AAS atomic absorption spectrometry
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
bw body weight
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
CICAD Concise International Chemical Assessment Document
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
dw dry weight
EC50 median effective concentration EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid FCA Freund’s complete adjuvant FEV1.0 forced expiratory volume in 1 s FIOH Finnish Institute of Occupational Health FVC forced vital capacity
GAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
GLP Good Laboratory Practice
HC5 hazardous concentration for 5% of species IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IC50 median inhibitory concentration
ICDA International Chromium Development Association
ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Ig immunoglobulin
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety ISO International Organization for
Standardization
LC50 median lethal concentration LD50 median lethal dose
LMWCr low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance
LOAEC lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration
LOEC lowest-observed-effect concentration MET minimum elicitation threshold MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter NAA neutron activation analysis
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA)
NOAEC no-observed-adverse-effect concentration NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level NOEC no-observed-effect concentration
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OJ orange juice
SCE sister chromatid exchange USA United States of America
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WHO World Health Organization
ww wet weight
Riihimäki V, Luotamo M, eds (2006) Health risk assessment report for metallic chromium and trivalent chromium. Paris, International Chromium Development Association (http://www.icdachromium.com/).
The Health Risk Assessment Report for Metallic Chromium and Trivalent Chromium (Riihimäki & Luotamo, 2006) was prepared by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) for the Commission of the International Chromium Development Association (ICDA) and the International Stainless Steel Forum.
The report was published by ICDA in 2006. Copies can be obtained from the ICDA Secretariat (see
http://www.icdachromium.com/).
The following scientists from FIOH contributed to the development of the Health Risk Assessment Report for Metallic Chromium and Trivalent Chromium: Dr Vesa Riihimäki (principal investigator), Dr Kerstin Engström, Dr Riitta Jolanki, Dr Mirja Kiilunen, Dr Kimmo Louekari, Dr Marita Luotamo, Dr Hannu Norppa, Dr Markku Nurminen, Ms Hanna Paananen, Dr Tiina Santonen, and Dr Antti Zitting. The document went through a peer review by the project steering group, which consisted of representatives of academia, FIOH scientists, and the chromium industry.
ATSDR (2000) Toxicological profile for chromium. Atlanta, GA, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
The Toxicological Profile for Chromium was prepared by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) through a contract with the Syracuse Research Corporation. The profile was published in final form in September 2000. Copies of the profile can be obtained from:
Division of Toxicology
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Public Health Service
United States Department of Health and Human Services 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-32
Atlanta, Georgia 30333 USA
Ms Sharon Wilbur, ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, and Drs Lisa Ingerman, Mario Citra, Mark Osier, and David Wohlers, Syracuse Research
Corporation, contributed to the development of the toxicological profile as chemical manager and authors. The profile has undergone three ATSDR internal reviews, including a Health Effects Review, a Minimal Risk Level Review, and a Data Needs Review. An external peer review panel was assembled for the update profile for chromium. The panel consisted of the following members: Dr William Berndt, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Dr Max Costa, The George Washington University Medical School and School of Public Health; and Dr Elizabeth Snow, New York University Medical Center. These experts collectively have knowledge of chromium’s physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, key health end-points, mechanisms of action, human and animal exposure, and
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, as amended.
Scientists from ATSDR reviewed the peer reviewers’
comments and determined which comments were to be included in the profile. A listing of the peer reviewers’ comments not incorporated in the profile, with a brief explanation of the rationale for their exclusion, exists as part of the administrative record for this compound. A list of databases reviewed and a list of unpublished documents cited are also included in the administrative record.
The citation of the peer review panel should not be understood to imply its approval of the profile’s final content.
The draft CICAD on inorganic chromium(III) compounds was sent for review to institutions and organizations identified by IPCS after contact with IPCS national Contact Points and Participating Institutions, as well as to identified experts. An open invitation to participate in the peer review process was also published on the IPCS web site. Comments were received from:
M. Baril, Institut de recherche Robert Sauvé en santé et en securité du travail, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
R. Benson, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO, USA
S. Bull, Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
R. Chhabra, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
G. Darrie, International Chromium Development Association, Paris, France
H. Gibb, Sciences International Inc., Alexandria, VA, USA R. Hertel, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
J. Kielhorn, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover, Germany M. Nordberg, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
J. Stauber, CSIRO Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
F. Sullivan, United Kingdom
D. Willcocks, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia K. Ziegler-Skylakakis, Secretariat of the Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Workplace Area (MAK Commission), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany