64 3-3-2-2.
Figure 3-11 Dy3+ ] polymer 1
5 4 3 4
4 4 2
] 4 4 4
60
Fig. 3-11 Dy3+ A
(pH: 2.0, : 30 , Ci: 5 ppm)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
A (-)
3
65
3-3-2-3. pH
Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ 2] Al3+ Cu2+ 5 ppm
polymer 1 pH pH
Fig. 3-12 3
pH 4 pH 2–3 4
4 3 DODGAA
2] [28] polymer 1
4 3
pH 2–3 28 polymer 1
2] 4 3
38 4
Fig. 3-12 pH : 30ºC, Ci: 5 ppm
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 1 2 3 4 5
A(-)
pHeq
Lu3+
Dy3+
Nd3+
Al3+
Cu2+
Dy3+
Lu3+
Nd3+
Al3+
Cu2+
66
pH pH1/2 450% pH 2]
pH1/2 Δ pH1/2, REEs- (Al or Cu) Table 3-4 pH
polymer 1 4 3
] DODGAA Δ pH1/2
4 4
polymer 1 Δ pH1/2, REEs- (Al or Cu) 4
2] ] 4
3 4]
4 3
Table 3-4 pH1/2 Δ pH1/2
(Unmodified E. coli Modified E. coli polymer 1 modified
E. coli polymer 1 )
pH1/2 Δ pH1/2, REEs-Al Δ pH1/2, REEs-Cu
Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ Al3+ Cu2+ Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+
Unmodified E. coli 2.4 1.3 0.2 3.1 3.2 0.7 1.8 3.0 0.8 1.9 3.0
Modified E. coli 1.1 0.9 0.4 2.4 3.2 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.8
Polymer1 modified
E. coli 1.4 1.2 0.5 3.2 3.5 1.8 2.0 2.7 2.1 2.3 3.0
3
67 3-3-2-4. FT-IR
Dy pH 3 2] Dy3+
100 ppm pH 3 FT-IR ]
Fig. 3-9 (c)2] (d) 2 2 4000 2000 cm-1
3700 3000 cm-1 3000 2800 cm-1 N-H O-H2] C-H 4
3 4 4 3 2000 700
cm-1
2 2] 4
] 1655 cm-12] 1540 cm-1
I2] II 4 1460 cm-12] 1400 cm-1 O-H
4 41234 cm-12] 1070 cm-1
pH 3 2 1043 cm-1
4 Fig. 3-9 (c) 4 pH 3 4
4 pH 3 2
C-O-C 1140 cm-1
pH 3 Dy 2 1400–1300 cm-1
C-O 4 Fig.
3-9 (d) C-O-C 41130 cm-1
4 4 polymer 1
4 [
4
68 3-3-2-5.
Polymer 1 Nd3+ Dy3+2] Lu3+
pH 3 Langmuir
Eq. (3-5) Freundlich
Freundlich Eq. (3-7) Q mg/g KF2] n: Freundlich
mg(1-1/n)g-1L1/n Ce ppm
] Fig. 3-13 Table 3-3 Langmuir
Freundlich R2 2]
] Nd3+ Dy3+2] Lu3+ 2 Freundlich R2
40.98 Langmuir ] 3 polymer 1
Freundlich 4 3
] 2] Langmuir
R2 3 Langmuir
4 4 polymer 1 2
4 Langmuir 4 Freundlich
4 [36] ] polymer 1
3 [
4
polymer 1 Langmuir Nd3+
Dy3+ Lu3+ Qm 71.7 78.4 2] 85.9 mg/g
1.8 2.4 2 ] 2.0
Eq. (3-7)
Q = K
FC
e1/n3
69
Fig. 3-13 Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ polymer 1 ( : 30ºC, pHeq= 3)
Table 3-3 Langmuir Freundlich R2
Langmuir Freundlich
R2 KL (L/mg) Qm (mg/g) R2 KF (mg(1-1/n)g-1L1/n) n
Nd3+ 0.89 0.00815 71.7 0.98 16.77 5.43
Dy3+ 0.91 0.00650 78.4 0.98 15.98 5.13
Lu3+ 0.94 0.0101 85.9 0.98 17.96 4.97
70 3-3-2-6.
pH4 polymer 1 [ 4
3 3 ]
4 4 3 pH
4 ]
Dy3+ 30 ppm pH 3 1 M HNO3
3 ]
1 M HNO3 ] Dy3+
4 3 Fig. 3-14 3 [
3 4 ]
Fig. 3-14 Dy3+
( : 30ºC, pHeq= 3, Ci=30 ppm 1 M HNO3 )
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1st-Adsorption
1st-Desorption 2nd-A
dsorption 2nd-D
esorption 3rd-A
dsorption 3rd-D
esorption
A (-) or D (-)
3
71 3-3-3.
