[
Ã+°:2004]
ÃQ°ÜÄÆ0®RÝÞ >È®RÝ? ßo0®Rb Æ0® °Üºá®3âã 9ä®\å9æçè
:
é¢\pÐêÖÅëìpÐê§Ví\pÐêy·Ï
Uî
µ
l9ï[ðRñóòVØ
Ù
S¾T©ÕUôõ\pÐö
÷
®×Vf+Ø
Ù
S+TxÚ0Û®
vol.22, no.6, pp.772-779, 2004 [
Ã+°:2005]
Ã+°ÜÄÆ ëQîµ
l\ïvð-ñÜòøØ
Ù
S+T
,
ùl\ú3û, 2005 [
üb:1979]
üb ýIþ,
e ÿZ
:
\ \¤3x
·
2
ÒÓÔvÕIÖ,
ñ9ùv|9~ú
5,
«xÚ0®pp.259-268, 1979 [
:2003]
!:
ö"#%$&§'()+*yØÙ-,-.
Õ(/102134
,
5+6§wÖ, vol.42, no.9, pp.705-711, 2003
[
798:2003]
7+8 :;:
ØÙ ,<.
Õ-¡>=
-
?A@ABCADFE+Õ9GFH-,
5A6ܧMÖFI, vol.42, no.6, pp.497-503, 2003
[
JK:1989]
JK LM®N+O PQ:
RS>Ðê0ÖIG·¿T
[
°±:2005]
°± ²³:
ÇÐ ëÉÈ Ê õË ÊÍÌÎQÕIöÏF -=,
56 ª ÖI, vol.44, no.9, pp.579, 2005
[
q
:2006]
q ÐyY'ÑÒ ²ÓY3ãÔÖÕ'×Y'Ø ÙÚAY'Ûç ÜÝYÞW|Ö×ßFY'àá  Y
Øãâä å
:
æç Êéèêë<¹¤u T
MË-¿ÀÁ#ìí®îEïð1@ñò
ó9ô
n
xõ
ö
ð1@Y÷+øúù¼ûybüýY
no.18, pp.113-125, 2006 [
+þ:2007]
þ ÿY:
ô x
÷
öö
øol'÷#l
Y âÆg "!$# % büýY
vol.25, no.6, pp.36-43, 2007 [
&:2005]
& ')(,
* +A:
,-./10 ö B.3254
ª76
89I
,
:;bü<=>?
9I@Aü
, IIC-05-11,
BN+±, 2005
[
CED:2003]
CEDGF[,
HI J:
KÃïLM! #L% ö NOPQRST7UVW–
æç-
XYZ
#5[<ù\M]_^¶
ö5`acbMd
#fegW Ê
CPG
Êhi®Á"gWEjÛ7kmlonpEqö)r7s
–
tâvu M!$#$%xwüýt
vol.21, no.5, pp.569-580, 2003
[
C y:2002]
C y{z|t7}L~Gt7 ot I :
M!3# % ì ù)Q 9"ûö
@A
,
7
M! E\1tpp.155-160
t2002 [
¢¡:2002]
¢¡ £¤ ¥2
ï ö¦ ÷§ó
#
b
9
,
NQL"û ö¦÷¢§
ó
#
b
9
,
¨©ª, pp.105-154, 2002
[
« ~:2005]
«3~ ¬:
®"¯°±$²³UV´mµ³¶1·o$¢!$# %,
>?
b
91
, vol.44, no.9, pp.609-614, 2005
[
¸7¹:2006]
¸7¹ º1»:
¼"½¿¾ÁÀÃÂi7%ÄgW9m²Åµ2
· Æ)9tcÇÈu M!$# %Éw ÊËt
vol.24, no.5, pp.623-631, 2006
[
ÌÍ:1999]
ÎÏ Ðot7ÑÒ Ót¢Ô ÕÖot¢ÎÏ ×Øt¢ÌÍ Ù:
°±LÆ)ÚÛL²5UoV´ µoK·ÜÝLÞMß3à áv"âtÁÇvu ÞMß$à$áxw ÊË
, vol.17, no. 4, pp.595-603, 1999 [
ãä:2003]
å~Gæot7ãä çz:
èéêëìí b èéî·L²Å¢µ5¶ïÜ1Ý ÆÁ¾ ð"ñâò
,
15
$óÈôõö "âE\÷5â, pp.22-32
t2003
[
ãä:2005]
ãä çz1tø ~ùæ:
ú°±²"ûüµ2
·ÜÝ Æ)ýþEÿ ¾ ðMñ¢âò
t Çvu
ÊË
vol.23, no.1, pp.11-16, 2005
[ :1996]
»"t tt¢Ï »:
²Æ µ °±E²"!´µ#$
%&('*),+ ·7ÜÝÞßmàmá Æ-MþtEÇ uLÞßà áÄw ÊË
, vol.14, no.4, pp.546-559, 1996
[Aoi:2005] S. Aoi and K. Tsuchiya: Locomotion control of a biped robot using nonlinear oscillators, Autonomous Robots, no.19, pp.219-232, 2005
[Bastian:2008] J. Lee, J.T. Choi, S. Carver, A.J. Bastian and N.J. Cowan: Toward a Neu-romechanical Model for Adaptation and Control of Human Running, AMAM2008, pp.94-95, 2008
[Chemori:2004] A. Chemori: Generation of Multi-steps limit cycles for Rabbit using a low dimensional nonlinear predictive control scheme, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems , 2004
[Collins:2001] S.H. Collins, M. Wisse and A. Ruina: A Three-Dimensional Passive-Dynamic Walking Robot with Two Legs and Knees, Int. J. of Robotics Research, vol.20, no.7, pp.607-615, 2001
[Collins:2005-1] S.H. Collins: A Bipedal Walking Robot with Efficient and Human-like Gait, ICRA Spain , pp.1995-2000, 2005
[Collins:2005-2] S.H. Collins, A. Ruina, M. Wisse, and R. Tedrake: Efficient bipedal robots based on passive-dynamic walkers, Science, no.307, pp.1082-1085, 2005
[Endo:2004] G. Endo, J. Morimoto, J. Nakanishi and G. Cheng: An Empirical Exploration of a Neural Oscillator for Biped Locomotion Control, Proc. of IEEE ICRA, pp.3036-3042, 2004
[Geng:2006] T. Geng, B. Porr and F.W¨org¨otter: Fast Biped Walking with a Sensor-driven Neuronal Controller and Real-time Online Learning, Int. J. of Robotics Research, no.25, pp.243-259, 2006
