100
6.3.1), thought to arise from: (i) decreasing resistance to forward and backward motion of dislocations with increasing number of cycles; (ii) decreasing resistance to dislocation emission and absorption at the interface with increasing number of cycles; and (iii) the dislocation density being saturated by cyclic deformation.
101
backward plastic deformation, resulting in high work hardening and a large Bauschinger effect.
2. Cyclic softening under nominal stress was due to cyclic softening of the ferrite phase. Changes in the FWHM of the ferrite diffraction peaks with cyclic deformation suggested reversible plastic flow related to the generation/annihilation of dislocations during cyclic deformation. The phase stress and FWHM behavior of ferrite diffraction peaks correlated well during cyclic deformation.
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7 Summary and conclusions
This thesis made a systematic study on the relationship between multi-scaled microstructures and heterogeneous deformation in pearlite steels.
In chapter 3, the kinetic behaviors were investigated by neutron diffraction during pearlite transformation. Peak broadening in ferrite, which is associated with the generation of internal stresses caused by the misfit strains between ferrite and cementite, was found to decrease with increasing transformation temperature and cementite spheroidization. The thermal misfit strain develops during cooling the specimen to room temperature with the end of the transformation. These thermal misfit strains that makes the ferrite peak broadening is approximately 16%.
In chapter 4, the effects of the internal stresses introduced by transformation and cooling on elasto-plastic deformation behavior, the yielding behavior was studied. The onset of plastic flow is found to occur at a lower load near the semi-coherent interface than the incoherent interface or in the ferrite grain interior. This result suggests that the dislocations emit easily near the semi-coherent interface. This semi-coherent interface is closely related to the macro continuous yielding behavior. Based on this finding, a general interpretation of the transition from continuous to discontinuous yielding is advocated from a viewpoint of dislocation emission site. In situ observation of dislocation emission is a task for further studies.
In chapter 5, multi-scaled stress partitioning behaviors between ferrite and cementite (phase stress), <hkl>-oriented grain families (block stress) and colonies with different lamellar orientation (colony stress) were investigated Colonies with different lamellar orientation exhibit different work hardening
103
capability. The evolution of colony-unit residual lattice strain with during plastic deformation remains unclear.
In chapter 6, the evolution of phase stress and dislocation density during load reversal were monitored. Upon load reversal, the ferrite phase stress assisted backward plastic deformation, resulting in a large Bauschinger effect. Cyclic tension-compression deformation over a strain range of ±0.5% exhibited cyclic softening behavior. Decreasing ferrite phase stress and dislocation annihilation during cyclic deformation explained the cyclic softening. However, the evolution of the phase stress and residual strain with increasing strain amplitude remains unclear.
104
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Appendix
The load-displacement curves for each grain mentioned in section 4.3.5.are shown in Fig. A-(1-5) for the “inside of grain” case.
Fig. A-1 Load-displacement curves of grain 1 for specimen C.
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Fig. A-3 Load-displacement curves of grain 3 for specimen C.
Fig. A-2 Load-displacement curves of grain 2 for specimen C.
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Fig. A-4 Load-displacement curves of grain 4 for specimen C.
Fig. A-5 Load-displacement curves of grain 5 for specimen C.
The load-displacement curves for each grain mentioned in section 4.3.5.are shown in Fig. A (6-10) for the “near the interface” case.
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Fig. A-6 Load-displacement curves of grain 1 for specimen C.
Fig. A-7 Load-displacement curves of grain 2 for specimen C.
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Fig. A-8 Load-displacement curves of grain 3 for specimen C.
Fig. A-9 Load-displacement curves of grain 4 for specimen C.
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Fig. A-10 Load-displacement curves of grain 5 for specimen C.
Neutron diffraction profiles obtained in the axial and transverse directions of coarse pearlite are shown in Fig. A-11. (The results of fine pearlite are
mentioned in section 5.3.2).
Fig. A-11 Overall view of diffraction profiles with log scale on the vertical axis of the coarse pearlite steel obtained using the TOF method. Only the BCC
lattice planes were indexed.