Although the nitrification and denitrification processes was not clear in this case study, the proposed analysis with combination of concentration variation, N budget and N stable isotopes demonstrated the usefulness to identify N sources, transport and transformation processes in paddy field for better agricultural management and water environment.
This study highlighted that influence of chemical fertilizers was the highest during the soil paddling. It is suggest that losses of chemical fertilizers from paddy field should be care not to drain during this period.
This study emphasized that irrigation water contained high amount of nitrogen input upstream thus, amount of fertilizer application can be reduced by introducing cyclic/reused irrigation system if irrigation water contained sufficient amount of fertilizers input upstream.
The nitrification and denitrification processes was not clear by using isotopic approach because nitrified NO3− from chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers/ soil could not be differentiated as well as complexity of the environmental system in this case study, thus I propose development of stable isotope analysis for NH4+ at trace level in order to clearly analyse N-transformation and transport in paddy field.
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Appendix 1. Concentration of suspended solids in runoff water of two years