3) ᩍᮦ㺃Ꮫ⩦⪅୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡢㄪᰝ
4.1 ရモࡢ᥎⛣
ྛရモࡢྛᏛᖺࡢ≉ᚩࡣḟࡢ 3㡯┠⥲ᣓࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ 1 㸪ෆᐜㄒ࡛࠶ࡿྡモ㸪ືモ㸪ᶵ⬟
ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ௦ྡモࡢࡰ୍ᐃࡋࡓ㧗㢖ᗘ⏝࡛࠶ࡿᅗ3ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ྡモࡣῶᑡഴྥࡀ2ᖺ⏕㸪 ቑຍഴྥࡀ5ᖺ⏕ぢࡽࢀ㸪ືモࡣῶᑡഴྥࡀ5ᖺ⏕ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
ྡモ
ືモ ᙧᐜモ
モ ௦ྡモ
ෙモ ZKモ
ᩘモ ἲຓືモ ๓⨨モ ᥋⥆モ 㛫ᢞモ WRᐃモ
ᅗ3 ෆᐜㄒᶵ⬟ㄒࡢᏛᖺู᥎⛣
ḟ㸪ືモࡣᑠᏛᰯᗈࡃㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿഴྥ㸦⸨ཎ2011; ᵽཱྀ, 2003㸧ࡣ┦㐪ࡍࡿ≉ᚩ ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ4ࠋձ୍⯡ⓗάືືモ(go, play)ࡀ㧗㢖ᗘࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ≧ែືモ(be, have, like, think)ࡀ㧗㢖ᗘഴྥ࠶ࡿࠋղ⸨ཎ2011, p. 52㸧ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡣ㐣ᑡ
⏝ࡉࢀࡿㄽ⌮ࢆ⾲ࡍືモ“think” ࡀ 2ᖺ⏕ࡽ୍ᐃ㢖ᗘࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࠋճࡑࡢࡢືモ㏻
ᖖࡢ⏝ຍ࠼ᐃᆺ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚⏝ࡍࡿ୍⯡ືモ“see” ࡢᏛᖺࡈࡢቑࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
be
do
see
like
have
go
think
play
ᅗ4≧ែάືࡑࡢࡢືモࡢᏛᖺู᥎⛣
➨ 2 㸪ᶵ⬟ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ 3✀ࡢ㝈ᐃモၥモ㸪ᩘモ㸪ෙモᏛᖺ㛫࡛ࡢ᥎⛣ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ ձၥモࡣ1ᖺ⏕࡛“how many㹼 ” ࡢከ⏝ጞࡲࡾ3ᖺ⏕ࡽ⥲ྜⓗ⏝ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⸨ཎ2011, p. 52㸧ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡣ㐣ᑡ⏝ࡉࢀࡿㄽ⌮㛵㐃ࡍࡿၥモ㸪“Why” ࡣ ቑຍഴྥࢆࡓࡿ㸦ᅗ5ࠋղᩘモࡣ1㸪2ᖺ࡛ࡁࢃࡵ࡚㧗㢖ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ3ࠋճෙモࡣ
ࡰ୍ᐃࡢቑഴྥࢆ♧ࡍ㸦ᅗ3ࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
what
how
why
where
which
when
who
ᅗ5ၥモ:KࡢᏛᖺู᥎
➨3㸪᥋⥆モ๓⨨モࡣቑഴྥ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ6, 7ࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
and
because
so
or
when
if
but
ᅗ6᥋⥆モࡢᏛᖺู᥎⛣
1ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 1ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 2ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 2ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 3ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 3ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 4ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 4ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 5ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 5ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 6ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 6ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅
to
in
about
at
from
for
on
of
under
ᅗ7๓⨨モࡢᏛᖺู᥎⛣
➨4㸪㛫ᢞモࡣᏛᖺΏࡾ୍ᐃ㢖ᗘࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡀ㸪ಶูࡣḟࡢⅬ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ3,
8ࠋձ㛫ᢞモ“ok” ࡣᏛᖺ୍࡛ᐃ㧗㢖ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋղඖ᮶モ㸪ᙧᐜモ࡛࠶ࡾㄯヰ࡛ࡣ㛫ᢞ
モࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ“great”㸪“really”㸪“sorry”ࡣ୰Ꮫᖺࡽᬻቑഴྥ࠶ࡿࠋ
1ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 1ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 2ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 2ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 3ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 3ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 4ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 4ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 5ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 5ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅 6ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 6ᖺ䠄zᚓⅬ䠅
yes
wow
oh
hello
no
good-by
hi
ok
please
sure
really
sorry
great
uh-huh
ᅗ8㛫ᢞモࡢᏛᖺู᥎⛣
4.2᪉␎ࡢ᥎⛣
᪉␎ࡢྛᏛᖺࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪⾲ ♧ࡍ༊ศ⏝ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿḟࡢ2Ⅼ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
➨ 1 㸪 ┦ ᡭ ࡢ Ⓨ ヰ ࡢ ୍ 㒊 ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ య ࢆ ⧞ ࡾ ㏉ ࡍ (Back-focusing) 㸪 ☜ ㄆ ࣭ ᢎ (Confirmation check) ࡢ“ok” ࡣᏛᖺ࡛㧗㢖ᗘࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࠋ
➨2㸪పᏛᖺࡢ᪉␎ࡣẕㄒ⏝(L1 use) ࡢ5ࢆ㝖ࡅࡤBack-focusing“ok” ຍ࠼
࡚㸪᫂⣽(Amplification)ࡀ㝿❧ࡗࡓ≉Ⰽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ㸪Ꮫᖺ㐍⾜ඹ᪉␎ࡢ⏝ᇦࡀ ᣑࡋ㸪ㄒྃ༢ࡢ᪉␎୪⾜ࡋ࡚ᩥ༢㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣㄯヰࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ᪉␎ከᵝࡍࡿࠋࡘ
ࡲࡾ㸪୰Ꮫᖺࡽ㸪ẕㄒ⏝(L1 use)㸪ࣄࣥࢺ࠼(Sympathetic)㸪ᑀ⾲⌧(Expressing politeness) ࡀቑຍഴྥ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋ㸪≉ᐃࡢᏛᖺࡢࡳ⌧ࢀࡿ᪉␎ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ┦ᡭࡢⓎヰࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡘࡘ㸪ᛂ⟅ᩥᙧᡂ
(Holding device) ࡣ୰Ꮫᖺࡢࡳ㸪ゝ࠸࠼(Paraphrase)ࡣ㧗Ꮫᖺࡢࡳぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ 5
ᖺ⏕ࡢࡳ㓄៖(Acceptance) ࢆ♧ࡍ“ok” ࡀ2㸪ពぢ㞟⣙ࡢࢩࢢࢼࣝ(Macro-organizer) ࡢ“ok” ࡀ ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᅇࡢᩍᮦࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡣ㸪㛵(2014b) ࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡢⓎヰࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺᏑ ᅾࡍࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿ⏝(Re-using)㸪ヰ㢟(Topicalization)㸪⮬ᕫಟṇ(Self-repair) ࡢ 3 㡯┠ࡣ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋேࡽࡢࡘࡪࡸࡁࡼࡿಟṇࡸ㸪⮬ᕫಟṇࡣ⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗฟࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᚋᤵᴗศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇࡼࡾࡉࡽከᵝࡍࡿ᪉␎ࢆ᳨ฟ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ
࠶ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࠉ ᪉␎ 1Ꮫᖺ 2Ꮫᖺ 3Ꮫᖺ 4Ꮫᖺ 5Ꮫᖺ 6Ꮫᖺ Total
1. Repetition Back-focusing 12 3 17 32 36 20 120
Holding device 0 0 6 10 0 0 16
2. Expansion Amplification 5 9 8 2 7 1 32
Re-using 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. Topicalization 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4. Substitution L1 use 0 5 3 14 16 8 46
Self-repair 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paraphrase 0 0 0 0 4 1 5
5. Framing / Completion Sympathetic 0 0 4 5 6 0 15
6. Discourse marker Confirmation chec 2 9 22 46 53 46 178
Acceptance 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
Macro-organizer 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
7. Expressing politeness 1 1 32 35 27 31 127
⾲7 ᪉␎ࡢᏛᖺู᥎⛣⤖ᯝᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ⾲ෆࡢᩘᏐࡣᐇ㢖ᗘࢆ♧ࡍ
4.3 ศ⠇ࡢ᥎⛣
4.3.1 5ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪Ꮫᖺูၥᩥ⏝㢖ᗘᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝㢖ᗘࢆᶆ‽ࡼࡾẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡣ௨ୗ♧ࡉࢀࡿᅗ9ࠋᶆ
‽㢖ᗘࡘ࠸࡚㸪zᚓⅬࡣᖹᆒࡀ0࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ㄪᩚࡉࢀࡓ್࡞ࡢ࡛㸪್ࡀࣉࣛࢫ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᖹ ᆒࡼࡾୖ᪉㸪࣐ࢼࢫ࡛࠶ࢀࡤୗ᪉ࡎࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ▼ᕝ(2012, pp.
116-117) ࢆཧ⪃㸪ࠕzᚓⅬࡀ0.5௨ୖᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࠖ╔┠ࡋ࡚ศᯒ
ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢzᚓⅬࡀ0.5௨ୖᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏛᖺࡣḟ♧ࡍ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3, 4, 5ᖺ㸹ࣞ࣋ࣝϩ2ᖺࣞ࣋ࣝϪ1, 3, 4, 5ᖺࣞ࣋ࣝϫ1, 6ᖺࣞ࣋ࣝ
ϬヱᙜࡍࡿᏛᖺ࡞ࡋࠋ
ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡽㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࡇࡣ㸪ྛᏛᖺࡼࡾྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⏝㢖ᗘࡢᕪࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪Ꮫ
⩦⪅ࡣపᏛᖺࡽࡍ࡚ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⣔⤫ᛶࢆ㔜どࡍࡿᚑ᮶ࡢぢ᪉
ࢆࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᮏᩍᮦࡣ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ➨Ϭࣞ࣋ࣝࢆᡂᇦࡋ࡚➨Ϩࡽ➨ϫࣞ࣋ࣝᙉ࣭カ
⦎ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛సࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚㸪➨Ϭࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢀ
ࡤࡢ➨Ϩࡽ➨ϫࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡳࡿࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪◊✲ㄢ㢟(RQ.1) ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࠾࠸࡚㸪ㄪᰝᰯࡢᩍᮦᩥࡣㄒᙡ㺃ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬ
⏝ᑠᏛᰯࡢ୍⯡ⓗഴྥࡣ┦㐪ࡍࡿ⊂⮬ࡢ⏝᥎⛣ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࢺࣆࢵࢡࡢᢅ
࠺ෆᐜㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓㄒᙡ㺃ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡢ⏝
᥎⛣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡼࡾ㸪⣔⤫ᛶࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢศ⠇ࡣࡢࡼ
࠺⏕ࡌ㸪ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥎⛣ࢆ㎺ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪◊✲ㄢ 㢟(RQ3)࡛タᐃࡋࡓᡭ㡰ἢࡗ࡚ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥࡘ࠸࡚ศ⠇㛵ࢃࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨
ࡁ࠼㸪࠾ࡼࡧࡑࢀࡽࡀ↹㞧㉳ࡁࡿሙᡤࢆᩍᮦ࣭Ꮫ⩦⪅୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ㄪᰝࡍࡿࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
Ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϫ Ϭ
ᅗ 9 ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝㢖ᗘㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
4.3.2 5ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪Ꮫᖺูၥᩥࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ 5ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪Ꮫᖺู⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢ⏝㢖ᗘࡢ㧗࠸Ꮫᖺ ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢzᚓⅬࡀ 0.5௨ୖᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏛᖺࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓ㸸⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࣞ࣋ࣝϨ
3, 4, 5, 6ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϩ2ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ1, 2, 3 ,5ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϫϬヱᙜᏛᖺ࡞ࡋ㸪⨨
ࡁ࠼ࣞ࣋ࣝϨヱᙜᏛᖺ࡞ࡋ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϩ2ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ3, 4 ,5ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϫ1, 3, 6ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϬ4ᖺࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝᇶ࡙࠸࡚⏝≧ἣࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿ㸪ḟᣲࡆࡿ≉ᚩࡀ♧
ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㈨ᩱ3, 4ᅗ10, 11ࠋ
4.3.2.1 ࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3, 4, 5, 6ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⏝ࡣㄪᰝ
ᰯ⊂⮬ࡢㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪⪺ࡁᡭࡼࡿၥᩥࡋ࡚ Back-focusing㸪
Back-focusing“ok” ࢆ㐃⤖ࡉࡏ࡚㸪ヰࡋᡭࡢⓎゝࢆṇࡋࡃ⪺ࡁྲྀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ☜ㄆࢳ࢙ࢵ
ࢡ(Confirmation check)⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(e.g., This house is swing slider spa tree house. Ɇ swing slider spa tree house, ok?)ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ヰࡋᡭࡢ㏣ຍㄝ᫂ࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࡢ᫂☜せồ (Clarification request) ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(e.g., Umeboshi is a medicine Ɇ Medicine?)ࠋ
ḟヰࡋᡭࡼࡿၥᩥࡋ࡚㸪Ⓨゝࡀ┦ᡭ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ☜ࡵࡿ⌮ゎࢳ࢙ࢵࢡ (Comprehension check⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(e.g., I was a shy baby, shy, ok?Ɇ A shy baby!
Really?)ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ሗᥦ౪ࡢ 㒊ࢆࢡࢬࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪“Can you guess? ”“Why? ”ࡀࢭࢵ
ࢺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(e.g., What animal is this? Can you guess? Ɇ It’s a snake. Why? Ɇ Because it has a long body.)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ヰࡋᡭ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ᪉ࡼࡿ᫂☜せồ⌮ゎࢳ࢙ࢵࢡ㸪࠾
ࡼࡧ“Can you guess? ” “Why? ” ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3,4,5,6ᖺࡢ165୰㸪157
(95.2%)ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣㄯヰࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ㸪ၥ㢟ゎỴⓗᵓᡂἢࡗ࡚ሗࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ┦㐪ࡍࡿᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ(Gatbonton & Segalowitz, 1988, pp.
477-486; 2005, p. 340)ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡢ⏝࠾࠸࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ୍ᐃࡋ࡚ከ࠸ࡀ㸪⨨ࡁ
࠼ࡣᖹᆒࢆ࡞ࡾୗᅇࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡼࡾࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣㄯヰ⥔ᣢࡢࡓࡵ 3 ᖺ⏕ࡽ
ᚲせᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ≉ᛶୖ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣࢇⓎᒎࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿᅗ11)ࠋ
4.3.2.2. ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϩ2 ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⏝ࡣ㸪
᪉ࡶ┠ᶆᩥ㸪ㄒྃࡀ࡞ࡾ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓᑐヰάືࡢሙ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ㸪9ࣘࢽࢵࢺࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪4ࡘࡢࣘࢽࢵࢺ࡛“Can you do/find 㹼? ”; “Do you like 㹼? ” ࡢ2✀ࡢ┠ᶆᩥ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡓ(e.g., Do you like milk? Ɇ Yes, I do./ No, I don’t.)ࠋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪ືモࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡢࡳࢆࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚Ꮫ⩦⪅ぶࡋࡳࡢ࠶ࡿ࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼⱥㄒ orange,milk࡞3㹼5✀㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪1, 2ᖺࡢࢇࡢ༢ඖ࡛᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ୰ᚰⓗάືࢫࢱ࡛ࣝ࠶
ࡾ㸪ᇶᮏࡢᑐヰάືࡢሙࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠗእᅜㄒάືᣦᑟィ⏬㞟࠘2011, p. 535ࠋࡑࡢⅬ࡛
ᖺ⏕௨㝆ࡳࡽࢀࡿၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ┦㐪ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎㄯヰ࡛ࡢactivityࡢᮏ᱁ⓗ㛤ጞ๓㸪1, 2ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࠕጞື㸪ᛂ⟅㸪㏣㊧࡛ᡂࡿヰࡢ᭱
ᑠ༢(McCarthy, 1991, pp. 15-16)ࠖࡢカ⦎ᚲせ࡞⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.3.2.3 ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ1, 2, 3, 5ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⧞ࡾ㏉
ࡋࡣపᏛᖺ࠾ࡅࡿ┠ᶆᩥ㸪ㄒྃࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓᇶᮏࡢᑐヰάືࡢሙ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ୰࣭㧗Ꮫᖺ
࠾࠸࡚ࡣㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ 1ᖺ⏕㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪“What’s 㹼 ” / “What’s in 㹼 ” / “When is 㹼 ? ”ࡢ3✀㝈ᐃࡋࡓ┠
ᶆᩥࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪㸪2ᖺ⏕ࡣ“How many 㹼 ? ” 㝈ᐃࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ3ᖺ⏕5ᖺ⏕
㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ၥモ(what, where, who, how) ࢆ⥲ྜⓗ⏝ࡋ㸪ㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞἢࡗ࡚ၥ
㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ3, 4, 5ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࡶᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⨨ࡁ࠼
ࡢሙࡣ㸪Whၥᩥ(What/ Who/ Where/ Which/ How㸩is/are/can㹼?) ࢆ⏝ࡋ㸪activity
ࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋၥモ⥆ࡃືモࡑࡢ┠ⓗㄒ㺃⿵ㄒ㸪๓⨨モࡑࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡀ⨨ࡁ࠼
ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࢫࣟࢵࢺࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞
⨨ࡁ࠼ࡋ࡚㸪3 ᖺ⏕௨㝆ࡢ“what” ⥆ࡃ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ“What’s/ What is 㹼 ? ”㸹“What’s a 㹼 ? ”㸹“What’s the 㹼 ? ”㸹“What 㹼 is 㹼 ? ”㸹“What can we/ you 㹼 ? ” ࡢᵓᩥࡀ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ“what” ࡢၥ࠺ෆᐜࡶከᵝࡍࡿࠋ┦ᡭヲࡋ࠸ㄝ᫂ࢆせồࡍࡿ
(What’s the clean energy?Ɇ This house has many sun-board. You can get sun energy.) 㸪┦
ᡭࣃࣛࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡢ᪉␎ࢆ⏝ࡉࡏࡿ(What is traffic jams?Ɇ Car and car and car and car, many cars are lined, ok?)㸪┦ᡭᏐ⩏ࢆၥ࠺(What is delicious?Ɇ Delicious is good taste)ࠋ
⨨ࡁ࠼ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ“what” ࡣ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ3,4,5ᖺࡢ82୰㸪4352,4%ࢆ༨ࡵ
ࡿࠋ
“what” ࢆጞࡵWhၥᩥࡣ㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࢆάⓎࡋ㸪ࠕࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢyes, no࡛⟅࠼ࡿ㛢ࡊࡉࢀ
ࡓ㉁ၥࡽᏛ⩦⪅ࢆ⪃࠼ࡉࡏ㸪ከࡃࡢᅇ⟅๓㐍ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣢࡘ㛤ࢀࡓ㉁ၥࢆ⏕ࡌࡉ ࡏࡿ(Morgan and Saxton, 2006, p.64)ࠖᙺࡀࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㢧ⴭ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢᤵᴗࢆᢸᙜࡋࡓ ᩍᖌࡶࠕ୍⯡ၥᩥࡀⓎヰࡢᴦࡋࡉⓎᒎᛶḞࡅࡿࡢẚࡋ㸪Whၥᩥࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥࡢ┿㧊㏆࡙࠸࡚ࡺࡅࡿၥᩥࠖᐇ㊶ࡢឤࢆ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ5ࠋ
4.3.2.4 ࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϫ1,3,6ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡿࠋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ┠ᶆᩥ㸪ㄒྃࡀ㝈 ᐃࡉࢀࡓᇶᮏⓗᑐヰάືࡢሙ㸪ࡲࡓࡣၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1 ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣ 13 ࣘࢽࢵࢺࡢ࠺ࡕ⨨ࡁ࠼⏝ࡉࢀࡿ 7 ࣘࢽࢵࢺࡣ“What do you have/want? ”㸪“What 㹼 do you want? ” ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ3ᖺ⏕ࡶ10ࣘࢽࢵࢺࡢ࠺ࡕ⨨ࡁ
࠼⏝ࡉࢀࡿ5ࣘࢽࢵࢺ࡛㸪“What 㹼 do you like? ” 㸪“What do you think of 㹼 ? ”ࡢ 2ࡘ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ㸪ࢫࣟࢵࢺࡣ1⟠ᡤ㸪ศ⠇ࡣ7ࡘ௨ෆ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1, 3Ꮫᖺࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ඹ㏻ࡍࡿ
Ⅼࡣ㸪1ࣘࢽࢵࢺࡘࡁㄒࡣ1, 2ே⛠㸪ᇶᮏⓗၥᩥ2ࡘ௨ෆ࡛㸪ືモࡣ࡞ࡌࡳࡢ࠶ࡿື
モ2ࡘ௨ୗ㸪ࢫࣟࢵࢺࡣ 1⟠ᡤ㸪ศ⠇ࡣ7 ࡘ௨ෆ࠸࠺ᴟࡵ࡚ཝࡋ࠸㝈ᐃࢆཷࡅࡓ⨨ࡁ࠼
࠸࠼ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣయⓗࢳࣕࣥࢡฎ⌮࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⩦࠸ጞࡵࡢᏛ⩦⪅ᑐࡋ࡚
ࡣே⛠㸪ືモ㸪ຓືモࡢᙧែኚ㸪ศ⠇ᩘ㸪ࢫࣟࢵࢺࡢᩘไ㝈ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿ
ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᙇ(Rivers, 1968, pp 101-102; 155-156; Gatbonton and Segalowitz, 1988, p.
488; Curtain and Dahlberg, 2010, pp. 67-70) ୍⮴ࡍࡿࠋ
6ᖺ⏕࠾ࡅࡿ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪Whၥᩥ(What/ Where/ Why/ How/ When/ Where + do you 㹼?), ࡲࡓࡣ㸪(How long/ What time/ Which club/ How many + do you㹼?) ࢆ⥲ྜⓗ⏝
ࡋactivit\ 㐙⾜ࡢሙ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ቑຍࡍࡿືモ(like, feel, think, use, have, get up,
take a bath, go to bed) ࡑࡢ┠ⓗㄒ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ๓⨨モࡑࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡀ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪1 ᩥෆືモྃ๓⨨モྃࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼௨ୗࡢୗ⥺࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓㄒྃࡀྠ⏕ࡌ (e.g., How many friends take a bath for twenty minutes?)
㸪
ࣞ࣋ࣝϫ6ᖺࡢ52୰㸪21(41.2%) ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
4.3.2.5 ࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϬ4ᖺࡢ⏝࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜
ࡍࡿሙ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪ࣘࢽࢵࢺ⥲ᩘ10ࡢ࠺ࡕ8ࡘࡢࣘࢽࢵࢺ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋෆヂࡋ࡚㸪4ࡘࡣ3ே
⛠༢ᩘࡲࡓࡣ↓⏕≀ㄒࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࢺࣆࢵࢡ㸪ṧࡾ 4 ࡘࡣ㐣ཤ㸪ࡲࡓࡣᮍ᮶㛵ࡍࡿࢺࣆ
ࢵࢡ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ே⛠(you, she)↓⏕≀ㄒࡢ༢ᩘ㺃」ᩘᙧ(e.g., celery, kiwis)
కࡗ࡚㉳ࡁࡿຓືモࡢdoࡢᙧែኚ(did, does)beືモࡢᙧែኚ(was, were)㸪ᮍ᮶ᚿ
ྥࢆ⾲ࡍtoᐃモ(to go, to ride)๓⨨モࡢ┠ⓗㄒ(for customer, for the future) ࡀ⨨ࡁ
࠼ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㐃⥆ࡍࡿࢫࣟࢵࢺ㸦ୗ⥺࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓㄒྃ㸧ࡀ㸪1ᩥࡘࡁ2㹼3⟠ ᡤ(e.g., Where does the most celery grow?)ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ㐃⥆ࡢࢫࣟࢵࢺ(e.g., How many grams did you weigh?) ࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࣞ࣋ࣝϬ4ᖺࡢ32୰㸪9 (28.1%)ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡀ᫂ࡽศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴࡇࡣࢺࣆࢵࢡࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㑊ࡅ࡚㏻ࢀ࡞࠸
ᐇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪5ேࡢᩍᖌ(Mitchell and Martin, 1997)ࡀᑐᛂࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ⱞ៖ࡋࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
యⓗࢳࣕࣥࢡฎ⌮ࡢẁ㝵࠶ࡿᏛ⩦⪅ࡢศᯒせ⣲ࡢᣦᑟࡣㄽ㆟ࢆࡪㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ4ࠋ
௨ୖ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢᐇែㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡽḟࡢࡇࡀᑟࡁฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ၥᩥࡣྛᏛᖺ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢⓎ㐩ẁ㝵ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣḟࡢ 2 ࢱ
ࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ1) 1,2ᖺ࠾࠸࡚┠ᶆᩥ㸪ㄒྃࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚ᇶᮏࡢᑐヰ⫱ᡂࡢሙ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉
ࡋ㸪2)୰㧗Ꮫᖺ࡛ࡣㄯヰࡢ⥔ᣢ㺃Ⓨᒎ㸪ၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࡢሙ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ㸪࠾ࡼࡧࣞ࣋ࣝ
Ϫ௨ୖࡢWhၥᩥࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪3ࢱࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ1) 1㸪 2 ᖺࡣࢫࣟࢵࢺᩘࢆ 1㹼2 㝈ᐃࡋࡓ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㏆࠸⨨ࡁ࠼㸪2) ୰㧗Ꮫᖺ࡛ࡣWh ၥᩥ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ㸪ϫࢆ⏝ࡋၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࡢሙ࡛ࢫࣟࢵࢺࢆࡋࡔ࠸ቑຍࡉࡏࡿᮏ᱁ⓗ⨨
ࡁ࠼㸪3) 4ᖺ⏕ࡼࡿࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⏝࡛ศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴ⨨ࡁ࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
䊠
䊡
䊢
䊣
䊤
ᅗ10 ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
Ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϫ Ϭ
ᅗ11 ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ⨨ࡁ࠼ ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
4.3.3 5ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪Ꮫᖺูၥᩥ⏝㢖ᗘᏛ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ ᶆ‽ࡼࡿẚ㍑
3ᖺ⏕㸪6ᖺ⏕࠾ࡅࡿྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝㢖ᗘࡣ㸪ྛูࣞ࣋ࣝ⏝ྜࡢᶆ‽ࡼࡾ
௨ୗ♧ࡉࢀࡿᅗ12ࠋ
➨1㸪୧Ꮫᖺࡶ㸪⏝ᗘࡢᕪࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࡍ࡚ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡀ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨ 2 㸪ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ㸪Ꮫᖺࡼࡗ࡚ḟࡢ┦㐪ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡣ㸪୧Ꮫᖺࡶᖹᆒࢆ
ୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡣ㸪୧Ꮫᖺࡶᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡿ⏝ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡣ㸪6 ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪3ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡿ⏝ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡣ㸪୧ Ꮫᖺඹᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡿࠋ
➨3㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϬ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪୧Ꮫᖺࡶᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡿ⏝ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
௨ୖ㸪ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡘ࠸࡚zᚓⅬࡀ0.5௨ୖᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡿᏛᖺࡣ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ୧Ꮫᖺ㸪
ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡣ6ᖺ⏕㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϩ㸪ϫ㸪Ϭࡣ୧Ꮫᖺඹヱᙜࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓࠋ
ᖺᐇ㢖ᗘ ᖺ]ᚓⅬ ᖺᐇ㢖ᗘ ᖺ]ᚓⅬ
Ϩ
ϩ
Ϫ
ϫ
Ϭ
ᅗ 12 ᶆ‽ࡼࡿẚ㍑⤖ᯝ
ࡉࡽ㸪ᅗ12ぢࡽࢀࡿ3ᖺ⏕6ᖺ⏕ࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢ㢖ᗘୖ᪼࡞࠸ࡋῶᑡࡀ⤫ィ
ⓗ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ࠺ㄪࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࣆࢯࣥࡢ࢝ 2 ᳨ᐃ࢙࣮ࢶ⿵ṇࡼࡿ௬ㄝ
᳨ᐃࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓ⾲7ࠋ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ࡛ࡣ3ᖺ⏕ࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪᭷ពỈ‽0.1%࡛᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ (Ȯ² =30.70, p = .000)ࠋࣞ࣋
ࣝϪ࡛ࡣ6ᖺ⏕ࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪᭷ពỈ‽5%࡛᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ (Ȯ² =4.33, p= .038)ࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϩ㸪ϫ㸪
Ϭࡣ5௨ୗࡢᐇ ್ࡲࡓࡣᮇᚅ್࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࢝2᳨ᐃࡢᮃࡲࡋ࠸᳨ᐃࡽእࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㻌 㻌
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
㻌 㻌
ǘ² df p್ ⤖ᯝ㻌 㻌
Ϩ 30.70 1 <0.01 ᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ
㻌 㻌
Ϫ 4.33 1 0.038 ᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ
㻌 㻌
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
⾲83ᖺ6ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿϨϪࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢝2᳨ᐃ⤖ᯝ
4.3.4 5 ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪Ꮫᖺูၥᩥࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝ Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃ
ࢫ
3ᖺ⏕, 6ᖺ⏕ࡢྛࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾࠸࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢ⏝㢖ᗘࡢ㧗࠸Ꮫᖺ ྛࣞ࣋ࣝ
ࡘ࠸࡚ ] ᚓⅬࡀ0.5௨ୖᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏛᖺࡘ࠸࡚ࡣḟࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓ㈨
ᩱ5, 6ᅗ13, 14ࠋ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3, 6ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ6ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϩϫϬࡣヱᙜ
Ꮫᖺ࡞ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3ᖺ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ6ᖺࣞ࣋ࣝϩϫϬࡣヱᙜᏛᖺ࡞ࡋࠋࡇࡢ
⤖ᯝᇶ࡙࠸࡚⏝≧ἣࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿࡇ࡛ḟࡢ2Ⅼࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
4.3.4.1 ࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3, 6ᖺࡢ⏝࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⏝ࡣㄯヰ
ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
3 ᖺ⏕࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࣓ࣥࢺࣆࢵࢡࡘ࠸࡚㸪Back-focusing㸪“ok” ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ⪺ࡁᡭ
ࡼࡿ☜ㄆࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࡀከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(e.g., blue and yellow Ɇ blue and yellow, ok? )ࠋ୍᪉㸪ヰ ࡋᡭࡶㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞἢࡗ࡚ᨭᣢᨭᣢࡢ⌮⏤ࢆᑜࡡࡿࡓࡵ(e.g., why?)ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ௨
ୖࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ35ୖࡾ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢࡍ࡚ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ
6 ᖺ⏕࠾࠸࡚ࡣBack-focusing ࡼࡿ☜ㄆࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࡣ㸪ࠕ☜ㄆࠖḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ពࡀຍࢃ
ࡾ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢᡭἲࡀከᵝࡍࡿࠋ┦ᡭᑐࡋ࡚ᮍ▱ㄒࡢㄝ᫂ࢆಁࡍ⪺ࡁᡭࡼࡿ᫂☜せ ồ(e.g., Maria Reiche is sweep Nasca Line every day Ɇ Sweep?)ࠋࡉࡽ㸪ㄒྃࡀ⪺ࡁᡭ
ࡗ࡚㞴ゎᐃࡉࢀࡿሙྜ㸪ヰࡋᡭࡀ⾜࠺⌮ゎᗘ☜ㄆ(e.g., Nasca Line wide is about two meter, and deep, deep ok?)ࡶቑຍࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ㸪ヰࡋᡭࡀሗᥦ౪ࡢ㏵୰3ᢥࢡࢬ(e.g., Quiz ok?; How many meter, can you guess? )ࢆ⧊ࡾΰࡐࡿࡇࡼࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ57ୖ
ࡾ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢࡍ࡚ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϨ3 ᖺࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪⪺ࡁᡭࡀᐙࡢ≉ᚩࢆᑜࡡࡿࡓࡵ⏝(e.g., How many door/window?) ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ 㸪 ヰ ࡋ ᡭ ࡀ ࢧ ࣈ ࢺ ࣆ ࢵ ࢡ ᑟ ධ 㝿 ࡋ ☜ ㄆ ࢳ ࢙ ࢵ ࢡ (e.g., special point/special point, number1, ok? ) ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࡕࡽࡶࢫࣟࢵࢺ2✀㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ
⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㏆࠸⨨ࡁ࠼࡛24ୖࡾ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢ88.9%ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ
4.3.4.2 ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ6 ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡀᖹᆒࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⏝ࡣ㸪Wh ၥᩥࢆ
⥲ྜⓗ⏝ࡋ㸪ㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivityࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢺࣆࢵࢡࡀ 3 ᖺ⏕ࡢ║๓ࡢᐇᅾ≀ࡽ㸪ᆅ⌫ྛᆅࡢᩥ㑇⏘⛣ࡿࡢᚑ࠸㸪ㄯヰࡀᣑ
㺃Ⓨᒎࡍࡿሙ࡛⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ1) ⪺ࡁᡭࡀ࣓ࣥࢺࣆࢵࢡࡽࢧࣈࢺࣆ
ࢵࢡࢆὴ⏕ࡉࡏࡿ㸪ࡲࡓࡣࢧࣈࢺࣆࢵࢡࡽูࡢࢧࣈࢺࣆࢵࢡ⛣ࡿሙྜ㸪What can 㹼? ࡀ㸪What can we buy/eat/ see ,㹼? ࡢ3ࢱࣉࡢືモ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ2)ྛࢧࣈࢺࣆࢵࢡ
ࢆᒎ㛤ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ㸪⪺ࡁᡭࡀࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ“what” ࢆ⏝࠸࡚What’s 㹼 ?/ What’s the 㹼? ࡢ⨨
ࡁ࠼ࢆ᭱㝈⏝ࡍࡿࠋ⪺ࡁᡭࡣ㸪demo⏝ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺࣆࢡࢳ࣮࣮ࣕ࢝ࢻే⏝ࢆᣦࡋ ࡘࡘ㸪⏬㠃ୖ⌧ࢀࡿᮍ▱ࡢ≀ࡑࡢ(What’s this? / What’s the taste?)㸪ヰࡋᡭࡢㄝ᫂
⌧ࢀࡿᮍ▱ㄒ(e.g., What’s paella?)㸪Ꮠ⩏(e.g., What’s little?) ࢆ⪺ࡁฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1), 2)
⏝ࡉࢀࡿ“what” ࡣࣞ࣋ࣝϪ6ᖺࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢ51୰36(70.6%)ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
3ᖺ 6ᖺ
㸦zᚓⅬ㸧
Ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϫ Ϭ
ᖺ㸦ᐇ㢖ᗘ㸧 ᖺ㸦]ᚓⅬ㸧 ᖺ㸦ᐇ㢖ᗘ㸧 ᖺ㸦]ᚓⅬ㸧
䊠 35 1.66 53 1.74 䊡
䊢 13 0.14 12 -0.04
䊣 7 -0.28
䊤
ᅗ13 ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᏛ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
ᖺ㸦ᐇ㢖ᗘ㸧 ᖺ㸦]ᚓⅬ㸧 ᖺ㸦ᐇ㢖ᗘ㸧 ᖺ㸦]ᚓⅬ㸧
䊠
24 1.78 5 -0.37䊡
3 -0.23 2 -0.50䊢
53 1.78䊣
6 -0.32䊤
ᅗ14 ྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ⨨ࡁ࠼Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
4.3.5 ᩍᮦ࣭Ꮫ⩦୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢ㛵ಀᛶㄪᰝ
54ࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟ἢࡗ࡚ศ⠇ࡢ⌧ࣞ࣋ࣝ ᐃࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᩍᮦ࣭Ꮫ⩦୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢ㛵ಀᛶㄪ ᰝࢆḟࡢ 3 Ⅼࡘ࠸࡚⾜ࡗࡓࠋ୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢၥᩥ⏝㢖ᗘ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝࡽ㸪タᐃࡋࡓ ㄢ㢟(Q1, 2, 3) ࡣḟࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓࠋ
Q1. ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓၥᩥࣞ࣋ࣝࢆᙜヱᏛᖺࡢ3, 6ᖺ⏕ࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡣከ⏝ࡍࡿࡢࠋ ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚3ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ3, 6ᖺ
࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ 3 ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾
࠸࡚ࡣᙜヱᏛᖺ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ6ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚3, 6ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉ
ࢀࡓࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ3, 6ᖺࡶᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡿ⏝࡞ࡿࠋ
Q2. ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࢆᙜヱᏛᖺࡢ3, 6ᖺ⏕ࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡣከ⏝ࡍ
ࡿࡢࠋ
୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㛫୍࡛⮴ࡍࡿⅬࡣ㸪1) ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓ3, 6ᖺ⏕ࡼࡿࣞ࣋
ࣝϨࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ3, 6ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ3ᖺ࡛ࡣ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡶ
ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ᴟࡵ࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㏆࠸ࠋ2) ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢሙࡶ୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡶၥ㢟ゎỴᆺ
activity㐙⾜ࡢሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ6ᖺ⏕ࡣ㸪ᩍᮦᩥྠࡌࡃ᫂☜ࡉ㸪ලయᛶࢆồࡵ࡚ヰࡋᡭ
ࢆ⪃ࡉࡏࡓࡾ㸪ゝ࠸┤ࡋࢆồࡵࡓࡾࡍࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋⓎᒎࡍࡿ
୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㛫୍࡛⮴ࡋ࡞࠸Ⅼࡣ㸪1) ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚3ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ
“what” ࢆጞࡵࡍࡿ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡑࡢⓎᒎⓗ⏝ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᙜヱᏛᖺ࡛
ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪6ᖺ⏕࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍࠋ2)ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚3, 6ᖺ࡛㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ
ࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ3, 6ᖺࡶᖹᆒࢆୗᅇࡿࠋ
Q3. 3, 6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣ㸪ᙜヱᏛᖺࡢᩍᮦᩥࡣ␗࡞ࡿⱥㄒ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡢࠋ
3, 6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗヰࡢሙྜ㸪ᑡᩘ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃぢࡽࢀ
࡞࠸㸪ᴟࡃᑡᩘぢࡽࢀࡿ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㸪ձ ศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⏝㸪
࠾ࡼࡧղᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ࡣྛᏛᖺ2 ᖺࢆ㝖ࡃ࡛᭱ࡶప㢖ᗘ⏝࡛࠶ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝϩࢆᛂ⏝
ࡋࡓ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢQ1㹼Q3ࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪ḟࡢ3Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨ 1 㸪୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㛫ࡢ㢮ఝⅬ㸪ࠕࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢከ⏝ࠖࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿࡇࡣ㸪
ࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ㸪┦ὶᆺࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάື࡛ㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞἢࡗ࡚ၥ㢟
ゎỴᆺ activity ࢆࡾ࡞ࡃ㐙⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵྍḞ࡞ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄒᙡ㸪▷࠸ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬ
ࡽᡂࡿࣞ࣋ࣝϨࡣึᮇᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ࢜ࣥࣛࣥฎ⌮ ୍▐ࡢෆグ᠈ࡋࡓᩥࢆ⏕㸪ᛂ⟅㸪☜ㄆ ࢳ࢙ࢵࢡ㸪᫂☜せồࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᚲせ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨2㸪୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㛫ࡢ┦㐪Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠕᩍᮦᩥࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚3ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࣞ࣋ࣝ
Ϫࡢ“what” ࢆጞࡵࡍࡿ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡑࡢⓎᒎⓗ⏝ἲࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠾࠸࡚ 6 ᖺ⏕
࡛⮬Ⓨⓗከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡾ㸪୍᪉࡛3, 6ᖺ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦
⪅ࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ⏝ࡣ⮳ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣḟࡢ⌮⏤ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ༢⣧࡞⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㐪࠸㸪ࠕᛮ⪃ (thought) ࢆせồࡉࢀࡿ (Rivers, 1968, p. 104)ࠖࠋ 㠀ᖖ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㏆࠸ᖹ᫆࡞⨨ࡁ࠼ࡽ㸪ศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴ㐃⥆/㐃⥆ࡢࢫࣟࢵࢺ㸪ቑຍࡍ
ࡿศ⠇ࡢᑐᛂࢆᚲせࡍࡿࡇࡽ㸪ᩍᮦ࡛ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡶ㛵ࡽࡎᏛ⩦⪅ࡀᙜヱᏛᖺࡢᩍ
ᮦࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼័ࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ࢆせࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ
ࡼࡾ㸪⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ヰࡢሙ࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ྠኈࡣᙜヱᏛᖺࡢᤵᴗ࡛ᩍ࠼ࡽࢀ㸪᭱ࡶࡼࡃ⏝ࡋࡓ
ᩥࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡑࡇ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛᭱ࡶ័ࢀぶࡋࢇ࡛࠸ࡓᩥᆺࢆ⏝ࡋ ࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣḟࡢ2Ⅼࡽࡶ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ձ Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣࡑࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗヰ㸪ࠕࡑࡢࣘࢽࢵࢺ࡛ᤵᴗ⪅ࡀィ⏬ࡋ⏝ࡉࡏࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ᩥᆺࡼ
ࡾࡶ㸪ࡲ࡛័ࢀぶࡋࢇࡔᩥᆺ “What’s this㹼?” ࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ㸦6ᖺ⏕ᤵᴗᢸᙜᩍᖌ6㸧ࠋ ղ ◊✲ㄢ㢟 (RQ1) ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝᮏ✏p. 48ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ၥモ“what” ࡢ⏝ࡣ㸪➨2Ꮫᖺ
ࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡚ࡢᏛᖺ࡛ᖹᆒࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡶࡢ 6 ࡘࡢၥモẚ୍ᐃࡋ࡚
㧗㢖ᗘࡢ⏝ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡽ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ“what” ࡣၥモࡢ୰࡛㸪㛗ᮇΏࡗ࡚⨨ࡁ
࠼ከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪᳨ドࡢᚲせࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ
ୖグࡢ♧၀ࡼࡾ㸪ḟࡢ2Ⅼ㸪Q2) ୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㛫࡛⏝ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ “what”㸪࠾
ࡼࡧQ3) Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⾲⌧ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽࡍ
ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᩍᮦ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࢆᑐ㇟ࡑࡢ⏝≧ἣࢆḟヲࡋࡃㄪᰝࡍࡿࠋ
4.3.5.1 whatࡢ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝ
ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ㸪ϫ㸪Ϭࡢ “what” ࡢ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࡼࢀࡤ ᅗ15㸪
㈨ᩱ5, 6㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢၥモ “what” ࡣ㸪ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝϫ㸪Ϭẚ㍑ࡋ㸪3ᖺ⏕ࡽ୍ᐃࡋ࡚
ୖ᪼ഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ “what” ࡣᤵᴗ࡛᭱ࡶࡼࡃ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀ࡙ࡅ
ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
୍᪉Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝϪ㸪ϫ㸪Ϭࡢ “what” ࡢ⏝ᐇែㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࡼࢀࡤ
ᅗ 16㸪㈨ᩱ 6㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ “what” ࡀ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϫ㸪Ϭẚ㍑ࡋ㸪6 ᖺ⏕࡛⨨ࡁ࠼ከ⏝
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (70.6%)ࠋ3ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣࣞ࣋ࣝϪ㸪ϫࡀከ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ “what” ࡣ 1ᩥࡢࡳ (What color is your house㹼?)㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡶྠࡌࡃ1ᩥ (What do you think of my
house?) ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅗ16㸪㈨ᩱ5ࠋ
ࡉࡽ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫᅗ16ぢࡽࢀࡿ3ᖺ⏕6ᖺ⏕ࡢྛࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥᩥ⏝ᗘୖ᪼
࡞࠸ࡋῶᑡࡀ⤫ィⓗ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ࠺ㄪࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࣆࢯࣥࡢ࢝ 2 ᳨ᐃ㸦࢙࣮
ࢶ⿵ṇ㸧ࡼࡿ௬ㄝ᳨ᐃࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓ⾲8ࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϪ࡛ࡣ6ᖺ⏕ࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡗࡓࠋ᭷ពỈ‽
0.1%࡛᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ (ǘ² =20.83, p = .000)ࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϫ࡛ࡣ᭷ពᕪࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ(ǘ² =1.72, p
= .190)䚹
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⥲ྜࡍࡿ㸪6ᖺ⏕ࡣᤵᴗ࡛᭱ࡶ័ࢀぶࡋࢇࡔࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ “what” ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ
࡞ヰࡢሙ࡛ᛂ⏝ࡋࡓࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
㻝ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻝ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻞ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻟ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻠ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻡ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄ᐇ㢖ᗘ䠅 㻢ᖺ䠄㼦ᚓⅬ䠅
䊠 䊡
䊢
䊣
䊤
ᅗ15 ྛᏛᖺ࠾ࡅࡿwhatࡢ⏝㢖ᗘㄪᰝ⤖ᯝᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
ᖺ㸦ᐇ㢖ᗘ㸧ᖺ㸦]ᚓⅬ㸧ᖺ㸦ᐇ㢖ᗘ㸧ᖺ㸦]ᚓⅬ㸧
䊠 䊡
䊢
6 0.82 50 1.78䊣
8 1.33 6 -0.25䊤
ᅗ16 3ᖺ6ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿwhatࡢ⏝㢖ᗘㄪᰝ⤖ᯝᏛ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
㻌 㻌
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
㻌 㻌
ǘ² df p್ ⤖ᯝ㻌 㻌
Ϫ 20.83 1 <0.01 ᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ
㻌 㻌
ϫ 1.72 1 0.19 ᭷ពᕪ࡞ࡋ
㻌 㻌
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
⾲9 3ᖺ6ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿwhatࡢϪϫࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢝2᳨ᐃ⤖ᯝᏛ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
4.3.5.2 Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗヰ࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒ⾲⌧ࡢㄪᰝ
ඛࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢᐇែㄪᰝ࠾࠸࡚㸪3, 6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗヰࡢሙྜ㸪ᑡᩘ࡛
ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᩍᮦᩥࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ⌧ࢀ࡞࠸㸪ࡈࡃᑡᩘ⌧ࢀࡿ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ௨ୗ♧ࡍ㸪(1) ศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⏝㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪(2) ᩍᮦᩥ࡛᭱
ࡶప㢖ᗘ⏝࡛࠶ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝϩࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (1) ศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⏝
ཷືែ㐣ཤ㸪࠾ࡼࡧヰ㢟 (topicalization) ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ
1) ཷືែ㐣ཤࡀ6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅1ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋᩍᮦᩥࡣタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᙜヱࣘࢽࢵ
ࢺࡢᤵᴗ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡓ5ࡘࡢᩥᆺ ࡢ1ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ6ࠋ C1: This is Sagrada Familia.
C2:When was it built?
C1: It’s eighteen eighty-two, ok?
6ᖺ⏕ ࣌4
2) ヰ㢟ࡤࢀࡿᢏἲࡣࢹࢫࢥ࣮ࢫ⥔ᣢ㺃᪉␎ࡢ୍✀ࡉࢀࡿࠋㄯヰ (discourse) ࡣ
ሗࡀᪧЍ᪂ὶࢀࡿࡇࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪ඛ⾜ᩥ⬦㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࢆᩥ㢌⛣ືࡍࡿ᧯స
࡛࠶ࡿ Ᏻ⸨, 2005, p. 752ࠋ3ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅1ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋᩍᮦᩥࡣタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࠋ
C1: This house has a planetarium, museum, aquarium. You can study science, ok?
C2: Ok.
C1:Planetarium, museum, aquarium, which do you like?
3ᖺ⏕ ࣌6 (2) ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢᛂ⏝
ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢᛂ⏝㸪࠾ࡼࡧࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢᛂ⏝࡛ヰࡋゝⴥࡢ㡿ᇦࡉࢀࡿၥᩥࡀ2✀ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ 1) ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢᛂ⏝ࡀ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ࡣ 3 ᖺ⏕ 3 ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ࡣ 10 㸪6
ᖺ⏕ 3 ᩍᮦࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ࡣ 24 ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡣ㸪2 ᖺࢆ㝖ࡁᩍᮦ㸪Ꮫ⩦
୧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡛ప㢖ᗘ⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࡑࡢ≉㉁ࡣ㸪3 ᖺ⏕௨㝆ࡢᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ࢹࢫࢥ࣮
ࢫࡢὶࢀࡢ୰Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࠕ⪺ࡁᡭㄏ࠸ࡅ㸪ヰࡋᕳࡁ㎸ࡳ㸪ヰ㢟ࢆඹ᭷ࡍ
ࡿࡢ᭱ࡶຠᯝⓗാࡃၥᩥࠗእᅜㄒάືᣦᑟィ⏬㞟࠘2011࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⮬Ⓨⓗ⏝࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢹࢫࢥ࣮ࢫἢࡗ࡚๓ᚋࢆぢ㏻ࡋ㸪㐺ษ࡞⏝ሙᡤࡢุ᩿
ࢆᚲせࡍࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
C1: This house has a big tree.
You can enjoy the Tarzan rope.Do you like Tarzan rope?
C2: Yes, I do.
3ᖺ⏕㸪࣌2
2) ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓヰࡋゝⴥࡢ㡿ᇦࡉࢀࡿၥᩥ࡛㸪ᖹླྀᩥၥᩥ (declarative
questions) ࡤࢀ㸪ୖ᪼ㄪࡢࣥࢺࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆక࠸㸪ၥᩥࡋ࡚ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡘ
ࡉࢀࡿ(Carter & McCarthy, 2006, pp. 724-725)ࠋ6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ1ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᩍᮦᩥࡣ3㸪6ᖺ⏕ࡶタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
C1: Chocolate cookies, chocolate.
C2: I see. Wine is red wine or white wine?
C1: Maybe, white wine.
6ᖺ⏕㸪࣌2
3) ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓヰࡋゝⴥࡢ㡿ᇦࡉࢀࡿၥᩥ࡛㸪“ checking questions”ࡤࢀ㸪 㠀ᖖࡼࡃฟࡿ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿ(Carter & McCarthy, 2006, p. 726)ࠋⓎヰࢆ୰᩿ࡋ㸪⮬ᕫ ಟṇࢆ⾜࠺ၥᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃሗࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪☜࡞≧ែࡸࡓࡵࡽ
࠸ࢆ♧ࡍࡓࡵ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ┦ᡭࡢ☜ㄆࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢ6 ᖺ⏕ 1 ぢࡽ
ࢀࡿࠋᩍᮦᩥࡣ3, 6ᖺ⏕ࡶタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ C1: I want to go to France.
C2: Why?
C1: Uh, eeto, (demo⏝ࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺࢆぢ࡞ࡀࡽ, Boeuf bourguignonࢆᣦᕪࡍࠋ) What’s, What’s, What’s name?
C2: Boeuf bourguignon?
C1: I like Boeuf bourguignon.
6ᖺ⏕㸪࣌2 4) ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓヰࡋゝⴥࡢ㡿ᇦࡉࢀࡿၥᩥ࡛㸪“echo questions” ࡤࢀࡿࢱ
ࣉࡢኚࡋࡓࡶࡢཷࡅྲྀࡽࢀࡿࠋ㠀ᖖࡼࡃฟࡿ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ㸪㏻ᖖࡣᖹླྀᩥ࡛ᩥࡢ
᭱ᚋ “what” ࢆక࠸㸪᫂࡞㒊ศࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ(Carter & McCarthy, 2006, p.199; p. 726)ࠋ6ᖺ⏕1ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋᩍᮦᩥࡣ3㸪6ᖺ⏕ࡶタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ࠋ
C1: It’s cheese taste.
C2: I see. This black is what?
C1: It’s vegetable.
6ᖺ⏕㸪࣌6
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪3, 6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗヰ࠾࠸࡚㸪ᑡᩘ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᩍᮦᩥࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸪ᴟࡃᑡᩘぢࡽࢀࡿ⾲⌧㸪ձ ศᯒせ⣲ࢆྵࡴࣞ࣋ࣝϬᒓࡋ㸪ᙜヱࣘࢽࢵࢺ
࡛ᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡤࡾࡢཷືែ㐣ཤ㸪ሗᵓ㐀ⓗぢࢀࡤ⮬↛ࡉࢀࡿㄒ㡰࡛࠶ࡿヰ㢟ࡢ
⏝㸪࠾ࡼࡧղ ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࡢᛂ⏝࡛㸪ヰࡋゝⴥࡢ≉Ⰽࢆᫎࡋࡓ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡇࡽ⮬Ⓨⓗヰ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⩦⪅ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⾲⌧㸪᪉␎ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ㄯヰࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ
Ⓨᒎࡉࡏ㸪ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢸࣈ࡞㞺ᅖẼࢆసࡾฟࡍࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣞ࣋ࣝϬࡢ⏝㸪
ࣞ࣋ࣝϩࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓヰࡋゝⴥ≉᭷ࡢ⾲⌧ࡣ㸪ᩍᐊࡢ┦ὶᆺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάື࡛ᇵ ࡗࡓᇶ♏ⓗ⾲⌧ຊ㸪ㄯヰ⥔ᣢຊࡢ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡼࡾCarter & McCarthy, (2006, p. 164) ♧ࡉ
ࢀࡿヰࡋゝⴥࡢḟࡢ≉Ⰽࡀᫎࡉࢀࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㸪ձ ヰࡋゝⴥࡣ㸪ࣜࣝࢱ࣒
࡛⏕ࡌࡿࠋղ ๓ࡶࡗ࡚ィ⏬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋճ ヰࡋゝⴥࡣ㸪㏻ᖖᕪࡋྥ࠸ (face to face) ࡛
⏕ࡌࡿࠋմ ヰࡋゝⴥࡣ㸪ࡑࡢሙࡢ♫ⓗ㸪ᑐே㛵ಀⓗ≧ἣࢆᫎࡍࡿࠋյ ヰࡋゝⴥ᭩ࡁ ゝⴥࡣ᫂☜༊ศࡅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪1ࡘࡢ㐃⥆య (continuum) ୖ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺5Ⅼ
せ⣙ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
4.3.5.3 ศ⠇ࡢ᥎⛣ㄪᰝ
ศ⠇ࡢ᥎⛣ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢ 3 ᖺ⏕6 ᖺ⏕ࡢⓎヰࢆᑐ㇟㸪5ẁ㝵ࣞ࣋
ูࣝၥᩥศ⠇ࡢstageࡀ♧ࡍᇶ‽ἢࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋศ⠇ࡢึᮇᙧែࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿᡭ
ຓࡅࡉࢀࡿࢳࣕࣥࢡ࣭ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡢ1ࡘ, “What’s this X?” (Peters, 1983, pp. 47-48; Wray, 2002, p. 166) ࡢ⏝≧ἣᅗ13, 14, 15, 16,⾲9ຍ࠼࡚㸪3,6ᖺ⏕Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡑࢀࡒࢀ7
⤌ࡽᡂࡿ࣭࣌ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ㸦㸸⾲10, 11㸧, ࠾ࡼࡧ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡢ⏝≧ἣ㸦㈨ᩱ
5, 6㸧ࢆཧ⪃᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ
3ᖺ⏕ࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ㸪5ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝၥᩥࡢࣞ࣋ࣝϪ㸪ϫ࡛ “what” ࢆከ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ
ࡋ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ “what” ࡣ1ᩥ (What color is your house?) ࡢࡳ㸪ࣞ࣋ࣝϫࡶ1ᩥ (What do you think of my house?) 㝈ࡽࢀ㸪⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ“what” ࡢ⏝ࡀ1ᩥࡢ⧞
ࡾ㏉ࡋ⤊ጞࡍࡿࡇࡽᏛ⩦⪅ࡣࡲࡔᶍೌ㺃ࡢᇦ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ3rd stage ≉
᭷ࡢࢫࣟࢵࢺࡢඹ㏻ᛶࡢㄆ㆑ࡣࡲࡔ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ぢ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚⌧Ⅼ࡛ࡢศ⠇ࡣ
2nd stage␃ࡲࡾ㸪୍ࡘ୍ࡘࡀࡓࡲࡾࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀⓎヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
୍᪉㸪6ᖺ⏕࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪5ẁ㝵ูࣞ࣋ࣝၥᩥ࠾ࡅࡿࣞ࣋ࣝϪࡢ“what” ࡣ㸪ᴟࡵ࡚㧗 㢖ᗘ࡛Whၥᩥࢆ⥲ྜⓗ⏝ࡋㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓヰ㢟ἢࡗ࡚ヰ㢟ࢆᑟධ㺃ᒎ 㛤ࡍࡿࡓࡵ⨨ࡁ࠼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ㸪࢜ࣥࣛࣥฎ⌮ࡀ᭱ࡶࡋ᫆ࡃ㸪ศ⠇ᩘ6 ㄒ௨ෆ㸪ࢫࣟࢵࢺࡣ1 㹼 2⣡ࡲࡿ “What’s 㹼 ? ” ࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪Ꮫ
⩦⪅ࡣ㸪“What’s/ What is/ What’s the 㹼 ? ”, ࡉࡽ “What can we see/ buy/ eat in 㹼 ? ” ࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࢆ┦ὶࡢሙ㠃࡛㸪⮬Ⓨⓗ᧯సࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢሙྜ㸪“What’s/ What is/ What’s the 㹼 ? ” ࡣ㸪ศ⠇ࡢstageᚑ࠺㸪ศ⠇ࡢ
3rd stage㸪ࡘࡲࡾࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ㸩ࢫࣟࢵࢺ┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ“what” ࡢ࠶᮶ࡿࢫࣟࢵࢺ
ࡢඹ㏻せ⣲ࢆศㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚ᛂ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪㐀ⓗ㐃⤖ࡢጞࡲࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
୍᪉㸪“What can we see/buy/eat in 㹼 ? ” ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ືモ๓⨨モࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡛࠶ࡿྡモࡢ 2 ࡘࡢࢫࣟࢵࢺࢆྵࡴ㐃⥆ࡢࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡀ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽᏛ⩦⪅ࡣศ⠇ࡢ 3rd
stageࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡢ୍⯡ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿLater stage⨨ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶཷࡅྲྀ
ࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ྛ࣌ࡶືモࡣ3 ✀㸪ྡモࡣ 1 ✀ࡢࢫࣟࢵࢺ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ
㏆࠸⨨ࡁ࠼࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢫࣟࢵࢺࡢඹ㏻せ⣲ࢆศㄆ㆑ࡋࡓ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ᚑࡗ࡚㸪6ᖺ⏕ࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗヰࡣ㸪ศ⠇ࡢึᮇᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ㸩ࢫࣟࢵࢺࢆ⮬⏤᧯స࡛
ࡁࡿ3rd stage⨨ࡋ㸪⌧ᅾLater stageᣮᡓ୰⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸦ศ⠇ࡢึᮇᙧែ
ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝࡢⓎヰࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⥲ྜⓗ⪃ᐹ࡛㏙ࡿࠋ㸧
⾲10 ࣭࣌ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ3ᖺ⏕㸪࣌1
Dialogue Video transcript (no. of containing Exchange Structures and Strategic Tools in the dialogue.) Recorded script (no. of Exchange Structures) (no. of Strategic Tools) M: hello
Y: hello
M: this house is 4 season river slide 㻌 㻌 music house
Y: 4 season sl…one more time please
M: this house is 4 season river slide 㻌 㻌music house
Y: four season river sl…ide music 㻌 㻌house, ok?
