ダ Tscharner420005 ケ[25]
Morlet 1 4 2.2.2–15 レ 1 イ
1 ̶ 1 し
え；
'((*+, -, *) = 125y5z{8(7278)5 (2.2.2–1)
'( え；[Hz] fc ̶ 1 - f え；[Hz]
ひ fc 2.2.2–2 q, r, ̶ 1
j 1 ； ひ ダ Tscharner420005 ガ q = 1.45,
r = 2, = 0.5, j = 1–9 1 え； い ひ2.2.2–
1
*+ = N(: + <)= (2.2.2–2)
Table 2.2.2–1: The characteristics of wavelets’ time–frequency resolution.
# Wavelet Center frequency [Hz] Time resolution [ms]
1 19.29 59.00
2 37.71 40.50
3 62.09 31.50
4 92.36 26.00
5 128.48 21.50
6 170.39 19.50
7 218.08 16.50
8 271.50 15.00
9 330.63 13.50
- .
1 ̶ 1 4WP5 5°ツ
T1–T2 2.2.2–3 η グ 4Root mean square; RMS5
WPrms = "
2T∫ [WP(t+τ)]TT2 2
1 dτ (2.2.2–3)
え； レ
1 む
ラ 1 む ＜
し [56]
て 1 ̶ 1 RMS α
1； VAF 90% α
1； 4 2.2.2–45 var X(s)4n < p5
1 W (m–by–s) 1 ； H (s–by–n) η
ひ
qrs = 1 − tuv(w2X
(s)x
tuv(w) * 100 [%] (2.2.2–4)
1 1
ひ ダ α 1
＜ ；
2.3
2.3.1 3
ダ α ル いへ 1；
ュ 1；
4 p = 0.406 α p = 0.2425
Shapiro–Wilk 4ュ α = 0.055 レ
1； ィ 7.1 ± 3.1
α 4.2 ± 1.3 1； Welch t 4ュ
α = 0.055 ュ 4p = 0.0065 α
1；
2.3.2 3
ダ 1； ュ 1 ＜
； α
ハ
6 4 57 6
4 57
α 1 Shapiro–Wilk 4ュ
α = 0.055 レ 4p = 0.01075
1 ＜ ； Spearman ＜ ； レ
せ Spearman ＜ ； ぼ エ ̶
ケ エ ＜ び
1 ＜ ； α
ュ ＜ 4r > 0.7, p < 0.055 6
7 ュ ＜ 4r <80.7; p < 0.055 6 7
2.3.2–2, 3 1 1 ＜ ；
2.3.2–2a, 2b 90, 110 rpm 1 ＜ ；
ル 2.3.2–3a, 3b 90, 110 rpm α
1 ＜ ； グ 1 1 ＜ ； r
x–y 9 え； 4 2.3.2–
1 5 ュ ＜ ＜
え； バ を R, L
2.3.2–2a GMR– TFLL GMR
37–330Hz TFLL 170–330Hz ュ ＜
Figure 2.3.2–1: The interpretation of the correlation value of synergy vectors extracted from the left and right legs. The correlation value in each block, divided by each muscle, shows the tendency of bilateral muscle coordination.
1 ＜ ； ュ
＜ 90 rpm–150 W
ひ2.3.2–1 ひ2.3.2–2 110 rpm–
150 W
ひ2.3.2–3 ひ え；
ュ ＜ 4|r| > 0.7, p < 0.055 ひ ダ ＞
と ル
BFR–GMR RFL–GML
Table 2.3.2–1: Strong activation tendency of bilateral muscle coordination based on the correlation value of the left and right synergy vector at 90 rpm under 150 W for the beginners.
Right lower limb muscles as a reference leg Left lower limb muscles
RFR TFLL
BFR* TAL
TAR TAL
GMR* TFLL, RFL, TAL
* means the correlation in different frequency range between lower limbs.
Table 2.3.2–2: Strong deactivation tendency of bilateral muscle coordination based on the correlation value of the left and right synergy vector at 90 rpm under 150 W for the beginners.
Right lower limb muscles as a reference leg Left lower limb muscles
BFR RFL, GML
GMR GML
Table 2.3.2–3: Strong activation tendency of bilateral muscle coordination based on the correlation value of the left and right synergy vector at 110 rpm under 150 W for the beginners.
Right lower limb muscles as a reference leg Left lower limb muscles
RFR* BFL, GML
BFR* TAL
TAR* BFL
GMR* RFL
* means the correlation in different frequency range between lower limbs.
α 1 ＜ ； ュ
＜ 90 rpm–150 W
ひ2.3.2–4 ひ2.3.2–5 110 rpm–
150 W
ひ2.3.2–6 ひ え；
ひ
ダ ＞ α れ；
と ル
GMR TFLL
え； ＜ α
２ α
Table 2.3.2–4: Strong activation tendency of bilateral muscle coordination based on the correlation value of the left and right synergy vector at 90 rpm under 150 W for the experienced.
Right lower limb muscles as a reference leg Left lower limb muscles
RFR BFL, TAL, GML
BFR TAL, GML
TAR BFL, TAL, GML
GMR* RFL, TAL, GML
* means the correlation in different frequency range between lower limbs.
Table 2.3.2–5: Strong deactivation tendency of bilateral muscle coordination based on the correlation value of the left and right synergy vector at 90 rpm under 150 W for the experienced.
Right lower limb muscles as a reference leg Left lower limb muscles
GMR* TFLL
Table 2.3.2–6: Strong activation tendency of bilateral muscle coordination based on the correlation value of the left and right synergy vector at 110 rpm under 150 W for the experienced.
Right lower limb muscles as a reference leg Left lower limb muscles
RFR TAL
BFR RFL
TAR GML
GMR RFL
* means the correlation in different frequency range between lower limbs.
(a) 90 rpm–150 W
(b) 110 rpm–150 W
Figure 2.3.2–2: The coefficient of correlation of synergy vectors extracted from the left and right leg muscles for the beginners at 90 rpm under 150 W (a) and at 110 rpm under 150 W (b) The color bar shows the correlation coefficient of synergy vector in both legs. The correlation coefficient in each block divided by each muscle shows the tendency of bilateral muscle coordination.
(a) 90 rpm–150 W
(b) 110 rpm–150 W
Figure 2.3.2–3: The coefficient of correlation of synergy vectors extracted from the left and right leg muscles for the experienced cyclists at 90 rpm under 150W (a) and at 110 rpm under 150 W (b) The color bar shows the correlation coefficient of synergy vector in both legs. The correlation coefficient in each block divided by each muscle shows the tendency of bilateral muscle coordination.
2.4
2.4.1 3 F
1； ル α ＜
1；
ガ ダ 1；
ガ [28] ち ミ2き
1 え； ＜
90 rpm–150 W 4r > 0.7, p < 0.055 α ち
1；
＜ ユ 1 れ；
ひ
ヨ 1； ル
2.4.2
α ち
̶ 1 ガ α
90 rpm ウ [57]
ガ [58]
90 rpm–150 W 110 rpm–150 W
ダ ＜ レ
α
α 90 rpm–150 W
／ ね ／ RFR
／ ね ／ BFL ね ／ ／ GML
ラ ガ [12]
α
ダ
と イ ド と
ル
1； れ；
ひ
ひ 1 ＜ ； ＜
90 rpm–150 W ／ ね ／ BFR ／ ね ／
RFR ね ／ ／ GMR λ
α ち
ダ ヒ
ダ 1 ひ
4 5
2.5 F
ダ レ
1 イ レ
し え； レ
1
1 ＜ ；
ダ ミ
• 1 ＜ ；
え；
•
い マ
7
62
3.1
Liu et al. (2012) と び [60]
440, 60, 80, 100, 120 rpm5
と ご
グ ド と ４
Blake et al. (2015) 1
ガ [58] 1
ュ
と し
ダ イ 470, 90, 110 rpm5
ヒ α
1 ̶ 1 て ツ
と レ 1
と − ケ k–means レ て
1 α ん
ュ 1 1 ；
イ ご
3.2
3.2.1ダ ル レ 4 2 2.2／ 5
ダ て
ュ だ 1
‒ リ ビ ヒ と
11バ て レ 2あ
ュ て α 3バ4あ 20.3 ±1.2 1.68 ± 0.04 m 58.3
± 1.7 kg ン 5 ナ 8バ レ 4あ 21.7 ± 2.3
1.70 ± 0.07 m 55.4 ± 5.9 kg, ン )
ダ 1 ル ガ 4 2 2.2
／ 5 21 70 %
て 2
４30 て ぐ；
ぐ； 1 レ て 1
1 1 ル
リ て 1
て ぐ； ぐ；
っめ フ っめ 4 ダ 5
べ
て 4150 W5 470, 90, 110 rpm5
3 30ぶ
3
1 ち
て ざ
う て ‒ 1 ひ
，
ダ ４15 – 30
て ぐ； 1 ケ[53] ぐ；
80%
3.2.2 3
4, 5
ひビ 60 Hz 15–490 Hz ̶
レ 2 1 ル 4 2 2.2／ 5
• Morlet 1 レ 1 イ
• 1 ̶ 1 RMS
1 ̶ 1 と 1
ダ と 1 と NMF
レ 1 NMF イ
〜 ラ い
ダ て ツ α 1 ̶ 1
1 と
1； VAF > 80% VAFmuscle > 80%
α 1 ； 30ぶ
1 ュ 1 ； び
1 4 1 5 ん
ケ 1 ュ 1
ケ − と −
1 0
ん 1 ヨ k4>15
1 k
ダ と − レ
4 5 α 4 α 5 ュ 1
ち ヒ k–means
レ α 1 1 ；
k α ん
1 3–4 ガ ダ
； ユ べ べ
； 1； 3 5
k ん
‒ 4 3.2.2–15 レ 1 1 ；
＜ び
Cosine similarity = cos(θ) = A·B
‖A‖‖B‖= ∑ni=1AiBi
"∑ni=1Ai2"∑ni=1Bi2
4 3.2.2–15
3.3
3.3.1 3
1 ； 1 3.3.1–1 3.3.1–
2 3.3.1–1 x y
1 4 5 470, 90, 110 rpm5
ひ 3.3.1–2 x y 1
4 5 470, 90, 110 rpm5 ひ
x え； 419–330 Hz: 19.29, 37.71, 62.09, 92.36, 128.48, 170.39, 218.08, 271.50, 330.63 Hz5 し
ダ k–means
1 1 3
1 ； イ ご τ イ 11 2
1 ； 1 90 rpm グ 1
え； ツ イ ご τ イ
チ
11–3 1 ；
1 3.3.1–3 べ
4 5 1 4 5 4
5 11–3 ポ
グ ひ
3
1 ； 1
チ 60–150° 11 1 ひ
1 70 rpm
／ TFL ／お TA TFL TA
4 3.3.1–3 5 90 rpm 1
TFLL
4 3.3.1–3 5 110 rpm 1 ／ ね
／ BFR/L–ね ／ ／ GMR/L
BF GM τ
4 3.3.1–3 5
3
1 ； 1
チ 150–270° 1 12 1 ひ
1 70 rpm TFL ／
ね ／ RF–TA τ
4 3.3.1–3 5 90 rpm 110 rpm 1
ィ 4 3.3.1–3
5
3
1 ； 1
チ 330–60° キ 1 13 1 ひ
1 70 90 110 rpm
ィ 4 3.3.1–3 5
3.3.2 3
α 4 1 ； 1
3.3.2–1 3.3.2–2
ダ α 1 k-means
レ 4 α
1 ； イ ご イ 14
1 ； 1 110 rpm グ 1
え； ち 「4 ̶1 5
イ ご イ
α 11–4 α
1 ； 1
3.3.2–3
3
1 ； 1
チ 90–210° 11 1 ひ
1 70 rpm BFR–GMR TFL–RFL
ィ
4 3.3.2–3 5 90 rpm 110
rpm 1 RFR–TAR BFL–GML チ
4 3.3.2–3 5
3
1 ； 1
チ 240–300° 12 1 ひ
1 70 rpm TFLR RFL– BFL–TAL–
GML 4 3.3.2–3
5 グ 90 rpm BFR–GMR RFL–TAL
4 3.3.2–3 5 110 rpm RFR–BFR–TAR
TFLL–GML チ
4 3.3.2–3 5
3
1 ； キ 1
チ 330–90° 13 1 ひ
1 70 rpm RFR–TAR TFLL–
BFL–GML ィ
4 3.3.2–3 5 グ 90 rpm TFLR BFL–TAL–GML
4 3.3.2–3 5 110 rpm
BFR–TAR–GMR チ チ
4 3.3.2–3 5
3
1 ； キ 1 70, 90 rpm
チ 240–60° 14 1 ひ
グ 110 rpm チ 150–270° 1
14 110 rpm 1 イリ
70 rpm 1 TFLR TAL
4 3.3.2–3 5 90 rpm TFLR
TFLL–RFL チ 4 3.3.2–
3 5 110 rpm BFR–TAR–GMR チ
ィ 4 3.3.2–3 5
Figure 3.3.1–1: Mean synergy activation coefficients for the beginners at 70, 90, and 110 rpm under 150 W. The top, middle, and bottom panels represent the first, second, and third mean synergy activation coefficients for whole 35, 45, and 55 cycles across 70, 90, and 110 rpm, respectively; the blue solid line, orange dashed line, and yellow dotted line represent 70, 90, and 110 rpm, respectively; the x-axis and y-x-axis represent the crank angle and synergy activation levels, respectively.
