1991 g. ʋ 10 [Elektronnyj resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: https://www.referent.ru/1/14338 (data obrashcheniya 12.11.2015).
7. Perechen' rabot, professij, dolzhnostej, neposredstvenno svyazannykh s uprav-leniem transportnymi sredstvami ili upravuprav-leniem dvizheniem transportnykh sredstv: utv.
postanovleniem Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federatsii ot 19 yanvarya 2008 g. ʋ 16 // So-branie zakonodatel'stva RF. 2008. ʋ 4.
8. Resheniya Meshchanskogo rajonnogo suda g. Moskvy po delu ʋ 2-1970/2015;
Nagatinskogo rajonnogo suda g. Moskvy po delu ʋ 2-554/15; Postanovlenie GIT po g. Moskve o privlechenii k administrativnoj otvetstvennosti ot 22.12.2014 ʋ 4-4272-14-TPR/779/78/8, priznannoe zakonnym Savelovskim rajonnym sudom g. Moskvy, i dr.) // Arkhiv reshenij arbitrazhnykh sudov i sudov obshchej yurisdiktsii: sajt. – URL: http://sudrf.kodeks.ru/?yclid=2463831503335328168 (data obrashcheniya 15.01.2016).
9. Polozhenie o Ministerstve transporta Rossijskoj Federatsii: utverzhdeno Post-anovleniem Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federatsii ot 30 iyulya 2004 g. ʋ 395 // Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF. 2004. ʋ 32.
10. Federal'nye aviatsionnye pravila "Trebovaniya k dispetcheram upravleniya vozdushnym dvizheniem i parashyutistam-instruktoram": utv. Prikazom Mintransa Ros-sii ot 26 noyabrya 2009 g. ʋ 216. Zaregistrirovano v Minyuste RosRos-sii 15.01.2010 ʋ 15996. – URL: http://base.garant.ru/197335/ (data obrashcheniya 20.01.2016).
THE NAMES OF SPECIALISTS OF AVIATION PERSONNEL:
CONFLICT OF LAWS
Isaev S.V., Danilevskaya I.L.
The law enforcement problems arising due to the lack of nonuniformity of the names of posi-tions in aviation personnel have been considered in the article. The article defines the causes of con-flict of laws related to different interpretation in valid legislative acts of qualification requirements to aviation personal and other employees who deal with service of aerial traffic. There are kinds of con-flict of laws in enforcement practice.
Key words: aviation personnel of civil aviation; air traffic control; qualification characteristics, conflict of laws.
ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɈȻ ȺȼɌɈɊȺɏ
ɂɫɚɟɜ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱ, ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ. E-mail: [email protected].
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ: ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɢ 45 Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɂɧɧɚ Ʌɟɨɧɢɞɨɜɧɚ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ. E-mail: [email protected].
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Isaev Sergey Vyacheslavovich, a lawyer. E-mail: [email protected].
Danilevskaya Inna Leonidovna, PhD Degree in law, a senior researcher scien-tist of the Department of Constitutional Law Theory of the Institute of State and Law.
E-mail: [email protected].
2016 ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɂ ȼ ȽɊȺɀȾȺɇɋɄɈɃ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɂ ʋ 2 ɍȾɄ 656.072
ɆɈȾȿɅɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ȺɗɊɈɉɈɊɌȺ ȿ.ȼ. ɉɊɈɇɂɇȺ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨ-ɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ: ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɞɪɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ. ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 290 ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ ɢɥɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɤɨ-ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɨ ɞɨ 600, ɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ – ɷɬɭ ɰɢɮɪɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨ 800 ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɧɚɧ-ɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ 173 ɢɡ 290 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ, ɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɊɎ – 500 ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɧɟɞɨɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 89 %.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡ-ɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɭɳɟ-ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ: ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɥɢ-ɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɠɚ-ɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɨ-ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ISO 9001 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɫɟɪɜɢɫɭ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹ-ɟɦɵɦ ɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ 47
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ.
ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɜ-ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ «ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ», ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɫɧɢ-ɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɹɜ-ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭ-ɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɞɪɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɂɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2, ɝɞɟ
ɐ – ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ (ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚ-ɬɢɜɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ISO 9001);
Ʉ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-ɬɚɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ);
Ɍ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ);
Ʌ – ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ (ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ);
Ɉ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ).
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚISO
9001
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɍɫɩɟɯ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ
48 ȿ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɧɢɧɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ RɄɐ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ:
) , , ,
( Ɍɐ ɅɌ ɈɅ ɄɈ
Ʉɐ R R R R
R ,
ɝɞɟ RɄɐ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
RɌɐ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
RɅɌ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟ-ɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ (ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ);
RɈɅ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ;
RɄɈ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪ-ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ RɄɐ.
( , );
Ʉɐ Ɍɐ ɄɌ
R R R
( , , );
Ʉɐ Ɍɐ ɈɌ ɄɈ
R R R R
( , , );
Ʉɐ Ɍɐ ɅɌ ɄɅ
R R R R
( , , );
Ʉɐ Ʌɐ ɈɅ ɄɈ
R R R R
( , ).
Ʉɐ Ɉɐ ɄɈ
R R R
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ 49 ȼ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɦɨ-ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
[ ]0 1, [ ] [ ]0 1, 0 1,
( t t , t t , t t )
Z =ϕ U X V →opt;
[0 1] [0 1]
0
, ,
( ) ( , , t t , t t )
X t = Φ X t U V ;
[ ] [ ] [ ]
( ) ; ( ) ; ( )
U t ∈R U V t ∈R V X t ∈R X ;
[ ]
0, 1
X X ∈R X ;
[ ]
0 1,t∈ t t ,
ɝɞɟ Z – ɰɟɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
X(t) – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
0, 1
X X – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t0 ɢ t1 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ;
[ ]t t0 1,
U – ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ) ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
[ ]
t t0 1, ;[ ]t t0 1,
V – ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ) ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
[ ]
t t0 1, ;[ ]t t0 1,
X – ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ) ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪ-ɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
[ ]
t t0 1, ;[ ] [ ] [ ]; ;
R U R V R X – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ϕ ɢ Φ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢ-ɜɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛ-ɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ϕ ɢ Φ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢ-ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ϕ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ Φ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ϕ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ϕ ɢ Φ ɧɟ ɦɨ-ɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɦɢɬɚ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɟɢɡ-ɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟ-ɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ – ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
50 ȿ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɧɢɧɚ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ.
ACI – Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ – ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ:
– ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ – ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ;
– ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
– ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɯɚɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ-ɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɚɛɚɦɢ;
– ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɝɚɩɨɥɢɫɟ;
– ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɯ;
– ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ (ɯɷɧɞɥɢɧɝ) ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ – ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɥɟɱɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɥɟɞɭ-ɸɳɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜ-ɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢ-ɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ/ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɫɥɭɝ: ɮɨ-ɤɭɫ-ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɨɩɪɨɫ, Retail Audit, Mix-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, Customer Satisfaction Index (ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɬɨɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ), Customer Satisfaction Study ɨɬ MAGRAM Market Research, SMARTTM ɨɬ ɄɈɆɄɈɇ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦɵ-ɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɫɚɦɵ-ɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ SERVQUAL (ɉɚɪɚɫɭɪɚɦɚɧ, Ȼɟɪɪɢ ɢ Ɂɟɣ-ɬɚɦɥ), SERVPERF (Ʉɪɨɧɢɧ ɢ Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ), ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ Ʌɢ, Ⱥɤɜɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
1. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ISO 9001 ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤ-ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɨ-ɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ɉɨɞ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ (ɟɟ) ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟ-ɱɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɰɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɭɫɥɭɝɢ).
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɢ-ɦɚɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɲ-ɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ, ɩɨɱɬɵ, ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ-Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ 51 ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɫɩɟɯɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
2. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɥɭɝ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
ɉɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨ-ɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ M, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ R, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ P ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ. ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
, , ,
S = M R P
ɝɞɟ S – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨ-ɩɨɪɬɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
, , ,
n n n n
S = M R P
ɝɞɟ Sn – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ; Mn – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ; Rn – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-ɬɟɥɟɣ Mn; Pn – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ Mn ɢ ɨɬ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Rn.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, n n ni ni ni nij nij nij nijl nijl nijl
n
n M R P M R P M R P M R P
S = → → →
ɝɞɟ i, j, l – ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ:
; , 1 m
i= j=1,ni; l=1,sij
52 ȿ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɧɢɧɚ 3. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
{
, , , ,}
,n Ⱥɉ ɌɈ Ʉɂ ɉɈ ɄȾ
M = Ʉ Ʉ Ʉ Ʉ Ʉ
ɝɞɟ ɄȺɉ – ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ; ɄɌɈ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ-ɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ; ɄɄɂ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɜɨɤɡɚ-ɥɟ; ɄɉɈ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɄɄȾ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ (ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟ-ɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
4. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ:
0≤Ʉ ≤1,
ɝɞɟ Ʉ – ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɞɟ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪ-ɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢ-ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ:
– ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ)
1
,
m i i
W W
=
=
∏
ɝɞɟ W – ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ; Wi – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢ-ɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ; m – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ;
– ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ)
1
,
m i i i
W αW
=
=
¦
ɝɞɟ αi – ɜɟɫɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ Wi, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ
¦
==
m
i i 1
; α 1
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ 53 – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ)
1 ,
1
1
1
¦
∏
= −== m m
j
j j m
i
i W
W
W α
ɝɞɟ m – ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
m1 – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ Wi, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟ-ɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ);
(
m m− 1)
– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ Wj, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ).5. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɞɨɜ-ɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɚɧɤɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ-ɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚ-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ
6. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɋ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ
54 ȿ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɧɢɧɚ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ), ɜɵɛɪɚɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɄɉɈ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ
1 2 3
( ),
Ⱥɉ ɉɈ ɌɈ Ʉɂ ɄȾ
Ʉ =Ʉ ⋅ αɄ +α Ʉ +α Ʉ
1 2 3 1.
α α α+ + =
7. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨ-ɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ.
8. ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɚɧɤɟɬ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɚɠ-ɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-ɫɨɜ; ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ; ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ; ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨ-ɪɢɢ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɞɟɥɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
1. Ʉɨɫɨɪɭɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ., Ɇɢɳɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ. Ɇ.:
ɗɤɡɚɦɟɧ, 2003.
2. Ɇɢɲɢɧ ȼ.Ɇ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ: ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. Ɇ.:
ɘɇɂɌɂ-ȾȺɇȺ, 2002.
3. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɂɋɈ 9000 / ɋɨɫɬ.: ɂ.ɂ. ɑɚɣɤɚ, Ƚ.Ɇ. ɐɢɦɛɚɥɢɫɬ. Ɇ.: ȼɇɂɂɋɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ƚɨɫɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, 1999.
4. ɉɥɚɫɤɨɜɚ ɇ.ɋ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. Ɇ.: ɗɤɫɦɨ, 2010.
5. Ⱥɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɵ. ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɫɚɣɬ. URL: www.magazin.aero.
REFERENCES
1. Kosorukov O.A., Mishchenko A.V. Issledovanie operatsij: uchebnik. M.:
Ekzamen, 2003.
2. Mishin V.M. Upravlenie kachestvom: ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. M.:
YUNITI-DANA, 2002.
3. Novaya versiya semejstva standartov ISO 9000. Sost.: I.I. Chajka, G.M. Tsimbalist. M.: VNIISertifikatsii Gosstandarta Rossii, 1999.
4. Plaskova N.S. Strategicheskij i tekushchij ekonomicheskij analiz. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Eksmo, 2010.
5. Aeroporty. Progressivnye tekhnologii: sajt. URL: www.magazin.aero.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ 55
MODELLING OF AIRPORT OPERATIONS QUALITY
Pronina E.V.
The article considers the problem of the quality of the airport operation in the form of the social economic system. The major factors providing high quality of the airport operation are defined: the equipment, the personal, the organization of work and their correlation is show. Basic provisions and the principles of formation of system of indicators are formulated for an assessment of quality of work of the airport from the customers’ point of view. The conceptual model of formation of system of cators for an assessment of quality of work of the airport is constructed. The presented system of indi-cators allows to obtain objective information about the quality of services of the airport and stability of productions, to share the responsibility for the quality among the airport divisions.
