GRA．
22．3（29）
9．0（29）
71．5（ 93）
74．6（241）
6．2（8）
16．4（53）
100．0（130）
100．0（323）
TotaI 12．8（58） 73．7（334） 13．5（61） 100．0（453）
X2＝20．27242 v＝0．14958 p＜0．0050
Abbreviations in the table are as fbllows．
H．C．RA．：high Class Resudential Area G．RA．：General Residentia1 Area
As revealed in table 43， those who live in the high class residential
areas（22．3percellt）more than those who live in the general residential areas（9．O percent）， tend to consider themselves as a member of the upper class by a margin of 12．3％．The percentage of the fbrmer is more than two times higher than that of the the latter． Cramer’s contingency coefficient in this table43 is larger than that of table 42．In view of foregoing， it is clear that even among upper middle class people， the residential areas has direct relevance to stra加m consciousness． This supports the validity of the working hypothesis． The importance of this point can be further underlined by the relation of status goods to stratum consciousness． Table 44 show the reltionship between status goods and status consciousness．Table 44 Stratum consciousness by the number of Status symbols in％（n）
Upper Middle Lower
Total579
〜〜〜〜 6801
6．4（7）
8．3（10）
10．0（11）
38．0（30）
76．2（83）
81．7（98）
77．3（85）
39．2（31）
17．4（19）
10．0（12）
12．7（14）
22．8（18）
100．0（109）
100．0（120）
100．0（110）
100．0（ 79）
Total 13．9（58） 71．0（297） 15．1（63） 100．0（418）
Z2＝61．21768 v＝0．15623 p〈0．0050
As revealed in table 44， the more one has status symbols， the more likely he／she comes to consider oneself a member of the upper class． In view of foregoing， it becomes clear that factors relevant to life style are more likely than socio－economic faCtOrS tO affeCt StratUm COnSCiOUSneSS．
Table 45 stratum consciousness by Aircon ownership in％（n）
Upper Middle Lower
TotalHaves
Have nots
14．8（50）
7．0（8）
73．3（247）
74．7（ 86）
11．9（40）
18．3（21）
100．0（337）
100．0（115）
Tota1 12．8（58） 73．7（333） 13．5（61） 100．0（452）
X2＝6．84013 v＝0．12302 p＜0．050
Among lifestyle factors， two factors are most relevant in determining one’s stratum conscious ness． They are air conditioner ownership and car ownership． in a country of perpetual summer like the Philippines， to have air conditioners or not is decisively important in determining one’s social status． According to table 45， among those who have an air con，14．8％of them think they belong to the upper class． On the other hand among those who don’t have an air conditioner only 7．0％of them think they belong to the upper class． the percentage of the former is more than two times higher than that of the latter． Another factor which is important in determining one’s social
コ コ
status is car ownership．In Metro－Manila where no mass transportatlon system ls
established， people have a hard time in commuting in heavy traffic．Table 46 stratum consciousness by Car ownership in％（n）
Upper Middle
1．ower TotalHaves
Have nots
16．7（45）
7．1（13）
71．8（194）
76．4（139）
11．5（31）
16．5（30）
100．0（270）
100．0（182）
Total 12．8（58） 73．7（333） 13．5（61） 100．0（452）
Z2＝10．03443 v＝0．1490 p＜0．010
According to table 46， among those who have a car，16．7％of them think they belong to the upper class． On the other hand among those who don’t have a car only 7．1％of them think they belong to the upper class． the percentage of the fbrmer is more than two times higher than that of the latter．Comparison of two Cramer’s contingency coefficient makes it clear that car ownership is more important than air conditioner ownership in determining one’s socia1 status． When compared to 15 years ago， we can see many new cars running on avenues like EDSA．It appears to symbolize the emergence of the new middle class．2．Dynamics of Stratum Consciousness
Since stratum consciousness is always changing． We can compare it at different
The Emergence of the New Urban Middle Class in the Philippines and lts Social Character／IKEDA Masatoshi
times． Table 47 compares the status consciousness that was conceived during the high school days with that is conceived at present．
Table 47 Comparison of Stratum Consciousness in％（n）
