Chapter 1 - A review of anaerobic digestion systems for biodegradable waste:
1.5. Conclusions and Recommendations
The single-stage wet low-rate digestion systems are characterized by producing low biogas yield and low OLR (0.5-1.6 kg-VS/m3.day-1), requiring long RT (30-60 days) of the feedstock and big reactors, and depending on the outdoor temperature during the operation.
However, they bring many advantages such as easy operation and cheap investment. In perspective economic benefits, they should only be applied for fine biodegradable waste sources (such as animal manures) without requiring any pretreatment step. Therefore, the wet low-rate system is a good solution for warm-climate rural areas, where agricultural land is available, and digestive products can turn back to serve for agricultural activities.
The single-stage wet high-rate digestion systems are much more effective than the wet low-rate systems with OLR up to 4-8 kg-VS/m3.day-1. However, the operation is more complex than the low-rate one because of the attached equipment and pre-treatment process sometimes. The feedstock with low solid contents (< 3-5%) is the best source for these systems with many selections of reactors such as UASB, FBR, EBR, EGBR, and CSTR.
When TS > 5%, the CSTR is often used. In fact, these systems have been applied widely to deal with sewage sludge, agricultural products, and industrial wastewater. They can also be used to treat high solid feedstock (TS > 20%) such as OFMSW, but it requires to be diluted.
At that time, water consumption and energy expense significantly reduce the energy benefit of the system.
The single-stage dry digestion systems have brought a milestone for the AD technology, which can deal with high solid feedstock (TS = 30-35%) and high OLR (up to 15 kg-VS/m3.day-1). In case of too high solid contents in the feedstock (> 35%), it should be diluted.
They are very suitable for handling OFMSW which accounts for a large amount of biodegradable waste sector. These systems can be distinguished by continuous operation mode or batch operation mode. For continuous mode, there are many advantages attached such as low water consumption, small reactor, very little wastewater production, cheap pre-treatment, waste residue well applied for composting, and less heat requirement. Thus, the
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continuous mode systems should be applied for urban areas. For batch mode systems, it costs lower for equipment invest and operation. However, it needs much larger space than the continuous mode systems and gas generation is variable. Therefore, the batch mode systems is a great solution for suburban areas.
The two-stage AD systems with separation of hydrolysis and methanogenesis in various reactors could have shorter HRT and higher OLR (up to 50 kg-COD/m3/d) than the single-stage systems. They bring many advantages such as lower construction cost, much more operational flexibility, more robust, highest methane content, higher digestion efficiency, and especially well running with low C/N (<10). The best application range for solid content of the feedstock is in the range of 5-15%. When TS < 5%, using the single-stage wet systems might better. When TS > 20%, the dilution of the waste stream causes a significant increase in energy needed for heating, pumping and expanding reactors, hence it is better to use the dry single-stage digestion system. The two-stage AD systems are suitable to deal with industrial wastewater.
The performance of the three-stage digestion systems has not been improved compared to the two-stage systems. Moreover, because it has more complex operation, more expensive investment, more energy for maintenance and operation compared to two-stage AD systems, application of the three-stage system for large scale is not a good selection at present.
However, three-stage systems is still a good idea; its operation should be studied further to reduce the cost involved.
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Supplementary materials
1. Additional figures
Fig. S1. Anaerobic digestion processes, adapted from C. Zhang et al. (2014)
Fig. S2. Effects of temperature on the rate of the AD process (Mata-Alvarez, 2003)
Fig. S3: Biogas power generation in various countries by 2014, adopted from Deng et al. (2014) 0.015
5581.5 846.4
662.96 1739.6
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500
China Britain Germany
France America Italy
GWh
Lipids, carbohydrate, protein, etc
Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, etc
VFAs
Acetate H2/CO2
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
CH4, CO2
Rate of anaerobic digestion
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Temperature
Thermophilic Mesophilic
Psychrophilic
40 2. Additional tables
Table S1: Description of the principles of anaerobic solid-state reactors
Reactor Description
a) Dry vertical plug-flow reactor The dry vertical plug-flow reactor resembles a big cylindrical tank, where the waste stream (TS = 20 - 35%) is fed at the bottom or top and flows out of the other. In case the waste stream is blended with the inoculum, it is not necessary to do the mixing of the substrate inside the reactor. The reactor is often heated to maintain a mesophilic or thermophilic environment.
