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BIBLIO GR APHY

A sato,S hiju n

1 990 The Distribution of Shell Adzes in the South Ryukyu Islandin The U rasok o Site,A S ketch of th e E xc av atio n in P h otograph s,M arc h 1 9 9 0, T he G u su k u be T o w R B o ar d of E d uc atio n,O kin a w a,Jap a n.P P

.1− 4 0,

C a ba nilla,Isr ael B.a n d D aylin da B a nzo n−C ab anil蔓a

1 9 9 2 A rch aeolo gic al E x cav ation s in the B a叢ob o k R oc ksh elter, Sa n ga S an−

ga,S ulu,u n p u blis he d p ap er on the 1 9 7 0 ex cav ation s of B alob ok pre−

se nted at th e l 3th N ation al Conference o n L oc al an d N atio n a1

・ H istor y,1 5−1 7 0 cto ber 1 9 9 2 at the M ind a nao State U niv ersity, T a w i

T a w i sp o nsore d b y the P hilip pin e N ation al Historical S ociety,In c.

C asin o,E ric

1 9 6 6 N e w A rch aeolo gic al Site: B alo bo k Ro cks he監ter, S ulu. N atio nal M u seu m u n p ublish ed m an uscript 196 6

S an ga−S an g a Isla n d, dated 8 Septe mber

F ox,R o bert B.

1 9 7 0 T he T a bo n C aves: A rch aeolo gic al E xplorations a nd E x cav atio ns on

Pala w a n 王sla n d,P hilip pines. M o no grap h of the N ation al M use u m of th e

、 P hilip pines,N o ユ,M a nila。

F o x,R 6 bert B,a n d R ey S.S antia go

19 70 Ancient Beads fro m Philippine Archaeologica監 Sites, reprinted in S P A F A Di

gest,V ol. VI N

o.1 1 9 8 5.S P A F A

,B a ng ko k, T h ai韮a n d.

F ran cis,P eter Jr. 1 9 8 9 B ead s

.an dthe Be ad T r ade in So utheast A sia: A P relim in ary R ep ort o n Rese arch into the be ad tra de of S o uth east A sia as a seg m ent of the Indian O ceaa Be ad T rade P rolect c oor dinate d by the C e nter for B ea d R esearch,C o ntrib utio ns of the Ce nter for B ead R esearc h 4, Ce nter for B ead R ese arch,4 Ess ex Street,L ake Placid,N

.Y

,1 2 9 4 6 U

.S

.A

R o m er o,Jose P.

1 9 6 5 G alan g− M a kin g: A H erita ge fr o m th e P ast, a p ap er p rep ared d urin g th e Field p roject of th e Su m m er In stitute at Q uez on, Pala w a n,in 1 9 6 5, sp on sored jou nt叢y by the Dep art m entof A nthro p ology, U nive rsity of

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m onitor lizar d a s w ell as se a p rod ucts s uch as fis h

,cra bs a nd tu rtles.

T he ea rliest irlha bitants of th e b alo b ok Ro cks helter w ere h u nters an d g ather−

ers w ho w ere c ollectin g sh ells fro m a br ac kis h e nviro nlnent as w ell as h unt−

ing d eer, pi

g, m o nitor liz ard,bird s an d b ats fr o m the forest an d catc hin g fish fro m the se a. T h e fin ds in dicate that the ani孤 als the y hu nted w ere b utch−

ere d, coo ked a nd e aten at the site. Fo od re m ain s of s hellfish w ereinten−

tio nally bro kell an d w ere discar ded in co nsider able q u antities.

T here w as a c o m plete a bsen ce of earthe n w are p ottery sher ds at this early o ccu p atio n al p hase.

1[, a mid dle occu p atio 鍛 al phase ( 5 34 0 B

.C

.) by h un ters an d g ather er as noted by the a bo ve asse m bla ge and

,in ad dition,the prese nce of p olis hed ston e an dsh ell tools an d e arthen w are potter y sh er ds w hich m ay h av e bee n prod uce d b y the m e m bers of a coexistent a nd co ntigu o us se dentary co m m u n−

ity,T he pr ese nce of th e polishe d sto ne tools su ggest k no wle dg e in an d cap a−

bilityfo r w o od w o rkin g activities w hich m ay inclu de b oat− m akin g.

In this m id dle occ u patio nal p ha se shells fro m the gia nt cla m T η゜

伽 oηα G ②8α3 w erebein g m a de into too圭s u sin g a flaking tec hn olog y to cre ate blan ks w hich could the n b e s u bse qu ently p olish ed, gro unde d an d sh arp eR ed. T hese p olis hin g,grin din ga nd sharpe nin g activities w ere d o ne with p u m ice sto nes reco vere d at th e site with clear in dicatio n of use.

皿, alater occ u patio nal p h ase ( 3 1 90 B.C

.) w h erein a later gro u p of h u nters a n d gath erers co ntin ue their interactio n w ith th e m ak ers a nd u sersof the polishe d ston e an d s hell ad zes an d go uge a nd e arthe n w are potteries as w ell as with a n intr usive gro u p w ho m ay ha ve intro d uced iR n ov ativ e ite m s su ch as a soc keted br on ze ad ze an d an op aq ue glass bea d. T h ese n e w ite m s are fo u R d in direct association w ith the flake d an dpolishe d lithic an d sh ell tools an d debitage a n d earthe n w are sher ds。

C o nta ct with sed entary gro u p(s) is heighte n as in dicated b y th e ab u n da nt e arthen w aresh erds enc ou ntere d.Bythis tim e tr avel b y bo at m a y w ell ha ve bee n iln pro ved to su ch an e xtent the gro u psfro m neig h borin gisla nds start to m o ve a rou n d the area a n d en ga ge in e xc ha nge or barter resultin g in the intro d uction of ne w cultur al ele m e nts.