Present
Upper Middle Lower
TotalHigh
school
Upper Middle Lower
55．6（25）
12．1（25）
4．0（8）
44．4（ 20）
80．2（166）
73．5（147）
）））
065 14
（（（075072 2
100．0（ 45）100．0（207）
100．0（200）
Total 12．8（58） 73．7（333） 13．5（61） 100．0（452）
note：High in the table stands fbr high school days．
The percentage of the people who think they belonged to the upper stratum reaches high at 55．6％among those who think they belonged to the upper stratum during the high school days． This tendency is very strong among the middle stratum people．
80．2％of those who think they belonged to the middle class during the high school days，think they belong to the middle class now． From this table， three mobility coef丘cients are computed as fbllows．
gross mobility rate＝0．477 structural mobility rateニ0．308 net mobility rate＝0．169
These丘gures are smaller than the ones obtained from actual occupational mobility．
More interesting， however， is the fact on the conscious level， while the downwards mobility numbers 36， the upward mobility numbers 180． The latter is 5 times as many as the fbrmer． The indication is that the Philippine middle class people have a happy
memory about their past inter generational social mobility． This may make them
insiders of the social system． Accordingly，increase of this stratum in number is conducive to maintaining the present social social system． This question will be later examined with their relation to the political consciousness．In the fbllowings， the perception of the difEculty of the social mobility is fbcused．
Table 48－1 is a response to the question to the effect that is it easy fbr a person whose origin is from lower class to belong to the middle class？
As to this mobility process，while the middle class people have an optimistic view，
the lower class people have the most pessimistic view． The fbrmer（25．2％）is more
inclined than the latter（13．3％）to think the social mobility from the lower class to the middle class is easy． Then，how is the social mobility from the middle class to the upper class？
Table 48－1 Perception of social mobility by stratum consclousness From the lower class to the middle class in％（n）
Easy
Dif五cult TotaIUpper Middle Lower
24．1（14）
25．2（83）
13．3（8）
75．9（ 44）
74．8（246）
86．7（ 52）
100．0（ 58）
100．0（329）
100．0（ 60）
Total 23．5（105） 76．5（342） 100．0（447）
XL’＝4．52615 v＝O．0712 n．s．
Table 48－2 is a responce to the fbllowing question． Is it easy fbr a person whose origin is from the middle class to belong to the upper class？
Table 48－2 Perception of social mobility by stratum consciousness From the middle class to the upper ciass in％（n）
Easy
Difficult TotalUpper Middle Lower
31．6（18）
21．4（67）
14．8（9）
68．4（ 39）
78．6（246）
85．2（ 52）
100．0（ 57）
100．0（313）
100．0（ 61）
Total 21．8（94） 78．2（337） 100．0（431）
X2＝3．03288
v・＝O．03562 n．s．As to this social mobility，the middle class people in general have less optimistic view than in the case of the mobility from the lower class to the middle class． While 23．590 of the middle class people think the upward mobility from the lower class to the middle class is easy，21．8％of the middle class people think the upward mobility from the middle class to the upper class is easy．A person in the higher social stratum appears to be more inclined than a person in the lower stratum to have an optimistic view about social mobility from the middle class to the upper class． The former
（31．6％）is more than two times higher than the latter（14．8％）． Are there any elationship between educational attainment and the perception of mobility？Table 49 shows the relationship between perception of social mobility（from the middle class to the upper class）and educational attainment．
The Emergence of the New Urban Middle Class in the Philippines and lts Soeial Character／IKEDA Masatoshi
Table 49 Perception of social mobility by educational attainment From middle class to upper class in％（n）
Easy
Difficult TotalHg Ug Grad
17．9（5）
22．1（68）
19．6（21）
82．1（ 23）
77．9（240）
80．4（ 86）
100．0（ 28）
100．0（308）
100．0（107）
