In Chapter 1, the study has demonstrated the possibility of total substitution of FO with vegetable oils in the diet for P. hypophthalmus and P. nasutus juveniles especially CPO and SBO. Positive response to CPO and SBO demonstrated fatty acids such as C16:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 preferable by these catfish for better growth in catfish.
This study showed a requirement of lower n-3/n-6 ratio to promote better growth at juvenile stage of pangasiid catfish, or likewise, preferences towards omega-6 fatty acids (CPO and SBO) compared to omega-3 fatty acids (LO and FO), especially C18:2n-6.
SFA and MUFA were low in SBO compared to FO group but still performed much better than the control FO group, which suggests that omega-6 may exclusively important for pangasiid catfish juvenile growth and development. Good growth in SBO and CPO groups also paralleled to high ARA level in liver and muscle. The increase of ARA is a result of elongation of C18:2n-6 since there were only trace amount of ARA in all diets. The relationship between ARA and good growth of catfish may indicate their preferences to ARA or its precursor, C18:2n-6. This study also showed that most abundant fatty acid in the diet may selectively be utilized for energy production.
In Chapter 2, there was no significant difference in final body weight for Japanese catfish S. asotus, thus suggests palm oil and palm oil blended with MCT can replace fish oil in the diet for S. asotus. However, supplementing MCT in the diet does not increase protein retention in S. asotus. This chapter also primarily suggested that fish may require ARA since they showed some possibility of bioconversion of ARA from C18:2n-6 through elongation and desaturation activity, which also found in Chapter 1 for CPO and SBO diet groups. Whereas, in FO group, ARA was not synthesized as
supported by EPA and DHA retention in liver and muscle for all groups. The absence of MCT in final muscle and liver suggest that S. asotus might have utilized them as energy.
Limited information available on Japanese catfish, therefore it is recommended that more nutrition studies conducted to provide sufficient information on this species such as different crude lipid level, protein and carbohydrate sources, energy transports and many others.
In Chapter 3, P. hypophthalmus maintained similar growth, while S. asotus juveniles showed lower growth performance when they fed diets composed with MCT. These results validate that MCT incorporated in P. hypophthalmus and S. asotus diets has no advantage to their growth performance. MCT diets influence largely on body lipid content of P. hypophthalmus and S. asotus by significant decrease in ALR, intraperitoneal fat and whole body crude lipid content, thus suggests MCT in diets may suppress accumulation of body fat in both catfishes. However, feeding catfish with MCT may spare protein and both PO and MCT spare n-3 HUFA in catfish especially Japanese catfish, which shown increased DHA in liver. MCT also may be utilized as energy since low MCT deposition in muscle and liver shown in both catfish, whereas energy for PO group are mainly supported by major fatty acids such as C16:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6. This study indicate C18:2n-6, ARA, EPA and DHA as the most important fatty acids for both catfish, and that ARA is the most preferable and could be the most functional EFA for them. Low in apparent digestibility coefficient of ARA in both PO and MCT groups of S. asotus showed that ARA was synthesized indigenously by S. asotus. However, this study needs further research on digestibility of ARA and accurate information on the actual EFA requirements with precise specification for future feed formulation.
In general, these studies on vegetable lipid sources to Siluriformes provide us with many interesting informations in various aspects and offer us better understanding of the acceptance of these lipids by the Siluriformes. As recommendation, there should be more studies on basic nutrient requirements, digestibility, requirement of EFA and amino acids and the metabolisms especially for Japanese catfish, Silurus asotus.
Acknowledgement
My greatest appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Kenji Takii, and co-supervisors - Professor Yasunori Ishibashi and Professor Yasuyuki Tsukamasa. Best gratitude to Professor Kazuhiko Matsuda, Professor Masanori Marimoto for thoughtful opinion and assistance with lab instruments. Best gratitude also to Professor Shigeharu Senoo and Professor Roshada Hashim for their guidance and advices. Great appreciation also goes to Dr. Amal Biswas, Mr. Shinichi Yamamoto and Mr. Kazuhiro Naka for their assistance during experiments. Exclusive acknowledgement to the Global COE Program (International Education and Research Center for Aquaculture Science for Bluefin Tuna and Other Cultured Fish) under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Kinki University for the scholarship and funding of my research.
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