Findings

The table 3.3 indicates the KWIC tokens for 発 達 in five corpora. The further analysis in qualitative approach follows the table.

Table 3.3 KWIC tokens for hattatsu in newspaper corpora

Newspaper name Tokens

The Asahi Shimbun 1,401 The Yomiuri Shimbun 2,673 The Mainichi Shimbun 989 The Nihon Keizai Shimbun 361 The Sankei Shimbun 936

Reading each concordance line, the author found five major subtopics:

medicine, education, policy, crime, and labor. Dividing into time periods, until 1990, 1991-2004, and after 2004 (a.k.a. after the passage of Hattatsu shōgaisha shienhō. The following subsections will excerpt sentences from subtopics and the interim discussion for usage of 発 達 accordingly to KWIC analysis will follow.

3.3.2.1 Until 1990

Only three corpora, the Asahi Shimbun, the Yomiuri Shimbun, and the nihon Keizai Shimbun, contain articles published until 1990. In this period, newspapers treated Hattatsu Shogai almost solely as a medical concept. In other words, the discourse was developed by medical specialization. For instance, here is the excerpt from the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, a newspaper with its strong influence to business community^vii:

48 (1)

ブ ー ム の 火 付 け 役 に な っ た の は 、田 辺 製 薬 が 開 発 し た「 ホ パ テ 」（ 商 品 名 ）。 五 十 二 年 に 小 児 の 精 神 発 達 障 害 の 治 療 薬 と し て 発 売 し た が 、 五 十 六 年 に 脳 卒 中 な ど に 伴 う 情 緒 ・ 言 語 障 害 と い っ た 痴 呆 症 状 に も 適 用 が 広 が っ た こ と か ら 、 急 速 に 売 れ 行 き が 伸 び た 。

The boom was triggered by “HOPATE” (product name) developed by Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd. The company started to sell this in 1977 as a remedy for seishin hattatsu shōgai, but as the extent of approval of this medication of this medicine was spread toward symptoms of dementia, such as disorder of emotion and language associated with stroke, the sales rapidly increased.

(The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 22 September 1986)

This article focuses on medication for dementia. The feature connotes that medication for Hattatsu Shogai was already popular in medical discourse, although, as I noted earlier, this word used to have different concept from current usage.

On the other hand, regarding education, the Asahi Shimbun reports that the Ministry of Education (currently emerged into MEXT) published the how -to book for parenting in 1985. The article provides the background of this publication with following excerpt:

(2)

現 代 家 庭 に お け る 父 親 の 役 割 の 強 調 や 、 働 く 母 親 が 増 え る 中 で 男 女 の 役 割 変 化 を 意 識 し た 子 育 て 、 地 域 と の か か わ り の 大 切 さ な ど を 説 い て い る の が 特 徴 で 、 非 行 や 様 々 な 発 達 障 害 に 陥 ら な い た め に 「 親 と し て 最 低 限 必 要 な 知 識 」 を 、 イ ラ ス ト 入 り で 列 挙 し て い る 。

The features of this booklet are strong focus on the role of father in temporary family, parenting recognizing the change of men-women roles with respect to increasing number of mothers with jobs, and significance of engagement in community; in order to avoid misconduct and various hattatsu shōgai, the booklet lists “minimum knowledge or parents” with pictures.

(The Asahi Shimbun, 31 January 1985)

This excerpt connotes that Hattatsu Shogai was recognized as a matter of parenting, additionally as a matter of medicine. In 1980’s, the number of articles containing Hattatsu Shogai was small, and rather, intellectual disabilities, me ntal

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retardation, and autism were mentioned in news discourse. From 1990’s, the subtopics regarding Hattatsu Shogai became more diverse.

3.3.2.2 From 1991 to 2004

In 1990’s to 2004, Hattatsu Shogai was still a matter mainly about education and medicine. Events regarding subtopics, however, had become more diverse.

Regarding medicine, the following medical knowledge was provided by the news reporter of the Mainichi Shimbun. This is an excerpt from an article features a personal story of a father of a woman with autism, who was died in her institution:

(3)

自 閉 症 は 脳 障 害 が 原 因 で 異 常 を 起 こ す 発 達 障 害 と い わ れ る が 、「 心 の 病 」 と 誤 解 さ れ 苦 し む 家 族 は 多 い 。

Although it is said that autism is a hattatsu shogai that causes abnormality due to brain disorders, a lot of family are suffered by misunderstood as “disease of the mind”.

(The Mainichi Shimbun, 10 November 1992)

The discourse arguing that Hattatsu Shogai was the matter of brain function was not new. This discourse is applied in education subtopics as well, as the following excerpt from the Sankei Shimbun:

(4)

障 害 児 の 言 語 脳 で あ る 左 脳 は 、 発 達 障 害 が あ り ま す 。 と こ ろ が 、 障 害 が あ る と わ か っ た と き か ら 、 言 葉 を 教 え る 働 き か け を す る と 、 ま だ で き あ が っ て い な い 脳 に は 普 通 児 に 負 け な い 言 語 回 路 が 開 け て い き ま す 。

The left brain is the language brain of children with disabilities as hattatsu shogai. However, since learning that the child has the disability, if you teach language to the children, the language circuit will be open competitive to that of normal child in the undeveloped brain.

