Ɇɟɫɹɰ ʋ ɪɟɣɫɚ
ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶ ɇɨɹɛɪɶ Ⱦɟɤɚɛɪɶ əɧɜɚɪɶ
7R-106 (CRJ-200) 1027 341 – – –
7R-110 (CRJ-200) 587 – – – –
UT-208 (ATR-72) 1347 1518 1366 1385 1382
DP-458 (B738NG) – 4035 3799 3235 3338
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ
2961 5894 5165 4620 4720
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɟɬɵ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɨɭɤɨɫɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɚɜɢɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɱɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɪɹɞ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ȼɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦ-ɩɥɟɤɫɚɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɨɡ-ɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ-ɥɨɭɤɨɫɬɟɪɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ Airbus 320 ɢ Boeing 737NG. Ɏɥɨɬ ɈɈɈ «Ⱥɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ «ɉɨɛɟɞɚ» ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 12 Boeing 737-800, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɭɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɚɯ, ɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɛɚɝɚɠ 189 ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟ-ɜɨɡɨɤ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ.
Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ.
ɇɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɛɥɢɡɢɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɨ-ɡɞɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɠ-ɞɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
66 Ʌ.ə. Ɇɟɳɟɪɹɤɨɜɚ, Ⱦ.ɋ. Ⱥɞɚɦɨɜ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
1. Ⱦɡɹɤɨɜɢɱ ȿ.ȼ. Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ:
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ // Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
2010. ʋ 2. 2010.
2. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɊɎ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ 2030 ɝɨɞɚ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.mintrans.ru/news/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=4931 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 23.04.2016).
3. Ɋɨɫɚɜɢɚɰɢɹ: ɉɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɜɢɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɜ ɉɎɈ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 84 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ / AviationExplorer: ɫɚɣɬ. – URL: http://www.aex.ru/
news/2015/11/3/144247/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 23.04.2016).
4. ȼ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɋɇȽ – 2014» / AVIA.RU: ɫɚɣɬ. – URL: http://www.aviaru.net/pr/?id=30333 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 23.04.2016).
5. ɉɪɨɧɟɞɪɚ. Ⱥɜɢɚɥɨɭɤɨɫɬɟɪɵ – ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://pronedra.ru/traffic/2015/03/03/
avialoukostery-istoriya-razvitiya/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 23.04.2016).
REFERENCES
1. Dzyakovich E.V. Kommunikativnye prostranstva rossijskih regionov:
sostoyanie i tendencii razvitiya. Teoriya i praktika obshchestvennogo razvitiya. 2010.
ʋ 2. 2010.
2. Transportnaya strategiya RF na period do 2030 goda. http://www.mintrans.ru/
news/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=4931 (data obrashcheniya 23.04.2016).
3. Rosaviaciya: Po programme razvitiya aviaperevozok v PFO perevezeno bolee 84 tysyach passazhirov. AviationExplorer: sajt. URL: http://www.aex.ru/news/2015/
11/3/144247/ (data obrashcheniya 23.04.2016).
4. V Moskve zavershila rabotu konferenciya "Regional'naya aviaciya Rossii i SNG – 2014. AVIA.RU. URL: http://www.aviaru.net/pr/?id=30333 (data obrashcheniya 23.04.2016).
5. Pronedra. Avialoukostery – snizhennyj komfort za razumnuyu cenu.
http://pronedra.ru/traffic/2015/03/03/avialoukostery-istoriya-razvitiya/ (data obrashcheniya 23.04.2016).
THE ROLE OF CIVIL AVIATION IN THE FORMATION OF THE UNITIED COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Meshcheryakova L.Y., Adamov D.S.
Civil aviation is one of the most important systemic factors of the communication environment of the country. With market relations, weakening of the regulatory role of the state, civil aviation is
Ɋɨɥɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ 67 gradually losing its role as a regional link in the country that caused the reinforcing of the tendency to destroy its integrity. The article deals with the low-cost airlines as a new low-budget airline model, which can be one of the effective means in the reconstruction of a unified communication environment of the Russian Federation.
Key words: communication environment, systemic factor, low-cost airlines, social mobility.
ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɈȻ ȺȼɌɈɊȺɏ
Ɇɟɳɟɪɹɤɨɜɚ Ʌɢɥɢɹ əɤɨɜɥɟɜɧɚ, ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ, ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɊɎ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ (ɆȽɌɍ ȽȺ). E-mail: [email protected].
Ⱥɞɚɦɨɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ (ɆȽɌɍ ȽȺ). E-mail: [email protected].
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Meshcheryakova Lilia Yakovlevna, Honored Worker of Education of Moscow, Honored Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation, Ph.D.
Degree in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Chair of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTUCA).
E-mail: [email protected].
Adamov Daniil Sergeevich, student, Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTUCA). E-mail: [email protected].
2016 ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɂ ȼ ȽɊȺɀȾȺɇɋɄɈɃ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɂ ʋ 2 ɍȾɄ 65.02
ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə
ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈ-ɑȺɋɌɇɈȽɈ ɉȺɊɌɇȿɊɋɌȼȺ ɉɊɂ ɊȿȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɂ ɉɊɈȿɄɌȺ ɉɈ ɊȿɄɈɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɂ
ɂ ɆɈȾȿɊɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ ȺɗɊɈɉɈɊɌȺ ɋɂɆɎȿɊɈɉɈɅɖ Ⱥ.ȼ. ȼɅȺɋɈȼȺ
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ Ʉɪɵɦɭ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɪɟɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ». Ⱦɚɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ».
ȼ ɦɚɪɬɟ 2014 ɝɨɞɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɪɵɦ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨ-ɩɨɥɶ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɊɎ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ [1, ɪɚɡɞ. 1, ɝɥ. 3, ɫɬ. 65]. ɉɨɞ ɷɝɢɞɨɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ Ʉɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɬɚɰɢɣ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɩɥɚɱɟɜɧɵ. ɗɤɨ-ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɧɢɠɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɣ 2014 ɝɨɞɚ, 95 % ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ 2010 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɊɎ ɧɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ. ɇɚɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ȼɨɡɪɨɠ-ɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɧ-ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪ [2].
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɪɵɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɚɞɤɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɨ-ɩɨɪɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪ-ɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ». Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-ɧɵɦ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɣɫɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ Ʉɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɥɟɬɚɸɬ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɜ 2013 ɝɨɞɭ 72 % ɪɟɣɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-ɧɵɟ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 80 % ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ɤ ɊɎ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ. ȼ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 2014 ɝɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ-ɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɣɫɵ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨ-ɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɣɫɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ.
ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɬɟ-ɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ ɜ Ʉɪɵɦ. ɇɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɟɧ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱ-ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ… 69 ɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ: ɜ 2013 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, ɩɚɫ-ɫɚɠɢɪɨɩɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 1,2 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɫ-ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ. Ⱥɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɡɥɟɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1982 ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɫɩɟɰɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡ-ɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɥɟɬ-ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɊɎ, ɭɠɟ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ 2014 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɭ
«ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɪɭɥɟɠɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɞɚɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɭɜɟɥɢ-ɱɢɥɫɹ ɞɨ 2,8 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɚɫɬ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ. Ɋɟɦɨɧɬ ɪɭɥɟɠɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛ-ɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɚ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤ-ɫɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɪɵɦ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟ-ɫɭɪɫɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨ-ɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ Ʉɟɪɱɶ ɢ Ɍɚɦɚɧɶ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɵɞɟ-ɥɟɧɨ 416,5 ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. ɇɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɨ 65 % ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 270,7 ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɬɚɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2016 ɩɨ 2018 ɝɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɟ-ɞɟɧɵ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ:
1) ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥ «Ⱥ» ȼɵɥɟɬ;
2) ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥ «Ⱥ» ɉɪɢɥɟɬ;
3) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɤɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ:
• ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚ;
• ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪ;
• ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ;
4) ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ:
• ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ;
• ɩɟɪɪɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɚ;
• ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ;
• ɛɚɡɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
• ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ;
• ɷɧɟɪɝɨɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 10 Ɇȼɬ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ-, ɯɨɥɨɞɨ- ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
70 Ⱥ.ȼ. ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ
• ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ;
• ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ;
• ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ;
• ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɦɨɣɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ;
• ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ;
• ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ;
• ɰɟɯ ɛɨɪɬɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɣ;
• ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɥɪɞ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɭɪɫɭ ɧɚ ɚɩɪɟɥɶ 2016 ɝɨɞɚ 65 ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 12 ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬ-ɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨ-ɩɨɥɶ» ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɞɨɛ-ɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɉɭɥɤɨɜɨ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵ-ɫɨɤɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ 2015 ɝɨɞɚ [3].
ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ȺɈ «Ɇɟɠ-ɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-ɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ – ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ.
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ:
– ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɫ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ;
– ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
– ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ;
– ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ;
– ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ» ɞɨ 8,5 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɝɨɞ;
– ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 70 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜɚɞ-ɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ;
– ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ Ƚɑɉ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȺɈ «Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ»:
• ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ;
• ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɭ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
• ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ;
• ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ».
Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ:
• ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ;
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ… 71
• ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ;
• ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɚɷɪɨ-ɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪ:
• ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ;
• ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫ-ɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɩɨɬɨɤɚ;
• ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɚ;
• ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ;
• ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ;
• ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɢ;
• ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɑɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ:
1) ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ;
2) Ɍɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɢɫɤ;
3) Ⱦɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ:
– ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɮɢɤɚ;
– ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɨɜ;
– ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ;
– ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ;
4) Ɋɢɫɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ;
5) Ɋɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɡ-ɜɪɚɬɚ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɨɡ-ɜɪɚɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ:
– ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɡɚ ɜɡɥɟɬ-ɩɨɫɚɞɤɭ;
– ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɡɚ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɤɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ;
– ɫɛɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ;
– ɫɛɨɪɵ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɧɟɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-ɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ NPV – ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
NPV = –I + ɉ / (1+r)I ɝɞɟ NPV – ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ;
I – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ;
ɉ – ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ;
r – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ.
72 Ⱥ.ȼ. ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ƚɑɉ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɵ-ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ – ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ Ɇɢɧɷɤɨɧɨɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, Ɇɢɧɬɪɚɧɫɚ ɢ Ɋɨ-ɫɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ – ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ.
NPV = –I + ɉ / (1 + r)I
NPV1 = –12 + 2,4 / (1,14)1 = –10 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.) NPV2 = –10 + 2,4 / (1,14)2 = –8,7 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.) NPV3 = –8,7 + 2,4 / (1,14)3 = –7,2 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.) NPV4 = –7,2 + 2,4 / (1,14)4 = –5,5 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.) NPV5 = –5,5 + 2,4 / (1,14)5 = –3,5 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.) NPV6 = –3,5 + 2,4 / (1,14)6 = –1,3 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.) NPV7 = –1,3 + 2,4 / (1,14)7 = 1,2 (ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ.)
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɛɭ-ɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɟɦɢ ɝɨɞɚɦ.Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦ-ɦɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ 2,4 ɦɥɪɞ ɪɭɛ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ «ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ», ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɧɞɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ-ɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ.
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
1. Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ (12.12.1993) (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɊɎ ɨ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɯ ɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɊɎ ɨɬ 30.12.2008 N 6-ɎɄɁ, ɨɬ 30.12.2008 N 7-ɎɄɁ, ɨɬ 05.02.2014 N 2-ɎɄɁ) [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // Ʉɨɧɫɬɢ-ɬɭɰɢɹ ɊɎ: ɫɚɣɬ. – URL: http://www.constrf.ru/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 14.01.2016).
2. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɚ ɇ.ȼ. ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮ-ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ // ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɌɍ ȽȺ. 2013. ʋ 190.
ɋ. 130–132.
3. «ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ȼɨɪɨɬɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɋɬɨɥɢɰɵ» ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ ɉɭɥɤɨɜɨ ɜ 2015 ɝɨɞɭ // AVIA.RU NETWORK: ɫɚɣɬ. – URL http://www.aviaru.net/pr/?id=34849 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 13.02.2016).
REFERENCES
1. Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (12.12.1993) (s uchetom popravok, vnesen-nyh Zakonami RF o popravkah k Konstitucii RF ot 30.12.2008 N 6-FKZ, ot 30.12.2008 N 7-FKZ, ot 05.02.2014 N 2-FKZ) // Konstituciya RF: sajt. – URL:
http://www.constrf.ru/ (data obrashcheniya 14.01.2016).
2. Vasil'eva N.V. Privatizaciya aehroportov kak faktor, povyshayushchij ehffek-tivnost' raboty otrasli // Nauchnyj vestnik MGTU GA. 2013. ʋ 190. S. 130–132.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ… 73 3. "Vozdushnye Vorota Severnoj Stolicy" podvodyat itogi raboty aehroporta Pulkovo v 2015 godu // AVIA.RU NETWORK: sajt. – URL http://www.aviaru.net/
pr/?id=34849 (data obrashcheniya 13.02.2016).
A POSSIBILITY OF USAGE
OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
WHILE IMPLEMENTING A PROJECT TO RECONSTRUCT AND MODERNIZE SIMFEROPOL AIRPORT
Vlasova A.V.
This article is devoted to the solution of the problem of economic interaction of the state and private enterprises in the field of implementation of large-scale investment projects in the Crimea. The paper describes and suggests the public-private partnership mechanism for implementation of the pro-ject of Simferopol airport modernization. The analysis of economic indicators of the airport operation is given; conclusions are drawn on the directions of modernization of its main structures.
Key words: modernization, reconstruction, investments, public private partnership, airport complex, Simferopol International Airport.
ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɈȻ ȺȼɌɈɊȿ
ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ Ⱥɪɭɫɹ ȼɢɬɚɥɶɟɜɧɚ, ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɤɚɧɚ ɎɍȼɌ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭ-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ (ɆȽɌɍ ȽȺ). E-mail:
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Vlasova Arusya Vitalievna, assistant of Air Transport Organization Chair, depu-ty dean of Air Transport Management Department Moscow State Technical Universidepu-ty of Civil Aviation (MSTUCA). Email: [email protected].
2016 ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɂ ȼ ȽɊȺɀȾȺɇɋɄɈɃ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɂ ʋ 2 ɍȾɄ 1/14:575.1
ȽȿɇȿɌɂɄȺ ɂ ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂə Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɄɈɑȿɊȽɂɇ
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɧɨɨɫɮɟɪɵ ȼ.ɂ. ȼɟɪɧɚɞ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ.
ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɨɨɬ-ɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɧɨɮɨɧɞ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-ɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ homo sapiens ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɚ, ɧɨɨɫɮɟ-ɪɚ, ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɩɟ-ɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɨɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɦɟ-ɧɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɦɚ. Ɋɟɱɶ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟ-ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɧɨɨɫɮɟɪɵ [2]. ɉɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ-ɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɤ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟ-ɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɪɚɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ-ɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪ-ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɸɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ. ɇɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ?
ɇɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɟɟ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɫ ɥɢɰɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɢ (ɢɥɢ
Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ 75 ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ) ɞɨ 25 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨ-ɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɳɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɭɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɨɪɰɨɦ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞ-ɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢ-ɹɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɩɚɧɦɢɤɫɢɢ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹ-ɰɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨ-ɮɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ «ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ» ɦɟɠɩɨɩɭ-ɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ [1].
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɨɣ ɡɚ «ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ» ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɡɚ
«ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ» – ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɉɛɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛ-ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɤ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɚɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ-ɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ – ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɩ-ɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ-ɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɭɰɟɥɟɜɲɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ; ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭ-ɥɹɰɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧ-ɬɨɜ, ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧ-ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɟ-ɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɚ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨ-ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡ-ɪɭɲɟɧɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɬɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨ-76 Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɱɟɪɝɢɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ. ɀɢɡɧɟɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɟɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨ-ɠɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ «ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɫ ɯɨɬɶ ɩɨ-ɬɨɩ». ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɪɢɬɟɬ ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɨɛɳɟ-ɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɭɞɟɪɠɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɸ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜ-ɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɜɨ-ɥɸɰɢɢ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɵɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɧɢ-ɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɩɥɚɧɟɬɧɨɝɨ «ɪɚɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ». Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɶ ɬɟɯ-ɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ, ɷɬɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ. (Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢ «ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ» ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟ-ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɦɵ
«ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦ ɡɚ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ», ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ.) ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɜ ɧɨɨɫɮɟɪɭ.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɢɞɨɦ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ. ɗɝɨɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɤɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ (ɞɚɠɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧ-ɬɪɢɡɦɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɷɝɨɢɡɦ ɜɢɞɚ homo sapiens). ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɡ ɷɝɨɢɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɚɥɶɬɪɭɢɫɬɚ [3].
ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɵɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɚɬɶ ɟɜɝɟɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɜɨ-ɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɧɨɨɫɮɟɪɵ ȼ.ɂ. ȼɟɪɧɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɵ-ɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɧɨɮɨɧɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ.
ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ. ȼɫɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɬ
ɫɨɜɟɪ-Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ 77 ɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɹɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ «ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚɦɢ».
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɷɬɢ «ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ» ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɞɚ-ɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ-ɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɫɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢɠɟɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢɸ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɟɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɡɴɹɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɛɢɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ.
ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ɏɪɟɧɫɢɫɚ Ƚɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ «ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ-ɫɬɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɜɝɟɧɢɤɢ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 30-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɟɜɝɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɝɟɧɟɬɢ-ɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɟɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ: ɝɟɧɧɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɧɨɬɢɩ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-ɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɧɨɜ. Ƚɟɧɵ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟ-ɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢ-ɜɨɫɬɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɨ-ɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ «ɧɚɳɭɩɚɬɶ» ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ (ɡɨɧɭ) ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɩɨɜɟ-ɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ» ɝɟɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ «ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɨ-ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɭ», ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɶ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ-ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɟɧɨɬɢɩɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ «ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɨ-ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ», ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ «ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ». ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ-ɬɨɱɧɨ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, «ɮɚɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟ-ɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ». ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɠɟ ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɠɟ-ɧɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɝɟɧɨɜ.
ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɢɛɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɧɢɩɭ-ɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɨɡɪɢɦɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ.