Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). Photo by A. Pazhenkov.
âîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ,
÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ôèëè-íîâ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå. Ïóñòûíè Ïðèêàñïèÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ îáñëåäîâàëèñü àâòîðàìè â ðàìêàõ «Ñòåïíîé ïðîãðàììû»
Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (Í. Íîâãî-ðîä, Ðîññèÿ) è Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè (Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ), ïðîåêòà «Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè è Êà-çàõñòàíå» Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêî-ëîâ (Falcon Research Institute, Carmarthen, UK) è ïðîåêòà ïî âûÿâëåíèþ Êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòàíà Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà (Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí).  õîäå ðà-áîòû ôèëèíó óäåëÿëîñü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå, êàê âèäó, îïðåäåëÿþùåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìíîãèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïî òåððèòîðèè è ÿâëÿþùåìóñÿ ÷¸òêèì èíäèêàòîðîì êîð-ìîâîé ñèòóàöèè â ðåãèîíå.  ðåçóëüòàòå áûë ñîáðàí äîâîëüíî îáøèðíûé ìàòåðèàë, ðåçóëüòàòû îáðàáîòêè êîòîðîãî ïðåäñòàâ-ëåíû â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå.
Ìåòîäèêà
Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí çàíè-ìàåò îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå (â àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèöàõ ãîñóäàðñòâà), ìåæäó Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëü-ñêèì ìîðÿìè, ïëîùàäüþ 250,0 òûñ. êì2 è ëåæèò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, â çîíå ïîëóïó-ñòûíü è ñåâåðíûõ ïóïîëóïó-ñòûíü.
Äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îáñëåäîâàëàñü â àïðåëå-ìàå 2003–2006 ãã. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿ-æ¸ííîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñî-ñòàâèëà 15654 êì (3832 êì – â 2003 ã. è
sive data were obtained and results of data processing are presented in the paper.
Methods
The region under consideration occupies the extensive area in the Western Kaza-khstan (within the state borders) between Caspian and Aral Seas with a territory of 250 thousands km2.
That territory was surveyed in 2003–
2006. A total length survey routes was 15654 km. For 4 years of research 31 study plots with a total area of 1098.49 km2 were set up (fig. 1).
Breeding territories of the Eagle Owl were discovered during vehicle and pedestrian routes which were planned in habitats pre-ferred the species – usually along different cliff-faces and rarely along narrow ravines.
The activity was aimed at the search of nests and registration of birds.
The territories where nests of the Eagle Owl (either living or empty but occupied) or vocalized adult birds have been recorded, were recognized as breeding territories. As the possible breeding territories we consid-ered the registrations of the adult birds re-peated in the same territories in June.
Discovered breeding territories of the Ea-gle Owl were mapped. The population cal-culation was performed using GIS-software (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) (Karyakin, 2004) based on the map of typical habitats (cliff-faces) obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM + satellite images and anal-ysis of 1:500000 scale topographic maps.
A total length of cliff-faces in the region is 8065.02 km as well as in study plots is 1768.9 km. Following the geographical location and the dominating type of rock (chalky, limy or clay), all cliff-faces of the re-gion were divided into 10 groups: cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau, northern cliff-faces
Contact:
Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 [email protected] Andrey Kovalenko, Vahtangova str., 11b–3 Almaty
405030 Kazakhstan tel.: +7 (727) 246 29 11 +7 (701) 570 25 60 +7 (777) 339 10 35 +7 (700) 910 05 32 [email protected] Anatoliy Levin Institute of Zoology Ministry of Education and Sciences Almaty Kazakhstan tel.: +7 (3272) 69 48 76 [email protected] Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001 Samara 443045 Russia [email protected]
Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáëèöå 1.
Fig. 1. Study plots. Numbers of study plots in the figure are similar ones in the table 1.
5975 êì – â 2004 ã., 977 êì – â 2005 ã. è 4870 êì – â 2006 ã.).
 2003 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 11 ïëîùà-äîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 2194,95 êì2.  2004 ã.
ïîñåùàëîñü 6 ïëîùàäîê ïðîøëîãî ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ îáñëåäîâàíû.
Âñåãî çà ãîä áûëî îñìîòðåíî 18 ïëîùà-äîê (ñ ó÷¸òîì íîâûõ) îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 8162,70 êì2.  2005 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëî çàëîæåíî 3 ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 196,43 êì2.  2006 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 5 ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 905,32 êì2. Çà 4 ãîäà èññëåäîâàíèé áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà 31 íå ïåðåêðûâàþùàÿñÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 1098,49 êì2 (ðèñ.1).
Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà âûÿâëÿëèñü â õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ, êîòîðûå ïëàíèðîâàëèñü ïî ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûì äëÿ âèäà áèîòîïàì – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âäîëü îáðûâîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà è, â ìåíü-øåé ñòåïåíè, âäîëü ñàåâ (óçêèõ îâðàãîâ).
