtheElizabethan. （Ⅳ．i．345−52）. period．）．Fromthepointofview，Elizabethan audiencesmightfeelthatPortia’ssentenceis. Theactuallaw34regardsShylockasothersof. Strange．IfTheMerchantofVenicewasakind. Venice；thelawmarksShylockwithanalienre−. ofreligiousdrama（ofcoursetherearelittle. gardlessofthefactthatShylockisinVenice．. elementstoprobeitintheplay），Shylock’scon−. Thelawdenotessimultaneouslytoprotectthe. VerSioncouldbeacceptedasaharmoniousdra−. lifeofcitizensandtoejectothers．Whydoes. maturgy．Thecomedy，ifweaccepttheplayas. Portiapresentthelawatlast？Oneprobable. acomedy，thecompulsorilyconvertedShylock. reasonisthere：ifShylockhadstillbeenidenti−. diesinthelightofnotbeingaJew．Shylockis. fiedwithAntonio，aChristianwithinanecono−. ejectedoutoftheVenetiancommunity，withhis. micalaspect，thelawwouldhavenoeffect；Shy−. hiddenJewishbeliefandheliveshislifeasan. lockisnotanalien．ItisjustafterShylocklost. ambiguous，divided，identity．Hadtheconver−. hiseconomicalfigureandthewayheincon−. SionmadeitpossiblefortheElizabethanaudi−. trasttoaChristianthatthelaw hasthe effect．. encetoacceptasacruelsentence，Whywasthe. ShylockendswithexpressinghisJewish−. SentenCeputinthestructureoftheplay？This. ness；ChristianscauseShylocktoconvertto. COnVerSionfunctionsasatechniquetointensify. Christianitycompulsorily．Aboutthecompul−. thelegitimacyoftheChristians；PortiaaChrist−. SOryCOnVerSion，Grosssumsupasfollows：. ian，insistsupontherightseasonedinterpreta− tionintermsofGod’sgrace．. OnereasonwhyShylock’senforced baptismisdisconcertingisthatitis COntrarytOpredominantChristian tradition．［．．．］CountlessJewswere. 5．Conclusion AtfirstShylockisportrayedasausurer，. COerCedintoChristianity；COuntless. aneconomicalfigureandhethrowsoffthefi−. Otherssufferedmartyrdomratherthan. guretocutofftheChristianAntonio’sfairflesh．. Submit．Buthoweverfrequenttheex−. However，ShylockisdefeatedbyPortiaandhe. Ceptions，therulewasoneofreluctant. isdeprivedofallhisfortune；forShylockdis−. toleration．（91）. Cardstheeconomiccharacteristicwhichisonly commonwithAntonio，Christians．Thisdrama−. Onthecontrary，Lelyveldarguesthat“Itwas. 104. ticconsequenceimpliestheChristiandomi−.
(24) ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice. nancebothineconomyandinreligion．Finally. tifieshisdaughterwithmoney，Whichissuc−. Shylockisdejectedandejectedasanalien．In. CeededtoShylock．Itisnoteworthytoviewthe. thesixteenthcentury，merCantiletradearose. twoplaysinthehistoricalcontinuance；Shylock. alsoinLondon，inwhichmerchantadventuring. expresseshisJewishnessinadifferentway. WaSCIoselyconnectedwithvoyageofexplora−. fromBarabas，aSnOtOnlyreligious，butalsoas. tion，plunder，COlonization，andimperialcon−. economical，father’saspects．Shylockdoesnot. quest；theauraofheroism，greatadventure，and. SeeAntonioonlyasamerchant；Shylockwants. patriotismwastransferabletothemorestrictly. Antonio’sfairfleshascompensationforhislost. COmmerCialaspect．Ontheotherhand，there. daughter，andasacircumcision．. alsoroseanambiguousdistinctionbetween. TheMerchantqftjbniceclarifiestheway. Christiansandothersinthelightoftheecono−. thatJewsareunitedwithChristiansintheeco−. micalsociety．