4 4
Polymer 1 2]
]
Polymer 1 Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ 2] Al3+ Cu2+
pH
pH 2–3 4 DODGAA
4 4 pH 2–3
4
Al3+2] Cu2+ pH Δ pH1/2, REEs- (Al or Cu)
polymer 1
Δ pH1/2, REEs- (Al or Cu) 2 4 3 4
3 4] 4
38 4
Polymer 1 Langmuir2] Freundlich
R2
polymer 1 Freundlich
] 4 3 ] polymer 1
3 [ 4
polymer 1 4Langmuir
2.4 4 3
polymer 1 3 [
4 3 4 ]
72 3-4.
4
4 2
N,N-dioctyldiglycol amic acid (DODGAA)4 4
Al3+ Cu2+ ]
] 4
4 3
2] ]
3
8 4 3
3
73 3-5.
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76 4
4-1.
4-1-1.
[1]
2
4-1-1-1.
2
[1]
pH
0
4
77
Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe2+
Shewanella Geobacter
[2, 3] Fe3+ Au3+
Shewanella Au3+ Au0
[4] Pseudomonas stutzeri NT-I Se6+ Se0
Se0 [5] Rhodopseudomonas capsulata [6]
4-1-1-2.
Niide GLD
GLD NADH
Au3+ Fig. 4-1 [7]
NADH Au3+ Au0 [8, 9]
Niide GLD
78
Fig. 4-1 GLD NADH Au3+
4-1-1-3.
[10, 11]
Au NPs
[12, 13]
4
79 4-1-2.
in vivo Scheme 4-1
Bacillus stearothermophilus BsGLD
Niide C His6Cys N
protein G pG pG-BsGLD-H6C
[14]
pG-BsGLD-H6C His6Cys pG ×
pG-BsGLD-H6C
[15, 16] pG-BsGLD-H6C
Scheme 4-1
80 4-1-2-1. pG-BsGLD-H6C
pG-BsGLD-H6C pG B1
NADH BsGLD His6Cys [14]
Niide pG-BsGLD-H6C pG BsGLD N
His6Cys BsGLD C pG BsGLD Tabacco Etch Virus TEV
ENLYFQG TEV
pG BsGLD GS GGGSGGGS
! BsGLD
BsGLD PDB ID: 1JPU Bacillus stearothermophilus
GLD NAD+
glycerol dihydroxyacetone NAD+ NADH Scheme 4-2
BsGLD 370 ca. 39.5 kDa 60 × 40
× 60 Å 8 100 × 100 × 60 Å [17, 18]
BsGLD Scheme 4-3 [17] BsGLD Zn2+
Zn2+ BsGLD NAD+
glycerol NAD+ glycerol C2
Zn2+ pKa ×
NAD+ glycerol NAD+
pH 50 mM pH 6–8.0 pH glycerol
Km 170 mM 7 mM pH
[19] NAD+ Km glycerol pH
Scheme 4-2 GLD glycerol
4
81 Scheme 4-3 BsGLD
! pG-BsGLD-H6C M. W.= 49.3 kDa [14]
pG-BsGLD-H6C
MWSHPQFEKGSTYKLVINGKTLKGETTTEAVDAATAEKVFKQYANDNGVDGEWTYDDATKTFT VTEGSENLYFQGGGGSGGGSMAAERVFISPAKYVQGKNVITKIANYLEGIGNKTVVIADEIVWKIA GHTIVNELKKGNIAAEEVVFSGEASRNEVERIANIARKAEAAIVIGVGGGKTLDTAKAVADELDAY IVIVPTAASTDAPTSALSVIYSDDGVFESYRFYKKNPDLVLVDTKIIANAPPRLLASGIADALATWV EARSVIKSGGKTMAGGIPTIAAEAIAEKCEQTLFKYGKLAYESVKAKVVTPALEAVVEANTLLSGL GFESGGLAAAHAIHNGFTALEGEIHHLTHGEKVAFGTLVQLALEEHSQQEIERYIELYLSLDLPVTL EDIKLKDASREDILKVAKAATAEGETIHNAFNVTADDVADAIFAADQYAKAYKEKHRKHHHHHH C
4-1-2-2. NADH
×
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD
NAD+ NADH 2 2
NADH 1
N+ 2
E’0 -0.32 V vs SHE
Fig. 4-2 (a) NAD+ , (b) NAD
82 4-2.