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #1
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #2
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #3
Figure 3.3.1–2: Synergy vectors for the beginners at 70, 90, and 110 rpm under 150 W. The top, middle, and bottom panels represent the first, second, and third synergy vectors; the x-axis shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles, showing, in each muscle, wavelets #1–9 (19.29, 37.71, 62.09, 92.36, 128.48, 170.39, 218.08, 271.50, and 330.63 Hz) from left to right; the y-axis shows the activation level of synergy vectors; the blue stacked bar with solid edge, orange stacked bar with dashed edge, and yellow stacked bar with dotted edge represent 70, 90, and 110 rpm, respectively.
TFLR RFR BFR TAR GMR TFLL RFL BFL TAL GML 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #1
TFLR RFR BFR TAR GMR TFLL RFL BFL TAL GML 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #2
TFLR RFR BFR TAR GMR TFLL RFL BFL TAL GML 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #3
Figure 3.3.1–3: Schematic understanding of asymmetry in inter lower limb coordination for the beginners. Each block shows the result from each experimental condition; 70 rpm (top left), 90 rpm (top right), and 110 rpm (bottom left). Each circle shows three types of pedaling phases; Propulsive phase (green)–pushing phase (orange)–pulling phase (blue). Each line in each block shows the type of synergies; synergy #1 (bold line), #2 (bold double lines), and #3 (bold triple lines) in the left (dotted) and right (solid). In addition, the initial crank angle position is defined as 0° where the right foot is placed on the top center of the pedal. The crank rotation follows a clockwise manner.
70 rpm cadence 90 rpm cadence
0
180
90 270
Pushing phase Pulling phase
Propulsive phase
0
180
90 270
Synergy #1:
Synergy #2:
Synergy #3:
Right leg Left leg
Red line: Asymmetry in inter lower limb coordination;
the comparatively greater activation of muscle coordination in the lower limb in each synergy during different pedaling phases
110 rpm cadence 0
180
90 270
: Operating point of pedaling motion
Figure 3.3.2–1: Mean synergy activation coefficients for the experienced cyclists at 70, 90, and 110 rpm under 150 W. The first, second, third, and fourth panels represent the first, second, third, and fourth mean synergy activation coefficients for whole 35, 45, and 55 cycles across 70, 90, and 110 rpm, respectively; the blue solid line, orange dashed line, and yellow dotted line represent 70, 90, and 110 rpm, respectively; the x-axis and y-axis represent the crank angle and synergy activation levels, respectively.
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #1
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #2
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #3
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Synergy #4
Figure 3.3.2–2: Synergy vectors for the experienced cyclists at 70, 90, and 110 rpm under 150 W.
he first, second, third, and fourth panels represent the first, second, third, and fourth synergy vectors, respectively; the x-axis shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles, showing, in each muscle, wavelets #1–9 (19.29, 37.71, 62.09, 92.36, 128.48, 170.39, 218.08, 271.50, and 330.63 Hz) from left to right; the y-axis shows the activation level of synergy vectors; the blue stacked bar with solid edge, orange stacked bar with dashed edge, and yellow stacked bar with dotted edge represent 70, 90, and 110 rpm, respectively.
