Conclusions and future work - 凍結手術への熱工学的アプローチ

practical use, the value of apparent thermal conductivity could be determined from the measured size of the ice ball during cryosurgery.

The practical problems associated with the cryosurgery

For injecting the hyaluronate acid case, no significant difference was found in the ice ball and the temperature distribution between the bio-sodium hyaluronate 1% solution and the gelatin tissue phantom. We can therefore conclude that injecting bio-sodium hyaliuronate solution instead of a physiological saline for avoiding quick diffusion in a tissue would be effective for lung cryosurgery from thermal engineering point of view. It was also demonstrated that the size of ice ball and the temperature distribution can be well predicted by our simulation.

For injecting the lipiodol case, we could not make sufficient frozen region in lipiodol because of its low freezing point and low thermal conductivity. We therefore conclude that injecting lipiodol instead of a physiological saline would not be effective for lung cryosurgery.

Future work

Based on the achievements of the present dissertation, following future work is herein proposed, which will deliver contributions for the numerical modeling and clinical practice of cryosurgery:

 Develop a computer treatment planning for cryosurgery to facilitate and support the medical doctors to perform efficient cryosurgery.

 Conduct real cryosurgery experiments to determine the apparnet thermal conductivity from the size of ice ball, and thus the value of the blood perfusion.

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Appendix A

The thermocouples were calibrated to be used in the cryosurgery experiment. Thermocouples were divided into two groups. The first group was the thermocouples to measure the tissue phantom temperature during the experiment. The first group consisted of six K-Type thermocouples (diameter=

0.5 mm). They were labelled by “Thermocouple 1, Thermocouple 2, … , Thermocouple 6”. The second group was the thermocouples to measure the temperature on the cryoprobe surface. The second group consisted of four T-Type thermocouples (diameter= 0.05 mm). They were labelled by “Thermocouple 211, Thermocouple 212, Thermocouple 213, and Thermocouple 214”. Thermocouple 212 was located at 6 mm away from the cryoprobe tip. Thermocouples 211 and 213 were located at 16 mm away from the cryoprobe tip. Thermocouple 214 was located at 26 mm away from the cryoprobe tip. Both groups were calibrated from -40^oC to +40^oC.

The results of the calibration are shown in two figures for each thermocouple. Figures represent two temperature ranges (i.e. from -40 ^oC to 0 ^oC range and from 0 ^oC to -40 ^oC range). The first graph shows the linearity and the temperature estimation equation from the thermoelectromotive force of the thermocouple. The second graph shows the samples error in terms of standard deviation.