Tota1 21．2（94） 78．8（349） 100．0（443）
X2＝O．874067751 V＝0．044119 n．s．
Abbreviations
Hg：High school graduates Ug：University graduates
Grad：a combined category of graduate school graduates with degree and graduate work not completed．
Although university graduates are optimistic and high school graduates are
pessimistic，the differense between the two is not statistically significant． That is，there is not marked difference as to the prospect of upward social mobility according to educational attainment．
Then what factors are considered being important for sicial success in the Philippines？ Table 50 shows the conditions of social success by occupational groups．
According to table 50，education appears to be the most important factor for social success which is followed by individual eff（）rt（34．0％）and family back ground（18．8％）．
The combined share of these three factors stands at 97．9％．
Table 50 Conditions of social success in％（n）
Family
EffortEducation Luck
Tota1Managerial
Buz
Proftech ClericalBC Others
17．9（21）
20．5（16）
22．4（17）
16．9（14）
17．9（12）
9．1（1）
32。5（38）
37．2（29）
31．6（24）
32．5（27）
34．3（23）
54．5（6）
462（54）
41．0（32）
43．4（33）
48．2（40）
47．8（32）
36．4（4）
））））））
412200
（（（（（（436400312200
100．0（117）100．0（ 78）
100．0（ 76）
100．0（ 83）
100．0（ 67）
100．0（11）
Total 18．8（81） 34．0（147） 45．1（195） 2．1（9） 100．0（432）
Regarding success factors， conspicuous differences can not be fbund among
occupational groups．People in every occupational group put emphasis on education．This underlies the strong orientation to higher educational attainment among the
philippine people． This remark appears to be in contradictory with the findings obtained in table 17． That finding suggests that although education is important fbr one’s social auccess， highly educated people are not always successful people． For example，259e of graduate schoo1 graduates are in the low income bracket．Vl－2 Aspects of Class Consciousness
Being different from stratum consciousness， class conscious ness is defined in the context of capital and labour relation．
．
1 Factors affecting Class Consciousness・
Occupation is supPosed to influence class consciousness・
Table 51 class consciousness by occupational groups in％（n）
Capitalist class Working class Total
Manager Buz
Proftech Cle亘calBC Others
7．2（8）
32．3（20）
14．3（8）
1．4（1）
1．8（1）
0．0（0）
92．8（103）
67．7（ 42）
35．7（ 48）
98．6（ 70）
98．2（ 54）
100．0（10）
100．0（111）
100．0（ 62）
100．0（ 56）
100．0（ 71）
100．0（ 55）
100．0（10）
Total 10．4（38） 89．6（327） 100．0（365）
As shown in table 51，almost 90 90 of the people（89．6％）identify themselves with the working class． Business operators seem to have very different consciousness from other occupational groups． Among them，32．390 of the people consider themselves the capitalist class． This percentage is much higher than that of other occcupational groups． In managerial workers the percentage of those who identify themselves with capitalist（7．2％）is lower than that of professional／technical workers（14．3％）．
It is because the former is mostly composed of employed manage㎡al workers at middle management level like section chief． And the latter is made up of medical／
law practitioner who have social character in common with business operator． Other factor that may affect class consciousness may be educational attainment．
Table 52 class consciousness by educational attainment in％（n）
Capitalist class Working class Total
Hg Ug
Grad
12．0（3）
9．7（25）
10．3（9）
88．0（ 22）
90．3（234）
89．7（ 78）
100．0（ 25）
100．0（259）
100．0（ 87）
Total 10．0（37） 90．0（334） 100．0（371）
X2＝0．2802 v＝0．0275 n．s．
As shown by small Cramer’s contingency coefflcient in table 52， educational attainment doesn’t seem to influence class consciousness． If class consciousness has
The Emergence of the New Urban Middle Class in the Philippines and lts Social Character／IKEDA Masatoshi
something to do with economic－ well being， there must be some relationship between income level and class consciousness．
Table 53 class consciousness by income groups in％（n）
Capitalist class Working class Total
Low Middle High Highest
2．7（3）
7．5（8）
14．3（11）
22．9（16）
97．3（110）
92．5（ 98）
85．7（ 66）
77ユ（ 54）
100．0（113）
100．0（106）
100．0（ 77）
100．0（ 70）
Total 10．4（38） 79．6（328） 100．0（366）
ZL）＝21．152389 v＝0．2425 p＜0．0050
Table 53 shows the relationship between income and class consciousness． As shown by the large Cramer’s contingency coefflcient in table 53，the income level strongly affects class consciousness． The percentage of those who identify themselves with the capitalist class is only 2．7 percent among the people in the low income bracket． On the other hand， it reaches high at 22．9 percent in the highest income bracket． The percentage of the latter is more than 8 times higher than the f（）rmer． This indicates that the higher one’s income becomes， the more likely one identify oneself with the capitalist class． Noteworthy，however、 is the fact that even in the people in the highest income bracket，79．6 percent of them identify themselves with the working class．
From here， we can conclude that being the capitalist class／七he working class is beyond the question of just being rich！poor． To identify oneself with the capitalist class， we need some other social requirements than economic well being．
Table 54 shows the relationship between employment status and class
COnSC10USneSS．Table 54 class consciousness by employment status in％（n）
Capitalist class Working class Total
Employee
Self employed
3．1（8）
27．5（30）
96．9（250）
72．5（179）
100．0（258）
100．0（109）
Total 10．4（38） 89．6（328） 100．0（366）
Z2＝200 v＝0．73821 p＜0．0050
As shown by the large Cramer’s contingency coefficient in the table， employment status strongly affects class consciousness． The percentage of those who identify themselves with the capitalist is 27．5％in the self employed people． On the other
hand， the percentage of those who identify themselves with the capitalist is only 3．1％
in the employees． The percentage of the former is more than 8 times higher than that of the latter． The fbllowing can be derived from this table． Employers are more inclined than employees to identify themselves with the capitalist class．
From this we may well say that being a member of the upper stratum is not being a member of the capitalist class by itself．
2．class consciousness and other social consciousness
Table 55 class consciousness by stratum consciousness groups in％（n）
Capitalist class Working class Total
Upper Middle Lower
39．4（15）
6．5（18）
1．9（1）
60．6（ 23）
93．5（258）
98．1（ 51）
100．0（ 38）
100．0（276）
100．0（ 52）
Total 9．3（34） 90．7（332） 100．0（366）
γu＝136．9198 v＝O．562966 p＜0．0050
As revealed by large Cramer’s contingency coef丘cient in Table 55， stratum
consciousness and class consciousness have strong relationship each other．For
example， the percentage of those who identify themselves With the capitalist class is only1．9％in the lower class people． On the other hand， those who identify themselves with the capitalist class is 39．4％among the people in the upper stratum． The percentage of the latter is more than 20 times higher than that of the former．Noteworthy，however， is the fact that more than 6090 of the upper class people think they belong to the working class． This implies that whether identifying oneself with the capitalist class or not is beyond the question of stratum consciousness．
Then， is class consciousness connected with the perception of social issues？
Table 56 Perception of income inequality by class consciousness ls unequal income distribution a serious problem in the Philippines？
VS S NS
TotalCapitalist Class Working Class
47．4（ 18）
50．1（165）
42．1（ 16）
37．1（122）
10．5（4）
12．8（42）
100．0（ 38）
100．0（329）
Total 49．9（183） 37．6（138） 12．5（46） 100．0（367）
Z2＝0．42302 v＝O．03395 n．s．
Abbreviations in the table are as fbllows VS：Very Serious
S：Serious NS：Not Serious
The Emergence of the New Urban Middle Class in the Philippines and lts Socia1 Character／IKEDA Masatoshi
To the test statement，49．9％of all respondents think the unequal distribution is very serious． Followed by 37．6％of serious，12．5％of not serious． The working class
（50．1％）is more inclined than the capitalist class（47．4％）to regard this problem very serious． The difference is not statistically signi且cant． In short，the perception of seriousness of social problems doesn’t differentiate class consciousness into the capitalist class or the working class．
It appears the uequal income distribution is a question that transcends class consciousness because of its omnipresent seriousness． In terms of social success， the
capitalist class can be regarded successful people． Then how do they evaluate
feasibility of upward social mobility？Table 57 reveals their perception of easiness of upward mobility from the middle class to the upper class． Is it easy fbr the person whose origin is from the middle class to belong to the upper class？Table 57 Perception of upward mobility（from Middleαass to Upper Class）
Easy
Difficult TotalCapitalist class Working class
37．8（14）
18．8（63）
62．2（ 23）
81．2（273）
100．0（ 37）
100．0（336）
Tota1 20．6（77） 79．4（296） 100．0（373）
X2＝7．52651 v＝0．14205 P＜0．010
Unlike in the preceding table，class consciousness and perception of upward
mobility are related at 1％level． For example， while 37．8％of the those who identify themselves with the capitalist class think that upward mobility to the upper class is easy， only 18．8％of those who identify themselves with the working class think that upward mobility to the upper middle class is easy． The fbrmer（37．8％）is more than two times higher than the latter（18．8％）． For those who identify themselves with the capitalist class， the Philippine society is an open society． Does this mean that it is individual effort fbr a person to succeed in the Philippine society？ Table 56 sheds light on this problem．As stated in table 50， the most important conditions of success is education（46．2％），
f（）110wed by individual eff（）rt（32．8％）and by family background（19．4％）． As revealed in table 58，regarding conditions of success，although marked differences are not found between the capitalist class and the working class， the capitalist are more inclined than the working class to put stress on family back ground and individual eff｛）rt．
According to them，it is family background and individual ef壬brt that push them up to
the present status・
Table 58 conditions of social success in％（n）
Family
Eff｛）rtEducation Luck
Total Capitalist ClassWorking Class
27．0（10）
16．8（62）
37．9（ 14）
32．2（108）
32．4（ 12）
47．8（160）
2．7（1）
1．5（5）
100．0（137）
100．0（335）
Total 19．4（72） 32．8（128） 46．2（172） 1．6（6） 100．0（372）
Z2＝3．526395 v＝0．097362 n．s．
Those who identify themsekves with working class are more inclined than those who identify themselves with capitalist class seem to put emphasis on education． In their view， it is education that hinders their social promotion． This is also underlied by the fact that the educational attainment of blue－collar workers is lowest．
VI・3 Social lmages of The Middle Class
1．S㏄io－Economic Factors and Social lmages
In general Japanese people conceive that our society is dominated by middle class society． On the other hand about the Philippine society， we conceive that it is a bipolarized society with great difference between the rich and the poor． In the following， we focus on the social images which the middle classes in the Philippine conceive． Herein two types of social images are presented． One is a pyramidal shaped society with only small portion of the rich people at the apex of society monopolizing huge social resources and vast powerless poor people at the bottom of the society． The other is a middle stratum expanded diamond－shaped society．
Table 59 social image by occupational groups in％（n）
Bipolarized Diamond 一 shaped Tota1
Managerial
Business
Prof／tech ClericalBC
59．8（ 58）
48．3（ 28）
57．6（ 34）
44．8（ 26）
71．2（ 37）
40．2（39）
51．7（30）
42．4（25）
55．2（32）
28．8（15）
100．0（97）
100．0（58）
100．0（59）
100．0（58）
100．0（52）
Total 56．5（183） 43．5（141） 100．0324）
γ2＝8．771807 v＝0．16454 n．s．
The Emergence of the New Urban Middle Class in the Philippines and lts Social Character／IKEDA Masatoshi
As revealed in table 59， Those who regard Philippine society as being bipola亘zed are majority（56．5％）By occupational groups， the percentage of those who hold this image is highest in blue－collar workers（71．2％）． Clerical workers show sharp contrast of blue－collar workers． They tend to regard the Philippine society as being a middle class expanded society． The type of social image they hold is sure to depend on the sociological imagination． Then is it related With educational attainment？
Table 60 social image by educational attainmentin％（n）
Bipolarized
Diamond－shaped
TotalHigh grad
Univ． grad
Grad
45．0（ 9）
53．2（116）
65．2（ 60）
55．0（ 11）
46．8（102）
34．8（ 32）
100．0（ 20）
100．0（218）
100．0（ 92）
Total 56．1（185） 43．9（145） 100．0（330）
X2＝4。811187 v＝0．120745 n．s．
As shown in table 60 educational attainment seems to relate to the type of social image people conceive． The higher one’s educational attainment becomes， the higher the percentage of those who regard Philippine sciety as being a bipolarized society．
For example， in high school graduates，45％of them regard the Philippine society as being bipolarized．
On the other hand， among those who were enrolled at a graduate school，65．2％of them regard Philippine sciety as being a bipolarized society． The latter（65．2％）is higher than the former（45％）by a margin of 20．2％． One more thing to be examined is economic factors． Is the social image that they conceive related to one’s economic wel1－
being？ That is， if one is poor， does this economic situation force one to conceive society from bipolarized point of view？
Table 61 social image by income groups in％（n）
Bipolarized
Diamond shaped
Tota1e ☆
－ ewω由餉
』Mmm 52．2（47）62．5（55）
56．0（42）
55．1（43）
47．8（43）
37．5（33）
44．0（33）
44．9（35）
100．0（90）
100．0（88）
100．0（75）
100．0（78）
Total 56．5（187） 43．5（144） 100．0（331）
Z2＝2．9111463 vニ0．093787 1Ls．
As indicated by small Cramer’s contingency coefficient in table 61， the income level doesn’t seem to associate with the way of viewing society． Noteworthy，in this fact
，however， is that people in the middle income bracket tend to have a bipolarized social image． It is supposed that they are the one who are sandwitched by two social strata of the rich and the poor．
2．Social lmages and Other Social Consciousness
The social image is supposed to directly reflect the degree of existence of middle classes． In this research respondents were requested to estimate the share of the middle classes in the philippine society． For example， if we divide the Philippine society in to three social strata like upper， middle，10wer， what amount of people，do
you think belong to the respective stratum？Table 62 shows social image by the
estimated share of the middle classes．Table 62 Sociai lmages by the estimateded share of the middle classes Bipolarized Diamond 一 shaped
Less than 30％
30～49％
50～69％
Over 70％
79．8（87）
55．3（88）
28．6（6）
12．5（2）
202（22）
44．7（71）
71．4（15）
87．5（14）
100．0（109）
100．0（159）
100．0（ 21）
100．0（ 16）
Total 60．0（183） 40．0（122） 100．0（305）
X2＝28．4471643 v＝0．35400 p＜0．0050
As shown by Large Cramer’s contingency coef五cient in table 62， two variables strongly influence with each other． According to table 62， median share of the middle classes in the class eomposition is 32．8％． The table indicates the lower the estimated share of the middle class， the higher the percentage of the people who regard the Philippine society as being bipolarized． For example，the percentage of those who view the Philippine society from bipolarized point of view is 79．8％． among those whose estimated share of the middle class in the Philippine is less than 30％． On the other hand，the percentage of the people who view the Philippine society from bipolarized point of view is only 12．5％among those whose estimated share of the middle class in the Philippines is over 70％．
The percentage of the fbrmer（79．8％）is more than 6 times higher than that of the latter（12．5％）．The estimated share of each social stratum is also influenced by the