2.2.2 ㄆ▱ฎ⌮ࡢどⅬ
2.2.2.3 ACCESS 䛾≉Ⰽ㻌
ACCESS ࡣ㸪ㄆ▱⛉ᏛࡽᘬࡁฟࡉࢀࡓࠕᏛ⩦㸪グ᠈㸪ὀព㸪ᢏ⬟⋓ᚓࠖࡢᇶᮏཎ⌮ᇶ
࡙ ࡃ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ࢱ ࢫ ࢡ ᆺ ࡢ ᤵ ᴗ ࢹ ࢨ ࣥ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ (Gatbonton & Segalowitz, 1998, 2005;
Segalowitz, 2010)ࠋ≉Ⰽࡣḟ䛾3
Ⅼ䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌
➨
1䛻䠈ACCESS
ࡣ㸪ὶᬸᛶṇ☜ᛶࢆ᭱⤊┠ᶆࡋ࡚㸪ఏ⤫ⓗᣦᑟ㐣⛬䜢䛝䛟ኚ䛘䜛䛣䛸䛻䛒䜛䚹practice 䛛䜙䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁άື䛸䛔䛖ᚑ᮶䛾ὶ䜜䜢㏫䛻䛧䛶䠈䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁άື䜢 ඛ⾜䛥䛫䛯䚹Segalowitz 䛻䜘䜜䜀䠈⮬ື䛿䛣䜜䜎䛷
Rivers and Temperley (1987)䛻♧䛥䜜䜛䜘 䛖䛻䠈䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁άື䛛䜙ษ䜚㞳䛥䜜䛯
practice䛻䛚䛡䜛 䛂ᵓᩥ䛃 䛻ྥ䛡䛶䛺䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䚹䛧 䛛䛧 ACCESS
ࡢ⮬ືࡣ㸪⮬↛䛺䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁άື䜢㉳䛣䛥䛫䠈ᨭ䛘⥆䛡䜛㻌 䛂Ⓨヰ䛃㻌 䛻ྥ䛡䛶䛺䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹Ⓨヰ䛾⮬ື䛻䜘䛳䛶䠈ㄆ▱ฎ⌮䛾䛺ື䛝䛸ຠ⋡䛜ᙉ䛥䜜䠈ㄆ▱ⓗὶ
ᬸᛶ䜢ಁ㐍䛥䜜䜛䛸䛾⪃䛘᪉䜢
Segalowitz䛿♧䛧䛶䛔䜛
(1988, pp.477-479; 2005, pp. 338-340;2010, 78-90)䚹㻌
➨
2䛻䠈䝺䝑䝇䞁䛻ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛻ഛ䜟䜛┠ᶆᩥ䛾⧞䜚㏉䛧䜢Ⓨヰ䛾⮬ື䜈䛾せ䛺䝹䞊䝖䛸䜏䛺䛩䛣 䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭 䛾䛸䛧䛶䠈 “Family Relationship Task” 䛻䠈⧞䜚㏉䛧䛾
3 ᵝ┦ ࢱࢫࢡ࣭practice࣭⮬⏤࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࢱࢫࢡ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉẖᐙ᪘ࡢ࣓
ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢᙺࢆసࡋ㸪ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗᚓࡓࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢసࢆࢡࣛࢫⓎ⾲ࡍࡿࠋpractice
䛷䛿䠈䝍䝇䜽䛷⏝䛔䛯ᩥἲ㡯䛾ᙉ⦎⩦䜢⾜䛖䚹⮬⏤࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάື࡛ࡣ㸪㛵㐃ࢸ࣮
࣐ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㛤ࢀࡓ㆟ㄽ㻌 㻔㸸familyࡢᵓᅗࢆẚ㍑㻕 ࢆ⾜࠸㸪
Ⓨヰ䛾㐀ⓗ⮬ືࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋ
3ᵝ┦ࡢ⧞䜚㏉䛧䛿㸪ㄆ▱ฎ⌮ⓗࡣTAP⌮ㄽࡢ㛤ࢀࡓ⎔ቃ࡛ࡢ㐺⏝࡛࠶ࡾ㸪グ᠈ࡢᵓᡂࡘ࡞ࡀࡿὶࢀ࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ㸪⧞䜚㏉䛧䛿㻌 䛂ព䛻㞟୰䛩䜛䛸ゝㄒᙧᘧ䛻ὀព䛜ᅇ䜙䛺䛔䛃㻌 䛸
䛔䛖ᚑ᮶䛾ᠱ㡯䜢ゎỴ䛷䛝䜛䛸䛩䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䠈ྠ䛨Ⓨヰ䜢┦ᙜ㔞⧞䜚㏉䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䠈⮬ศ䛸௰㛫 䛾Ⓨヰ䛾ṇㄗ䛻ゐ䜜䠈⮬ᕫಟṇ䜢ಁ䛩䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䛸䛥䜜䜛㻌
(Gatbonton & Segalowitz, 1988, pp.477-486; 2005, p. 340)䚹㻌
➨ 3 㸪࡞Ⓨヰ (full utterance) ࢆዡບࡋ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ᪉␎ࡢ⏝ࢆၥど ࡍࡿࠋL2ᩍᐊ࡛ࡣὶᬸᛶṇ☜ᛶࢆ┠ᶆ㸪እ⏺㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢ⤫ㄒຊࢆṇ☜㌟ࡘࡅ
࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪࡞Ⓨヰࡢࢳࣕࣞࣥࢪࢆษࡍࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚࠶ࡲࡾὶᬸ
࡛࡞࠸ L2 ヰ⪅ࡢ᪉␎
㻔㸸ࡘ࡞ࡂゝⴥ㸪⮬ศࡸ┦ᡭࡢゝⴥࡢ㸪ỿ㯲ࡲࡓࡣ
um, er, uh➼ࢆྵࡴ࣏࣮ࢬ㸧ࡢ⏝ࡣ㸪ࢳࣕࣥࢡ㏨ࡆࡿ㸪ࡲࡓࡣࢳࣕࣥࢡ࡛ὶᬸ࠸࠺༳㇟ࢆ࠼ࡼ
࠺ࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1㹼2 ㄒࡢᑐᛂࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
ࡢ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡋࡋ㸪1㹼2 ㄒࡢ⟅࠼ࢆᐜㄆࡍࡿ㸪⤫ㄒຊカ⦎ࡢᶵ
ࢆዣ࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡑࡢ࡞⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(Gatbonton & Segalowitz, 2005, p. 338;
Segalowitz, 2010, pp. 41-42)ࠋ 2.2.2.4 ACCESS
䛾ㄢ㢟
ACCESS
䛾ㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ḟࡢⅬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ACCESSࡣึᚰ⪅ࡽESLᩍᖌࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࡲ࡛ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚㸪⤫ㄒᵓ㐀ࡢᏛࡧࢆ
㉳ࡇࡍࡣ1㹼2ㄒ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࣇࣝࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫ࡛⟅࠼ࡿࡇࢆዡບࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᪩
ᮇL2ᩍᐊࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࡣៅ㔜࡞❧ሙ❧ࡘࠋ
Muñoz (2007, p.238) ࡣ㸪ᖺ㱋ᕪࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍㄆ▱ࣞ࣋ࣝᏛ⩦ࢫࢱࣝࡣࡁࡃ┦㐪ࡍࡿࡇ
ࢆpracticeࡣ⪃៖ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋMitchell and Martin (1997) ♧ࡉࢀࡿ᪩ᮇ L2 ᩍᐊࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡓࡕࡣࡲࡔᦼೌࡼࡾయฎ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᮇ࠶ࡾ㸪⾲ฟ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪 ࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫࡼࡾࢳࣕࣥࢡࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿഴྥࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVan den Branden (1997, pp.
