82
83
associated with increasing seawater temperature from May to August, indicating that the population in Toga Bay is acting as larval sinks or sources in the metapopulation.
During the last 100 years, increased temperature in the central Sea of Japan was 1.7°C, which was the highest in all sea areas around Japan (Japan Meteorological Agency, 2018). Also, a long-term warming trend during summer in Toga Bay suggests that H.
crassispina will further extend to the north. H. crassispina prefer to Sagassarm spp.
Overgrazing of large fucoid beds by the range extender would be a potential threat because of the loss of spawning bed for sandfish stock, which is commercially important species in Akita Prefecture, Japan (Sakuramoto et al., 2001; Tamaki, 2004).
Ocean warming reduced Laminariales kelps in western Japan (Terada et al., 2019) and would disappear Saccharina kelps from Tohoku to Hokkaido, in particular, rapidly in the Sea of Japan (Sudo et al., 2019). In addition, seaweed vegetation would be changed to fucoid beds in northern Sea of Japan (Kumagai et al., 2018), which may be favorable to the range-extended H. crassispina.
Currently, no information on stock size of the range-extended H. crassispina is available. The assessment of densities of the population to clarify whether a low population size is reducing its fitness by Allee effect is important. In addition, to demonstrate the mechanism of delayed spermatogenesis, the sexual differences in food consumption, digestive enzyme activity and digestibility at low water temperature are needed to be clarified.
84
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my academic supervisor Prof. Yukio Agatsuma for the continuous support, motivation and guidance of my PhD study.
Without his guidance and constant feedback, this PhD would not have been achievable.
I have learned many things from him; not only about research, data analysis and academic writing but also about human relationships and communication.
Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank Prof. M. Osada in Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology of Tohoku University and Prof. W.S. Okoshi in Laboratory of Biological Oceanography of Tohoku University for critical reading and warm comments for my doctoral thesis. I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. M.N. Aoki and Assist. Prof. E. Inomata for insightful suggestions on study plan and paper writing. I am thankful my lab mates, particularly S. Tagaki, for their support and kindness in my daily life in Japan.
Thanks also goes to A. Nakamura, the former director general of the Akita Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, for his cooperation with my research. I am grateful to the staff of the Toga Branch of the Akita Fisheries Cooperative Association and the Obama Fisheries Cooperative Association for collecting sea urchins. Also, I appreciate the help of Assist. Prof. Nagasawa in Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology of Tohoku University for the histological analysis and Associate Prof. K. Ito in the Laboratory of Fisheries Biology and Ecology of Tohoku University for the histological and C/N analyses. I am also grateful to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for financial support and providing me the opportunity to purse my doctorate degree at Tohoku University.
I deeply acknowledge my husband Xiaofei Tian, who has given me love and company ever since I met him. I am so indebted to my parents, sister, grandparents for their love, words of encouragement, and affectionate and continual supports in my life.
85
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