Ðàáîòà áûëà íàïðàâëåíà íà ïîèñê ãí¸çä è ðåãèñòðàöèþ ïòèö. Îáðûâû îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè 8õ30, 12õ50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ íèø, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Îáíàðóæåííûå íèøè ñ ïðèçíàêàìè çàñåëåíèÿ èõ ôèëèíîì
(íàëè-÷èå ïîì¸òà, ïóõà, ñìûâà êîñòåé) ïîäðîáíî îñìàòðèâàëèñü â òðóáó (30–60õ), äëÿ âûÿñ-íåíèÿ çàíÿòîñòè ãí¸çä. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ
÷èíêè ïðîõîäèëèñü ïåøêîì ïîâåðõó èëè ïîíèçó, ëèáî è ïîâåðõó, è ïîíèçó ãðóï-ïîé èç 2-õ ÷åëîâåê.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ïîìèìî ãí¸çä, óäåëÿëîñü âíèìàíèå ïîèñêó ïðèñàä, êîòîðûå ÷¸òêî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàëèñü ïî ïîãàäêàì è îñòàòêàì äîáû÷è.
Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïîäðàçóìå-âàþòñÿ òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðó-æåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà (ëèáî æèëûå, ëèáî ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöàìè), âñòðå÷åíû òîêóþùèå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Ê âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðè-ðàâíèâàåì èþíüñêèå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèõñÿ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè.
Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), ãäå è ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Íà îñíîâå ðàñòðî-âûõ êàðò Ì 1:500000 è êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+ áûëè ïîäãîòîâëåíû âåêòîð-íûå ñëîè îáðûâîâ, íà îáùóþ ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü êîòîðûõ ïðÿìî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü äàííûå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíîâ,
ïîëó-÷åííûå íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ.
Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ðå-ãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 8065,02 êì, à ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü îáðûâîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ –
of the Usturt Plateau (including the Donyz-Tau cliff-faces), western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau and calck cliff-faces of Ak-tau, the Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, cliff-faces of the Aral Sea, cliff-faces of Man-gyshlak Peninsula, cliff-faces of depressions of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Karagie, Kaundy, Basgurly, Zhazgurly Northeastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Pla-teau, Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs.
The diet studies were based on an analy-sis of remains of preys in nests and pellets.
A total of 877 prey remains and 200 pellets were analyzed.
Subspecies
Until now it was not absolutely clear about a subspecies that inhabited the Aral-Caspian region. G.P. Dementyev using type samples from the Aral Sea region determined an in-dependent subspecies (B. b. eversmanni De-mentiev, 1931) which later was recognized as a synonym of B. b. turkomanus Eversman, 1835. As a result describing distribution of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region in the book “Bird of the Soviet Union” G.P. De-mentyev (1951) assumed B. b. turkomanus breeding in an area from the Mugodzhary mountains in the north to Turkmenistan in the south, but noted at the same time that B. bubo omissus Dementiev, 1933 possible bred in the south of the Usturt Plateau and even on the Mangyshlak peninsula. L.S.
Stepanyan (1990) drew a border of breed-ing grounds of B. b. turkomanus through the Southern Usturt and the lower reach of the Syr-Darya river.
Also individuals from the east coast of the
Ôèëèí. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.
Eagle Owl. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.
1768,9 êì. Ïî ñâîåìó ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó ðàñïîëîæåíèþ, à òàêæå ïî äîìèíèðîâà-íèþ òîãî èëè èíîãî òèïà îáíàæåíèé (ìå-ëîâûå, ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûå èëè ãëèíÿíûå), âñå îáðûâû ðåãèîíà ïîäåëåíû íà 10 ãðóïï:
îáðûâû ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò (âêëþ÷àÿ ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó), çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, þæíûé (ìå-ëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ìåëîâûå îá-ðûâû Àêòàó, Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ, îáðûâû ïîëóîñòðîâà Ìàíãûøëàê, îáðûâû âïàäèí Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (Êàðàãèå, Êàóíäû, Áàñ-ãóðëû, Æàçãóðëû), ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê
Caspian Sea described as B. bubo gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962 were reduced to a synonym of B. b. turkomanus. V.S. Zaletaev (1962) distinguished that subspecies on the base of affinity of the type samples to B. bubo ruthe-nus Zhitkow et Buturlin, 1906. The assump-tion, that B. bubo interpositus Rîtsñhild et Hartert, 1910 is registered on Mangyshlak where intergrades with B. b. turkomanus (Stepanyan, 1990), seems not be proved.
The Eagle Owl individuals are very varia-ble, that complicates to distinguish subspe-cies correctly. Nevertheless, our data allow concluding that the independent large-size subspecies inhabits all the zone of cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region. In our opinion G.P. Dementyev (Dementiev, 1935) gave the most convenient description of the subspecies, and we consider the name B.
b. eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 also is the most convenient for this subspecies.
Recognizing the independence of sub-species inhabiting the Aral-Caspian region it is possible to assume this subspecies inter-grading with B. b. turkomanus on all the northern border of the breeding range in the region and with B. b. omissus – on southern border of the range in Turkmenistan.
Distribution and number
The Eagle Owl is widely distributed spe-cies in the Aral-Caspian region. The main condition for dense nesting seems to be the large colonies of rodents in a combination with a vertical partition of a relief.
During the period of surveys of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region there were 238 records of 268 adults, including 144 breeding territories (136 of which were found in study plots). Nests were discov-ered in 117 breeding territories (143 nests including old nests occupied earlier) (fig. 2).
Pairs were registered in 25 breeding terri-tories and juveniles – in 2 territerri-tories (search of nests jacks was not carried out in 24 oc-currences because of inaccessibility of cliff-faces and nests were not found in 3 cases).
The nesting was confirmed for 60.5% of 238 records of the Eagle Owl.
The analysis of the Eagle Owl distribution in different habitats has shown that occur-rences were rather regularly on all types of cliff-faces (fig. 3). The significant correlation was noted between occurrences of the Ea-gle Owl and lengths of routes in breeding habitats (r=0.98, p<0.05). The Eagle Owl definitely seemed to avoid to nest on gentle slopes of ravines in the region (fig. 4). The breeding density was projected to be rather
Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå:
ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), Óñòþðòà (â öåíòðå) è Ìàíãûøëàêà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Typical breeding habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region:
chalky cliff-faces of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), Usturt Plateau (in center) and Mangyshlak Peninsula (bottom).
Photos by I. Karyakin.
Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, îáðûâû Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó.
Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè â 2003–
2004 ãã. çàêëàäûâàëèñü òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ê êîíöó ïîëå-âîãî ñåçîíà 2004 ã. îõâàòèòü âñå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ â ðåãèî-íå. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ÷èñëåííî-ñòè ôèëèíà âåëàñü èìåííî íà òå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ, íà êîòî-ðûõ ôèëèíû ó÷èòûâàëèñü.
Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì îïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâîé ïðèíàä-ëåæíîñòè îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ â ãí¸çäàõ è ðàçáîðà ïîãàäîê.  îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè îïðåäåëåíî 877 îáúåêòîâ ñðåäè îñòàíêîâ è ðàçîáðàíî 200 ïîãàäîê. Îò-íîøåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îáúåêòîâ ê èõ ìàññå â ïèòàíèè ôèëèíà îïðåäåëåíî ïî 242 îñòàíêàì â 18-òè ãí¸çäàõ (äëÿ ÷àñòè÷-íî ñúåäåííûõ îáúåêòîâ ìàñ-ñà îïðåäåëÿëàñü èñõîäÿ èç èõ ñðåäíåãî æèâîãî âåñà). Ïîä-ñòèëêà ãí¸çä íå èçó÷àëàñü.
Ïîäâèäû
Òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèå ñîîòíîøå-íèÿ ñ áëèçêèìè âèäàìè ðîäà Bubo äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíû.  ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà åâðàçèéñêî-ãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo bubo L., 1758) ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòå-ëÿìè ïðèíèìàåòñÿ îò 14-òè äî 19-òè ïîäâèäîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Èâàíîâ è äð., 1953;
Vaurie, 1965; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990;
Konig, Weick, 2008). Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíî-ñòüþ ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, îñòàâàëàñü íå ñîâñåì ÿñíîé âïëîòü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè.
Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì ïî òèïîâûì ýêçåìïëÿðàì èç Ïðèàðàëüÿ áûë âûäåëåí ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931, êîòîðûé ïîçæå ñâåä¸í ê ñèíîíèìó
êà-çàõñêîãî ôèëèíà. Â èòîãå óæå â êíèãå
«Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà» Ã.Ï. Äåìåí-òüåâ (1951), îïèñûâàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, ïðåäïîëàãàåò, ÷òî îò Ìóãîäæàð íà ñåâåðå äî Òóðêìåíèè íà þãå ãíåçäèòñÿ êàçàõñêèé ôèëèí (B. bubo turkomanus Eversman, 1835), â òî æå âðåìÿ îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî íà þãå Óñòþðòà è äàæå, ìîæåò áûòü, íà
Ìàíãûø-identical in different types of cliff-faces, be-cause owls seemed to inhabit chalky, limy as well as clay cliffs equally. However the lowest number of found nests was noted for chalky cliff-faces of Usturt, Mangysh-lak and the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (fig. 5), but occurrences of the Eagle Owl on clay and chalky cliff-faces were almost equal. It is connected with difficulty of the
Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå:
ãëèíÿíûå îáðûâû Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), Óñòþðòà (â öåíòðå) è Ïðèàðàëüÿ (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Typical breeding habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region:
clay cliff-faces of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), Usturt Plateau (in center) and Aral Sea (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.
ëàêå âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå òóðêìåíñêî-ãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo omissus Dementiev, 1933). Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí (1990) ïðîâîäèë ãðà-íèöó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êàçàõñêîãî ôèëè-íà ôèëè-íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ÷åðåç Þæíûé Óñòþðò è íèçîâüÿ Ñûðäàðüè.
 êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìîâ ñ êàçàõñêèì ôè-ëèíîì, ïîìèìî ôèëèíîâ ñ
Àðàëüñêî-nest searching on chalky cliff-faces because of their large height.
Counts of the Eagle Owl have shown the density varying from 3.13 to 37.51 registrations/100 km on different types of cliff-faces, averaging 12.61 registration/100 km of cliff-faces in the region (table 1). The nearest-neighbor distance varied widely between 110 m and 10.5 km (average dis-tance 3.17±2.19 km, n=94) in the region (table 2). Generally the majority of pairs pre-fer to nest at the distance of 1–4 km from each other. The increasing of nearest-neigh-bor distances up to 5 km and more (fig. 7) was definitely connected with the missing of birds. There was no precise correlation be-tween types of cliff-faces and the nearest – neighbors distances (r=0.17, p<0.05, n=20).
At the same time the rather significant posi-tive correlation was noted between the dis-tances between nearest active nests and the height of cliff-faces (r=0.71, p<0.05, n=20) (fig. 8). The higher cliffs were surveyed, the larger the distances between active nests were noted due to the missing of birds.
Extrapolating the average density (12.6±3.1 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) to all the length of cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region, which returned 8065.02 km, we as-sume at least 766–1266 pairs of the Eagle Owl breeding in the region, at average 1016 pairs. Close data (at average 1187 pairs) was obtained with separate number calculations for different types of cliff-faces (table 3).
Outside cliff-faces the Eagle Owl was noted to breed in mountains Mangistau, in Kanyrzharyk Sand between the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau and the Usturt Pla-teau, Uyaly Sands and Sam Sands in the northern part of the Usturt Plateau and the Large and Small Barsuki Sands in the Aral Sea region. We project not less than 20 pairs to breed in Mangystau and not less than 50 pairs in Sands.
Considering all aforesaid, it is safe to as-sume the number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region within the borders of Kazakhstan is at least 1200–1500 breeding pairs. In our estimation a total number of all the Aral-Caspian population (the most part of the range of B. b. eversmanni) can ap-proximate to 2000–3000 breeding pairs.
For 4 years of the Eagle Owl surveys on the Usturt Plateau non-breeding pairs were observed locally only on the Northern Usturt in 2003 and on the Southern Usturt in 2005, while the season of 2006 seemed to be the most successful for Eagle Owls on Donyz-Tau and Shagyray Plateau. Keeping in mind
Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíîì â ëîãàõ, ðàññåêàþùèõ
÷èíêè ïëàòî: ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), îáðûâû âïàäèíû Êàðàãèå (â öåíòðå), îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ (âíèçó).
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Typical nesting sites if the Eagle Owl in ravines traversing cliff-faces of plateaus: cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), precipices of the Karagie Depression (center), precipices of the Aral Sea region (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.
ãî ìîðÿ B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931, ñâîäÿòñÿ è ïòèöû ñ âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðå-æüÿ Êàñïèÿ B. bubo gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962. Ïîñëåäíèé ïîäâèä áûë âûäåëåí Â.Ñ. Çà-ëåòàåâûì (1962) íà îñíîâàíèè áëèçîñòè òèïîâûõ ýêçåìïëÿ-ðîâ ê ðóññêîìó [âîñòî÷íîåâ-ðîïåéñêîìó] ôèëèíó (B. bubo ruthenus Zhitkow et Buturlin, 1906). Âîïðîñ î ïîâòîðíîì âû-äåëåíèè «gladkovi» â ñàìîñòîÿ-òåëüíûé ïîäâèä óæå ïîäíèìàë-ñÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), òåì íå ìåíåå, êàêèõ-ëèáî îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ïîäâèæåê â ýòîì âîïðîñå íå ïðîèçîøëî äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. Ïðåä-ïîëîæåíèå î âñòðå÷àõ þæíî-ãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo interpositus Rîtsñhild et Hartert, 1910) íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, ãäå îí èíòåðãðà-äèðóåò ñ «turkomanus» (Ñòåïà-íÿí, 1990), âðÿä ëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáîñíîâàííûì, òàê êàê, çíàÿ áèîëîãèþ ôèëèíà, î÷åíü òðóä-íî ïðåäïîëîæèòü ñóùåñòâîâà-íèå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ýìèãðàöèè ïòèö ÷åðåç Êàñïèéñêîå ìîðå.
Ôèëèíû î÷åíü ñèëüíî èç-ìåí÷èâû èíäèâèäóàëüíî, ÷òî çàòðóäíÿåò ïðàâèëüíîå ðàç-ãðàíè÷åíèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ôîðì, íà ÷òî îáðàùàë âíè-ìàíèå åù¸ Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951). Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàøè äàííûå ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî âñþ ÷èíêîâóþ çîíó Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèî-íà ðåãèî-íàñåëÿåò îäèí, äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûé ïîäâèä, íàèáîëåå áëèçêîå îïèñàíèå êîòîðîãî èìååòñÿ êàê ðàç ó Ã.Ï. Äåìåí-òüåâà (Dementiev, 1935).
Ðàçìåðû: äëèíà êðûëà ñàì-öîâ 425–465 ìì, ñàìîê 470–515 ìì, ìàññà ñàì-öîâ – 2,5 êã, ñàìîê – 3,2 êã.
Îñíîâíàÿ îêðàñêà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò, íî âñ¸ æå áîëåå áëèçêà ê îêðà-ñêå «turkomanus»: áëåäíàÿ,
îò æåëòîâàòî-îõðèñòîé äî áåëîé, ò¸ì-íûé ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà ìåíåå ðàçâèò è áîëåå ðàçäðîáëåí, ÷åì ó «interpositus» è «ruthenus», íî ïðè ýòîì îñòà¸òñÿ êîíòðàñòíûì.  îòëè÷èå îò
«turkomanus», âåðõ ñïèíû (ñðåäíèå
âåðõ-fluctuations in breeding success of different breeding groups post-breeding number of the Eagle Owl can range in 1.5–2.5 times.
Thus post-breeding number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region can fluctuate between 3000–3750 and 5640–7050
indi-Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíîì íà ôàñå ÷èíêîâ (ñâåðõó âíèç): Ïðèêàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, îáðûâû âïàäèíû Êàóíäû, íèçêèå ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Êóëàíäû è âûñîêèå
ìåëî-âûå îáðûâû Àêòàó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Typical nesting sites if the Eagle Owl on cliff-faces (from top to bottom): Caspian cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, precipices of the Kaundy Depression, small chalky precipices of the Kaundy Depression and big chalky precipices of Aktau.
Photos by I. Karyakin.
viduals (following data of actually observed breeding success for 4 years an average number fluctuated from 3444 to 4305 in-dividuals, see p. 64). In successful years the post-breeding density of the Eagle Owl can reach 1–2 individuals/km of cliffs (including slopes of ravines) or to 3–9 individuals/km of cliff-faces.
Breeding biology
Of the discovered nesting sites of the Eagle Owl (n=144) sites located on clay cliff-faces obviously prevailed (53.47%), 23.61% of sites were found on chalky and 16.67% – on limy cliff-faces (fig. 5).
Out of 143 found nests 141 (98.6%) were placed on precipices or rocks. Owls (n=141) íèå êðîþùèå âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ,
ëîïàòî÷íûå ïåðüÿ è êðîþùèå âåðõà øåè è âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñïèíû) ïîêðûò ïðåèìó-ùåñòâåííî áåëûìè ïåðüÿìè ñ ñåðîâàòî-áóðûì, áóðîâàòî-÷¸ðíûì èëè ÷¸ðíûì ðèñóíêîì. Íà ñïèíå ò¸ìíûå ÷¸ðíûå èëè áóðûå ïÿòíà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îêðóãëîé ôîðìû, ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ñ ñåðûì øòðèõîâûì ðèñóíêîì. Îõðèñòûå òîíà ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ìàëûõ âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ âòîðîñòåïåí-íûõ ìàõîâûõ, êðûëûøêå, îò÷àñòè áîëüøèõ âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõî-âûõ è íàäõâîñòüå, õîòÿ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ è ýòî ïåðî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåëûì. Ìàõîâûå è ðóëè æ¸ëòûå èëè æåëòîâàòî-îõðèñòûå ñ áóðû-ìè ïîëîñêàáóðû-ìè è áåëûáóðû-ìè êàéìàáóðû-ìè ïî êðàþ.
Ñ âîçðàñòîì ó ïòèö îêðàñêà ìàõîâûõ è ðóëåé ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïåïåëüíîé ñ îõðèñòûì íàë¸òîì ëèøü ïî íàðóæíîìó îïàõàëó (ó ìàõîâûõ) èëè îñíîâàíèþ ïåðà (ó ðóëåé).
Ò¸ìíûé ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà íå ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà æèâîò è èìååò, êàê ïðàâèëî, âèä ÷¸òêèõ (íå ðàçìûòûõ) ïÿòåí, ó íåêîòîðûõ îñîáåé ïðèîáðåòàþ-ùèõ êàïëåâèäíóþ ôîðìó (ñì. êîëëàæ íà çàäíåé îáëîæêå). Ìîëîäûå îêðàøåíû â èíòåíñèâíûå æåëòîâàòûå òîíà, áåëûé öâåò íà êðîþùèõ âåðõà òåëà çàìåí¸í íà îõðè-ñòûé, ïåñòðèíû ÷¸ðíî-áóðûå, ñòðóé÷àòûé ðèñóíîê êîíòðàñòíûé, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì åñòü âåðîÿòíîñòü, ÷òî èìåííî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ïðèíèìàþòñÿ çà «interpositus».
Îïèñàííûå Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâûì (1962) â êà÷åñòâå «gladkovi» êàñïèéñêèå ôèëèíû, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îäèí èç êðàéíèõ âàðèàíòîâ (â ñòîðîíó æ¸ëòîãî) âàðèàöèè îêðàñêè.
Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü èä¸ò òàêæå î ìîëîäûõ ïòèöàõ, íà÷àâøèõ äîñòà-òî÷íî ðàíî ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ. Äëÿ þæíûõ ðàñ ôèëèíà õàðàêòåðíî ïîñòåïåííîå ñâåòëå-íèå îêðàñêè ñ âîçðàñòîì. È åñëè ìîëî-äûå ôèëèíû ñåâåðíûõ ïîäâèäîâ â íîðìå óæå â ïåðâûé ãîä íåîòëè÷èìû îò âçðîñëûõ (èõ âûäà¸ò ëèøü ðàâíîìåðíî îáíîøåí-íîå ïåðî), òî ìîëîäûå þæíûõ ðàñ áîëåå æåëòåå è òåìíåå, ÷åì èõ ðîäèòåëè – ýòî î÷åíü õîðîøî çàìåòíî ïðè íàáëþäåíèè çà ëåòíûìè âûâîäêàìè, â êîòîðûõ âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ñòàðøå 5 ëåò.
Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøåïðèâåä¸ííîå îïèñàíèå, èìååò ñìûñë ïðèíÿòü äëÿ ôèëèíîâ, íàñå-ëÿþùèõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, èìÿ, äàííîå Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì, – ôèëèí Ýâåðñ-ìàííà B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 èëè óñòþðòñêèé ôèëèí.
Ïðèíèìàÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü ïîäâè-äîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü èíòåðãðàäàöèþ ýòîãî ïîäâèäà ñ êàçàõñêèì
Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà ñ êëàäêîé. Ïðèàðàëüå. 17 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Nest of the Eagle Owl with eggs. Aral Sea region. 17 April 2005. Photos by I. Karyakin.
obviously prefer to nest at the bottom of precipices (46.81%) and avoid the tops of precipices (0.71%) and are very reluctant to nest in the bottom third of precipices (7.09%), also 27.66% of found nests were located at the upper third and 17.73% – in the central part of precipices (fig. 9).
Generally Eagle Owls (n=141) breed in small niches (93.62%). We found only 3.55% of nests in large cavities, and 2.84%
on the ledges not protected by overhangs.
Other nest sites including barchan slope under a bush in the Greater Barsuki Sands, and partially destroyed Kazakh tomb in the Northern Usturt should be noted.
The Eagle Owls nest is a cup in the ground with a diameter of 25–30 cm and depth of 3–9 cm. There was no cup only in 23.3% of occurrences, and egg laid di-rectly on the ground.
26 sites were monitored during two years and all of them were successful.
Owls bred in the old nest in 10 of them (38.46%). The majority of repeatedly oc-cupied nests were places in cavities in chalky cliff-faces (n=7; 85.71%). And only ôèëèíîì ïî âñåé ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå
àðåà-ëà âèäà â ðåãèîíå è ñ òóðêìåíñêèì ôèëè-íîì – íà þæíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà, â Òóðê-ìåíèè.
Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü
 Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ôèëèí ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïîâñåìåñòíî. Îñíîâíûì óñëîâèåì äëÿ ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿ-åòñÿ íàëè÷èå ìàññîâûõ ïîñåëåíèé ãðûçó-íîâ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âåðòèêàëüíûì ðàñ÷ëåíå-íèåì ðåëüåôà. Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ âèäà ñíèæàåòñÿ îò îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãîðû Ìàíãèñòàó è ÷èí-êè ïëàòî, ê ñóáîïòèìàëüíûì – ëàíäøàôòàì íèçêîòðàâíûõ ðàâíèí. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äàæå íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíèõ âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî íåãëóáîêèì ñàÿì è áðîøåííûì ñòðîåíèÿì
÷åëîâåêà (êàçàõñêèì êëàäáèùàì, ïîñ¸ë-êàì, áóðîâûì è ò.ï.).
Íà ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ ôèëèíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïî âñåì íèçêîãîðüÿì Ìàíãûøëàêà, ÷èíêàì Óñòþðòà, áóäó÷è îñîáåííî îáûêíîâåííû-ìè ïî ìîðñêèì ïîáåðåæüÿì; ïî îáðûâàì ïëàòî, áîðòàì áåññòî÷íûõ âïàäèí, ñóõèì ðóñëàì è çàáðîøåííûì ñîîðóæåíèÿì
÷åëîâåêà ôèëèíû øèðîêî çàñåëÿþò ïðè-ëåæàùèå ðàâíèíû ï-îâà Áóçà÷è, Óñòþð-òà, Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Ìàíãûøëàêà è Ïðè-êàðàáîãàçüÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Ðàíåå ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî ôèëèí ðåäîê íà ðàâíèíàõ ñåâåðíîãî Ïðåäóñòþðòüÿ, íî ãíåçäèòñÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ýìáà âïëîòü äî äåëüòû (Íåðó÷åâ, Ìàêàðîâ, 1982), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ îí íàéäåí â êà÷åñòâå äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íîãî ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà âî âñåõ îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ áàñ-ñåéíà Ýìáû, âïëîòü äî Óñòþðòà, Ìóãîäæàð è Ïîäóðàëüñêîãî ïëàòî. Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëü-ñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007), õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ôèëèíà êàê îáû÷íûé âèä â ðàéîíàõ ñ
ðàñ-÷ëåí¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèà-ðàëüå, àêöåíòèðóþò âíèìàíèå íà òîì, ÷òî âèä íå íàéäåí â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå è Ìàëûå Áàðñóêè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïî-êàçàëè äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíîå ãíåçäîâà-íèå ôèëèíà è â ìàññèâàõ ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè. Âèäèìî âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà Ýìáû, þæíîãî øëåéôà Ìóãîäæàð è ðàâíèí Ïðèàðàëüÿ ëåæèò â çîíå èíòåðãðàäàöèè óñòþðòñêîãî è êàçàõ-ñêîãî ôèëèíîâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ïîñëåä-íåãî íà ñëàáî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûõ ðàâíèíàõ.
Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñòîëü øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèå è êîíñòàòàöèþ îáû÷íîñòè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå, íàõîäîê åãî ãí¸çä íå òàê óæ è ìíîãî, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî ñêðûòíîñòüþ âèäà è íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ íàëè÷èÿ îïðåäåë¸í-íûõ íàâûêîâ åãî ïîèñêà ó èññëåäîâàòåëåé.
Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí íà ãíåçäå ôèëèíà ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåí-öàìè. Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 9 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Anatoliy Levin on the Eagle Owl’s nest with nestlings.
Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 9 April 2004.
Photos by I. Karyakin.
Ïåðâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå èìååòñÿ ó Â.Í. Áîñòàí-æîãëî (1911). Îäíî ãíåçäî ñ ïòåíöàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â 1947 ã. íà ñåâåðíîì ïîáåðåæüå Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ â óð. Äæóì-áàñ áëèç ñò. Àêåñïå (Êóçÿêèí, 2005). Î íàõîäêàõ 2-õ âûâîäêîâ íà Ìàíãûøëà-êå óïîìèíàåò Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962), ïðè ýòîì èíôîðìàöèþ î ãí¸çäàõ íå ïðèâî-äèò. Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007) óïîìèíàþò î íàõîäêå 3-õ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå ï-îâà Áóçà÷è â 1963 ã. Â.Ï. Øóáåíêèí (1984) â 1982 ã.
íà Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Óñòþðòå îáíàðóæèë òðè ãíåçäà ôèëèíîâ. Á.Ì. Ãóáèí (2004) íàø¸ë ãíåçäî íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è â 2003 ã.
Ëèøü â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ñòàëî ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ áîëüøå èí-ôîðìàöèè î íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíîâ:
â àïðåëå 2003 ã. íà Óñòþðòå è
Ìàíãûø-3 sites of 16 (18.75%) were occupied re-peatedly in clay cliff-faces (fig. 10).
Eagle Owls start to breed in the region at the period between January and February, which is characterized by active vocaliza-tion including courtship songs. The egg-lay-ing period in the region is much stretched and takes place between 5 February and 20 April. The dates of the most egg-laying were estimated as 15–25 February in the south, and 15 March – 1 April in the north of the Aral-Caspian region; 20 February – 15 March on the Mangyshlak Peninsula and the Western Usturt. Nestlings of different age in nests in the Aral-Caspian region were re-corded during the period 15 March to 25–
30 July (nestlings out of hatched latest April clutches). The earliest fledging dates were 13–18 May. Mostly nestlings fledged on 25 May – 3 June in the south, and on 22 June – 8 July in the north of the region. Usually the fledgling dates on the Mangyshlak Pe-ninsula were somewhere between 25 May and 25 June.
The breeding was recorded in 85 (69.67%) out of 122 occupied nests that were sur-veyed: 14 nests contained clutches, includ-ing 4 perished, 55 nests were with broods, including one perished, and 16 occupied nests were not examined, keeping in mind the date of surveys it seemed that owls in-cubated eggs (10 nests), or warmed little nestlings, the age of which was less than a week (6 nests).
Following data of clutch examinations the average clutch size was 3.0±0.96 eggs (n=14; range 2–5): 35.71% of clutches con-tained 2 and 3 eggs, 21.43% of clutches – 4 eggs and 5 eggs was recorded only time (7.14%). In 2005, in the Aral Sea region the clutch size (n=7) varied from 2 to 3, aver-aging 2.43±0.53 eggs. In 2003–2004 in the Usturt Plateau the average clutch size was 3.57±0.98 eggs (n=7; range 2–5). For obtaining the objective estimation of the clutch size it is meaningful to consider also the size of broods in the age of about 7 days when no nestlings or egg was authentically noted to be trampled down or lost from the nest. Taking into account this information the clutch size was 3.36±0.86 eggs (n=33;
range 2–5) (fig. 11).
If a number and/or availability of prey spe-cies is rapidly increased during incubation of eggs, Eagle Owls are able to lay additional eggs at the last stage of incubation of clutch-es, or having already hatched little nestlings (Karyakin, 2009). We recorded that fact 3 times in the Aral-Caspian region. If a number
Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo).
Fig. 2. Breeding territories of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo).
ëàêå ëîêàëèçîâàíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, îñìîòðåíî 3 ãíåçäà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004), 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. 4 ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû íà ïðèìîðñêîì ÷èíêå Êàñïèÿ (Ëåâèí, Êà-ðÿêèí, 2005), â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2005 ã. îá-íàðóæåíî 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 11 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006), íà ïëàòî Øàãûðàé â 2006 ã. âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 10 èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êîðæåâ, 2006).
Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå àâòîðàìè âñòðå÷åíî 268 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà 238 òåððèòîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåíî 144 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (136 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ), íà 117 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ (143 ãíåçäà
and/or availability of prey species is sharply reduced during the egg-laying, owls stop to copulate and as a result many clutches con-tain non-fertilized eggs. Almost all nests of the Eagle Owl (9 of 10) with non-fertilized eggs were found in 2004. The clutch size which contained non-fertilized eggs (n=10), varied from 2 to 4, averaging 3.6±0.7 eggs.
There were 1–2 non-fertilized eggs per clutch, on the average 1.1±0.32 non-fertilized eggs and 1–3, on the average 2.5±0.71 fertilized eggs per clutch.
The eggs (n=16) have dimensions as 58.67±1.83õ48.44±1.27 mm, with a range 54.8–62.2õ46.7–51.2 mm.
The average brood size was 3.13±0.79 nestlings (n=55; range 1–5). The majority of broods (47.27 %) consisted of 3 nestlings, 30.91% of broods consisted of 4 nestlings, ñ ó÷¸òîì ñòàðûõ,
çàíèìàâ-øèõñÿ ðàíåå) (ðèñ. 2). Íà 25 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷å-íû ïàðû ïòèö è íà 2-õ – ñë¸ò-êè (ïîèñê ãí¸çä â 24-õ
ñëó-÷àÿõ íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ èç-çà íåäîñòóïíîñòè îáðûâîâ è â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íå ïðèí¸ñ ïîëî-æèòåëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ).
Äëÿ 60,5% âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ èç 238 ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäî-âàíèå. Ëèøü â 39,5% ñëó÷àåâ ïðè âñòðå÷å ñ ôèëèíàìè íå óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ãíåçäî-âàíèå, õîòÿ, êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ïðàêòèêà ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùå-íèé òàêèõ òåððèòîðèé, îíî è â äàííîì ñëó÷àå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî. Èç 26
òåððèòî-ðèé, íà êîòîðûõ ôèëèíû íàáëþäàëèñü â 2003–2004 ãã., ïðè ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåíèÿõ â 2004–2006 ãã.
íà 24-õ èç íèõ (92,31%) îá-íàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, ïðîïóùåí-íûå ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì â õîäå ïîñåùåíèÿ òåððèòîðèé â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû.
Àíàëèç âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ôè-ëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåç-äîâûõ áèîòîïîâ ïîêàçûâàåò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíóþ êàðòèíó âñòðå÷ íà âñåõ òèïàõ
÷èíêîâ (ðèñ. 3). Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíîâ äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî êîððåëèðóåò ñî ñòåïåíüþ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ (r=0,98, p<0,05). Ôèëèí â ðåãèîíå îïðåäåë¸ííî èçáåãàåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà
ïî-ëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ ëîãîâ (ðèñ. 4) è ÿâíî òÿãîòååò ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì, êîòîðûå ïðåä-ñòàâëÿþò çäåñü ðåäêîñòü – ëî-êàëèçîâàíû â ãîðàõ Ìàíãè-ñòàó íà êðàéíå îãðàíè÷åííîé ïëîùàäè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ ïëîò-íîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ äîëæíà áûòü áîëåå èëè ìå-íåå îäèíàêîâîé, îí îäèíàêî-âî õîðîøî çàñåëÿåò ìåëîâûå è èçâåñòêîâûå îáíàæåíèÿ, íàðÿäó ñ ãëèíÿíûìè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íà ìåëîâûõ îáíàæå-íèÿõ Óñòþðòà, Ìàíãûøëà-êà è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî íàéäåí ìèíèìóì ãí¸çä ôèëèíîâ (ðèñ. 5). Ïðè òîì,
Ðèñ. 3. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ.
Fig. 3. Occurrences of the Eagle Owl in different breeding habitats.
Ðèñ. 4. Êîððåëÿöèÿ âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ ñ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ ìàðøðóòîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ.
Fig. 4. Correlation between occurrences of the Eagle Owl and lengths of routes in breeding habitats.
Ïòåíöû ôèëèíà.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Nestlings of the Eagle Owl.
Photo by I. Karyakin.