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addition, the sliding block model was applied to simulate the debris flow runout. The results of the model are a good fit for the data obtained from the field observations. The unknown factors of tree and soil parameters are critical variables in the calculation.
(4) The woody debris deposition area was predicted using the coupled rainfall-induced shallow landslide and debris flow runout model on the GIS platform. Hunt’s (1994) model and Chiang et al.’s (2012) concept were used to calculate debris flow runout and debris flow depth.
The simulated movement and deposition of woody debris was based on the conditions proposed by Braudrick and Grant (2000), Haga et al. (2002) and Mazzorana et al. (2010). The study calculated the landslide and debris flow event that occurred in the city of Kure in Hiroshima, Japan. According to the calculation, the integrated model was able to predict the deposition areas of woody debris due to debris flows.
The future studies that can be envisaged from this study are outlined below.
(1) Although the effects of trees on the stability of the slope were considered and discussed in terms of root cohesion, the pattern of trees in the forest also influences root cohesion, since root cohesion also depends on the distribution of roots and the spacing of individual trees in the forest. This issue requires further investigation.
(2) The spatial variability of soil properties is a significant challenge in simulating unstable areas using the rainfall-induced shallow landslide model. In this study, the first-order second-moment method was used to consider the variability of soil properties. However, this approach was unable to take account of spatial conditions. Therefore, future studies should apply geo-statistical analysis to build the spatial distribution of soil parameters.
(3) The woody debris moved and entrained by debris flows exhibits complex behaviour. Hence, the simulation of woody debris movement and entrainment should be considered in terms of discrete elements. Therefore, future research should consider simulating the movement of woody debris based on the discrete element concept.
(4) Riparian forest has a strong influence on woody debris recruitment, because the fluvial processes in the steep channel may erode the stream bank, adding fallen trees into the channel. However, further study of this mechanism is required.
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