Operation mode: continuous
b) Dry horizontal plug-flow reactor The dry horizontal plug-flow reactor resembles a long tunnel or a rectangular tank with an air-tight cover. The waste stream (TS = 20 -35%) is blended with the inoculum and fed to the reactor at one end of the tank, then an agitator or rotor pushes the substrate down to the other end and flows out. The reactor is often heated to maintain a mesophilic or thermophilic environment.
Operation mode: continuous
c) Dry batch reactor The batch reactor is loaded with fresh materials (TS of 30-40%), discharged after finishing digestion and then filled with a new batch. The continuous recirculation of the leachate allows the inoculums, and substrates to be diffuse in a high humidity environment. The temperature in the reactor is also controlled to accelerate the digestion steps.
Adapted from Abbasi et al. (2011), Kayhanian et al. (2007), and Vandevivere et al. (2003)
Table S2: Description of the principles of anaerobic wet reactors
Reactor Description
Suspended growth reactor
a) Low rate digester b) Household size
c) Lagoon digester
The cover lagoon, fixed dome, and the floating dome has the same behavior (shown in the next section). In general, they are unmixed and un-heated reactors employing suspended/flocculating anaerobic biomass with HRT in the range of 20 - 50 days and average SRTs of 50 to 100 days. They are designed for a total chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading less than 2 kg/m3/d. The effectiveness of the reactor is depended on the ambient temperature.
Operation mode: batch, continuous, or semi-continuous
41
d) The wet plug-flow (WPF) reactor The wet plug-flow reactor resembles a rectangular tank with an air-tight cover. The waste stream (TS = 11 - 13%) is fed to the reactor at one end of the tank, the new substrate slowly pushes the older substrate down the tank and flows out at the other end. The tanks may be heated to maintain a mesophilic or thermophilic environment, often using recovered heat from the biogas burner. The hydraulic retention time is 15 – 20 days.
Operation mode: Semi-continuous, continuous e) Completely Mixed reactor (CMR)
f) Anaerobic contact process (AC)
A completely mixed reactor employs suspended/flocculating anaerobic biomass. This reactor can operate with the batch mode or continuous mode.
With TS in the range 10 - 15 %, the reactor detention time equals the SRT.
With lower TS values, the biomass gets washed away along with the effluent. Therefore, to keep high biomass in the reactor, it is collected in a settling tank and returned to the reactor. This action leads to the HRT being shorter than the SRT.
Application: for the complete AD process or every digestion step.
g) Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB) The waste stream enters the reactor from the bottom and flows upward.
Therefore, the microorganisms in the sludge layer at the bottom contact and degrade the organic matter in the waste stream without the mixing process.
A gas-liquid-solid separator at the top separates sludge from the effluent and collects biogas. Conditions: TS < 3%, pH = 6.8 - 7.8, COD > 400 mg/L, T = 18 - 35oC, velocity V = 0.2-1 m/h, SRTs = 20-30 days, OLR = 0.4-3.6 kg-COD/m3/d
Operation mode: Continuous
h) Internal circulation (IC) An IC is a UASB reactor equipped with two gas separator as shown in the picture. An internal circulation is created continuously inside the reactor by gas bubble flow. The recirculation provides a good mixing and very efficient reactor operation. Conditions: TS< 1%, COD > 650 mg/l, OLR 20 – 35 kg-COD/m3/d, 0.35 m3-gas/kg-VS, Vbottom =10-30 m/h, Vtop = 4 -8 m/h, and high/diameter = 3 - 6.
Operation mode: Continuous
i) Anaerobic baffled (AB) reactor The baffled reactor has a series of multiple chambers. In this reactor, each chamber is equipped with vertical baffles that force the liquid to make a sequential down-flow and up-flow movement, to guarantee a larger contact of the substrates with the microorganism that accumulate at the bottom of the chambers. Application for TS = 2 - 10%, T = 13 – 37oC, SRTs>30 days, HRT = 6 – 24 h, OLR up to 5 - 10 kg-COD/m3/d, COD of 0.45 – 1.0 g/L
Operation mode: Semi-continuous, continuous Attached growth wet reactor
k) Anaerobic fixed bed (AFB) AFB reactor, also called anaerobic filter reactor, is an unmixed reactor employing anaerobic biofilm. The feedstock entered into the reactor can