TFLR RFR BFR TAR GMR TFLL RFL BFL TAL GML 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #1
TFLR RF
R BF
R TA
R GM
R TFL
L RF
L BF
L TA
L GM
L
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #2
TFLR RFR BFR TAR GMR TFLL RFL BFL TAL GML 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #3
TFLR RF
R BF
R TA
R GM
R TFL
L RF
L BF
L TA
L GM
L
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Synergy #4
Figure 3.3.2–3: Schematic understanding of asymmetry in inter lower limb coordination for the experienced cyclists. Each block shows the result from each experimental condition; 70 rpm (top left), 90 rpm (top right), and 110 rpm (bottom left). Each circle shows three types of pedaling phases;
Propulsive phase (green)–pushing phase (orange)–pulling phase (blue). Each line in each block shows the type of synergies; synergy #1 (bold line), #2 (bold double lines), #3 (bold triple lines), and #4 (single line) in the left (dotted) and right (solid). In addition, the initial crank angle position is defined as 0°
where the right foot is placed on the top center of the pedal. The crank rotation follows a clockwise manner.
70 rpm cadence 90 rpm cadence
0
180
90 270
Pushing phase Pulling phase
Propulsive phase
0
180
90 270
Synergy #4:
110 rpm cadence 0
180
90 270
: Operating point of pedaling motion
Synergy #1:
Synergy #2:
Synergy #3:
Right leg Left leg
Red line: Asymmetry in inter lower limb coordination;
the comparatively greater activation of muscle coordination in the lower limb in each synergy during different pedaling phases
3.4
3.4.1 ‒
し
ツ ェ 4Stretch–shortening
cycle; SSC5 SSC ご モ
SSC
̶ 1
ー ー
1 Patterson et al.419995 α
90 rpm ウ ガ ／
４ ご [57] 120
140 rpm λ
‒ [58] ダ
110 rpm 30ぶ
イ ド
1 ； 1
1 1 1 ツ
1 チ 92–218 Hz
1
1 ； に
Blake et al. (2015) ガ
グ と 70 rpm 1
4 3.3.1–3 5 90, 110 rpm と ダ
1 Liu et al. (2012) ル
イ ド と
̶ 1こ マ ／ TFL TA
1 ； α 1
1 1 1 ツ
1 え； ツ ̶1
イ ご イ α
せ
1 ２ い の
；
ラ ハ ク
グ と 90 rpm 1
4 3.3.2–3 5 70, 110 rpm と
と 1
マ RFL/R TAL/R マ BFL/R–GML/R
α 6 グ
グ 7 い マ ュ
ヒ
グ ィ α ご
ー
3.4.2 F
1 ；
い [61] せ 1 ；
1 こ し 1
； こ ビ々
̶ 1 イ
1
ョこ の [62]
お α
ー ギ
ー オ
ご イリ の
3.5 F
ダ イ ヒ
1
70, 90, 110 rpm α
1 イ レ 1 ̶
1 と レ 1
1 ； k–means レ α
1 1 べ
イ ご
ダ ミ
1). い マ ュ
2). ー
ギ 1
72 R
4.1
̶ 1 ４ オ 4Compensatory motion5
ダ オ ド
イリ
[63] 1
ね ／ ウ こ い マ
ね ／
ド ね ／ λ
ね ／ 1 1 1 ヨ ラ ガ
[64]
お ー
マ ヒ と
̶ 1 グ
ダ ヒ
Wheeler ガ ね ／ 150 300 W
ヨ [64] ダ 415 5 4150 W5
ご イリ
4.2
4.2.1ダ ル レ
ダ て ュ
5あ ュ
1 ‒ リ ビ ヒ
て α 4バ レ 4あ 34.8 ± 0.5 1.73 ± 0.03 m
69.7 ± 7.7 kg, ン あ 8.5 ± 3あ5
ダ 1 ル ガ 4 2 2.2
／ 5 21 65%
て 2
４30 て ぐ；
ぐ； 1 レ て 1
1 て 1
1 ぐ； ぐ；
て 1
て ぐ； ぐ；
っめ フ っめ 4 ダ
5 べ
て 4150 W5 490 rpm5 15
1
ち て ざ
う て ‒
1 ひ
， ダ 1 バ が ， ご て
ぐ て イ
ワ ラ （ 4Rate of
Perceived Exertion; RPE5[65] て ‒ 1
ー
• ４ ぎ 4 5
• て イ4 5
• ぐ； 1 ケ ぐ； 80%
4.2.2 3
こ ４ ひ
ワ ４
え； ４ [66] お ひビ レ
1 1 1 こ い
び RMS よ ガ え
； え； ガ [67–68] 1
イ 4Short-Time Fourier Transform; STFT5 え；4Median Frequency; MDF5 1 イ え；4Instantaneous Median Frequency; iMDF5 レ
[69] び え； が4MDF/ iMDF
1 5 レ ド RPE
よ え； が [66].