[Giese:2007] W. Ilg, H. Golla, P. Thier and A. Giese: Specific influences of cerebellar
dys-functions on gait, Brain, no.130, pp.786-798, 2007
[Gregorio:1997] P. Gregorio, M. Ahmadi, and M. Buehler: Design, control, and energetics of an electrically actuated legged robot, IEEE Trans. on System, Man, Cybernetics.
PartB, Cybernetics, vol.27, no.4, pp.626-634, 1997
[Hirai:1998] K. Hirai, M. Hirose, Y. Haikawa and T. Takenaka: The development of Honda Humanoid Robot, Proc. of IEEE ICRA, pp.1321-1326, 1998
[Hodgins:1991] H. Hodgins and M. Raibert: Adjusting Step Length for Rough Terrain Locomotion, IEEE trans. on Robotics and Automation, vol.7, no.3, pp.289-298, 1991 [Ijspeert:2007] A.J. Ijspeert, A. Crespi, D. Ryczko and J. Cabelguen: From Swimming
to Walking with a Salamander Robot Driven by a Spinal Cord Model, Science, no.9, pp.1416-1420, 2007
[Ijspeert:2008] A.J. Ijspeert: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review, Neural networks, no.21, pp. 642-653, 2008
[Kandel:1996] E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell: Principles of neural science, Appleton & Lange, pp.626-646, 1996
[Matsuoka:1987] K. Matsuoka: Mechanisms of Frequency and Pattern Control in the Neural Rhythm Generators, Biolog. Cybern, vol.56, pp.345-353, 1987
[Maufroy:2008] C. Maufroy, H. Kimura and K. Takase: Towards a general neural controller for quadrupedal locomotion, Neural networks, no.21, pp.667-681, 2008
[McGeer:1990] T. McGeer: Passive Dynamic Walking, Int. J. of Robotics Research, vol.9, no.2, pp.62-82, 1990
[Miura:1984] H. Miura and I. Shimoyama: Dynamical walk of biped locomotion, Int. J. of Robotics Research, no.3, pp.60-74, 1984
[Nomura:2006] M. Nakanishi, T. Nomura and S.Sato: Stumbling with optimal phase reset
during gait can prevent a humanoid from falling, Biological Cybernetics, vol.95, no.5,
pp.503-515, 2006
[Morton:2006] S.M. Morton and A.J. Bastian: Cerebellar Contributions to Locomotor Adaptations during Splitbelt Treadmill Walking, J. of Neuroscience, no.26, pp. 9107-9116, 2006
[Ono:2004] Ono, Furuichi, and Takahasi: Self-Excited Walking of a Biped Mechanism with Feed, Int. J. Robotics Research, no.23, vol.1, pp.55-68, 2004
[Orlovsky:1999] G. Orlovsky, T. Deliagina and S. Grillner: Neural control of locomotion, Oxford Univ. Press, NY, 1999
[Otoda:2007] Y. Otoda, H. Kimura and K. Takase: Efficient Bipedal Walking Using De-layed Stepping Reflex, Proc. of SICE Annual Conference 2007 (SICE2007), Takamatsu, pp.2170-2174, 2007
[Otoda:2008] Y. Otoda: Efficient Bipedal Walking Using Natural Dunamics and Delayed Stepping Reflex, IEEJ Transaction of Electrical & Electric Engineering, vol.3, no.4, pp.413-417, 2008
[Raibert:1986] M.H. Raibert: Legged Robots That Balance, The MIT Press, 1986
[Reisman:2005] D.S. Reisman, H.J. Block and A.J. Bastian: Interlimb Coordination During Locomotion: What Can be Adapted and Stored?, J. of Neurophysiology, no.94, pp.2403-2415, 2005
[Rogers:2003] M.W. Rogers, M.E. Johnson, K.M. Martinez, M. Mille and L.D. Hed-man: Step training improves the speed of voluntary step initiation in aging, J. of Geron-tology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, no.58, pp.46-51, 2003
