To summarize, Indonesian is a dynamic country that has been continuously developing throughout its history. Its history is colored strongly by outside influences. Throughout the recorded histories, strong influences from outside has affect Indonesia system of government and society. The outside cultures were often absorbed and interpreted according to the traditional values and take root as a unique culture. In the earliest history, outsides influences were brought inside together with religion.
The early history of Indonesia was marked by dominantly spreading religion: Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Even the arrival of European colonialism followed this pattern; it is accompanied by the arrival of Christian missionaries. While Islam remains to be the majority religion, there are regions where Hinduism or Christianity dominates. The development of education system throughout those periods is discussed and it is found that government style and policies play a bigger role than religion teachings in shaping the education system. To give a glimpse, Papua province, which has the highest level of illiteracy, is a region where Christianity is the majority religion.
Dutch Colonialization and Japanese occupation era Indonesia education system is forced from up to bottom. Dutch colonial government takes Batavia city as capita. Later in history, the city was renamed Jakarta and it is the capital city of Indonesia ever since. In most of the Dutch colonial era local commoners did not have access to the basic education. It led to many movements promoting equality in education. The movement was led by figures that later will recognized as National Heroes and Heroines: Ki Hadjar Dewantara, Raden Adjeng Kartini, Otto Iskandar di Nata, Dr. Seriabudhi, Dewi Sartika, etc. Among them Ki Hadjar Dewantara is known as the father of
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National Education. His birthday is celebrated as National Education Day and his words “Tut wuri handayani - (for those) behind should give encouragement” is carved as the Indonesian Ministry of Education slogan.
The label of most famous national heroine is without a doubt fall to Kartini. Her struggle is commemorated as National Women Emancipation Day. Her movement marked the beginning of a long struggle for gender equality in education. In recent year, decades after Indonesia declared its independence, not so small gender inequality in education can still be seen. Even in Java - Bali region, which is generally, has high education level. In this modern era, this gender disparity is not only a national problem but it has become one of the international problems. In fact, it is one of the priorities in Millennium Development Goals of United Nations, and every country is obliged to set their goal to solve it.
The decentralization of Indonesia government was a successful movement. It was one of the fastest and most comprehensive decentralization changes among the countries in the region.
The decentralization of government led to the implementation of educational decentralization, widely considered as a milestone in developing a better quality of national education.
Indonesia education and human resources quality are continuously improving. Indonesia still has to face the inequality issue of development between the western and eastern part of its provinces. The disparities over western - eastern provinces is analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Western Indonesia has better education than Eastern Indonesia. The relation between regional education and its socio - economic issues are discussed. Among the three socio-economic factors, poverty rate is the most relevant factor. The gender disparity on education across the regions is examined too.
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Figure 6.1 Indonesia Sex Ratio. Sex ratio in 2009 is 98.15 → for every 100 female there are 98 male. For 2010 until 2011. (BPS). Half of Indonesia population is under 25 years old.
For Indonesia, which half of its population is under 25 years old, disparity in basic education should not be taken lightly. More attention should also put toward gender disparity, since half of the total population is female. To solve the national education issues and achieve equal education opportunities for all, regional government must continuously revisit its policies, because the regional government hold large power in this era of decentralization.
Not only the education policies, the socio-economy related policies can also influence education quality, because education, social, economy and human development are inseparable.
The relation among socio-economic conditions of the society factors in Indonesia is quantified.
Those socio-economic factors are, in the most influencing order: Poverty, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth and Income Inequality. Among those three, poverty rate has the most influence on the education level,
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As with the case of human development index, trying to measure the regional education index is important part of decision making in policy making process. Regional Education Index (REI) to measure the quality of the local education from the level of participation, facility and economy index can be proposed.
𝑅𝐸𝐼 =2×𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 +𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥+𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
4 (15)
REI also has been shown to have a good agreement with related indexes. The proposed REI of Indonesia provinces show a good agreement with Human Development Index and show a clear western - eastern disparity.
Questionnaires conducted in Bogor (West Java) and Malang (East Java) show that observe that 80% of the respondents choose to pay for the education of boy over girl when the financial condition is only sufficient enough to send one child to school think that to send boys to school is a priority. The reason of choosing boy varies from case to case. The biggest reason is financial responsibility still being seen as boy’s responsibility.
Further study is needed to increase the precision of the quantitative analysis. The usage of more detailed classification of the condition of socio-economic conditions of the regions may produce more precise quantitative relations. By understanding the various angle of disparity increase in the equality in achieving the basic education as one of the most basic human rights is expected. The result is hoped to contribute to a better education condition.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful
The seeking of knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim.
Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 74
All praise is due to ALLAH, The Almighty. Without Him I would have not been able to undertake this task. And may peace and blessing be upon our messenger of God, Muhammad SAW.
My sincere appreciation to both of my supervisor Prof. Tomoki Okawara and Prof.
Toshiaki Aoki for the support, assistance, guidance, support, feedback, patience, encouragement, faith, critics, opportunity to present my dissertation and confidence in me that made this formidable task attainable.
I am indebted to my parents for their encouragement and support. My Father, Yodi Nurmiadi is a great inspiration to me and his love for knowledge was the founding grounds for my love of knowledge. My Mother Eulis Farida, is the most patient woman, she fought relentlessly so that her children could achieve well education. At any given time I will not be able to repay my parents.
Biggest worldly love and thanks to my husband Adam Badra Cahaya, thank you for giving me wonderful color in my life, thank you for the sincere love, all the goodness, guidance
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and endless support for me. I could not imagine my life would be, without you and without your endless support, enduring love, constant guidance, motivation and encouragement, I could not have made it this far. I love you.
Biggest thanks for my big family in Indonesia; although you have not literally beside me when I am finishing this manuscript I would like you to know that you are all my inspiration and motivation. As I dedicated this thesis manuscript to all of you. Thank you for supporting me and allowing me to follow my ambitions throughout my childhood. Thank you for letting me be the person I am today. Special thanks for a Bayu, the Putri, teh Caca, Rihan, Reza, Nikita.
Thank you to Morrison family, Ernie, Pat, and John too for your help and supports.
And also for your knowledge that you are willing to share with me. Thank you for being my second family, as a part of my life, I will never forget your help.
Thanks a millions to my best friend Mba Fara, Teh Hanami, Mba Ari. To my colleagues Kashima, Cremildo, Asti, Oscar, Ana, Ogata, Ishikawa, Hosen, To, Hito, Kyu, Feng, Yu, Ma, Gi, and Tan, Tsedo, Armando, Bobby, Selma, YJ, Suzuki, Watanabe Yua, Watanabe Noriko. Thank you for providing a very warm environment and being my family in university. A millions thanks for all the useful tips, encouragement and all else I failed to mention that helped me make my college life easier.
Last but not least JASSO and Monbukagakusho scholarship, thank you for the opportunity so that I can pursue my dream and study in Tohoku University.
Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks and (degrees), those of you who believe and who have been granted knowledge. And ALLAH is well acquainted with all you do
Qur’an, Al Mujadilah 58:11
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APPENDIX: QUESTIONAIRE