Shylock needed to be re−. nomicsituation；Ontheotherhand，theplayde−. CryStallizedasanalien，theenemyofChristians．. Clarestheabsolutereligiousdistinctionbetween. Strangelyenough，LauncelotGobbothefooIcon−. ChristiansandJewsrigidly．Thereforethough. notesthetruth“ifanymaninItalyhavea. ShylockisdescribedtobeunitedwithChrist−. fairertablewhichdothoffertoswearupona. ianseconomically，heisfinallydefeatedbythe. book”（Ⅲ．ii．150−51）．. rightjudgmentofPortia．Thecruelsentence. Jewishnessisundeniablyintertwinedwith. Shylock’sconversionWaSthereflectionof. ／／ご−ノー〃・・イlんイ／′．・川Itl／／ご−1い・■小′．リJ／・イl−〃J・−．. thecontemporaryLondonsocietyratherthan. BarabasclearlycontrastswithChristianonthe. dramaticeffect，Whichfunctionsastherecovery. Surface，andheexpressesthedesireformoney. OfChristianityofwhichMarlowe’s The. asifhisdesirewaswhatallJewsdesire．The. 腸ItadeprivesChristiansintheconnectionof. desire，however，appearSinbothreligions， moneyanddesire．JewsandChristianswereso ChristianandJew．In The腸rchantqftjbnice，. Closelyinterdependentwitheachotherthat. inadditiontothefactthatShylockalsohasa. LondonneededtoejectJewsasaliensothers．In. desireformoney，heisconfrontedwithChrist−. law，Whichisthebasetoestablishamodern. ianitytoo．Asimi1aritybetweenthetwoplaysis. SOCiety，itisnecessaryforLondonerstoestab−. thattheirdaughtersarepresentedintheplays，. 1ishthesacrednessorlegitimacyofacorrect. AbigailandJessica．Thetwodaughters，Who. rightChristianinterpretation．. WishtoconverttoChristianity，bothhave. Inthelightofsucceedingevents，The脇rr. Christianlovers and seem tobe aChristian．. Chantqftjbniceisasocialdrama：Shakespeare. Jewelrepresentationsofdaughters，however，. usedtheimageofBarabaswhoisportrayedas. disturbthemtoturnintoChristian．Theyare. religiousandeconomic，althoughBarabasis. notabletobeChristian．Inthisview，theycom−. SeenaSanOld，traditionalorasademonicJew．. monlyplayaroleinthetwoplays．Therepre−. ShylockisregardedasademonicJew，butonly. Sentationfunctionsmore；theeconomicalaspect. partially．Therefore The脇rchantqftjbnicere−. Ofjewelsreinforcestheunityoftworelig10uS. CryStallizesShylockinatokenofothersinthe. COnflictsamongthetwoplays．. newlyupcomingeconomical，andsocialcontext．. Barabasclearlyhasastrongdesirefor money；heregardsmoneyasaesthetic．Heiden−. ElizabethanLondonwasexposedtovarious SOCialincidentssuchastheinternationaltrade，. 105.
(25) SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi. thediscoveryofanewcontinent，andtheRe−. formation．Onlyhistoricaleventsdestabilized London，England．TheLopezcasewasthesame．. Lopez’sattempttopoisontheQueenwaslikea destructionofthenationalsymbol．Sorrowfully Lopez’sfigurelappedthetraditionalviewof. JewlikeBarabas，Whichenablespeopletomake useoftheimageofJewseasilytoejectthemfor. kindofjestorhumorforestablishedChristian，it SOundsstrangeinthescene． 5 InShakespeareandrama，“Whatcheer”isusually usedwhentheonefeelssad．Cf The Tempest，I．i． 2．，and7「g椚0プ7q／』抜βプ7∫，Ⅲ．Ⅴ．39．. 6 G．WilsonKnightpointsoutthetragicelementsin theimages of“sea”and“music．”See Knight， しヾ／J‘止‘、∫♪‘、‘両‘川 ハ〃小、∫／．−11J〟J‘／しソJ‘／ノ■／−t／しヾ／J‘止‘、∫♪‘、‘／ハ、＼ βプⅥ椚〟J才cこ万7才㍗β得β，pp．127−38．. 7 EdgarRosenberg，nOtmentioningjewel，SuggeStS. theprotectionofnationalidentity．Haditnot. that“inbothplaystheco−eXistenceofdaughtersand. beenfortheLopezcase，Orhadtheturnofthe. ducats，girlsandgoldgeneratesacertainconfusionor. playsbeenplayedviceversa，theviewofJews would not have beenformed．. Englandwasonthevergeofcollapsesimul− taneouslyfromouterdangerssuchashistorical eventsandfrominnerdangerssuchasanim−. perversioninvalues．”SeeRosenberg，“TheJewin WesternDrama．，”p．457． 8 WilburSanders，“DramatistasRealist：’Theノβu）d A4alta，”p．60．Rather，heregardshisattitudeasatech− niqueofironicinversion．. 9 IthamoresaysafterhehearsBarabas’sspeechof hatingChristian：“Ohbrave，maSter，Iworshipyour. mersiontoothersin an economicalsituation，in. noseforthis”（Ⅱ．iii．173）．TheJewish“bottlenose. WhichShylockrepresentsasothersandisre−. could be the conventionin the Elizabethan drama．. CryStallizedasothers；ShylocktheJewwasa. PerhapsIthamorewouldbowtoBarabaswithan. SCapegOat，areflectionofEngland’sanxiety．. artificialbottle nose． 10JamesYoungsuggeststhataJewhasmeasured andunderstoodtheirsufferingwithpasteventssuch. Notes Thisisarevisedversionofthe Master’sthesispre− Sentedtothe Graduate SchoolofEducation，Hokkaido UniversityofEducation，byTomoSasao，underthesu− pervisionofProfessorYoichiHigashikawa．. 1 MichaelJ．C．Echeruoarguesthefigurefromthe ViewoftraditionalJew．SeeEeheruo，“Shyloekand the‘ConditionedImagination’：AReinterpretation．， pp．79． 2 JohnRusselBrown，ed．，TheMerchantq［t句nice （TheArdenShakespeare）．Allthequotationsofthe playaretakenfromthiseditionifnototherwise Stated．InthequotationsofChapterI，Iabbreviate. TheMerchantq［t句プIicetoMVtodistinguishfrom 7’／J‘・ノi〃・−イ1ん／ん／．. 3 Fredson Bowers，ed．，The Complete Worksof ChristopherA4arlou，e，I．ii．22427．Allthequotations Oftheplayaretakenfromthiseditionifnotother− Wisestated．InthequotationsofChapterI，Iabbrevi− ate TheJeu，qFル勉ItatoJMtodistinguishfrom The ．1んノ■lイ／‘川／−t／1’l〃ノ、l・‘．. 4 KitagawaTeiji，AStu4）′qFル勉rlowe，p．101．Healso. SuggeStSthat“AlthoughMarloweusesthewordasa. 106. astheravagedfigureofJerusaleminLamentations， i：12，tOWhichthescribe’sanswerinLamentations， iv：6．Hesuggeststhat“eventhescribesofLamenta− tionsfoundthemselvessimultaneouslydependenton pastdestructionfortheirfiguresandresistantto them．”Inthepointofview，Barabas，perhapsuncon SCiously，issimultaneouslydependentonpastlossof Jobandresistanttoitinthefollowingseenes．See ＼−い＝‖ゞ．什ノイ／／JJg‘川（／〃i〃リイ／／JJ∫川‘・／Jり／りl・‘／J／∫／∴＼1／川ト ／／J・＝川（／川‘・し’りJJ∫＝／肌〃l・‘・∫り′／JJ／け♪ハ・ん／〟りJJ．P．一再．. 11Thisquotationistakenfrom：JacobR．Marcus，The ノi〃・／JJ仙・．1ム・（／／‘J〟／什りノ・ん／∴lしヾりJ／ノ・l・‘・J？りり万∴J／．；／1り． p．168．. 12 ThesearequotedfromSanders，OP．cit．，p．57．. 13 AnotherBarabas’speechalsocanremindofthe COntrarinessabouttheinterest：‘“Tislikelytheyin timemayreapesomefruit，”（Ⅱ．iii．87）. 14 TheseplaysareexemplifiedfromJohnGross’Shy− lock：ALegendandItsLegtlCy．NewYork：Simon＆ Schuster，p．18． 15In detail，hewasarrestedon12January，CaSedup irltOLorldorltOWerOr13February，arldjudgedor123 February，andexecutedon7Junein1594． 16 八sforthe discordbetweenLopezandEssex，See.
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