[Rossignol:2006] S. Rossignol, R. Dubuc and J. Gossard: Dynamic sensorimotor interac-tions in locomotion, Physiol. Rev., no.86, pp.89-154, 2006
[Schaal:2008] S. Schaal, Y. Nakamura and P. Dario: Special issue on robotics and neuro-science, Neural networks, no.21, pp.551-552, 2008
[Spek:1999] J.H. van der Spek, M.C. van der Maas and P.H. Veltink: Control of crutch
supported standing in paraplegics - a model based study, Proc. of Int. Biomechatronics
workshop, pp. 162-167, 1999
[Taga:1991] G. Taga, Y. Yamaguchi and H. Shimizu: Self-organized control of bipedal locomotion by neural oscillators, Biological Cybernetics, nol.65, pp.147-159, 1991 [Taga:1995a] G. Taga: A model of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system for human locomotion
I. - Emergence of basic gait, Biological Cybernetics, no.73, pp.97-111, 1995
[Taga:1995b] G. Taga: A model of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system for human locomotion II. - Real-time adaptability under various constraints,
Biological Cybernetics, no.73, pp.113-121, 1995
[Takakusaki:2008] K. Takakusaki and T. Okumura: Neurobiological Basis of Controlling Posture and Locomotion, Advanced Robotics, vol.22, no.15, pp.1629-1663, 2008
[Takuma:2006] T. Takuma and K. Hosoda: Controlling the Walking Period of a Pneumatic Muscle Walker, Int. J. of Robotics Research, no.25, pp. 861-866, 2006
[Tsujita:2007] K. Tsujita, T. Inoura, A. Morioka, K. Nakatani, K. Suzuki and T. Ma-suda: Oscillator-controlled Bipedal Walk with Pneumatic Actuators, J. of Mechanical Science Technology, no. 21, pp.976-980, 2007
[Vukobratovi´c:1972] M. Vukobratovi´c and J. Stepanenko: On the Stability of Anthropo-morphic Systems, Mathematical Bioscience, vol.15, pp.1-37, 1972
[Wisse:2003] M. Wisse,J.van Frankenhuyzen: Design and Construction of MIKE;a 2D autonomous biped based on passive dynamic walking, AMAM2003 International Sym-posium on Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines, 2003
[Wisse:2008] D.G.E. Hobbelen and M. Wisse: Controlling the Walking Speed in Limit Cycle
Walking, Int. J. of Robotics Research, vol.27, no.9, pp.989-1005, 2008
b21"3
ú456*798;:=<¼¢ið">1tÜÝ?&;-A@ á¾CBÆ;DEt
¦
ñ§GFMIH Â7
5ÆJ
b
ÆLKMt
transitional walking
²û1üµ(NOPQtLR91ÆmóS(TE²U)073
ÆVDWE)tLX
Y
Æ"Â á[Z9T*\ 2\µ"]ú4tRÆ;^PW_"t1½`ðbac<ñEÆUd_"tRÆ ò
e
Þf0<Mâd&"ghmµVi
A.
jlkmonqp?rTable 7.1: Values of the parameters used in experiments with Tetsuro. SSS and LES mean the stance-swing state and landing-exchange state, respectively.
parameters value parameters value
I 1 [kg·m 2 ] 0.39 k h p st [Nm/rad] (in LES) 18 m 1 [kg] 2.3 k k p st [Nm/rad] (in LES) 9.0 g[m/s 2 ] 9.8 k a p st [Nm/rad] (in LES) 2.0 l 1 [m] 0.41 k h p sw [Nm/rad] (in LES) 20 T 0 [s] 0.32 k k p sw [Nm/rad] (in LES) 9.0 k h p sw [Nm/rad] (in SSS) 26 k a p sw [Nm/rad] (in LES) 3.0 k k p sw [Nm/rad] (in SSS) 0.0 k sr [s] 0.35 k k v sw [Nm·s/rad] (in SSS) 0.0 k ag [Nm/rad 2 ] 3.9
k a p sw [Nm/rad] (in SSS) 2.0 n 6
k h p st [Nm/rad] (in SSS) 26 T wt [s] 50
k k p st [Nm/rad] (in SSS) 9.0 A th [rad] 0.16
k a p st [Nm/rad] (in SSS) 3.0
B.
sbtvuGw xzy{R&(|~}0~z ¯~~~ ²? hµ82² á³¾B&A78Li
Figure 7.1
²ÜÝ-U@á¾BÆño¼`9&"´;i*U
1"3
707 áLHàaFE²|0}
1
8LR&gh~ áLH¢àa
F&;z h µcR"Æ~, ²U´EµViAï·*dmÆ=`* ~&6W7 3*¡
Æ
;?&¢~£´EµoŤ(¥A>
(A th )
&^ ü"U¦§(¨1ª©«
ÝG hmµ1Åd¤C á)¾B*&78;i