Key words: quality evaluation, standards, airport services, system approach, system of indica-tors, competition.
ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɈȻ ȺȼɌɈɊȿ
ɉɪɨɧɢɧɚ ȿɥɟɧɚ ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɨɜɧɚ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞ-ɪɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɌ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ (ɆȽɌɍ ȽȺ). E-mail: [email protected].
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Pronina Elena Valentinovna, Ph.D. degree in Technical Science, Associate Pro-fessor of the Chair of Air Transport Economics and Management, Moscow State Tech-nical University of Civil Aviation (MSTUCA). E-mail: [email protected].
2016 ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɂ ȼ ȽɊȺɀȾȺɇɋɄɈɃ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɂ ʋ 2 ɍȾɄ 331.22
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɄɅɘɑȿȼɕɏ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅȿɃ ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ȿȿ ɊɈɅɖ ȼ ɆɈɌɂȼȺɐɂɂ ɊȺȻɈɌɇɂɄɈȼ ȺȼɂȺɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ
ɇ.ɂ. ɋɌȿɉȺɇɈȼȺ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉȺɅȺɌɄɂɇȺ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɢ-ɜɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɚɜɢɚɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɵ «ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ», ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʉɉɗ); ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ; ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ʉɉɗ; ɩɪɟɦɢɹ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ; ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ; ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ Ʉɉɗ.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɚɜɢɚɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪ-ɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɰɟɥɢ-ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɫɟ ɚɜɢɚ-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ, ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ROIC, EBITDA. ɇɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɬɢ (Ʉɉɗ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɚɜɢɚɩɪɟɞ-ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸ-ɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɚɜɢɚɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɩ-ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɢɚɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɢ
ɤɨɦɩɚ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ… 57 ɧɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧ-ɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ʉɉɗ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨ-ɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ʉɉɗ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɚ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɭ-ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ʉɉɗ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢ-ɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
• ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢ-ɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
• ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ;
• ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ-ɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ;
• ɰɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɣ, ɩɥɚɧɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɹɥɟɧ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛ ɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ (ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ), ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɦɚɧ ɢ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨ-ɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ʉɉɗ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ.
58 ɇ.ɂ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɚɥɚɬɤɢɧɚ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
Ɂɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ = Ɉɤɥɚɞ + ɉɪɟɦɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ʉɉɗ,
ɝɞɟ Ɉɤɥɚɞ – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬ-ɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ; ɉɪɟɦɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ʉɉɗ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɚ-ɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
ɉɪɟɦɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ʉɉɗ = Ɉɤɥɚɞ ǜ ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ʉɉɗ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɋɚ-ɦɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ – ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɢɧɚ-ɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ (ɧɟɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ) ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ Ʉɉɗ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ). Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɟɦɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ Ʉɉɗ = (ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ 1, 2 … ǜɜɟɫ Ʉɉɗ)
ɋɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ Ʉɉɗ Ʉɉɗ ȼɟɫ
Ʉɉɗ
ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ (ɧɨɪɦɚ)
ɐɟɥɶ* ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ (ɫɜɟɪɯɰɟɥɶ)
Ɏɚɤɬ ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ
Ʉɉɗ1 ɐɟɥɶ –10 % ɐɟɥɶ +10 % Ɏɚɤɬ/ɉɥɚɧ ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ ǜ ɜɟɫ Ʉɉɗ Ʉɉɗ 2 ɐɟɥɶ –10 % ɐɟɥɶ + 10 % Ɏɚɤɬ/ɉɥɚɧ ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ ǜ ɜɟɫ Ʉɉɗ
… … … … … … …
ɂɌɈȽɈ 100 % (ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ 1, 2 … ǜ ɜɟɫ
Ʉɉɗ)
* ɰɟɥɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɛɸɞ-ɠɟɬɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ.
ȼ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɪɚ-ɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ 60 ɤ 40 %. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ Ʉɉɗ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: