This study suggested that DAP/VCM cross-resistance in MRSA is associated with mprF mutations. The reduction of DAP and VCM susceptibility is mainly mediated by alteration of CM surface charge through increased L-PG production, while increased CW thickness is marginally involved. We also revealed a novel pathway leading to DAP-nonsusceptibility that is not related to the common genetic determinant mprF. In our study, single DAP-nonsusceptibility is believed to be caused by alterations in cellular metabolisms ensued from lacF mutations, but the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
REFERENCES
1. Pantosti A, Sanchini A, Monaco M: Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol, 2(3):323-334. 2007.
2. Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R, Surveillance BWPoR: Non-susceptibility trends among staphylococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06. J Antimicrob Chemother, 62 Suppl 2:ii65-74. 2008.
3. Hiramatsu K: The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Japan. Am J Med, 104(5A):7S-10S. 1998.
4. Chesneau O, Morvan A, Solh NE: Retrospective screening for heterogeneous vancomycin resistance in diverse Staphylococcus aureus clones disseminated in French hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother, 45(6):887-890. 2000.
5. Watanakunakorn C: Mode of action and in-vitro activity of vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother, 14 Suppl D:7-18. 1984.
6. Ferraz V, Dusé AG, Kassel M, Black AD, Ito T, Hiramatsu K: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus occurs in South Africa. S Afr Med J, 90(11):1113. 2000.
7. Cui L, Ma X, Sato K, Okuma K, Tenover FC, Mamizuka EM, Gemmell CG, Kim MN, Ploy MC, El-Solh N: Cell wall thickening is a common feature of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol, 41(1):5-14. 2003.
8. Cui L, Iwamoto A, Lian JQ, Neoh HM, Maruyama T, Horikawa Y, Hiramatsu K: Novel mechanism of antibiotic resistance originating in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50(2):428-438. 2006.
9. Stryjewski ME, Corey GR: New treatments for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Opin Crit Care, 15(5):403-412. 2009.
10. Muraih JK, Pearson A, Silverman J, Palmer M: Oligomerization of daptomycin on membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1808(4):1154-1160. 2011.
11. Jung D, Rozek A, Okon M, Hancock RE: Structural transitions as determinants of the action of the calcium-dependent antibiotic daptomycin. Chem Biol, 11(7):949-957. 2004.
12. Schriever CA, Fernández C, Rodvold KA, Danziger LH: Daptomycin: a novel cyclic lipopeptide antimicrobial. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 62(11):1145-1158. 2005.
13. Ernst CM, Staubitz P, Mishra NN, Yang SJ, Hornig G, Kalbacher H, Bayer AS, Kraus D, Peschel A: The bacterial defensin resistance protein MprF consists of separable
domains for lipid lysinylation and antimicrobial peptide repulsion. PLoS Pathog, 5(11):e1000660. 2009.
14. Cui L, Tominaga E, Neoh HM, Hiramatsu K: Correlation between reduced daptomycin susceptibility and vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50(3):1079-1082. 2006.
15. Sakoulas G, Alder J, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM:
Induction of daptomycin heterogeneous susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus by exposure to vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50(4):1581-1585. 2006.
16. Nishi H, Komatsuzawa H, Fujiwara T, McCallum N, Sugai M: Reduced content of lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol in the cytoplasmic membrane affects susceptibility to moenomycin, as well as vancomycin, gentamicin, and antimicrobial peptides, in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48(12):4800-4807. 2004.
17. Friedman L, Alder JD, Silverman JA: Genetic changes that correlate with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50(6):2137-2145. 2006.
18. Yang SJ, Xiong YQ, Dunman PM, Schrenzel J, François P, Peschel A, Bayer AS:
Regulation of mprF in daptomycin-nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 53(6):2636-2637. 2009.
19. Slavetinsky CJ, Peschel A, Ernst CM. Alanyl-phosphatidylglycerol and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol are translocated by the same MprF flippases and have similar capacities to protect against the antibiotic daptomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56(7):3492-7. 2012.
20. Bayer AS, Mishra NN, Cheung AL, Rubio A, Yang SJ: Dysregulation of mprF and dltABCD expression among daptomycin-non-susceptible MRSA clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother, 71(8):2100-2104. 2016.
21. Ernst CM, Kuhn S, Slavetinsky CJ, Krismer B, Heilbronner S, Gekeler C, Kraus D, Wagner S, Peschel A: The lipid-modifying multiple peptide resistance factor is an oligomer consisting of distinct interacting synthase and flippase subunits. MBio, 6(1). 2015.
22. Bertsche U, Yang SJ, Kuehner D, Wanner S, Mishra NN, Roth T, Nega M, Schneider A, Mayer C, Grau T: Increased cell wall teichoic acid production and D-alanylation are common phenotypes among daptomycin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates. PLoS One, 8(6):e67398. 2013.
23. Utaida S, Dunman PM, Macapagal D, Murphy E, Projan SJ, Singh VK, Jayaswal RK, Wilkinson BJ: Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the response of Staphylococcus aureus to cell-wall-active antibiotics reveals a cell-wall-stress stimulon. Microbiology, 149(Pt 10):2719-2732. 2003.
24. Kuroda M, Kuroda H, Oshima T, Takeuchi F, Mori H, Hiramatsu K: Two-component system VraSR positively modulates the regulation of cell-wall biosynthesis pathway in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol, 49(3):807-821. 2003.
25. Taglialegna A, Varela MC, Rosato RR, Rosato AE: VraSR and virulence trait modulation during daptomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant. mSphere, 4(1).
2019.
26. Shoji M, Cui L, Iizuka R, Komoto A, Neoh HM, Watanabe Y, Hishinuma T, Hiramatsu K: walK and clpP mutations confer reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 55(8):3870-3881. 2011.
27. Yang SJ, Nast CC, Mishra NN, Yeaman MR, Fey PD, Bayer AS: Cell wall thickening is not a universal accompaniment of the daptomycin nonsusceptibility phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for multiple resistance mechanisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54(8):3079-3085. 2010.
28. Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus:
epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev, 10(3):505-520. 1997.
29. Loeb L: The influence of certain bacteria on the coagulation of the blood. J Med Res, 10(3):407-419. 1903.
30. Lowy FD: Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med, 339(8):520-532. 1998 31. Kuraitis D, Williams L: Decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus in healthcare: a
dermatology perspective. J Healthc Eng., 2018.
32. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Borchardt SM, Boxrud DJ, Etienne J:
Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA, 290(22):2976-84. 2003.
33. Humphreys H, Grundmann H, Skov R, Lucet JC, Cauda R: Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect., 15(2):120-4.
2009.
34. Murat D, Byrne M, Komeili A: Cell biology of prokaryotic organelles. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol., 2(10):a000422. 2010.
35. Ghuysen JM: The bacterial cell wall and penicillin resistance: facts, questions and hopes. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg., 153(4):235-41. 1998.
36. Coico R: Gram staining. Curr Protoc Microbiol., Appendix 3C. 2005.
37. Boneca IG, Huang ZH, Gage DA, Tomasz A: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall glycan strands, evidence for a new β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. J Biol Chem., 275(14):9910-8. 2000.
38. Navarre WW, Schneewind O: Surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 63(1):174-229. 1999.
39. Komatsuzawa H, Fujiwara T, Nishi H, Yamada S, Ohara M, McCallum N: The gate controlling cell wall synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol., 53(4):1221-31. 2004.
40. Wickus GG, Rubenstein PA, Warth AD, Strominger JL: Partial purification and some properties of the uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-enolpyruvate reductase from Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Bacteriol., 113(1):291-4. 1973.
41. Berger-Bächi B, Tschierske M: Role of Fem factors in methicillin resistance. Drug Resist Update., 1(5):325-35. 1998
42. Münch D, Roemer T, Lee SH, Engeser M, Sahl HG, Schneider T: Identification and in vitro analysis of the GatD/MurT enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid II amidation in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog., 8(1):e1002509. 2012.
43. Scheffers DJ, Pinho MG: Bacterial cell wall synthesis: new insights from localization studies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 69(4):585-607. 2005
44. Ishino F, Matsuhashi M: Peptidoglycan synthetic enzyme activities of highly purified penicillin-binding protein 3 in Escherichia coli: a septum-forming reaction sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 101(3):905-11. 1981
45. Ishino F, Park W, Tomioka S, Tamaki S, Takase I, Kunugita K: Peptidoglycan synthetic activities in membranes of Escherichia coli caused by overproduction of penicillin-binding protein 2 and RodA protein. J Biol Chem., 261(15):7024-31. 1986.
46. Gally D, Archibald AR: Cell wall assembly in Staphylococcus aureus: proposed absence of secondary crosslinking reactions. J Gen Microbiol., 139(8):1907-13.
1993
47. Jarick M, Bertsche U, Stahl M, Schultz D, Methling K, Lalk M: The serine/threonine kinase Stk and the phosphatase Stp regulate cell wall synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep., 8(1):13693. 2018
48. Ward JB: Teichoic and teichuronic acids: biosynthesis, assembly, and location.
Microbiol Rev., 45(2):211-43. 1981.
49. Swoboda JG, Campbell J, Meredith TC, Walker S: Wall teichoic acid function, biosynthesis, and inhibition. Chembiochem., 11(1):35-45. 2010
50. Neuhaus FC, Baddiley J: A continuum of anionic charge: structures and functions of D-alanyl-teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 67(4):686-723. 2003.
51. Kojima N, Araki Y, Ito E: Structure of the linkage units between ribitol teichoic acids and peptidoglycan. J Bacteriol., 161(1):299-306. 1985.
52. Kojima N, Araki Y, Ito E: Structure of linkage region between ribitol teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus H. J Biol Chem., 258(15):9043-5. 1983.
53. Meredith TC, Swoboda JG, Walker S: Late-stage polyribitol phosphate wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 190(8):3046-56. 2008 54. Brown S, Santa Maria JP, Walker S: Wall teichoic acids of gram-positive bacteria.
Annu Rev Microbiol., 67:313-36. 2013
55. Schirner K, Marles-Wright J, Lewis RJ, Errington J: Distinct and essential morphogenic functions for wall- and lipo-teichoic acids in Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J., 28(7):830-42. 2009
56. Baptista C, Santos MA, São-José C: Phage SPP1 reversible adsorption to Bacillus subtilis cell wall teichoic acids accelerates virus recognition of membrane receptor YueB. J Bacteriol., 190(14):4989-96. 2008.
57. Xia G, Corrigan RM, Winstel V, Goerke C, Gründling A, Peschel A: Wall teichoic Acid-dependent adsorption of staphylococcal siphovirus and myovirus. J Bacteriol., 193(15):4006-9. 2011.
58. Yang SJ, Kreiswirth BN, Sakoulas G, Yeaman MR, Xiong YQ, Sawa A: Enhanced expression of dltABCD is associated with the development of daptomycin nonsusceptibility in a clinical endocarditis isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis., 200(12):1916-20. 2009.
59. Bertsche U, Weidenmaier C, Kuehner D, Yang SJ, Baur S, Wanner S: Correlation of daptomycin resistance in a clinical Staphylococcus aureus strain with increased cell wall teichoic acid production and D-alanylation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 55(8):3922-8. 2011.
60. Fischer A, Yang SJ, Bayer AS, Vaezzadeh AR, Herzig S, Stenz L: Daptomycin resistance mechanisms in clinically derived Staphylococcus aureus strains assessed by a combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach. J Antimicrob Chemother., 66(8):1696-711. 2011.
61. Mishra NN, Bayer AS, Weidenmaier C, Grau T, Wanner S, Stefani S: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of daptomycin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: relative roles of mprF and dlt operons. PLoS One., 9(9):e107426. 2014.
62. Marquis RE, Mayzel K, Carstensen EL: Cation exchange in cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. Can J Microbiol., 22(7):975-82. 1976.
63. Heptinstall S, Archibald AR, Baddiley J: Teichoic acids and membrane function in bacteria. Nature., 225(5232):519-21. 1970.
64. Ellwood DC: The wall content and composition of Bacillus substilis var. niger grown in a chemostat. Biochem J., 118(3):367-73. 1970.
65. Morath S, von Aulock S, Hartung T: Structure/function relationships of lipoteichoic acids. J Endotoxin Res., 11(6):348-56. 2005.
66. Kiriukhin MY, Debabov DV, Shinabarger DL, Neuhaus FC: Biosynthesis of the glycolipid anchor in lipoteichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus RN4220: role of YpfP, the diglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase. J Bacteriol., 183(11):3506-14. 2001.
67. Gründling A, Schneewind O: Genes required for glycolipid synthesis and lipoteichoic acid anchoring in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol., 189(6):2521-30.
2007.
68. Karatsa-Dodgson M, Wörmann ME, Gründling A: In vitro analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid synthase enzyme using fluorescently labeled lipids. J Bacteriol., 192(20):5341-9. 2010.
69. Weart RB, Lee AH, Chien AC, Haeusser DP, Hill NS, Levin PA: A metabolic sensor governing cell size in bacteria. Cell., 130(2):335-47. 2007.
70. Salzberg LI, Helmann JD: Phenotypic and transcriptomic characterization of Bacillus subtilis mutants with grossly altered membrane composition. J Bacteriol.
190(23):7797-807. 2008.
71. Sheen TR, Ebrahimi CM, Hiemstra IH, Barlow SB, Peschel A, Doran KS: Penetration of the blood-brain barrier by Staphylococcus aureus: contribution of membrane-anchored lipoteichoic acid. J Mol Med (Berl)., 88(6):633-9. 2010.
72. Barák I, Muchová K: The role of lipid domains in bacterial cell processes. Int J Mol Sci., 14(2):4050-65. 2013.
73. Kraus D, Peschel A: Staphylococcus aureus evasion of innate antimicrobial defense.
Future Microbiol., 3(4):437-51. 2008.
74. Ratledge C: Microbial Lipids. Academic Press, London. 1988.
75. Parsons JB, Rock CO: Bacterial lipids: metabolism and membrane homeostasis.
Prog Lipid Res., 52(3):249-76. 2013.
76. Parsons JB, Broussard TC, Bose JL, Rosch JW, Jackson P, Subramanian C:
Identification of a two-component fatty acid kinase responsible for host fatty acid incorporation by Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111(29):10532-7. 2014.
77. Chaudhuri RR, Allen AG, Owen PJ, Shalom G, Stone K, Harrison M, Burgis TA, Lockyer M, Garcia-Lara J, Foster SJ: Comprehensive identification of essential Staphylococcus aureus genes using Transposon-Mediated Differential Hybridisation (TMDH). BMC Genomics, 10:291. 2009.
78. Lu YJ, Zhang YM, Grimes KD, Qi J, Lee RE, Rock CO: Acyl-phosphates initiate membrane phospholipid synthesis in Gram-positive pathogens. Mol Cell, 23(5):765-772. 2006.
79. Rock CO, Jackowski S: Forty years of bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 292(5):1155-66. 2002.
80. Martin PK, Li T, Sun D, Biek DP, Schmid MB: Role in cell permeability of an essential two-component system in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol, 181(12):3666-3673. 1999.
81. Kanemasa Y, Yoshioka T, Hayashi H: Alteration of the phospholipid composition of Staphylococcus aureus cultured in medium containing NaCl. Biochim Biophys Acta, 280(3):444-450. 1972.
82. Peschel A, Jack RW, Otto M, Collins LV, Staubitz P, Nicholson G, Kalbacher H, Nieuwenhuizen WF, Jung G, Tarkowski A: Staphylococcus aureus resistance to human defensins and evasion of neutrophil killing via the novel virulence factor MprF is based on modification of membrane lipids with L-lysine. J Exp Med, 193(9):1067-1076. 2001.
83. Koprivnjak T, Zhang D, Ernst CM, Peschel A, Nauseef WM, Weiss JP:
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus cardiolipin synthases 1 and 2 and their contribution to accumulation of cardiolipin in stationary phase and within phagocytes. J Bacteriol, 193(16):4134-4142. 2011.
84. Miller DJ, Jerga A, Rock CO, White SW: Analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus DgkB structure reveals a common catalytic mechanism for the soluble diacylglycerol kinases. Structure, 16(7):1036-1046. 2008.
85. Frolov VA, Shnyrova AV, Zimmerberg J: Lipid polymorphisms and membrane shape. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3(11):a004747. 2011.
86. Vanounou S, Pines D, Pines E, Parola AH, Fishov I: Coexistence of domains with distinct order and polarity in fluid bacterial membranes. Photochem Photobiol, 76(1):1-11. 2002.
87. Quinn PJ: Lipid-lipid interactions in bilayer membranes: married couples and casual liaisons. Prog Lipid Res, 51(3):179-198. 2012.
88. Subczynski WK, Markowska E, Gruszecki WI, Sielewiesiuk J: Effects of polar carotenoids on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine membranes: a spin-label study.
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1105(1):97-108. 1992.
89. Strzałka K, Gruszecki WI: Effect of β-carotene on structural and dynamic properties of model phosphatidylcholine membranes. I. An EPR spin label study.
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1194(1):138-142. 1994.
90. Singer SJ, Nicolson GL: The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes.
Science, 175(4023):720-731. 1972.
91. Spratt BG: Penicillin-binding proteins and the future of β-lactam antibiotics. The Seventh Fleming Lecture. J Gen Microbiol, 129(5):1247-1260. 1983.
92. Antignac A, Boneca IG, Rousselle JC, Namane A, Carlier JP, Vázquez JA, Fox A, Alonso JM, Taha MK: Correlation between alterations of the penicillin-binding protein 2 and modifications of the peptidoglycan structure in Neisseria meningitidis with reduced susceptibility to penicillin G. J Biol Chem, 278(34):31529-31535. 2003.
93. Novak R, Charpentier E, Braun JS, Tuomanen E: Signal transduction by a death signal peptide: uncovering the mechanism of bacterial killing by penicillin. Mol Cell, 5(1):49-57. 2000.
94. Georgopapadakou N, Hammarström S, Strominger JL: Isolation of the penicillin-binding peptide from D-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 74(3):1009-1012. 1977.
95. Giesbrecht P, Kersten T, Maidhof H, Wecke J: Staphylococcal cell wall:
morphogenesis and fatal variations in the presence of penicillin. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 62(4):1371-1414. 1998.
96. Goffin C, Ghuysen JM: Multimodular penicillin-binding proteins: an enigmatic family of orthologs and paralogs. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 62(4):1079-1093. 1998.
97. Stapleton PD, Taylor PW: Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus:
mechanisms and modulation. Sci Prog, 85(Pt 1):57-72. 2002.
98. McDougal LK, Thornsberry C: The role of beta-lactamase in staphylococcal resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins and cephalosporins. J Clin Microbiol, 23(5):832-839. 1986.
99. MP J: "Celbemom"-resistant staphylococci. Br Med J, 1(5219):113-114. 1961.
100. Ayliffe GA: The progressive intercontinental spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis, 24 Suppl 1:S74-79. 1997.
101. Rodvold KA, McConeghy KW: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus therapy: past, present, and future. Clin Infect Dis, 58 Suppl 1:S20-27. 2014.
102. Hartman BJ, Tomasz A: Low-affinity penicillin-binding protein associated with β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol, 158(2):513-516. 1984.
103. Otero LH, Rojas-Altuve A, Llarrull LI, Carrasco-López C, Kumarasiri M, Lastochkin E, Fishovitz J, Dawley M, Hesek D, Lee M: How allosteric control of Staphylococcus aureus penicillin binding protein 2a enables methicillin resistance and physiological function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110(42):16808-16813. 2013.
104. Sjöström JE, Löfdahl S, Philipson L: Transformation reveals a chromosomal locus of the gene(s) for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol, 123(3):905-915. 1975.
105. Ubukata K, Nonoguchi R, Matsuhashi M, Konno M: Expression and inducibility in Staphylococcus aureus of the mecA gene, which encodes a methicillin-resistant S.
aureus-specific penicillin-binding protein. J Bacteriol, 171(5):2882-2885. 1989.
106. McKinney TK, Sharma VK, Craig WA, Archer GL: Transcription of the gene mediating methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (mecA) is corepressed but not coinduced by cognate mecA and β-lactamase regulators. J Bacteriol, 183(23):6862-6868. 2001.
107. Katayama Y, Ito T, Hiramatsu K: A new class of genetic element, staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec, encodes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44(6):1549-1555. 2000.
108. International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWG-SCC). Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53(12):4961-7. 2009.
109. Pfeiffer RR: Structural features of vancomycin. Rev Infect Dis, 3 suppl:S205-209.
1981.
110. Bryskier A: Anti-MRSA agents: under investigation, in the exploratory phase and clinically available. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 3(4):505-553. 2005.
111. Vedel G, Leruez M, Lémann F, Hraoui E, Ratovohery D: Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci with decreased sensitivity to glycopeptides as assessed by determination of MICs. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 9(11):820-822. 1990.
112. Binda E, Marinelli F, Marcone GL: Old and new glycopeptide antibiotics: action and resistance. Antibiotics (Basel), 3(4):572-594. 2014.
113. Van Bambeke F, Van Laethem Y, Courvalin P, Tulkens PM: Glycopeptide antibiotics: from conventional molecules to new derivatives. Drugs, 64(9):913-936.
2004.
114. Cooper MA, Williams DH: Binding of glycopeptide antibiotics to a model of a vancomycin-resistant bacterium. Chem Biol, 6(12):891-899. 1999.
115. Kahne D, Leimkuhler C, Lu W, Walsh C: Glycopeptide and lipoglycopeptide antibiotics. Chem Rev, 105(2):425-448. 2005.
116. Jordan DC, Inniss WE: Selective inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus by vancomycin. Nature, 184(Suppl 24):1894-1895. 1959.
117. Hamley IW: Lipopeptides: from self-assembly to bioactivity. Chem Commun (Camb), 51(41):8574-8583. 2015.
118. Steenbergen JN, Alder J, Thorne GM, Tally FP: Daptomycin: a lipopeptide antibiotic for the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 55(3):283-288. 2005.
119. Carpenter CF., Chambers HF: Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis., 38: 994-1000. 2004.
120. Straus SK, Hancock RE: Mode of action of the new antibiotic for Gram-positive pathogens daptomycin: comparison with cationic antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1758(9):1215-1223. 2006.
121. Tran TT, Munita JM, Arias CA: Mechanisms of drug resistance: daptomycin resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1354:32-53. 2015.
122. Muraih JK, Harris J, Taylor SD, Palmer M: Characterization of daptomycin oligomerization with perylene excimer fluorescence: stoichiometric binding of phosphatidylglycerol triggers oligomer formation. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1818(3):673-678. 2012.
123. Zhang T, Muraih JK, MacCormick B, Silverman J, Palmer M: Daptomycin forms cation- and size-selective pores in model membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1838(10):2425-2430. 2014.
124. Zhang T, Muraih JK, Tishbi N, Herskowitz J, Victor RL, Silverman J, Uwumarenogie S, Taylor SD, Palmer M, Mintzer E: Cardiolipin prevents membrane translocation and permeabilization by daptomycin. J Biol Chem, 289(17):11584-11591. 2014.
125. Chen YF, Sun TL, Sun Y, Huang HW: Interaction of daptomycin with lipid bilayers:
a lipid extracting effect. Biochemistry, 53(33):5384-5392. 2014.
126. Silverman JA, Perlmutter NG, Shapiro HM: Correlation of daptomycin bactericidal activity and membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47(8):2538-2544. 2003.
127. Institute. CaLS: Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters, 5th ed CLSI document M23Ed5E . In. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.; 2018.
128. Levine DP: Vancomycin: a history. Clin Infect Dis, 42 Suppl 1:S5-12. 2006.
129. (CDC) CfDCaP: Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin--United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51(26):565-567. 2002.
130. Bugg TD, Wright GD, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P, Walsh CT: Molecular basis for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: biosynthesis of a depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursor by vancomycin resistance proteins VanH and VanA. Biochemistry, 30(43):10408-10415. 1991.
131. Hong HJ, Hutchings MI, Buttner MJ, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council UK: Vancomycin resistance VanS/VanR two-component systems. Adv Exp Med Biol, 631:200-213. 2008.
132. Gutmann L, Billot-Klein D, al-Obeid S, Klare I, Francoual S, Collatz E, van Heijenoort J: Inducible carboxypeptidase activity in vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36(1):77-80. 1992.
133. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother, 40(1):135-136. 1997.
134. Sieradzki K, Roberts RB, Haber SW, Tomasz A: The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.
N Engl J Med, 340(7):517-523. 1999.
135. Kim MN, Pai CH, Woo JH, Ryu JS, Hiramatsu K: Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in Korea. J Clin Microbiol, 38(10):3879-3881. 2000.
136. Courvalin P: Vancomycin resistance in gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis, 42 Suppl 1:S25-34. 2006.
137. Boyle-Vavra S, Carey RB, Daum RS: Development of vancomycin and lysostaphin resistance in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate. J Antimicrob Chemother, 48(5):617-625. 2001.
138. Hanaki H, Kuwahara-Arai K, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS, Labischinski H, Hiramatsu K:
Activated cell-wall synthesis is associated with vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains Mu3 and Mu50. J Antimicrob Chemother, 42(2):199-209. 1998.
139. Mwangi MM, Wu SW, Zhou Y, Sieradzki K, de Lencastre H, Richardson P, Bruce D, Rubin E, Myers E, Siggia ED: Tracking the in vivo evolution of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by whole-genome sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104(22):9451-9456. 2007.
140. Meehl M, Herbert S, Götz F, Cheung A: Interaction of the GraRS two-component system with the VraFG ABC transporter to support vancomycin-intermediate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51(8):2679-2689.
2007.
141. McEvoy CR, Tsuji B, Gao W, Seemann T, Porter JL, Doig K, Ngo D, Howden BP, Stinear TP: Decreased vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus caused by IS256 tempering of WalKR expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 57(7):3240-3249. 2013.
142. Kuroda M, Kuwahara-Arai K, Hiramatsu K: Identification of the up- and down-regulated genes in vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains Mu3 and Mu50 by cDNA differential hybridization method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 269(2):485-490. 2000.
143. Mascher T: Intramembrane-sensing histidine kinases: a new family of cell envelope stress sensors in Firmicutes bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 264(2):133-144. 2006.
144. McAleese F, Wu SW, Sieradzki K, Dunman P, Murphy E, Projan S, Tomasz A:
Overexpression of genes of the cell wall stimulon in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting vancomycin-intermediate- S. aureus-type resistance to vancomycin. J Bacteriol, 188(3):1120-1133. 2006.
145. Herbert S, Bera A, Nerz C, Kraus D, Peschel A, Goerke C, Meehl M, Cheung A, Götz F: Molecular basis of resistance to muramidase and cationic antimicrobial peptide activity of lysozyme in staphylococci. PLoS Pathog, 3(7):e102. 2007.
146. Falord M, Karimova G, Hiron A, Msadek T: GraXSR proteins interact with the VraFG ABC transporter to form a five-component system required for cationic antimicrobial peptide sensing and resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 56(2):1047-1058. 2012.
147. Cui L, Lian JQ, Neoh HM, Reyes E, Hiramatsu K: DNA microarray-based identification of genes associated with glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49(8):3404-3413. 2005.