Figure 7.11: Recommendation for cycle lane width to be adjust according to road size and hierarchy of each developing countries
Figure 7.12: Special routes and lightings assist bicyclist to cycle during night time as improves the visibility.
vehicle. The bus rapid transit is now common in several developing countries. It is not a surprise for developing countries to encourage people to use buses as alternative transport mode. However, the poor implementation of bus system is the main problems in many developing countries. Route networking connecting origin and destination is one of important points to a success bus system. It is much related to the density of population influencing occupancy of a bus route. Sprawl with low density discourage success bus route system as it acquires longer distance for buses for maximum passengers per destination. Hence, compact cities are highly associated with success of public transportation system due to its high density.
Figure 7.13: Reduce private cars dependability by introducing public bus system together with bicycle as alternative transport mode.
As starting, developing countries can apply public bus that does not run on dedicated lanes. The bus route can still be change when one route is not a success. In addition, the flexibility of normal public bus allows buses to relocate bus stops based on highest occupancy and dedicated stations. In addition, time management and accuracy is also important point in delivering success public transportation system.
4 Reduce dependability
towards car by public transportation integration.
Since public transport relies much on supply and demand, it is important to understand and create an efficient bus system. The failure of bus system to operate on time will decrease people favourability towards bus system. The poor time management and accuracy discourage people dependency on bus system as it is not reliable.
Therefore, knowledge and skill of bus driver to properly plan their journey is important.
This relies on the shoulder of the government to provide efficient bus system.
Figure 7.14: As economy improves, BRT system can be introduce with special lanes dedicated for BRT.
Bus rapid transit system that runs on dedicated lanes is another level of public transport that is suitable in many developing countries. Dedicated lanes means buses can run without interfering with other transport modes such as motorcycles and cars. The system is more smooth and manageable. The application of the bus rapid transit system is successful in Curitiba, Brazil. According to Suzuki et. al (2013), the success of the integrated system is based on the policy that benefits people rather than cars. The
“Trinary Road System” that combines bus dedicated lanes and two way roads for cars connect high density areas. The high density consists of commercial, business and
5
BRT system is introduced to improve public transport
system.
proven in this research, Curitiba success in integrated bus system also relies on the political will to gain success in land use and transportation system through integration transportation system.
Figure 7.15: BRT system is proven success in Curitiba connecting land use with low and medium salary group to city area reducing the needs of using private vehicles to city.
In terms of economy, developing light railway transit is more expensive than preparing for bus rapid transit system. However, in the modern days, the light railway transit is more preferable by many. This is because of the sophisticated look, environmental friendly and it is more efficient than bus system. The light railway transit is an innovation of tram system or streetcars that is well known in many developed countries. The light railway transit uses electrical power that runs on dedicated lanes or elevated lanes like the bus rapid transit system. Compared to the normal rail system, the light railway system can have more stops and this is more effective to connect between districts. It is seen as more efficient public transport system compared to bus rapid transit system but better.
6
Special lanes for BRT to ease traffic and assist smooth of public transport
Despite of the efficient light railway transit system, the cost of preparing the system are higher than bus rapid transit system. In many developing countries, government budget to prepare for public transportation often clashes to the other needs of the country. The focus however is result of development and attention towards increasing economy growth. It is cliché that many developing countries is unable to provide efficient public transportation system align to the increase of economy growth.
The imbalance between land development and providing sufficient transportation system are the cause of many urban problems in developing countries. In the end, the poor planning that includes poor political will plans for efficient transportation system that is pro private automobile. Again, political will of developing countries to provide efficient public transport system is crucial. Although economy is the aim of many developing countries, it is often seen as a burden for the government to spend on public transportation cost. The operation cost not only inclusive of constructing the initial system but also running operation cost. Therefore, it is important to have a high density population to ensure high rate of occupancy of the public transport system. The running operation cost includes time, distance and frequency of public transportation system.
Like the bus rapid transit system, the light railway transit system must consider distance and accessibility to create effective route. This includes connecting route between high density districts. A solution, bus rapid transit system can be improved to light railway transit system using the same dedicated lanes. The improvement of system allows planner to use the same lanes and route network but with improvement of speed and more efficient system of travelling. This will also saves cost of billions as there is no need of studying new networks instead only improving.
Figure 7.16: Gradually, BRT system can be replace by LRT system as economy gets better because LRT system are more environmental friendly and efficient. Same lanes can be utilised replacing BRT to LRT system.
Figure 7.17: On the road LRT system able to connect with surrounding land uses and it is more convenient for people to use.
7
8
As economy improves, BRT can be change to LRT
system as it is more environmental and efficient
On the road LRT system are effective and connects to the
surround development.
In summary, the recommendation for integration of transportation system considers important points that are:
a. Achieving balance through gradual integrated transportation system consisting public transport, private automobile and non-automobile based on the condition land use pattern.
b. Achieving balance through the concept of demand and supply through efficient route networking considering population density and dedicated route.
c. Reduced dependency of private vehicles by introducing alternative transportation mode gradually but consistently with strong government political will.
d. Reduced focus on economy factor instead focusing into other factors such as political, knowledge improvement, skills development and improvement in public transportation.
Figure 7.18: The three dimension integrated transport system consist of public transport, private vehicle and bicycle are effective and able to reduce traffic congestions problems in developing countries.
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BRT/ LRT System Bicycle
Cars
CHAPTER EIGHT
CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH