2.12 AIJ 3
T,Tr( ) cu(T) cur(Tr)
20 1.00 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 200
3.7×10-3× T-200 +1.1
3.8×10-3× Tr-200 +1.0 300
400 500 600 700
800 4.3
2.13 Eurocode2 5
T( ) cu T cu(T)
20 0.0025 1.00
100 0.0040 1.60
200 0.0055 2.20
300 0.0070 2.80
400 0.0100 4.00
500 0.0150 6.00
600 0.0250 10.00
700 0.0250 10.00
800 0.0250 10.00
900 0.0250 10.00
1000 0.0250 10.00
1100 0.0250 10.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 200 400 600 800 1000
AIJ-2.11 Eurocode2 5 2
Eurocode2 5 Popovics 22 -2.7
c(T) 2.10 cu T 2.13
Eurocode2 -2.7 n
n=3 -2.8
n=2.5
Eurocode4 6 20 Fc 20
Eurocode4 -2.8
20 Fc 20 -2.9
AIJ Eurocode2 Eurocode4
( -2.7) 22 0
2 4 6 8 10 12
0 200 400 600 800 1000
EC2-( -2.8) 5 6
( -2.9) 5 6
T T T 20 T T
2.12 Eurocode 5 6
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
20 400 600 800
2009 3
2012 4 Eurocode2 5 2.13
2.13 4
Load induced thermal strain
2.13
23
24 25
23 24 25
Eurocode2 5
Siliceous aggregates :
( -2.10) 5 ( -2.11) 5
Calcareous aggregates :
( -2.12) 5 ( -2.13) 5
2.14 Eurocode2 4
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Tc
1 4
CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
Eurocode2 5 Eurocode4 6
RILEM International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials Systems and Structures
4
1
2
RILEM
3
[1] 2002.6.
[2]
2004.10.
[3] 2009.3.
[4]
2012.5.
[5] European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Eurocode2 Design of concrete structures Part1-2 General rules Structural fire design EN1992-1-2 2004.12.
[6] European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Eurocode4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 1-2 : General rules - Structural fire design EN1994-1-2: 2005 (E)
[7] Schneider U 1983.
[8] 2001.6.
[9] 2008.
[10] Vol. 22 No. 3 1984.3.
[11] RILEM Technical Committee: Recommendation of RILEM TC 200 HTC: Mechanical concrete properties at high temperatures modelling and applications: Part 1: Introduction General presentation, Materials and Structures, Vol. 40, pp. 841 853, 2007.
[12] RILEM Technical Committee: Recommendation of RILEM TC 200 HTC: Mechanical concrete properties at high temperatures modelling and applications: Part 2: Stress strain relation, Materials and Structures, Vol. 40, pp. 855-864, 2007.
[13] RILEM DRAFT RECOMMENDATION 129 MHT TEST METHODS FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES: Compressive strength for service and accident conditions, Materials and Structures, Vol. 28, pp. 410-414, 1995.
[14] RILEM TC 129 MHT: Test methods for mechanical properties of concrete at high temperatures Recommendations: Part 4: Tensile strength for service and accident conditions, Materials and Structures, Vol. 33, pp. 219-223, 2000.5.
[15] RILEM TC 129 MHT: Test methods for mechanical properties of concrete at high temperatures:
Modulus of elasticity for service and accident conditions Materials and Structures, Vol. 37, pp.
139-144 March.2004.
[16] RILEM TC 129 MHT: TEST METHODS FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES: Recommendations: Part 6 Thermal strain, Materials and Structures, Supplement, pp. 17-21, 1997.3.
[17] RILEM TC 129 MHT: TEST METHODS FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES: Recommendations: Part 7: Transient creep service and accident conditions, Materials and Structures, Vol. 31, pp. 290-295, 1998.6.
[18] RILEM TC 129 MHT: Test methods for mechanical properties of concrete at high temperatures Recommendations: Part 8: Steady-state creep and creep recovery for service and accident conditions, Materials and Structures, Vol. 33, pp. 6-13, Jan.-Feb.2000.
[19] RILEM TC 129 MHT: Test methods for mechanical properties of concrete at high temperatures Recommendations: Part 9: Shrinkage for service and accident conditions, Materials and Structures, Vol. 33, pp. 224-228, 2000.5.
[20] RILEM Technical Committee: Recommendation of RILEM TC 200 HTC: Mechanical concrete properties at high temperatures modelling and applications: Part 10: Restraint stress, Materials and Structures, Vol. 38, pp. 913-919, 2005.12.
[21] Schneider, U. : RILEM Technical Committee: Recommendation of RILEM TC 200 HTC:
Mechanical concrete properties at high temperatures modelling and applications: Part 11:
Relaxation, Materials and Structures, Vol. 40, pp. 449-458, 2007.
[22] Sandor Popovics : A numerical approach to the complete stress-strain curve of concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 3, pp. 583-599, 1973.9.
[23] Anderberg, Y, et al. : Stress and deformation characteristics of concrete at high temperatures, Lund institute of technology Lund Sweden 1976 division of stractural mechanics and concrete construction, 1976.8.
[24]
pp. 106-109 1997.5.
[25] Khoury, G.A. , et al, : Strain of concrete during first heating to 600 under load, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 37, No. 133, pp. 195- 215, 1985.
1950 1850
1 2 3 5
6
7 1956
8 1952
27 PS
5
3.1
3.2
PS 3.1 PS
8
1955 15cm 3.3
1 3 PS
3.2 PS 2 8
(1) (2)
(3) PS
PS PS
PS
1956 PS
1966 1
RC
PS
PS
3.3
8
R. Jansson 9
1854 Barrett
10 1911 Gary
11 13 1972 Mayer-Ottens
Aggregate Spalling Surface Spalling Corner Spalling Explosive Spalling
4 14 Connolly
15
19 20
150 1956
100
Aggregate Spalling Surface Spalling
Aggregate Spalling Surface Spalling
3.4 1 11
Corner Spalling Explosive Spalling
Corner Spalling Explosive Spalling
3.5 2 15
2009 16
Gary 11 13 Mayer-Ottens 14 Aggregate Spalling Surface Spalling Corner Spalling Explosive Spalling 4
17 2 3.1
6 17
3.1 17
Aggregate
spalling 7 30min H A S D
W
Corner
spalling 30 90min / T A ft R
Surface
spalling 7 30min H W P ft
Explosive
spalling 7 30min
H A S fs G L O P Q R S W
Z Sloughing
off spalling
/ T fs L Q
R
Post cooling spalling
/ W1 AT
A D fs ft
G H L O AT
P Q R S T W Z
W1
1
Harmathy 1965
2 3.1
Moisture Clog 2 3
2
1966 1 3.1
3
3 5
Moisture Clog
3
3.1 1 6
1
18 20
21 22
RILEM Technical Committee 227 HPB
3.2 A E 5 3 20 23 26
3.2 3 20 23 26
Type A
Type B Type A
Type C Type B Type D
Type E Type A
2
0.1Mpa
4MPa 374 22MPa
18
3.3 100MPa 500
500 150 300 500mm
5.0
5.4 0 3 JIS A 1304
40mm Type E
0.17MPa
40mm
3.3 18
19
3.4 80MPa
3 1200
8mm 5 Type E
3.5 3.4MPa
Moisture Clog
12mm 15mm
3.4 19
3.5 19
Kalifa 20
Kalifa 91.9MPa 2.95%
3.6 600
6 10 20 30 40 50mm
3.7 3.7MPa 50mm 250
3.7MPa 3.7
3.6 20
3.7 20
1
Ulm
27 Khoury 28
2
RC
29 80 200MPa 350
350mm 400 400mm RC ISO834 30 3.8
PP 3.6
3.8 29
3.6 RC 29
RC
31 3.9 RC
RABT 32
PP
PP 3.7
PP
RC
3.9 31
3.7 RC 31
33 35
33 34 3.10
200 400 600 800
3.11
3.10 33 34
el pl
3.11 33 34
Connolly 3.12 2
15
3.12 15
36 41
PP 4 42 47
80MPa 48
36 37
38 41 39
RC
RC RABT
32 3.13
200 350 425 500 4 8
Loading arm
Water cooled load cell
Concrete
specimen Stiff connection
Steel support rod
Hydraulic rams Stiff
restraint frame
Access for thermo-couple
50mm
500 3.8
350 425
200 350 350
3.14 3.15
40
3.13 RC 39
3.8 500 39
3.14 40
3.15 40
RABT
mm
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
100 200 300 500 400
0 100 200 300 500 400
0
T=1792t-0.6752 R2=0.9841
RWS
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
100 200 300 500 400
0 100 200 300 500 400
0
mm T=8164t-1.0168
R2=0.9769
PP
PP
4 42 47 PP 2kg/m3
3.16 PP
170 PP
3.17 PP
47
Kalifa 43 PP 0 3kg m3 100MPa 6
600 6 10 20 30 40 50mm
PP 3.18
4MPa 3kg m3 PP 1MPa
3.16 PP 43
3.17 PP 47
3.18 43
1950 1850
1 2
3 5 6
1 1950
2
5 24 27
Connolly 2
3 PP
[1] Vol. 15 No. 2 pp. 23 30 1966.
[2] Harmathy, T. Z. : Effect of moisture on the fire endurance of building elements, ASTM special technical publication, No. 385, pp. 74 95, ASTM 1965.
[3] Consolazio, G.R., McVay, M.C., Rish III, J. W. : Measure-ment and prediction of pore pressures in saturated cement mortar subjected to radiant heating, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 95, M50, pp.
525-536, 1998.
[4] Zeiml, M, Leithner, D, Lackner, R, Mang, H.A. How do polypropylene fibers improve the spalling behavior of in-situ concrete? Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 36, pp.929 942, 2006.
[5] Vol. 45 No. 9 pp. 87
91 2007.
[6] Anderberg, Y. : Spalling phenomena of HPC and OC. International Workshop on Fire Performance of High Strength Concrete, Maryland, NIST Special Publication, Vol. 919, pp. 13 14, 1997.
[7] 2004
pp. 385 388 2004.
[8] PS No.40 pp. 34 42 1956.
[9] R. Jansson Fire spalling of concrete – A historical overview, Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop, Volume 6, 2013.9.
[10] Barret On the French and other methods of constructing iron floors, Civil Engineering and Architect’s Journal, Vol XVII, pp 94,1854.
[11] Gary, M. Brandproben an Eisenbetongbasuten (in German), Deutcher Ausschlutss für Eisenbetong, Heft 11, Berlin, Germany, 1911.
[12] Gary, M. Brandproben an Eisenbetongbasuten (in German), Deutcher Ausschlutss für Eisenbetong, Heft 33, Berlin, Germany, 1916.
[13] Gary, M. Brandproben an Eisenbetongbasuten (in German), Deutcher Ausschlutss für Eisenbetong, Heft 41, Berlin, Germany, 1918.
[14] Meyer-Ottens C. Zur Frage der Abplatzungen an Betonbauteilen aus Normalbeton bei Brandbeanspruchung, PhD-thesis, Braunshweig, Germany, 1972.
[15] Connolly R.J. The spalling of concrete in Fires PhD thesis submitted to Aston University 1995.
[16] pp.98-108 2009.3.
[17]
2012.5.
[18]
Vol.18 No.1 pp. 657 662 1996.
[19]
Vol. 29 No. 1 pp. 753 758 2007.
[20] Kalifa, P., Menneteau, F. D., Quenard, D. : Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, pp. 1915-1927, 2000.
[21]
Vol. 32 No. 1 pp. 1151 1156 2010.
[22] RC
Vol. 34 No. 1 pp. 1162 1167 2012.
[23] Schneider, U. M. C. Alonso, P. Pimienta, R. Jansson : Physical properties and behaviour of high-performance concrete at high temperatures, Proceeding of Sixth Inter-national Conference on Structures in Fire., USA, Michigan, pp. 800 816, 2010.
[24] Jansson, R., L, Boström : The influence of pressure in the pore system on fire spalling of concrete, Fire Technology 46, No. 1, pp. 217 230, 2010.
[25] Ko, J., Ryu, D., Noguchi, T. : The spalling mechanism of high strength concrete under fire, Magazine of Concrete research, Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 357 370, 2011.
[26] L.T. Phan, : Pore pressure and explosive spalling in concrete, Materials and Structures, Vol. 41, pp.
1623 1632, 2008.
[27] Ulm, F. J., Coussy, O., Bamnt, Z. P. : The chunnel fire. Analysis of concrete damage, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, pp. 283 289, Vol. 126, No. 3, 1999.
[28] Koury.G.A, Majorana C.E, Pesavento F. and Schrefler B.A Modeling of heated concrete Magazine of Concrete Research Vol.54 No.2.pp.77 1101 2002.
[29] 80 200N/mm2
75 648 pp.461 468 2010.
[30] ISO 834-1 1999 Fire resistance tests Elements of building construction Part1 General requirements, International Organization for Standardization.
[31]
Vol.62 No.4 pp.844 854 2006.
[32] ZTV-TUNNEL Zusaetzliche Technische Vertragasbed-ingungen und Richtlinien fuer den Bau von Strassentunneln Teil 1 Geschlossene Bauweise, Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 1995.
[33]
621 pp.169 174 2007.
[34]
73 623 pp.143 147 2008.
[35] 100N/mm2
75 648 pp. 453 460 2010.
[36]
pp. 263 264 1980.9 [37]
Vol. 19 No. 1 pp. 631 636 1997.
[38]
145 pp. 45 55 2003 .
[39] RC
Vol. 24 No. 1 pp. 1719 1724 2002.
[40] CONCRETE
JOURNAL Vol. 45 No. 9 pp. 111 114 2007.
[41]
pp. 405 406 2005.
[42] Khoury, G. A., Willoughby, B. : Polypropylene fibres in heated concrete. Part 1 : Molecular structure and materials behavior, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 125 136, 2008.
[43] Kalifa, P., Chéné, G., Gallé, C. : High-temperature behaviour of HPC with polypropylene fibres From spalling to microstructure, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 31, pp. 1487 1499, 2001.
[44]
No. 544 pp. 171 178 2001.
[45]
Vol. 30 No. 1 pp. 339 344 CD-ROM 2008.
[46] Watanabe, K., Mugume, R.B., Horiguchi, T. : Effect of elevated temperatures on flexural behaviour of hybrid fibre reinforced high strength concrete, Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, Vol. 1, No.
1, Multi - Science Publishing Co Ltd, pp. 17 28, 2010.
[47]
Vol. 34 No. 1 pp.
1126-1131 2012.
[48] 2013.
RILEM Technical Committee 227 HPB 1 4
Connolly 5 6 8
Connolly 5
4.1 4
4.1 4 4.2
300 50 100mm W/C 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0 10 20 30MPa 2
Heat Flux 80 110 140KW/m2
4.1 5 3.12
4.1 5
4.2 5
Loading arm
Water cooled load cell
Concrete
specimen Stiff connection
Steel support rod
Hydraulic rams Stiff
restraint frame
Access for thermo-couple
Connolly 4.2 2
Formed void
4.2 5
4.1
0.1 6.6MPa 9.7 33.1MPa
Connolly
4.1 5 Reference W/C
Ratio
Heat kW/m2
Load N/mm2
Final Load
N/mm2 Notes
A94/237/5 0.3 80 10.5 16.0
A94/237/7 0.3 80 30.3 31.9 Surface spalling
A94/237/4 0.3 110 30.4 33.1 Release* spalling
A94/237/11 0.3 140 5.4 9.7 Surface spalling
A94/237/3 0.3 140 10.3 16.9
A94/237/5 0.3 140 10.5 16.0
A94/237/2 0.3 140 20.5 25.5 Release* spalling
A94/237/2 0.3 140 25.0 27.8
A94/237/1 0.3 140 30.2 30.3 Surface spalling
A94/237/7 0.3 140 30.3 31.0 Surface spalling
*) Spalling on release of load after test
Connolly
4.3
4.3 150mm 20 200mm
4.2
1 2
4.3 5
4.2 5
Depth mm One sided heating Two sided heating 20 Surface spalling Explosive spalling 30 No spalling Explosive spalling 50 No spalling No spalling 100 No spalling No spalling 200 No spalling No spalling
6 8
-4.1 -4.4 -4.1 -4.2
4.4 8
-4.3
E
-4.4 -4.3 -4.4 -4.2
4.4 8
( -4.1)
( -4.2)
( -4.3)
( -4.4)
Connolly 5
6 8
1 Connolly
2
[1] Schneider, U., Alonso, M. C., Pimienta, P., Jansson, R. : Physical properties and behaviour of high-performance concrete at high temperatures, Proceeding of Sixth Inter-national Conference on Structures in Fire., USA, Michigan, pp. 800-816, 2010.
[2] Jansson, R., Boström, L. : The influence of pressure in the pore system on fire spalling of concrete, Fire Technology, Vol. 46 ,No. 1, pp. 217-230, 2010.
[3] Ko, J., Ryu, D., Noguchi, T. : The spalling mechanism of high strength concrete under fire, Magazine of Concrete research, Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 357-370, 2011.
[4] Phan, L.T. : Pore pressure and explosive spalling in concrete, Materials and Structures, Vol. 41, pp.
1623-1632, 2008.
[5] Connolly, R.J. The spalling of concrete in Fires PhD thesis submitted to Aston University 1995.
[6]
226 pp. 67-72 1974.6.
[7]
No. 478/ -21 pp. 91-100 1993.11.
[8]
Vol. 33 No. 1 pp. 437-442 2011.
5
1 RABT 1 ISO 2
2 3 4 5
2 3
2
Connolly
1
5.1 2
2
-5.1 -5.2
3 4 5
3
-5.3 -5.4
5.1
( -5.1) ( -5.2)
( -5.3) ( -5.4)
1
RILEM Technical Committee 227 HPB
5.2 5 6 9
5.3
2
-5.4
5.2 6 9 3.2
5.3
5.4
5mm 2mm 2 6
2 1
300 50 8mm 2 300 100 8mm
2
5.1 2
5.2 20
5.4
5.1 kg m3
W/C 1
15mm
2
25mm SP.
0.3 132 440 814 524 524 8.8
1.64% 2.56g/cm3
1 1.42% 2.58g/cm3
2 1.34% 2.52g/cm3
SP.
5.2
1
5.1 900mm
ISO834
RABT RWS
2
5.5
RABT30 5 1200 1200 30 110
5.1 5.5 RABT30
1
2
K
5 10 20 30 40 50mm
6 25 75mm
2 3
10MPa
10mm 20mm 2
(MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (%)
90 42 5.5 3.1
4
80 25 75mm
2
5
1000
mm 25 75mm
2 6
3
4
10 4 10
2 2
1
1
5.6 5.7 RABT30
5.6 5.7
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
(min) RABT30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(min) RABT30
4min 10min
2 5.8
5.8 3
5.9 10
25mm 75 75mm 25 80
5.9
5.10 10mm 20mm
10mm 0.2MPa 20mm 0.3MPa
20mm 10mm 1
5.11 Kalifa
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(min) 5mm
10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm 50mm
4min 10min
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(min) 25mm
75mm
4min 10min
5.12 25mm
10 500 75mm
3 10 100
5.12
5.13 (a) 25mm
5 0.06mm
5.13 (b) 6
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(min) 10mm
20mm
4min 10min
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 10mm
20mm
10mm 4.15min 20mm
4.15min 6.05min( 20mm)
0 100 200 300 400 500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(min) 25mm
75mm 4min 10min
5.10 5.11
(a) (b) 5.13
1
-5.5 5.14
10 25mm 6MPa 75mm 1.5MPa
( -5.5)
5.14 2
-5.4
5 5
25mm 3MPa 5.10
10mm 0.1MPa 20mm
-5.4
3
5 25mm 3MPa
ADINA 2 5
5.3 5.15 5.16 a 5 50mm
520 Eurocode 2 11 12
5.3
RABT30
W/m K 51.91-5.03×10-5× 2
J/m3 K 7.85 0.482 7.995×10-7× 2 3.1
W/m K 2-0.24 /120 0.012 /120 2 J/m3 K 2300 900 80 /120 4 /120 2
W/m2 K 150
5
25mm 3MPa 39 5.16 b
Eurocode 5.16
b 5 10mm
11MPa 42MPa 54MPa
500 0.6
5.15
a b
5.16
1 2 3 4
5 25mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2 3
[1] ZTV-TUNNEL Zusaetzliche Technische Vertragasbed-ingungen und Richtlinien fuer den Bau von Strassentunneln Teil 1 Geschlossene Bauweise, Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 1995.
[2] ISO 834-1 1999 Fire resistance tests Elements of building construction Part1 General requirements, International Organization for Standardization
[3]
226 pp. 67-72 1974.6.
[4]
No.478/Vol. 21 pp. 91-100 1993.11.
[5]
Vol. 33 No. 1 pp. 437-442 2011.
[6] Schneider, U., Alonso, M. C., Pimienta, P., Jansson, R. : Physical properties and behaviour of high-performance concrete at high temperatures, Proceeding of Sixth Inter-national Conference on Structures in Fire., USA, Michigan, pp. 800-816, 2010.
[7] Jansson, R., Boström, L. : The influence of pressure in the pore system on fire spalling of concrete, Fire Technology, Vol. 46 ,No. 1, pp. 217-230, 2010.
[8] Ko, J., Ryu, D., Noguchi, T. : The spalling mechanism of high strength concrete under fire, Magazine of Concrete research, Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 357-370, 2011.
[9] Phan, L.T. : Pore pressure and explosive spalling in concrete, Materials and Structures, Vol. 41, pp.
1623-1632, 2008.
[10] Kalifa P Menneteau F.D Quenard D Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, pp. 1915-1927, 2000.
[11] European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Eurocode2 Design of concrete structures Part1-2 General rules Structural fire design EN1992-1-2 2004.12
[12] 2008.
5
1
RABT 1 ISO 2
2
3
6.1
6.1
No. mm
( ) (mm) (mm) * ** ***
1 300 8 100 5 284 100 A N,H Ci S
2 284 100 A N Ci S
3 300 0.5 100 2 299 100 B N Ci P
4 300 8 100 2 284 100 B N Ci,Ax P
5 300 18 100 2 264 100 B N Ci P
6 520 8 100 2 504 100 B N Ci P
7 300 8 100 2 284 100 C N Ci SA
*) N 80
H 300
**)Ci Circumference Ax Axial
***) S Syringe P Pump
SA 0.05MPa Syringe & Remove Air
1
2 5 2
50mm 2 5 15 10
10 15 50mm 5 300 520mm
0 0.5 8 18mm 0mm 0.5mm
8 18mm 6.1
1mm
6.1 2 5
2
0.3
6.2 6.4
300 2 300 5
520 2 6.1
6.2 kg m3
W/C kg m3
1 2
A,B 0.3 150 500 744 406 611.6 4.0 (A) 3.5 (B)
C 0.3 150 500 718 417.6 624.4 5
6.3
3.15g/cm3 1.64% 2.60 g/cm3
1 2010 0.98% 2.61 g/cm3
2 1505 1.64% 2.61 g/cm3
6.4
(cm)
mm
% (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (%)
A 22.5 525 490 508 0.9 23.0 76.8 43.2 6.6 3.8 2 B 780 700 740 1.9 15.0 91.2 42.6 5.6 4.4 4 C 745 670 708 1.8 13.4 92.5 43.9 4.2 4.0 6
3
N 80
H 300
Circumference
Axial 3 5
6.1
Ci Ax
4
S Syringe
P Pump
0.05MPa SA Syringe & Remove Air 45
0.05MPa
1
20mm 2
K 3
80 300
-6.1 -6.4
( -6.1)( -5.1)
( -6.2) ( -5.2)
( -6.3) ( -5.3) ( -6.4)
5
10MPa
6
1000 /mm -6.5
( -6.5)
1
900mm 5.1
2
RABT30 1 5.5
3
6.2 1
6.2
6.5
2 6.5
No. mm
( ) (mm) (mm)
1 300 8 100 5 284 100 A N,H Ci S
4 300 8 100 2 284 100 B N Ci,Ax P 1
H
300
n 5
6.3
2 1
2 1
H
P P
300284
A A
B B
6.3 H
N H
-6.6 6.4
300
( -6.6) ( -5.5)
-1 -2
-1 -2
6.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 2 4 6 8 10
min N-1
N-10 N-20
N-30 N-40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 2 4 6 8 10
min N-2
N-10 N-20
N-30 N-40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 2 4 6 8 10
min H-1
H-10 H-20
H-30 H-40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 2 4 6 8 10
min H-2
H-10 H-20
H-30 H-40
8 10
2
Circumference
Axial 3 5
2 Ci
Ax
-6.6
-6.7 6.5
( -6.7)
6.5 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
min
10mm-Ci 10mm-Ax 25mm-Ci 25mm-Ax 40mm-Ci 40mm-Ax
6.6
5 A B 2 2 1
6.6
No. mm
( ) (mm) (mm)
1 300 8 100 5 284 100 A N,H Ci S
4 300 8 100 2 284 100 B N Ci,Ax P
1
6.6 6.7 5
5 -A
2 5
6.6
2 5 6.7
RABT30
2 5
10 10mm 5 60
2
10mm 40mm 6.8
6.8
6.8 10mm 5 2
5
2 5
2
6.7
300mm 520mm 2
6.7
No. mm
( ) (mm) (mm)
4 300 8 100 2 284 100 B N Ci,Ax P
6 520 8 100 2 504 100 B N Ci P
1
20mm
6.9 6.10
6
520-8 300-8
300-8 8 520-8
12 300-8 25mm
65mm 2 300-8 8
520-8
6.9
6.10
2
6.11 6.13
520-8 300-8 25mm 40mm
520-8 520-8
300-8
6.11 300-8
6.12 520-8-A
6.13 520-8-B
3
10mm 25mm
6.14 6.15 10mm 300-8 520-8
300-8 8
520-8
300-8 520-8
6.14 10mm 6.15 25mm
6.8
0.5mm 8mm 18mm 4 6.8
No. mm
( ) (mm) (mm)
2 284 100 A N Ci S
3 300 0.5 100 2 299 100 B N Ci P
4 300 8 100 2 284 100 B N Ci,Ax P
5 300 18 100 2 264 100 B N Ci P
1
6.9 6.16
4 5 8 2 6
2
6.9 6.17 6.1 8mm
26mm 2mm 8mm
8mm 300-8 18mm 300-18
6.9
300-0 300-0.5 300-8 300-18
(min)
1 3.43 4.00 2.18
3.83
2 3.65 3.57 4.33
3.54 3.78 4.08
(min)
1 5.00 5.50 8.18
7.50
2 7.33 5.00 7.33
6.17 5.25 7.42
(min)
1 1.57 1.50 6.00
3.67
2 3.68 1.43 3.00
2.62 1.47 3.33
(mm)
1 11.0 5.0
24.0
25.0
2 11.0 11.0 27.0
11.0 8.0 26.0
(mm)
1 3.1 0.7
7.4
7.4
2 2.6 2.5 6.8
2.8 1.7 7.1
6.16 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
300-0 300-0.5 300-8 300-18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
300-0 300-0.5 300-8 300-18
300-0 300-0.5
300-8 300-18 6.17
a) 300-0 b) 300-0.5
c) 300-8 d) 300-18 6.1
3
6.18
4 5mm 10mm
8mm 18mm 25mm
a) 300-0 b) 300-0.5
c) 300-8 d) 300-18 6.18
4
-6.6 6.19
10mm 4
300-8 300-18
6 8
a) 10mm b) 25mm 6.19
5
8mm 300-8 18mm 300-18
-6.8 10 25mm
10 25mm
( -6.8)
0 1.0
mm mm
-6.7 10mm 25mm 3 10
6.20 300-0 25mm
3 5 10
300-0.5 0.3 0.4
300-8 300-18 1 0.8 0.9
10mm 25mm
3 10mm 0.6
10mm 25mm 6.20
-6.8 5 10 10mm 25mm
6.21 6.21
8mm 18mm
8mm
1 0.8 0.9 18mm
8mm
a) 5min 10mm b) 5min 25mm
c) 10min 10mm d) 10min 25mm 6.21
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
mm
3min-10mm 5min-10mm
10min-10mm
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 mm
5min-25mm 10min-25mm
y = 35.004x - 3.2414 R² = 0.9987
y = 11.343x - 1.9442 R² = 0.9643
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 5min-10mm
y = 21.524x + 7.1336 R² = 1
y = 7.012x + 1.3966 R² = 0.9759 0
5 10 15 20 25 30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 5min-25mm
y = 31.152x - 3.724 R² = 0.9985
y = 10.212x - 2.1873 R² = 0.9866
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 10min-10mm
y = 30.147x - 3.2001 R² = 0.9975
y = 9.9006x - 2.0293 R² = 0.9892
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 10min-25mm
6.10 3
S Syringe P Pump
0.05MPa SA Syringe & Remove Air 6.10
No. mm
( ) (mm) (mm)
1 300 8 100 5 284 100 A N,H Ci S
5 300 18 100 2 264 100 B N Ci P
7 300 8 100 2 284 100 C N Ci SA 6.22 6.24 0.05MPa SA
3 5 10mm
4MPa 25mm
S P
SA
6.22 S
6.23 P
6.24 SA
1
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
SA-1
P5 P10
P25 P40
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
SA-2
P5 P10
P25 P40
3
100mm 2 5
2
300-8 8
520-8
300-8 520-8
8mm 18mm
8mm
1 0.8 0.9 18mm
8mm 4
0.05MPa SA
3 5 10mm
4MPa 25mm
S P
SA
300 8 50mm 2
80 SA
[1] ZTV-TUNNEL Zusaetzliche Technische Vertragasbed-ingungen und Richtlinien fuer den Bau von Strassentunneln Teil 1 Geschlossene Bauweise, Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 1995.
[2] ISO 834-1 1999 Fire resistance tests Elements of building construction Part1 General requirements, International Organization for Standardization.
[3]
226 pp. 67-72 1974.6.
[4]
No.478/Vol. 21 pp. 91-100 1993.1.
[5]
Vol. 33 No. 1 pp. 437-442 2011.
[6] Vol. 45 No. 9 pp. 87-91
2007.
1 2
3 5 7.1 6
1
xy
7.2 7 xy z
7.1 1 6
7.2 7
2
P f
Kalifa 8
91.9MPa 2.95% 10mm 50mm
6 600
2MPa 3.7MPa 50mm 250
-7.1
( -7.1)( -5.4)
7.3
7.3 2
P f
7.3
1
7.4 7.3
f
PP
PP PP
2
-7.2 -7.3
f
-7.4 f
7.4
( -7.2) ( -7.3) ( -7.4) ( -7.5)
f
f
I-f z t-f I-lim 1
I
-fI
-limYES
NO
NO YES
3
300 50
8mm 2 300 100 8mm
5mm 2mm 2
6 1 2
2 6.2
7.1 7.2 7.3
2 100 200mm
50 100mm JIS A 1476
20
7.1 kg m3
W/C 1 2
0.3 132 440 814 524 524 8.8
7.2
3.15g/cm3 1.64% 2.60 g/cm3
1 1.42% 2.58g/cm3
2 1.34% 2.52g/cm3
7.3
(MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (%)
90 42 5.5 3.1
1
900mm 5.1
2
RABT30 9 5.5
3
1 6.2
1
2 K
5 10 20 30 40 50mm 25 75mm
6.2 2
20mm
3
10MPa
10mm 20mm 2
4
80
6.2 25 75mm
-7.6
( -7.6)( -6.5)
7.5 7.6 NO.1 NO.2
NO.1 NO.2 200 310 140 340
140 340
7.5 NO.1 7.6 NO.2
7.7 7.8
80 NO.1 NO.2 10
80 7.5 80 NO.1 NO.2 10
25 45 80
8 10
7.7 NO.1 7.8 NO.2
7.4
4 10 6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
min NO.1
5mm 10mm 20mm
30mm 40mm 50mm
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
min NO.2
5mm 10mm 20mm
30mm 40mm 50mm
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
min NO.1
25mm 75mm
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
min NO.2
25mm 75mm
7.4 7.9 7.10 7.1
100mm 61 70mm 6 7
20
Z
2
7.4
NO. min mm
NO.1 3.8 10.0 6.2 70.0 17.7 20.1
NO.2 3.8 10.2 6.4 61.0 17.6 19.8
3.8 10.1 6.3 65.5 17.6 19.9
7.9 NO.1 7.10 NO.2
7.1 (NO.2)
7.11
NO.1 NO.2 10mm
7.11
7.12 NO.2
10mm 3.5 20mm
10mm 2 4 10mm
0.05MPa 20mm 0.3MPa
7.13 SVP
10mm 20mm SVP
Kalifa 8
7.12 7.13
100 2030 4050 6070
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
min
NO.1 NO.2
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
min NO.2
10mm 20mm
4 10
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
NO.2
10mm 20mm
6min 20mm
4min 20mm
4min 10mm
2
SVP
10
f 0.1 0.2 f
0.05MPa
7.4
7.14 -7.6
25mm 4 5 2 3MPa
3 75mm
10 1MPa
5 25mm 3MPa
10mm 0.1MPa
7.14
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920 min
NO.1-25mm NO.1-75mm
NO.2-25mm NO.2-75mm
4 10
25mm
3 5
-7.7 7.15
7.18 3 25mm 2MPa
5mm NO.1 NO.2 6MPa
10MPa 5 5mm NO.1 NO.2
14MPa 30MPa
( -7.7)
z mm (MPa)
25 mm (MPa)
z mm ( )
25 mm ( )
7.15 NO.1 7.16 NO.1
7.17 NO.2 7.18 NO.2
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Tc
NO.1 3min
5min
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MPa
NO.1 3min
5min
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Tc
NO.2 3min
5min
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MPa
NO.2 3min
5min
-7.2 -7.5
f -7.5 1
7.19 11
12 30 200 400
0.14 0.30 0.15 0.20 0.25
0.30 4 f
200 400 200 500 200 300 400 500
4 7.6 140 350
200 400
7.19 12
7.20
NO.1 NO.2
40mm 20mm
NO.2 500 5mm 10mm
200 400 0.15 0.30
R² = 0.9993
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0 200 400 600 800 1000
( )
4 10
NO.1 =0.2 NO.1 f =200
NO.2 =0.2 NO.2 f =200
7.20
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(min) NO.1( 0.2)
t-f 200 t-f 300 t-f 400 t-f 500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(min) NO.1(t-f 200 )
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(min) NO.2( 0.2)
t-f 200 t-f 300 t-f 400 t-f 500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(min) NO.2(t-f 200 )
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
[1] Vol. 15 No. 2 pp. 23-30 1966.
[2] Harmathy, T. Z. : Effect of moisture on the fire endurance of building elements, ASTM special technical publication, No. 385, pp. 74-95, ASTM 1965.
[3] Vol. 45 No. 9 pp. 87-91
2007.
[4] Consolazio, G.R., McVay, M.C., Rish III, J. W. : Measure-ment and prediction of pore pressures in saturated cement Mortar subjected to radiant heating, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 95, M50, pp.
525-536, 1998.
[5] Zeiml, M, Leithner, D, Lackner, R, Mang, H.A. How do polypropylene fibers improve the spalling behavior of in-situ concrete?, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 36, pp. 929-942, 2006.
[6] Anderberg, Y., : Spalling phenomena of HPC and OC. International Workshop on Fire Performance of High Strength Concrete, Maryland, NIST Special Publication 919, pp. 13-14, 1997.
[7]
143 pp. 28-35 1967.7.
[8] Kalifa, P., Menneteau, F. D., Quenard, D., : Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, pp. 1915-1927, 2000.
[9] ZTV-TUNNEL Zusaetzliche Technische Vertragasbed-ingungen und Richtlinien fuer den Bau von Strassentunneln Teil 1 Geschlossene Bauweise, Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 1995.
[10]
A2 pp. 247-248, 1999.9.
[11] pp.63-65 2009.3.
[12]
621 pp.169-174 2007.
2
f
f 1
1
f
f
200MPa UFC 100MPa
HSC UFC PP
8.1 100MPa
HSC 200MPa UFC PP
4 100AS 100ASP 200UFC 200UFCP
8.1
300 50 8mm 2
300 100 8mm
5mm 2mm 5 10 25 40mm 4
80
5 10 25 40mm 2
8 1 2
8.1 PP
vol% HSC UFC
100MPa 0 RABT30 100AS
0.2 RABT30 100ASP
200MPa 0 RABT30 200UFC
0.5 RABT30 200UFCP
8.1
100AS 200UFC PP
100AS 100ASP 200UFC 200UFCP 4 8.2
8.3 8.4 8.5
100AS 100 200mm
UFC 50 100mm
20
8.2
NO. W/C kg m3
W C Pre1 Pre2 S1 G1 G2 SP.1 SP.2 PPF StF 100AS 0.3 150 500 718 418 626 5.0
100ASP 0.3 150 500 718 418 626 5.0 1.82
200UFC 158 1322 932 22 157
200UFCP 158 1322 932 22 4.55 157
8.3
C 3.15g/cm3
Pre1 UFC 1
Pre2 UFC 2
S1 1.64% 2.60 g/cm3
G1 2010 0.98% 2.61 g/cm3
G2 1505 1.64% 2.61 g/cm3
SP.1
SP.2 UFC
PPF 12mm 43 m 0.91g/cm3
StF 15mm 0.2mm
8.4 NO. %
SL mm
FL* mm Tc**
100AS 1.8 745 670 708 13.4
100ASP 1.8 14.1 15.6
200UFC 310 300 305 12.7
200UFCP 180 150 165 14.6
*FL 100AS UFC 0
** Tc
8.5
NO. (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (%)
100AS 92.5 43.9 4.2 3.8
100ASP 95.7 43.8 6.0 3.7
200UFC 209.2 56.3 35.3 0.6
200UFCP 188.5 56.1 37.2 0.6
RABT30 2 5.5
20mm
8.6 8.2 8.3 8.7 8.8
PP 100ASP PP
200UFCP PP PP
200UFC PP
100AS 40 1
30 200UFCP
35mm 100AS PP
100ASP 100AS
200UFC PP 200UFCP
200UFC
8.6
100AS 100ASP 200UFC 200UFCP
(min)
1 4.7 4.3 2.3 3.2
2 4.3 3.8 3.3 3.2
4.5 4.1 2.8 3.2
(min)
1 6.9 5.8 48.2 67.0
2 11.9 6.5 40.2 62.5
9.4 6.2 44.2 64.8
(min)
1 2.2 1.5 45.8 63.8
2 7.6 2.7 36.9 59.3
4.9 2.1 41.4 61.6
(mm)
1 15.0 14.0 15.0 38.0
2 17.0 13.0 20.0 33.0
16.0 13.5 17.5 35.5
(mm)
1 2.8 3.4 4.6 10.8
2 5.5 3.6 4.1 9.0
4.2 3.5 4.3 9.9
8.2 8.3
8.1 8.8
100AS 5mm
200UFC 1mm
50mm
1 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
100AS 100ASP 200UFC 200UFCP
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
100AS 100ASP 200UFC 200UFCP
8.7 100AS
100 AS -1
100 AS -2
100 ASP
-1
100 ASP
-2
8.8 200UFC
200 UFC
-1
200 UFC
-2
200 UFCP
-1
200 UFCP
-2
8.1 100AS-1 8.3 100ASP-1
8.2 100AS-1 8.4 100ASP-1
8.5 200UFC-1 8.7 200UFCP-1
8.6 200UFC-1 8.8 200UFCP-1
80
8.1 2
5 10 25 40mm 8
-8.1 3 5
8.4 8.11 5 10mm
10 10 12MPa
25mm 6MPa 40mm 2MPa
( -8.1) ( -6.5)
8.4 100AS-1 8.5 100AS-2
8.6 100ASP-1 8.7 100ASP-2
8.8 200UFC-1 8.9 200UFC-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 100AS-1
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 100AS-2
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 100ASP-1
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 100ASP-2
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 200UFC-1
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 200UFC-2
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
8.10 200UFCP-1 8.11 200UFCP-2
5 10 25 40mm
5mm 2mm 10MPa
8.12 8.19
2 7MPa 5 10mm 4
25 40mm 10
100AS
10 40mm
100ASP-1 40mm 4MPa
1
200UFC 25 40mm 5 10mm
30 30
1mm 30 3.1 Sloughing - off spalling
200UFCP PP
200UFC
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 200UFCP-1
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
min 200UFCP-2
r-5 r-10
r-25 r-40
8.12 (100AS-1) 8.13 (100AS-2)
8.14 (100ASP-1) 8.15 (100ASP-2)
8.16 (200UFC-1) 8.17 (200UFC-2)
8.18 (200UFCP-1) 8.19 (200UFCP-2)
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 100AS-1
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
100AS-2
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
100ASP-1
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
100ASP-2
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
200UFC-1
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 1 2 3 4
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
200UFC-2
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
UFC-2
0 10 20 30 40
0 1 2 3 4
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
200UFCP-1
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min
200UFCP-2
P-5 P-10
P-25 P-40
0 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
-8.2 -8.5
I-f -8.5 1
I-lim
7.19 1
z-f
6 0.15 0.30 z-f 200
500 0.30
z-f 100 150 200 8.20
8.27
( -8.2) ( -7.2) ( -8.3) ( -7.3) ( -8.4) ( -7.4) ( -8.5) ( -7.5)
100AS 200UFC
200UFC 40 60 100AS
80
PP 100AS
I-f
0.3 z-f
100 PP
100ASP 200
8.20 100AS-1 8.21 100AS-2
8.22 100ASP-1 8.23 100ASP-2
8.24 200UFC-1 8.25 200UFC-2
8.26 200UFCP-1 8.27 200UFCP-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 100AS-1
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 10 20 30 40
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 100AS-2
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 10 20 30 40
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 100ASP-1
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 10 20 30 40
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 100ASP-2
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 10 20 30 40
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 200UFC-1
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 200UFC-2
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 200UFCP-1
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
min 200UFCP-2
100-0.3
150-0.3 200-0.3
100MPa HSC 100AS 200MPa UFC 200UFC PP
1 100AS 200UFC
100
2 200UFC
3 PP 100ASP 0.2 vol% 200UFC 0.5 vol%
UFC 100ASP
200 4
1
5 5 10mm 4
25 40mm
10 MPa
6 200UFC 30 30
1mm Sloughing - off spalling
[1] pp. 63-65 2009.3.
[2] ZTV-TUNNEL Zusaetzliche Technische Vertragasbed-ingungen und Richtlinien fuer den Bau von Strassentunneln Teil 1 Geschlossene Bauweise, Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 1995.
[3]
226 pp. 67-72 1974.6.
[4]
No.478 / -21 pp. 91-100 1993.11.
[5]
Vol.33 No. 1 pp. 437-442 2011.
[6]
621 pp. 169-174 2007.
f
200MPa
UFC -f
f c 0.3
100
2009 1
PP
8 11
9.1
9.1 PP
vol%
AS AG AL
70MPa
0 RABT30 70AS 70AL
0 RABT30 70AS-D
0 ISO60 70AS-I 70AL-I
100MPa 0 RABT30 100AS 100AG 100AL