ひビ 60 Hz 15–490 Hz ̶
レ 2 1 ル 4 2 2.2／ 5
• Morlet 1 レ 1 イ
45 4 30ぶ 5 1 ̶ 1
45 ツ iMDF ケ
iMDF 1
ひビ 60 Hz 15–490 Hz ̶
レ 1 ル
• Morlet 1 レ 1 イ
• 1 ̶ 1 RMS
α 1 ̶ 1 1
ぞ ぞ 45 1 と
1； VAF > 80% VAFmuscle
> 80% 1 ； 45 び
4.3
4.3.1
ダ て 1バ4 て F5 90 rpm 150 W 15
て F ぐ； ぐ；
80% て F
て S1, S2, S3
ア て iMDF 1 4.3.1–1 げ
x y iMDF 1 チ て ひ
て F iMDF 4.3.1–2 て S1, S2, S3
iMDF 4.3.1–3, 4.3.1–4, 4.3.1–5 x
45 430ぶ 5 1 y iMDF
チ
ダ／ ル
て し て
iMDF 1 ご
て F iMDF 1 ／ TFLR ね ／ ／ GMR
グ ／ ね ／ RFL グ
4 4.3.1–1 5 て F
4.3.1–2 iMDF
ぞ ぞ4360 4 5 TFLR GMR グ ／ ね
／ RFR/L
. . .
て S1 S2 iMDF 1 TAR GML TAL に 4
4.3.1–1 5 4.3.1–3, 4 iMDF チ
グ て S3 iMDF 1 TFLR グ BFR/L グ
4 4.3.1–1 5 4.3.1–5 iMDF TFLR
ぞ 4900 10 5 BFR/L ぞ
Figure 4.3.1–1: Boxplot of the MDF slopes of muscles for all subjects. The red line in each box shows the median value for all subjects. On the y–axis, the negative values indicate muscle fatigue. The X–
axis shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles. Each symbol in the legend represents an individual subject.
Figure 4.3.1–2: The iMDF values across whole cycles for the subject F. Each line and symbol in the legend shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles. The x–axis shows index per 45 cycles (30 secs). The y–axis shows the iMDF values.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Index per 45 cycles (30s) 0
50 100 150 200
iMDF [Hz]
TFLR RF
R BF
R TA
R GM
R TFL
L RF
L BF
L TA
L GM
L
Figure 4.3.1 3: The iMDF values across whole cycles for the subject S1. Each line and symbol in the legend shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles. The x–axis shows index per 45 cycles (30 secs). The y–axis shows the iMDF values.
Figure 4.3.1–4: The iMDF values across whole cycles for the subject S2. Each line and symbol in the legend shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles. The x–axis shows index per 45 cycles (30 secs). The y–axis shows the iMDF values.
5 10 15 20 25 30
Index per 45 cycles (30s) 0
50 100 150 200
iMDF [Hz]
TFLR RFR BFR TAR GMR TFLL RFL BFL TAL GML
5 10 15 20 25 30
Index per 45 cycles (30s) 0
50 100 150 200
iMDF [Hz]
TFLR RF
R BF
R TA
R GM
R TFL
L RF
L BF
L TA
L GM
L
Figure 4.3.1–5: The iMDF values across whole cycles for the subject S3. Each line and symbol in the legend shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles. The x–axis shows index per 45 cycles (30 secs). The y–axis shows the iMDF values.
