Future Research

The limitations of this study lead to the importance of expanding the scope to further research in order to expand the understanding and the knowledge about e-government adoption and diffusion. Thus, further research pathways need to be considered, including the following areas:

 The conceptual model of this study can be tested in other contexts, which enhances the validity and the robustness of the model. For example, the model can be applied to other developing countries.

The model can be tested on an organization, such as the adoption of new information system in an organization among the employees.

 The same model can be applied to study the Saudi society, taking into account additional factors, such as factors related to the cultural influence, which is influential in a collectivist culture such as Saudi culture.

 The model can be studied in the context of Saudi females, as the ability to access some e-government services is limited as mentioned previously; however, as the position of Saudi women starts to change in line with the Vision 2030, and women will have a larger role under this initiative.

The model of behavioral intention to adopt needs to take this into consideration. Thus, it will become more important to understand the adoption of e-government by women in Saudi Arabia, since it plays an important role in the success of e-government diffusion in Saudi Arabia.

 The model of this study can be used to examine a particular service in Saudi Arabia. For example, the service Abshir, to determine the difference between the citizens’ intentions to use e-government services in general and their intention towards using this particular service.

 In future studies, it is important to broaden the definition of the trust in the government. This can be done by integrating the definition of the perceived corruption and the definition of the trust in the government under a single definition that includes both aspects.

 The model of this study can be tested further within an organization, taking into account the addition of other factors such as employees’ training.

182 In conclusion, the results of this study lead us to an interesting further research question that has not been adequately studied in the previous literature. This question may open the door for further important research:

What are the key factors that affect the adoption of e-government in a mandatory environment?

For further research into this question, we propose two models in the hope that they will be studied in the future.

Model 1: The adoption of e-government services by the citizens in a mandatory environment.

The first model can be studied in the context of citizens’ adoption of e-government or the adoption of new technology in general. The factor of Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) was proposed in this model for future studies. This factor was adopted from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by Ajzen (1985).

This factor becomes a critical component in predicting the citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services, especially in a mandatory environment when the citizens have no full control of their behavior. In this revised model the trust in the government and the perceived corruption will be combined in one factor.

The social influence definition will be revised to refer to the social circle, family member, friends, college, and social media.

Figure 6.6: A Conceptual Model of Citizens’ Adoption of E-government Services in a Mandatory environment

183 Model 2: The adoption of e-government services by governmental employees in a mandatory environment.

The second model can be studied in the context of employees’ adoption of e-government. In this model two additional factors were proposed. These factors are the perceived behavioral control and the employees’

training. The factor of employees’ training was proposed in this model due to the fact that training can positively affect the attitudes of employees toward adopting new technology in general. This model can be studied in the context of the adoption of new technology within an organization in general, not only on the e-government’s adoption context. In this model, the social influence refers to the social circle and colleagues.

Figure 6.7: A Conceptual Model of Employees’ Adoption of E-government Services in a Mandatory environment

This study has attempted to fill the gap in knowledge for e-government adoption by the citizens’ in within Saudi Arabia. In future work, it is recommended to expand the scope of the conceptual model of this study to other countries. Furthermore, the newly proposed models are suggested to be studied in Saudi Arabia, or other countries that share similar characteristics. This research has responded to the gap in knowledge by focusing on the citizen’s behavior, therefore, we suggest testing Model 2 in future work since the internal adoption, within organizations, was not considered by many researchers.

184

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