Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.2 Possible future works
117 obtained in the H2 fuel scenario were 3,494, -205, and -372 kgCO2-eq (80.9, -4.8, and -8.6, kgCO2 -eq per kg H2); and total GER results were 60,198, 7,726, and 5,318 MJ (1,393.5 MJ, 178.8 MJ, and 123.1 MJ per kg H2), both indicators respectively for primary Al, Al chip, and Al dross.
Meanwhile, in the use of gasoline fuel, a required amount of 257 L gasoline per day gave a total of 945 kgCO2-eq, and 9,410 MJ (3.7 kgCO2-eq and 36.6 MJ per liter gasoline). The results showed a great advantage of having negative CO2 emission from utilizing Al waste materials and acidic thermal water. The negative emission was attributed to a reduction of 943 kg CO2 emission from the hot spring neutralization reaction provided by Al-H2O low hydrothermal reaction. However, the GER in this study should be considered because although using Al waste materials still provided higher results than some renewable methods. It also had a net loss of usable energy, which was mainly driven by some indirect causes, including H2 storage, purification, and gasoline use for transporting Al materials.
To not only become Al sources for H2 production, but Al waste materials by the present work also supported a waste management effort and advancement of direct geothermal use. A total of 600 tons of Al dross or 141 tons of Al chip waste per year could be handled to produce energy.
In addition, a total of 2.33 MWt and 73.40 TJ of thermal capacity and energy use could be utilized annually.
In general, the proposed system in this study represented an effective and efficient H2 production system to overcome the fast-growing H2 demand by utilizing waste materials and naturally available resources. The method could also be possible to intensify the direct use of geothermal energy and promote possible waste management.
118
(1) Confirm availability of Al materials
Since the proposed scenario requires a large amount of Al, the availability of Al targeted needs to be confirmed. It should be considered a material flow scheme from supporting businesses to fulfill the required amount. Unrecycled Al waste is quite challenging to be provided in a large amount. Moreover, Al dross may be available, but Al content in the dross is one of the affecting factors in H2 production. Low content will be challenging to obtain the expected amount. At present work, the Al content in Al dross is still very specific from the dross used, which might differ from other dross sources.
(2) Handle Al2O3 issue
The significant issue of reacting Al dross and acidic thermal is the presence of Al2O3 as the main compositions of dross. This Al2O3 hampers the reaction and consequently makes the H2
production rate slower. The pre-treatment conducted to Al2O3 will require additional work and energy used; it should be taken into consideration the net energy production.
(3) Investigate the AsH3 formation and other possible reactions
If the AsH3 is confirmed to be generated by the reaction, it makes a huge problem. Thus, AsH3
formation should be investigated clearly. AsH3 removal technology is available, and some methods also possible to remove AsH3. However, additional work to the removal treatment of AsH3 should be taken carefully toward the net energy and emission. The future works also need to investigate other possible reactions because Al dross and hot spring water both have heterogeneous compositions that may have some possibility of other reactions to occur (e.g., arsenate compounds precipitation). This study has mainly focused on the Al-H2O reaction and some minor reactions related to H2 production.
119 (4) A profound environmental assessment of the system
Since this proposed method is a pilot application to a renewable method of producing H2, background data regarding the environmental assessment is limited. An empirical process and profound assessment of the system comprehensively would be a great help to bring the method into an industrial-scale application. Treatment of by-products, harmful compounds removal, and waste treatment, the safety of this project to the environment, social acceptance, cost analysis, and a more comprehensive design plan; those considerations might encourage the development of the proposed method on a larger scale.
(5) Feasibility of Al-H2O reaction via alkaline industrial wastewater
The reaction mechanism and kinetics of alkaline reaction by NaOH have been established.
However, the modeling and onsite production of H2 has yet been included in this study. Therefore, it may be considered for future work.
120
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Acknowledgments
An old proverb by Lao Tzu says the journey of a thousand miles begins with one step.
It has been quite impossible to bear the end without supports from those who have valuable contributions to this completion.
My sincere and foremost gratitude goes to Professor Noriyoshi Tsuchiya as my academic supervisor for his genuine supports, advice, patience, and immense knowledge for me to succeed in the study.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the reviewers’ committee members, Prof.
Chihiro Inoue, Prof. Kazuyo Matsubae, Associate Prof. Noriaki Watanabe, and Assistant Professor Nobuo Hirano for valuable feedback and encouraging comments that addressed to this study.
I would like to extend my profound gratitude to Assistant Professor Masaoki Uno, Professor Atsushi Okamoto, Assistant Professor Jiajie Wang, Dr. Masahiro Ohba, and Dr. Shinichi Yamasaki for their sincere help, guidance, supports, stimulating discussions, and for reviewing my dissertation activities.
I would like to also thank Assistant Professor Kengo Nakamura and Mr. Kyohei Tsuchida for their help in IC analysis.
I would like to express my thankfulness to the Semboku City Government and Tsuruya Hotel Owner for the support of this research work; to the Academic Affairs Section, Ms. Yoko Akasaka, Ms. Yuko Sasahara, and other staff for all the supports during my study.
I would like to thank everyone in Tsuchiya and Okamoto Lab for togetherness and warm supports throughout the journey, in no matter pleasant or difficult times. Especially for Ms. Fajar Febiani Amanda, Ms. Astin Nurdiana, and Mr. Geri Agroli for the countless supports and kindness. Also, our lovely Mrs. Yoriko Kikuchi, Ms. Diana Mindaleva, Mrs. Megumi Hoshi, and other members who helped me in many ways.