5 10 15 20 25 30
Index per 45 cycles (30s) 0
50 100 150 200
iMDF [Hz]
TFLR RF
R BF
R TA
R GM
R TFL
L RF
L BF
L TA
L GM
L
4.3.2
ダ ご グ ４
グ ４ グケ ヒ
1 イリ
1 ツて ツ 1 イリ
ぞ ぞ て S1, S2, S3 1 ； 1
4.3.2–1, 2, 4.3.2–4, 5, 4.3.2–7, 8 て F 4.3.2–10,
11 11–2 4.3.2–12, 13 13–4
ぞ ぞ 1 ひ 4.3.2–12, 13 セ
14 ひ 1 ； x
4 5 y し グ 1
x え；419–330 Hz: 19.29, 37.71, 62.09,
92.36, 128.48, 170.39, 218.08, 271.50, 330.63 Hz) y し
て 1 ； 1 ぞ ぞ
イ 1 ； て
1 チ 1 40–150°5 1 4180–300 5 1 40–90° 270–360°5 1
； 1 て ぞ ぞ グ
1 ぞ ぞ 1
て ィ グ 1
1 ツ え； イ
て 1； ； ツ イ て
S1, S2, S3 3 グ て F ぞ4 ぞ3 ぞ て
F 13–4 ぞ 13 ん
て S1, S2, S3, F 1 イリ
4.3.2–3, 6, 9, 14
. 4 5
• 1 4 135 ぞ
ぞ RFR BFR GML ４
• 1 4 125 ぞ グ
ぞ TFLR RFR BFR ４ TFLL RFL BFL
チ
• 1 4 115 ぞ ぞ ぞ 4TFLR5
. 4 5
• 1 4 125 ぞ ぞ
ぞ TFLR RFR BFR TAL ４ TAR GMR
TFLL RFL BFL GML
• 1 4 115 ぞ ぞ
ぞ TFLR TFLL RFL BFL
• 1 4 135 ぞ
ぞ ４
TAL GML
. 4 5
• 1 4 125 ぞ
ぞ TFLR–BFR TAR GMR ４ TFLL RFL BFL
• 1 4 115 ぞ ぞ
ぞ TFLL–TAL
• 1 4 135 ぞ ぞ
4 5
• 1 4 115 ぞ
ぞ RFR BFR TAR ４ TFLL RFL BFL
• 1 4 145 ぞ
ぞ 4.3.2–13 13 ん
• 1 4 125 ぞ ぞ
ぞ BFR TAR GMR BFL TAL
• 1 4 135 ぞ
ぞ 4.3.2–13 13 ん
Figure 4.3.2–1: Fatigue–adaptation of mean synergy activation coefficients for the subject S1 in the first and last 45 cycles at 90 rpm under 150 W. The top, middle, and bottom panels represent the first, second, and third mean synergy activation coefficients, respectively; the blue solid line and the dotted cyan line represent the results in the first and last 45 cycles, respectively; the x-axis and y-axis represent the crank angle and synergy activation levels, respectively.
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Synergy #1
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Synergy #2
360/0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360/0
Crank rotation angle [deg]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Synergy #3
Figure 4.3.2–2: Fatigue–adaptation of synergy vectors for the subject S1 in the first and last 45 cycles at 90 rpm under 150 W. The top, middle, and bottom panels represent the first, second, and third synergy vectors, respectively; the x-axis shows the right (R) and left (L) lower limb muscles, showing, in each muscle, wavelets #1–9 (19.29, 37.71, 62.09, 92.36, 128.48, 170.39, 218.08, 271.50, and 330.63 Hz) from left to right; the y-axis shows the activation level of synergy vectors; the blue bar and the cyan bar represent the results in the first and last 45 cycles, respectively.
Figure 4.3.2–3: Schematic understanding of asymmetry in inter lower limb coordination for the subject S1 in both flesh and fatigue adaptation period. The left and right block show the result for the first and last 45 cycles in different pedaling phases; Propulsive phase (green)–pushing phase (orange)–pulling phase (blue). Each line in each block shows the type of synergies; synergy #1 (bold line), #2 (bold double lines), and #3 (bold triple lines) in the left (dotted) and right (solid) legs. In addition, the initial crank angle position is defined as 0° where the right foot is placed on the top center of the pedal. The crank rotation follows a clockwise manner.
0
180
90 270
First 45 cycles (Baseline) Last 45 cycles
Synergy #1:
Synergy #2:
Synergy #3:
Right leg Left leg 0
180
90 270
Pushing phase Pulling phase
Propulsive phase
: Operating point of pedaling motion (right foot)