M: ok
Y: where is your house?
M: by the river 㻌by the river ok?
Y: ok
…color is your house inside?
M: purple and orange Y: pur…purple and orange ok?
M: ok
Y: how many window?
M: 3 window Y: 3 window ok?
M: ok
Y: how many door?
M: 1 door 1 door ok?
Y: ok
M: spec…special point ok?
Y: ok
M: this house has a keyboard 㻌 You can listen to the music.
Y: 㻌…
M: sp…special point no. 2 ok?
Y: ok
M: what season do you like?
spring, summer, fall and winter Y: I like winter
M: winter, ok?
this house has a 4-season switch you can go to winter
special point no.3, ok?
Y: ok
M: this house has a river you can slide and fishing.
M: What do you think of my house?
Y: great M: why?
Y:4 season nice idea M: thank you card please thank you Y: good-bye M: good bye
summon – response (1)
nominating a topic (2) clarifying by audience
clarifying by speaker clarifying by audience
question – answer (1)
checking comprehension question – answer (2)
clarifying by audience question – answer (3)
clarifying by audience question – answer (4)
checking comprehension
nominating a sub-topic with checking comprehension
(special point,1)
(special point, 2) with checking comprehension question – answer (5)
checking comprehension
(special point, 3) with checking comprehension
Asserting – endorsing (8)
closing – parting (9)
Repetition (Back-focusing, 1)
Repetition (Back-focusing, 2) DM (1)
DM (2)
repetition(Back-focusing, 3) DM (3), DM (4)
Repetition (Back-focusing,4) DM (5),DM (6)
Repetition (Back-focusing,5) DM (7), DM (8)
Repetition (Back-focusing,6) DM (9)
DM (10)
DM (11) DM (12)
DM(13) DM(14)
Expansion (Amplification,1) Repetition (Back-focusing,7) DM (15)
Expansion (Re-using, 1) DM (16)
DM (17)
Notes: DM = discourse marker
3ᖺ⏕ࡢࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡢክࡢᐙࠖࡢࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࡣㄪᰝᰯALT㸪Robert Middletonඛ⏕ࡼࡾసᡂ㸪
ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ᪉␎ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ (Exchange Structures & Strategic Tools) ࡣ➹⪅ࡼࡿࠋ
⾲11 ࣭࣌ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ6ᖺ⏕㸪࣌2
Dialogue Video transcript (no. of containing Exchange Structures and Strategic Tools in the dialogue.)
Recorded script (no. of Exchange Structures) (no. of Strategic Tools) A: Hello.
B: Hello.
A: Welcome to France.
France is here.
B: OK.
B: What can we buy in France?
A: In France, we can buy Mont Saint-Michel Special gift.
B: Gift…Gift?
A: OK.
B: I see.
A: This is wine, OK?
B: OK.
A: This is butter cookie, B: I see.
A: Chocolate cookies, chocolate.
B: I see.
Wine is red wine or white wine?
A: Maybe, white wine.
B: I see.
A: Uh, taste is apple and cherry.
B: I see.
A: Which do you like?
B: I like butter cookie A: Me, too.
B: What can we see in France?
A: In France, we can see Mont Saint-Michel.
Do you know Mont Saint-Michel?
B: No.
A: Mont Saint-Michel is church.
B: Church?
A: Yes.
OK.?
B: OK, I see.
A: Mont Saint-Michel is beautiful and dangerous church.
B: Why?
A: Many people drown and died.
This is drown.
B: I see.
A: Mont Saint-Michel is on the sea.
B: On the sea?
A: Yes.
B: I see.
Unbelievable.
A: Sea goes down, we can see a road.
This is road.
You can walk.
OK?
B: I see.
A: Sea goes up.
Sea goes up.
Many people drown and died.
summon – response nominating a topic
nominating the 1st sub-topic with question – answer (1)
clarifying by audience
question – answer (2)
question – answer (3)
question – answer (4)
nominating the 2nd sub-topic with question – answer (5)
question – answer (6)
clarifying by audience checking comprehension
question – answer (7)
clarifying by audience
checking comprehension
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 DM (1)㻌 㻌 㻌
Repetition (Back-focusing,1) DM (2)
DM (3)㻌 DM (4)
Expansion (1)
Expansion (Amplification,1) 㻌
㻌
Repetition (Back-focusing,2) DM (5)
DM (6) 㻌 㻌 㻌
Expansion (Amplification,2)㻌
Repetition (Back-focusing,3)
Expansion (Amplification,3)
DM (7)
Expansion㻌(Amplification, 4)
OK?.
B: I see.
A: Quiz OK?
This is road.
How many meter can you guess?
Number one, one kilometer.
Number two, two kilometer.
Number three, five kilometer.
B: Five kilometer.
A: No, I'm sorry.
B: One kilometer.
A: That's right.
This is one kilometer.
B: Unbelievable.
A: Christian love Mont Saint-Michel, OK?
B: I see.
B: What can we eat in France?
A: In France, we can eat Boeuf bourguignon.
B: What's the taste?
A: Red wine, consommé, beef, pepper, salt, five tastes.
B: I see.
What's this?
A: Point, please B: What's this?
A: This?
B: Yes.
A: This is egg noodles.
B: Egg egg pasta?
A: Yes, egg noodles.
OK?
B: I see.
What's this?
A: This is beef.
B: What this?
A: This is herb.
B: I see.
A: OK?
B: How much is this?
A: One thousand eight hundred yen.
B: I see.
A: Uh, What do you think about France?
B: I want to go to France.
A: Why?
B: Uh, eeto,
What's, What's, What's name?
A: Boeuf bourguignon?
B: I like Boeuf bourguignon.
A: Thank you.
Please come to France.
See you.
Have fun.
B: See you.
checking comprehension Inserting a quiz and checking comprehension (7)
checking comprehension
nominating the 3rd sub-topic with question – answer (8)
question – answer (9)
question – answer (10)
clarifying by speaker
clarifying by audience clarifying by speaker
question – answer (11) question – answer (12 )
comprehension check question – answer (13)
asserting – endorsing
closing – parting
DM (8) DM (9) 㻌
Expressing politeness (1)
DM (10)㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
Expressing politeness (2) 㻌
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 DM (11) 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 DM (12)㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
㻌Framing/Completion (Sympathetic, 1) 㻌
㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌
Notes: 6ᖺ⏕,ࠕࡇ⾜ࡁࡓ࠸ୡ⏺⦅ࠖࡢ࣌2ࡢࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ㸪࠾ࡼࡧࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ᪉␎ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ
సᡂࡣ➹⪅ࡼࡿࠋ
➨୕㒊 ⥲ྜⓗ⪃ᐹ
➨5❶㸸⪃ᐹ
RQ 1, 2, 3ࡼࡾရモࡢⓎᒎⓗ᥎⛣ࡘ࠸࡚4㡯┠㸪᪉␎ࡢⓎᒎⓗ᥎⛣ࡘ࠸࡚3㡯┠㸪ศ⠇
ࡘ࠸࡚3㡯┠ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
5.1 RQ1యⓗࢳࣕࣥࢡฎ⌮࡛ၥ㢟ゎỴࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ┦ὶᆺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ
⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⩦⪅ࡀ⏝ࡍࡿㄒᙡ࣭ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡣ㸪Ꮫᖺ㐍⾜ඹࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥎⛣
ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ඛ♧ࡋࡓྛရモᏛᖺู᥎⛣ᅗ3-8㸪㈨ᩱ2ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿᐇἢࡗ࡚㸪ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ
ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ḟࡢ4㡯┠㸪1) ྡモࡢ୍ᐃࡋࡓ㧗㢖ᗘ⏝㸪2) ືモࡢ≉ᚩⓗ⏝㸪
3)activityࡢ㐍ᑐᛂࡍࡿᶵ⬟ㄒࡢⓎᒎ㸪4) 㛫ᢞモࡢ୍ᐃ㧗㢖ᗘࡢ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
➨1㸪ྡモࡣࡰ୍ᐃࡋ࡚㧗㢖ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪activityࡢࢺࣆࢵࢡ㢖ᗘࢆᕥྑࡉࢀࡿ
ࡇࡶ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ2ᖺ⏕࡛ࡢྡモࡢῶᑡࡣ㸪ᶵ⬟ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿᩘモࡢቑຍẚࡋࡓ
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࢺࣆࢵࢡࡀ⌮ᩘ⣔࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡢ㛵㐃࡛㸪ᅗᙧࡢࡁࡉࢆ 3 ゅᙧࡢಶᩘ
࡛ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡞పᏛᖺ࡞ࡌࡳࡢ࠶ࡿᩘࡼࡿ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡽ㸪ᩘモࡀቑຍࡋ㸪
⤖ᯝⓗྡモࡢ⏝ࡀῶᑡࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
୍᪉㸪5ᖺ⏕࠾ࡅࡿྡモࡢቑຍࡢཎᅉࡣࢺࣆࢵࢡࡀ㸪ᅜෆእࡢ⏘≀㸪ᩱ⌮㸪ᆅ⌮㸪࠾ࡼࡧ
ࣅࢪࢿࢫศ㔝㛵ࡍࡿሗᥦ౪㛵㐃ࡋ㸪⨨ࡁ࠼ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ┠ᶆᩥࡢ㛤ࢀࡓࢫࣟࢵࢺ
ḟࠎྡモྃࢆ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡿࡼࡾሗලయᛶࢆ㏣ຍࡋࡓࡇ࡛ྡモࡢྜࡀቑຍࡋ㸪┦
ᑐⓗືモࡣῶᑡࡋࡓ᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
➨2㸪ືモࡣㄪᰝᰯ⊂⮬ࡢㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞタᐃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴᆺactivity㸦ࢺࣆࢵࢡࡢᥦ
♧ࡽ㉁ᛂ⟅ࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚ホ౯㸪ᨭᣢᨭᣢ㸪⤊㸧ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠋᑠ Ꮫᰯ࠾࠸࡚ࡣືసྍ⬟࡞ືモࡀ୍⯡㧗㢖ᗘࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ≧ែືモࡑࡢࡢ
ືモࡢඃᛶࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿᅗ4㸧ࠋ᭱ࡶ㧗㢖ᗘࡢ6ࡢືモ㸦beࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧ࡢࡳࡘ࠸࡚ࢥࣥࢥ
࣮ࢲࣥࢫ᳨⣴ࡼࡾᏛᖺࡢ⏝ྜࢆ♧ࡍ㸪≧ែືモ(like, have, think, want) 61.4%㸪 ࡑࡢࡢືモ(see) 28.0%࡛࠶ࡾ㸪άືືモ(go, play)9.6%࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏㄪᰝࡢㄒᙡ㢖ᗘࣜࢫ ࢺ100ࡲ࡛ࢆぢ࡚ࡶ㸪≧ែືモࡣ66.3%㸪ࡑࡢࡢືモࡣ23%㸪άືືモࡣ9.3%࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
≧ែືモࡢ㧗㢖ᗘࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢືモࡀ┦ヰ࣭㆟ㄽ࣭ሗࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪 ㄯヰࣇ࣮࣒ࣞἢࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ゎỴࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᚲせ࡞ㄒᙡ࡛࠶ࡿࡇᣐࡿࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀ
ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ྛᩍ⛉ࡢෆᐜࡽᢳฟࡋࡓࢺࣆࢵࢡࡣ㸪ᑠᏛᰯࡢ୍⯡ⓗഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿ1㸪2ே⛠
ࢆㄒࡍࡿືసࡸࢪ࢙ࢫࢳ࣮࡛ࣕ⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࢱࣉࡢάືືモࡢᵓᩥ㝈ࡽࡎ㸪3ே⛠㸪࠾
ࡼࡧ↓⏕≀ㄒࡢᵓᩥ(e.g., “This car has four sensors.” ) ௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿグ㏙ⓗ㸪ㄝ᫂ⓗࢱ
ࣉࡶ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ≧ែືモ(have, has)ࡣ㸪Ꮫᖺ࡛54.7%ࡀ3ே⛠㸪࠾ࡼࡧ↓⏕≀
ㄒࡢᵓᩥ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⥆ࡃホ౯㸪ᨭᣢᨭᣢࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᑠᏛᰯẁ㝵࡛ࡣ⛥ࡉࢀࡿ≧ែືモ“think”
ࡀࡑࡢ≉ᛶࢆ᭱ࡶⓎࡍࡿ᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿ(e.g., What do you think about my car? Ɇ I think it’s great)ࠋࡘࡲࡾ“think” ࡣᛮ⪃㸪ཎᅉ㸪⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍ᥋⥆モ(if, because, so, when) ࠶ࡿ࠸
ࡣၥモ(why, what, how) ඹ୰Ꮫᖺ௨㝆ࡽᮏ᱁ⓗ⏝ࡉࢀጞࡵ㸪㧗Ꮫᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ
୍ᐃ㢖ᗘࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࠋ“think” ࢆ➹㢌͆like͇㸪͆want͇ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓᨭᣢᨭᣢࡢࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ ࡀࡑࡢㄽᣐඹ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿࡋࡃࡳᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡢືモ “see” ࡢቑࡶ࠸ࡢゎࡢࢧࣥࡋ࡚㸪“I see”㸪 “I see, thank you ”㸪
“You see? It’s safe ͇ࡀ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥࣥࢥ࣮ࢲࣥࢫ᳨⣴ࡼࢀࡤ㸪͆see͇ࡀࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿయࡢ64.3%ࢆࡇࡢヰ⾲⌧ࡀ༨ࡵࡿࠋ
➨3㸪activityࡢⓎᒎᑐᛂࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ㄒࡢⓎᒎࡣㄯヰࢆᵓᡂࡋⓎᒎᑟࡃⅬ࡛ྍḞ࡞
せ⣲࡞ࡿࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋୖグ㏙ࡓ᥋⥆モၥモࡢാࡁຍ࠼࡚ෙモ㸪๓⨨モࡶ
ࡲࡓቑࡍࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࢥࣥࢥ࣮ࢲࣥࢫ᳨⣴ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ෙモࡘ࠸࡚ࡣඛ⾜ࡍࡿᣦ♧
≀ࢆᣦࡍ͆the͇ࡀࡋࡔ࠸ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪㧗Ꮫᖺ࡛ࡣ “a” ࢆୖᅇࡿ 㧗Ꮫᖺ࡛ࡣ͆the͇60.4%
“a” 39.6%ࡢ⏝⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪ᩍᮦᩥࡀ༢⣧࡞ᩥᵓ㐀ࡽ㸪Ꮫᖺࡀ㐍ࡴࡘࢀ࡚ㄒືモࢆ୰ᚰࡋ ࡓ๓⨨モྃࡀ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࡾ㸪᥋⥆モࢆྵࡴ㔜ᩥ㸪」ᩥᵓ㐀Ⓨᒎࡍࡿᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣ㸪㐺ษ࡞⎔ቃୗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿయฎ⌮ࡣᏛ⩦⪅⮬㌟ࡢ⏘ฟ⬟ຊ (productive competence) ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓࣞ࣋ࣝࡢⓎヰࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡢᙇ (Peters, 1983, p. 71; Hakuta, 1976, p.333; Mitchell and Martin, 1997, p. 15) ୍⮴ࡍࡿࠋ
➨ 4 㸪┦ὶᆺồࡵࡽࢀࡿࣥࢱࣛࢡࢸࣈ࡞せ⣲㛵ࡋ࡚㛫ᢞモࡢᯝࡓࡍᙺࡢ 㔜せᛶࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋ༶ࡕࡢရモࡢቑῶࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡎ㸪ᖖ㢖ᗘ50ෆ 4㹼5 ✀㢮ࡀ ᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࡑࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ㸪“oh” ࡣ᪂ሗࡢᛂ㸪㦫ࡁࢆ♧ࡍࡇ
࡛࠶ࡾ(Carter & McCarthy, 2006㸪p.115)㸪ࡑࡢࣥࢱࣛࢡࢸࣈ࡞ാࡁ㸪ㄯヰᵓᡂ㺃⥔ᣢ
࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ㸪ᣵᣜ⏝ㄒࡢ“hello”㸪“good-bye” ඹపᏛᖺ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚ᑠࡉࡃࡣ࡞࠸᥎ᐹ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸦㛫ᢞモ᪉␎ࡢ୧ᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡘ“ok”㸪“sorry”㸪“please” ࡣ᪉␎ࡢ㡯࡛㏙ࡿࠋ㸧
5.2 RQ2ᏛᏛᖺ㐍⾜ࡶ᪉␎ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ඛ♧ࡋࡓ⾲ 7 ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿᐇἢࡗ࡚㸪1) ࢹࢫࢥ࣮ࢫ࣭࣐࣮࣮࢝͆ok͇ Back-
focusingࡢከᒱࢃࡓࡿ⏝㸪2) Ꮫᖺ㐍⾜ࡶከᵝࡍࡿ⏝᪉␎㸪3) ♫ゝㄒᏛⓗ౯
್ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓㄯヰ⥔ᣢ࣭᪉␎⾜ࡢᮇᚅ㸪ࡢ3㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
➨1㸪ึṌⓗ᪉␎ࡋ࡚ࡢ㸪పᏛᖺࡽጞࡲࡿBack- focusing㸪“ok” ࡣ┠ᶆᩥࡢ⮬↛
࡞⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࢆᑟࡁฟࡍཎືຊ࡞ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㧗࠸ㄆ▱ຊࢆకࢃ࡞࠸᪉␎࡛࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ከ ᒱࢃࡓࡿ᪉␎せ⣲㉁ၥ㸪㈶ྠ㸪☜ㄆ㸪ᢎ㸪᫂☜せồࡣ┦ᡭࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪Ⓨヰࡢ ດຊࢆㄏ࠸ฟࡋ㸪ึᮇᏛ⩦⪅ࡢㄯヰ⥔ᣢ㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ㸪“ok” ࡣ㸪ቃ⏺⥺ᶆ㆑ㄒ
ࡋ࡚ヰࡋᡭࡢ㡰␒㸪ࢺࣆࢵࢡࡢᥦ♧⛣⾜ࢆ♧ࡍാࡁࢆࡍࡿࠋ
➨2㸪activityࡢⓎᒎᑐᛂࡋ࡚⏝᪉␎ࡢከᵝࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋపᏛᖺ࡛ࡣ㸪ᴟࡵ
࡚㧗࠸ྜࢆ༨ࡵࡿBack-focusingࡸ“ok” ࠾ࡼࡧAmplificationࡣ㸪୰Ꮫᖺ௨㝆㸪⏝ᇦࡢ ᣑࡶ㸪༢⣧࡞⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡽㄆ▱ຊࢆᚲせࡍࡿ᪉ྥከᵝࡍࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ㸪Holding
device ࡣ㸪┦ᡭࡢⓎヰࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡘࡘ㐺ษ࡞Ⓨヰࢆグ᠈ࡽྲྀࡾฟࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡲ
ࡓ㸪Amplification ࡣᖹ᫆࡞ᩥ㸪モྃࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ሗࢆࡼࡾලయࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ
Macro-organizer ពぢ㞟⣙ࡢࢩࢢࢼࣝ ࡋ࡚ࡢ“ok” ࡢ⏝ࡣ㸪ㄯヰయࡢὶࢀࢆᢕᥱࡋ㸪