(The Sankei Shimbun, 10 September 1992)

One warning that this article is contribution from an outside specialist and he is known as a radical professional of childhood education. The author of this dissertation would neither agree nor disagree with his opinion. This excerpt is

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cited in order to show the example of connection of education and medical discourse. After the 2004, the year when Japanese parliament passed the special law for Hattatsu Shogai, more diverse discourse has become visible in the print media texts.

3.3.2.3 After 2004

Policy, crime, and labor. These three subtopics have been more significant in news discourse regarding Hattatsu Shogai in 21st. Century. In addition, as we have seen in the figure 5.1, the quantity of article has largely increased in this time period. Here we will mainly review the two of the three subtopics (policy and labor) one by one. The discourse on crime will be discussed in the Chapter 6.

First, let us review the discourse on policy. Hattatsu shōgaisha shienhō will be discussed in the Chapter 6 devoted to case studies; rather, we will review one another event here. In 2012, one debate regarding prefectural policy happened in Osaka; Osaka City Assembly members affiliated with a regional political party 大 阪 維 新 の 会 (Osaka ishin no kai) released a bill proposal for encouragement of childhood education to the press. However, this proposal was strongly criticized by the parents’ group of persons with autism and many citizens. The Yomiuri Shimbun reports the event as follows:

(5)

同 条 例 案 は 児 童 虐 待 が 後 を 絶 た な い 中 で 、 家 庭 教 育 支 援 や 親 に 保 護 者 と し て の 自 覚 を 促 す こ と な ど が 目 的 で 、 市 議 団 が １ 日 、 記 者 団 に 公 表 。そ の 中 で 児 童 虐 待 を 発 達 障 害 と 関 連 づ け て 、「 愛 情 不 足 が 症 状 を 誘 発 す る 大 き な 要 因 」と 指 摘 し 、「 わ が 国 の 伝 統 的 子 育 て で 予 防 ・ 防 止 で き る 」 と 記 述 し て い た 。 こ れ に 対 し 、「 大 阪 自 閉 症 協 会 」（ 大 阪 市 ） な ど が 問 題 視 。 こ の 日 、 同 市 議 団 な ど ５ 会 派 に 条 例 案 の 提 案 見 送 り と 、 専 門 家 を 交 え た 勉 強 会 開 催 を 求 め る 要 望 書 を 提 出 し た 。

This proposal aims to encourage parents to have awareness as guardians;

the city assembly members’ group released the proposal to journalist groups in May 1st, regarding that the child abuses continue to happen . In this bill, they related child abuse to hattatsu shogai, and mention that

“lack of love is the big factor of symptom”, and described that “Japanese traditional parenting may prevent it”. Against this action, “Autism Society in Osaka” and others questioned. They submitted the petition to five assembly members’ groups, including Osaka ishin no kai, requesting the abandonment of the bill proposal and study conference inviting experts.

(The Yomiuri Shimbun, 8 May 2012)

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After this event, Osaka ishin no kai abandoned this proposal. This event suggests to us that the political discourse still affects policy, using medical and educational knowledge with their own sense.

Second, let us review the discourse on labor. Hattatsu Shogai used to be matter of sheltered employment, such as working in sheltered workshops with governmental support and low wage. However, so far, with respect to government’s encouragement for people with disabilities to work in “normal labor forces”, vocational support has increasingly become big feature. Here is excerpt from the Nihon Keizaai Shimbun, featuring a commercial company for providing vocational rehabilitation for people with Hattatsu Shogai.

(6)

経 営 感 覚 を 備 え た 社 会 事 業 の 起 業 家 を 育 成 ・ 輩 出 し よ う と す る 動 き も 広 が り 、 新 た な ベ ン チ ャ ー ビ ジ ネ ス の 領 域 と し て 存 在 感 が 高 ま り そ う だ 。

自 閉 症 な ど 発 達 障 害 者 の 就 労 を 支 援 す る【 会 社 α 】。秋 葉 原 に あ る 訓 練 施 設 で は １ ０ 人 前 後 の 若 者 が そ れ ぞ れ パ ソ コ ン に 向 き 合 う 。

The movement for educating and fostering entrepreneurs with a sense of management in social business is spreading, so it will have higher presence as a new field of venture business.

[A company α] supporting the work by persons with hattatsu shogai such as autism. In the training center in Akihabara, each of approximately 10 young persons is faced with personal computer individually.

[N.B. The name of company is rendered anonymous by the author of this dissertation]

(The Nihon Keizaai Shimbun, 19 May 2014)

Persons with Hattatsu Shogai are gradually but increasingly recognized as a possible labor force, rather than as a target of pity. However, there is room for careful discussion regarding the economic, philosophical, psychological, and medical feasibility of this sort of movement.