626-627) ࡼࢀࡤ㸪┦ὶᆺࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢱࢫࢡࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ11ᡯࡽ12ᡯࡢ
ᑠᏛ⏕ࡣ㸪࠸ࡢ࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࢆពㄒᙡ࠾࠸࡚ಟṇ (modify) ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ゝㄒᙧᘧ࠾
࠸࡚ࡣᨾព࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀὀពࢆᡶࢃ࡞࠸㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽMuranoi (2007, p. 69 ) ࡶ Ꮚ౪ࡣᩥἲⓗṇ☜ᛶ⤫ㄒⓗ」㞧ᛶࡢࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ࡞࡞ཷࡅࡃ࠸
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡍࡿぢ᪉ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ᚋࡢ᳨ドࢆᚲせࡍࡿㄝࡃࠋ
ࡉࡽ㸪࡞Ⓨヰࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࠶ࡓࡾ㸪1㹼2ㄒࡢ⟅࠼㸪࠾ࡼࡧ᪉␎ࡢከ⏝ࡣὶᬸᛶಁ㐍ࢆ
㜼ࡴࡍࡿぢ᪉ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣྠពࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋఏ⤫ⓗ㸪L2ᩍᐊ࡛ࡣᩥ
༢ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⏘ฟάືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡔࡀ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀㄒㄒࡢᩥἲୖࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ
ᢕᥱࡋษࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠺ࡣࡦࡘ᫂░࡞ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪▷࠸ࢳࣕࣥࢡࡸࡘ࡞ࡂ ゝⴥࡢ⏝ࡣ࣭࣌ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡ࠾࠸࡚ព΅ࢆάⓎࡉࡏ㸪⤖ᯝⓗࡣ⤫ㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ
ಁ㐍ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡢぢ᪉ࡶ࠶ࡿ (Bygate, 1988; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992; Weinert, 1995)ࠋ
᪩ᮇL2ᩍᐊ࡛࡞Ⓨヰࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡇࡣ⤫ㄒᵓ㐀ࡢ⫱ᡂࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡛ྍ⬟࡞ࡇ㸪ࡲ
ࡓ㸪ࢳࣕࣥࢡࡸࡘ࡞ࡂゝⴥࡣ⤫ㄒࡢⓎ㐩ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡢ࠸࠺Ⅼࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࡢవᆅࡀṧࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2.2.3 ㄯヰศᯒࡢどⅬ㻌
2.2.3.1 ࢹࢫࢥ࣮ࢫ㔜どࡢᑐヰάື
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࡣᑐヰ (dialogues) ࢆᩍᐊάືࡢᇶᮏࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᵓ㐀ࡢᣢ ࡘຊࢆศఙࡤࡋ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ᪂ࡓ࡞Ⓨヰࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࡀ┠ᶆࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓఏ⤫ࢆᣢࡘࠋ ࡋࡋ㸪ᑐヰࢆㄯヰࡢどⅬࡽ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀᚑࡍࡿᑐヰάືࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞㔜 せᛶࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
Swain (1988, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2005) ࡣ㸪࢝ࢼࢲࡢ࣐࣮ࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࠾࠸࡚Ꮫ
⩦⪅ࡢ⏘ฟࢫ࢟ࣝヰࡍ࣭᭩ࡃࡢࢆᣍ࠸ࡓཎᅉゎ᫂ࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᤵᴗほᐹᤵᴗ୰ࡢⓎヰ ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ḟࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(1988, pp.72-76)ࠋࡲࡎ㸪ពෆᐜࡢ㔜 ど⟇ࡀෆᐜ⌮ゎ㔜ࡁࢆ⨨ࡁ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡽࡣ⤫ㄒࡸᙧែ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᚲせࡋ࡞࠸᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢ▷࠸
ᛂ⟅ࢆᘬࡁฟࡍഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇ㸪ḟ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢㄗࡾᑐࡍࡿᩍᖌࡢ༶ಟṇࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵ
ࢡࡣኚᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ゞṇࡶ୍㈏ᛶࢆḞࡃࡇ㸪ࡉࡽ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀᩍᐊ࡛ཷࡅྲྀࡿࣥࣉࢵ
ࢺࡣ⮬↛⎔ቃୗࡢࡑࢀẚࡿᶵ⬟ⓗไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽ㸪➨2 ゝㄒᩍᤵࡢ᭱ၿ⟇ࡣ㸪ᚲࡎࡋࡶពෆᐜࡢ㔜どࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚➨ 2 ゝㄒ⩦ᚓᯝࡓࡍ
࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺάືࢆୗグࡢ᪉ྥ㐍ࡵࡿࡇࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(2000, pp. 112-113; 2002, pp.
173-179; 2005, pp. 474-480)ࠋ
➨ 1 㸪ヰࡍ࣭᭩ࡃࡣ㸪୍▐ࡢ࠺ࡕ⤫ㄒ࣭ᙧែ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᧯సࡍࡿᅔ㞴ࡉࢆక࠺ࠋࡑࡢຊ
ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡣᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ༢Ⓨⓗ࡞ㄒ࣭࡛ྃࡣ࡞ࡃ⠇ࡲࡓࡣ⠇௨ୖࡢ㛗ࡉࡢⓎヰ (sustained talk) ࡢ⏘ฟカ⦎ࢆࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪ពෆᐜ⌮ゎࡢࡓࡵࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ༢Ⓨⓗ Q-A άືࡣ㸪ヰࡋᡭࡗ࡚➽ࡀ㏻ࡗࡓゝⴥゝㄒᙧᘧὀពࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞activit\ ⨨
ࡁ࠼ࡽࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
➨ 2 㸪ヰࡍ࣭᭩ࡃࡣ㸪⤫ㄒⓗ⡆༢࡞ࢹࢫࢥ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᣑᙇࡉࢀࡓࢹࢫࢥ࣮ࢫ
(extended discourse) ࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡼ
࠺ࡍࡿࡁ㸪⮬ࡽࡀཝࡋ࠸ᢈホᐙ࡞ࡾ㸪⮬ศࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡢᴟ㝈ࡲ࡛㋃ࡳฟࡋ࡚㸪༠ྠၥ 㢟ゎỴᑐヰ(joint problem-solving dialogue) ᚑࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇゝㄒ⬟ຊࢆ᭱㝈
ఙࡤࡍሙࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⏘ฟ⏕ࡌࡿពࡸ⤫ㄒࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㸪┦ࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾ☜ㄆࢳ
࢙ࢵࢡ㸪᫂☜せồ㸪᫂♧ⓗ࣭ᬯ♧ⓗㄗࡾゞṇ࡞ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ゎỴࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑ ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪༢࡞ࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡸࣀ࣮ࢺྲྀࡾ㐪ࡗ࡚ពฎ⌮ࡽ⤫ㄒฎ⌮῝࠸ࡇࢁ࡛ࡢㄆ
▱ฎ⌮ࢆಁࡉࢀ㸪ࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ಟṇ࣭ฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡓⓎヰᑟࢀࡿࠋ
➨ 3 㸪 ༠ ྠ ၥ 㢟 ゎ Ỵ ᑐ ヰ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪 Ꮫ ⩦ ⪅ ྠ ኈ ࡢ ᜨ ⓗ ┦ ౫ Ꮡ (positive interdependence) ࡼࡗ࡚⠏ࢀࡿperformanceࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀ1ே࡛࡛ࡁࡿ௨ୖࡢ㧗࠸ㄆ▱
ⓗࣞ࣋ࣝ㐩ࡍࡿࠋಶேࡣࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡳ㸪ෆ㠃ࡋ㸪⮬㌟ࡢ▱ⓗάືࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ၥ㢟❧ࡕྥ࠺㸪1ேࡢάືࢆࡧ㸪༠ྠᏛ⩦ዊࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ⥲ᣓࡍ
ࢀࡤ㸪Swain ࡣᑐヰάືࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ᪉␎ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫゝㄒ▱㆑ࡢ༠ྠᵓ⠏ࡳ࡞ࡋ㸪ヰࡍ࣭᭩
ࡃࡣ㸪ෆᅾࢆಁࡋ㸪ෆⓗ࡞ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗάືࢆእᅾࡍࡿㄆ▱ⓗࢶ࣮ࣝ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ
୍᪉McCarthyࡣ㸪ㄯヰศᯒࡢどⅬࢆL2ᩍᐊᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᑐヰάືࡢぢ┤ࡋ
ࢆᅗࡿࠋMcCarthy (1991, pp. 122-136) ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ㄯヰศᯒࡢどⅬࡽぢࡿᩍᐊࡢఏ⤫ⓗㄯ ヰᵓ㐀ࡣ㸪ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ᭱ᑠ༢ࡣ㸪ࠕጞື(initiation)㸪ᛂ⟅(response)㸪
㏣㊧(follow-up)ࠖ࠸࠺3㒊ᵓᡂ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋᑐヰάືࡢၥ㢟ࡣ㸪㏣㊧ࡀࡶࡗࡥࡽᩍᖌ
ㄢࡉࢀ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣᛂ⟅ࡔࡅ࡞ࡾࡀࡕ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᑐヰࡀᅛᐃࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࠶
ࡿࠋᏛ⩦⪅ࡀ㏣㊧ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᏛࡧ㸪㛗࠸ࡦ⥆ࡁࡢヰࢆ㐠Ⴀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡣ㸪ୗグ
㏙ࡿ⮬↛࡞ヰࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࣭┦స⏝ⓗ≉ᚩࢆactivity⤌ࡴࡇࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨1㸪⮬↛࡞ヰࡣ㸪ᵓ㐀ⓗࠕ㛤ጞ࣭Ⓨᒎ࣭ኚ᭦࣭⤊ࠖ࡞ࡢቃ⏺ (boundary) ࡀ Ꮡᅾࡋ㸪ࡑࡇቃ⏺ᶆ㆑ㄒ (e.g., right, now, ok) ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇὀ┠ࡉࡏࡿࠋྠᵝ㸪ヰ㢟
(topic) ࡶᵓ㐀ⓗ࣭┦స⏝ⓗ≉ᚩࢆᫎࡍࡿࠋヰ㢟ἢࡗ࡚ヰࡀᒎ㛤ࡋ㸪ヰ㢟 (sub-topic)
ࡽูࡢヰ㢟⛣⾜ࡍࡿ㸪ࡑࡇㄒᙡⓗቃ⏺ᶆ㆑ㄒ㻕㸪㡢㡩ⓗ㻌 㻔ࣥࢺࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ
ୖ᪼ୗ㝆㸪▷࠸࣏࣮ࢬ㻕㻌ྜᅗࡀฟࡉࢀࡿࡇὀពࢆࡑࡑࡀࡏࡿࠋ
➨2㸪⮬↛࡞ヰࡣ㸪┦ᛶ (reciprocity) ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡢQ-Aᆺࡽ┦స⏝ⓗ
࡞activity࡞ࡿࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ✚ᴟⓗᙺࢆዡບࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪activity
ࡣᏛ⩦⪅ྠኈࡢ༠ྠᑐヰ (joint telling) ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㸪ఱࡽࡢ㠀ゝㄒⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟㸦㸸 Ꮫ⩦⪅ྠኈࡀᙼࡽࡢពぢ㸪㊃࡞㛵ࡋ࡚㢮ఝⅬࡸ┦㐪Ⅼࢆぢࡘࡅฟࡍ㸧ࢆ࠼㸪☜ㄆࢳ
࢙ࢵࢡࡸ㐺ษ࡞┦ᵔࡼࡿᛂ⟅ࢆᏛࡧ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ㄢ㢟ࡢ㐩ᡂྥࢃࡏࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ Swain ࡀ⏘ฟࢫ࢟ࣝࡢྥୖࢆ┠ᣦࡋ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐヰάືࢆㄽࡌࡓࡢᑐࡋ㸪
McCarthy (1991) ࡣㄯヰࡢࢫ࢟ࣝ⩦ᚓࡢどⅬ❧ࡘᑐヰάືࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2.2.3.2 ㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡢᥦ
Nattinger and DeCarrico (1992) ࡣ㸪McCarthyࡢᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ⮬↛࡞ヰࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࣭┦
స⏝ⓗ≉ᚩࡢᛂ⏝ࠖࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪ࡼࡾ⮬↛࡞ヰࡢᵓ㐀ᯟࡋ࡚ࡢࠕㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖࢆᥦ
ࡋࡓࠋㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡣ᪩ᮇL2ᩍᐊྥࡅ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࢳࣕࣥࢡࡀ᭱⤊
ⓗ⤫ㄒ࣮ࣝࣝࡢẼ࡙ࡁ⮳ࡾゝㄒ⩦ᚓⓎᒎࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ୍⮴ࡋࡓぢ᪉ࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪
ࡲࡓࡑࢀࢆᑟࡃึᮇᏛ⩦⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢయ⣔ࡉࢀࡓࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡶ࡞࠸≧ἣୗ࡛㸪ࢳࣕࣥࢡࢆㄯヰ
ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞἢࡗ࡚⏝ࡋ㸪ึᮇᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ࣮࢜ࣛࣝ㺃ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆಁ㐍ࡉࡏࡿ⨨
(fluency devices) ࡞ࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡣ㸪⾲1♧ࡉࢀࡿࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ (Exchange Structures)㸪⾲2
♧ࡉࢀࡿ᪉␎ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ(Strategic Tools)ࡢ2ࡘ࡛ᡂ❧ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀୗグ㏙ࡿ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡘࠋ
ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡣ㸪ㄯヰࡢᙧᡂᯟᣵᣜ࣭ࢺࣆࢵࢡᥦ♧࣭㉁ᛂ⟅࣭ࢺࣆࢵࢡᥦ♧࣭㉁ᛂ
⟅࣭ホ౯ᨭᣢ࣭ᨭᣢ࣭⤊ࡼࡾᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋึᮇᏛ⩦⪅ࡢࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡶ㸪ࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ሙ㠃ࡶᑐᛂྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᇶᮏⓗ࡞ヰࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡽ㸪ㄒᙡ࣭ᩥἲ࠾࠸࡚
࡞ࡾ㧗࠸ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆࡸࡾ㐙ࡆࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢ ᕤኵḟ➨࡛ࡣ㸪⤫ㄒᵓ㐀ࡢẼ࡙ࡁࢆಁࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿ (Bygate, 1988, pp.77-78;
Widdowson, 1990, p.96; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992, pp.118-121)ࠋ
1. Summons Ɇ response 㸦ྊ㞟̿ᛂ⟅㸧
2. Nominating a topic Ɇ clarifying 㸦ࢺࣆࢵࢡᥦ♧̿᫂☜せồ㸧
3. Question Ɇ answer 㸦㉁ၥ̿⟅࠼㸧
4. Nominating a topic ń checking comprehension 㸦ࢺࣆࢵࢡᥦ♧̿⌮ゎ☜ㄆ㸧 5.AssertingɆ accepting / Asserting Ɇ endorsing࣭disagreeing
㸦ᙇ̿ᐜㄆᙇ̿ᨭᣢ࣭ᨭᣢ㸧
6.ClosingɆ parting 㸦⤊ู̿ࢀ㸧
⾲1 ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ(Exchange Structures)
୍᪉㸪᪉␎ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡣ5ࡘࡢㄯヰ⥔ᣢ᪉␎⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࣭ᣑ࣭⨨ࡁ࠼࣭ಟṇ⿵ሸ࣭࣐࣮
࣮࢝ࡼࡾᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㐃ࡢ࣮࣭࣮࢜ࣛࣝ࣡ࢡࡣ㸪ㄯヰ⥔ᣢ᪉␎ࡼࡗ࡚ヰࡋ┦ᡭࢆ㺀┦
㡪ᯈ(a sounding board)㺁ࡋ࡚⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡇ⮬యࡀゝㄒ⩦ᚓᐤ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡾ㸪᪉␎ᣦᑟࡽゝㄒㄒ⩦ᚓࡢᶵࡣ⏕ࡌࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ(Bygate, 1988, p. 75)ࠋ
ࡉࡽ㸪᪉␎⾜ࡣࠕὶᬸࡉࠖࡢឤぬࢆ࣌ྠኈ࡛㣴࠸㸪࠸ࠕ༴㝤࡞ᙺࠖࠕ⚾ࡓࡕ ࡣᣮᡓ୰㸪࠶ࡁࡽࡵ࡞࠸ (Nattinger and DeCarrico, 1992, p.119) ࠖ▱ࡽࡏྜ࠸㸪Ⓨヰண 㺃ヰ⥔ᣢ㺃᪉ྥ㌿㺃᮰ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍᚰ⌮ⓗࣉࣞࢵࢩ࣮ࣕᒅࡋ࡞࠸ᚰᵓ࠼ࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿࡉࢀࡿ (Bygate, 1988, pp.66-74; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992, pp.186-189; D.
Willis, 2003, pp.192-197)ࠋ
1. Repetition 㸦⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸧 2. Expansion 㸦ᣑ㸧
3. Substitution 㸦⨨ࡁ࠼㸧
4. Framing or completion 㸦ಟṇ⿵ሸ㸧 5. Markers 㸦࣐࣮࣮࢝㸧
⾲2 ᪉␎ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ(6trategic Tools)
2.2.3.3 ㄯヰ㔜どࡢㄢ㢟
Swainࡢᥦࡍࡿ༠ྠၥ㢟ゎỴᑐヰ㸪࠾ࡼࡧMcCarthy ࡢᥦࡍࡿㄯヰࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ⩦ᚓࢆ┠
ࡊࡍ༠ྠᑐヰࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡣ㸪ศᯒฎ⌮ࡀྍ⬟࡞୰Ꮫ⏕௨ୖ࡛㸪⤫ㄒ࣭ᙧែ࣮ࣝࣝࡶ௰㛫ྠኈ
࡛ゞṇྍ⬟ࡍࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋNattinger and DeCarrico ࡢㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡶࡲࡓ㸪ேࡢ L2Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᇶసᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚እᅜㄒ⎔ቃୗ࡛㸪యⓗࢳࣕࣥࢡฎ
⌮ࡢẁ㝵࠶ࡿ᪩ᮇL2Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᥦࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀၥ
ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪩ᮇL2Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀㄯヰᢏ⬟ࢆ㌟ࡘࡅ㸪ព΅ࡽ㸪ࡉࡽゝㄒၥ㢟ゎỴࡲ
࡛㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔᑐヰάືࢆ⾜࡞࠼ࡿࡢ㸪 ࡑࡢሙྜ㸪Nattinger and DeCarricoࡼࡗ࡚ึᮇ Ꮫ⩦⪅ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡢ㐺⏝ࡣྍ⬟㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㢮ࢆぢ࡞࠸᪂ࡋ࠸ᩍᐊ࡛ࡢᑐ ᛂ⟇ࡀせồࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