4-2-1.
pG-BsGLD-H6C BL21 DE3
Amicon Ultra, 100 kDa MWCO
Merck Millipore Billerica MA polyvinylidene
difluoride PVDF GE Fairfield CA anti-His-tag IgG Mouse
Medical and Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. Nagoya Japan HRP anti-mouse IgG antibody Rabbit Rockland Immunochemicals Gilbertsville PA
ECL plus western blotting detection system GE healthcare enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay ELISA 96 Nunc Rochester NY
BSA OVA Wako Pure Chemical
Industries Osaka Japan Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis MO Anti-OVA IgG antibody Rabbit HRP anti-guinea pig IgG antibody Rabbit Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis MO Life technologies Carlsbad CA Tetramethylbenzidine liquid substrate supersensitive for ELISA Sigma-Aldrich Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized form NAD+
Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. Tokyo Japan
4-2-2. pG-BsGLD-H6C
pG-BsGLD-H6C BL21 DE3
100 mg/l LB 10 ml 100 mg/l
LB 1 L OD600= 0.5–0.6 37ºC 200 rpm isopropyl
β-D-thiogalactopyranoside IPTG 0.5 mM IPTG 25ºC
16 200 rpm 4000g 20
10 mM Tris-HCl 100 mM NaCl 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5 5800g 10
3 pG-BsGLD-H6C
SDS- SDS-PAGE
Coomassie Brilliant Blue CBB pG-BsGLD-H6C
4
83 4-2-3. pG-BsGLD-H6C
pG-BsGLD-H6C OD600= 1.0 NaOH 50 mM pH 9.5
glycerol 10 mM NAD+ 400 µM HAuCl4 0.25 mM 37ºC 200 rpm 72
4000g 20
10 mM Tris-HCl 100 mM NaCl 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5 5800g 10 3
5800g 10 20400g 5
0.20µm
100 kDa MWCO 5800g -80ºC
4-2-4.
UV/Vis V-670 JASCO Tokyo Japan
TEM
120 kV TEM JEM-2010
instrument JOEL Tokyo Japan ImageJ
n= 120
4-2-5. pG-BsGLD-H6C
20400g 15
10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4 3
- SDS-PAGE
pG-BsGLD-H6C
- SDS 2 0.25
M Tris-HCl (pH6.8) 4 wt% SDS 20 wt% glycerol 0.01 wt% 12 wt% 2-94ºC
SDS-PAGE
84
SDS-PAGE PVDF PBS
5 3 10% PBS
1 0.05% Tween-20 PBS 0.05PBST 5 3
1% PBS Anti-His-tag antibody Mouse 4ºC
0.05PBST 5 min 3 1% PBS HRP anti-mouse IgG
antibody Rabbit 1 0.05PBST 5 3 ELC Plus Western
Blotting Detection System HRP ECR 5
CCD
4-2-6. ELISA pG
pG ELISA
2% BSA PBS λmax ,SPR band 0.05 a. u.
ELISA
96 1.0 mg/ml OVA 100 µL/well 4ºC
0.1%PBST 2% BSA PBS 200 µL/well 37ºC 2
0.1%PBST Anti-OVA IgG antibody Rabbit 100 µL/well 37ºC
2 0.1%PBST 100 µL/well
37ºC 2 0.1%PBST HRP anti-guinea pig IgG antibody
Rabbit 100 µL/ well 37ºC 2 0.1 %PBST
HRP 100 µL/well 37ºC 370 nm O. D.
30 1 mol/L HCl 50 µL/well HRP 37ºC 450 nm
O. D. Bio-Tek Winnoski
VT HRP
pG
4
85 4-3.
4-3-1. pG-BsGLD-H6C
IPTG pG-BsGLD-H6C SDS-PAGE Fig. 4-3
IPTG
pG-BsGLD 49.3 kDa
pG-BsGLD
Fig. 4-3 SDS-PAGE pG-BsGLD-H6C IPTG
4-3-2. pG-BsGLD-H6C pG-BsGLD-H6C
UV/Vis Fig. 4-4 (a)
glycerol NAD+ 540 nm
SPR BsGLD
NADH glycerol
NAD+
86
Fig. 4-4 (a) (i) UV/Vis Fig.
4-4 (b) IPTG pG-BsGLD-H6C
540 nm
SPR ×
pG-BsGLD-H6C
Fig. 4-4 UV/ Vis (a) (b)
4
87
4-3-3. TEM
TEM
Fig. 4-5 Fig. 4-5 (b)
(c)
Fig. 4-5 (d) TEM
ImageJ 24 ± 17 nm n= 102
Fig. 4-5 TEM (a) pG-BsGLD-H6C (b)
pG-BsGLD-H6C (c) (b) (d)
4-3-4. pG-BsGLD-H6C
pG-BsGLD-H6C SDS-PAGE
20400g 15 3 SDS
SDS-PAGE
88
IPTG pG-BsGLD-H6C
Fig. 4-6 pG-BsGLD-H6C
- pG-BsGLD-H6C 49.3 kDa
pG-BsGLD-H6C pG-BsGLD-H6C
pG-BsGLD-H6C
His6Cys His6Cys
Fig. 4-6 (a)SDS-PAGE (b) ;
lane 1–5, IPTG ; lane 6–10, IPTG ; lane 1 6, ;
lane 2 7, ; lane 3 8, 1 ; lanes 4 9, 2
; lane 5 10, 3 .
4
89
4-3-5. ELISA pG
pG ELISA
OVA ELISA Fig. 4-7 (a) IPTG
Fig. 4-7 (b) OVA OVA pG-BsGLD-H6C
IPTG
IgG pG
pG
Fig. 4-7 (a) ELISA (b) pG-BsGLD-H6C ELISA
OVA
90 4-4.
2
pG-BsGLD-H6C
in vivo
pG-BsGLD-H6C BsGLD NADH
TEM
24 ± 17 nm SDS-PAGE
pG-BsGLD-H6C ELISA
4
91 4-5.
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[19] P. Spencer, K. J. Bown, M. D. Scawen, T. Atkinson, M. G. Gore, Isolation and characterisation of the glycerol dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 994, 270279 (1989)
5
93 5
1
2
HSAB
30
pH 2
pH 4
FT-IR
Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+
pH
pH 2-4
94
pH 0–1 pH 2–4
Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ Langmuir
30.9 32.7 43.8 mg/g
3
Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ Al3+ Cu2+
pH 2–3 DODGAA
Al3+ Cu2+ βREEs/Al βREEs/Cu
Langmuir KL Qm
KL Lu3+ > Dy3+ > Nd3+ , DODGAA
Nd3+ Dy3+
Lu3+ Qm 81.3 70.2 70.5 mg/g 2.5
polymer 1 Polymer 1
5
95
Al3+ Cu2+
Polymer 1 Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ Al3+ Cu2+
pH 2–3 DODGAA
pH Δ pH1/2, REEs- (Al or Cu)
polymer 1
Al3+ Cu2+ Δ pH1/2, REEs- (Al or Cu) 2
Polymer 1 Langmuir Freundlich
Freundlich polymer 1
Langmuir Nd3+ Dy3+ Lu3+ Qm 71.7 78.4
85.9 mg/g 2.4
1 mo/L HNO3 3
4
Bacillus stearothermophilus
BsGLD protein G pG His6Cys
pG-BsGLD-H6C
in vivo pG-BsGLD-H6C
96
pG-BsGLD-H6C
pG-BsGLD-H6C BsGLD NADH
TEM
24 ± 17 nm SDS-PAGE
pG-BsGLD-H6C ELISA
pG
Bio-hydrometallurgy