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dication s of ex cessive w ear, T his w ear m a y w ell be du e to the co ns u m ptio n of sh ellfish an d cla m s, T here w ere no for m al or articulated hu m an b urials en co untere d.

C hronology

S hell sa m ples fro m th e site ha ve been pr oces sed for ab solute datin g at the Ga ku sh uin R adio carb o n L a bor atories,T ok y o,Ja pa 薮 w ith the follo w in g results:

SPIT N O. C−1 4 D A T ES

CULTU RAL LAYERS

514 0 ± 100 B( 3 190 B.C.)

7290 士 120 B( 5 340 B.C。>

8760 ± 130 B( 68 10 B.C,)

H 班

8000 ± 110 B( 60 50 B.C.)

Discussion

T he B alo bo k R oc ks helter, as s ho w n by th e results of the o ne m o nth ree x−

ca vatio n of the site in S epte m ber, 1 9 9 2

,is a m ulti−co!n po nen t h abitatio n site, T hree distin ct cultur al ph ases of occu p ation h av e vee n deline ate d w ith s eq ue ntial ch ron o韮(!gical dates as de n oted by fo ur (4) abs olute dates fr o m shell speci m en s,

T h ese d ates,ran gin g fro m 6 8 1 0 B

.C

,thro u gh 3 1 9 0 B

.C

.,reinfo rcethe ab solute d ates e arl圭er ge nerate d fr o m the cursor y arch aeolo gical e xc av atio ns of the site in 196 9 (Spoehr 1973)

T h e sp atial an d te m por al distrib utio n of the arch aeologic al an d ecofact犠 al m aterials,the relative associatio n of artifacts reco v ere d,the av ailable ab so豆ute d ates gen er ated,the tec h nolo gy of m an ufacttlre a n d 疑se of th e different artifacts enco u ntere d an dthe str atification of th e soil at th e site al蓋 in dic ate that the p re−

historic occ u patio n of th e B a韮o b ok Ro cks helter m ay p rovisio n ally b e d escribed as

follo w s: ・

1. a n e arly o ccu patio nal p hase ( 6 81 0 − 60 5 0 B.C.) w h erein a hu ntin g an d gath ering gro u p of pe ople used th e site as a habitatio n area. T his is rein−

torce d b y th e reco ver y of lithic fla ke d to ols a nd de bitage,e vide nces of sh ell w or kin g,the refuse he ap of sh e Us w hich are pre do1nin antly b rac kis h an d a variety of ani m al b o nes a n d teeth w hichinclu d e b ats,bir ds, pig, deer。 a n d

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B one T ool

A b o ne to ol w hich ap p ears to be fro m the rib p ortion of a n anim al w as r ec o−

vered fro m the site. T his tool is ch aracterized by a thin, shar p,co nca ve an d polis hed en d the fu nction of w hich c aR not,at this ti m e,be ascertaine d.T he s m all size of this b o ne to ol in dic ates that it ca n be e asily an d co m fortably held bet w een the th u m ban d the fo refin ger (Fig.1 4b,P L.1 2c).

S oc keted Bronze A dze

A s ock etedbro nze a dze w as reco vered d urin g the cou rse of th e arch aeologic−

al activities at the si毛e. T he ad ze w as racov ere d fro m the eastern w all of Sq u are S E 6 1 an d isw ithin C ultu ral L a yer I. T his a dze m easu res 5.O c m s.in len gth,4

.7 c m s,w idean d is l

.3 c m s.thic k b y the rim of もhe s ocket (Fi g.1 4f

,P L 1 4a).Slightly larger bro nze so ckete d a dzes w ere recovere d fro m U y a w C ave in th e T a bo n C a ves co m ple x,so uth w ester n P ala w an a 且 d fo r m s a diag nostic tr ait of the E arly M etal A ge in Pala wan and probably throughout the Philippines (Fox l970:134).

R ed O p aq ue Glass Bead

A red op a qu e d ra w n glass be ad w as reco vere d at C ultur al lay er I.T his be ad e x hibits fo ur p ressed lin es p ar allel to the a xisfor m ing a m elo n−s h ape d b o dy.It ha s excise d lin es aro u nd o ne e nd fo r m圭n g a n eck a n d a rou n ded collar. T he be ad is L 4 c ms, in len gth a n d h as a m a xi m u 搬 dia m eter of 1

.O c m, (Fig.14 d

,P L ユ 2b>.

T he origin of this ty pe of b ea d is still u n kn o w n d ue toits u niq ue s ha pe an d tec h−

niqu e of for m ing.In th e P hilip pin es the origin of m ost p rehistoric dr a w n be ad s m ay be tr aced fro m In do−P acific glas s−b ea ds m akin g sites s uc h as in王n dia a nd So uthe ast A sia (Fox and Santiago 1 97 0; F ranc童s 1 98 9).

P u mice Stones

P u m ice stones w ith definite in dicatiolls of bein g used for p olis hin g, sh arp en−

in g a n d fine gri難 din g h av e b ee n rec ov ere d at th e site. T h ese are direct in dic a−

tion s of the po韮ishin g,s har pe nin g an d fine grin din g activities of the for m er in−

ha bitants of the site,m o st likely,of the c uttin g e dges of the s hell as w ell as sto ne

polishe d tools reco v ere d (P L 14 b)。

J, H u m an Teeth

A n u m ber of h u m an teeth w ere reco vered fro m th e ex cav ation s the m alority bein g fo u nd in C ultur al L ay erI

.T he teeth rec ov ered w ere m ostly m olar s with in一

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2.s herd s of s m allervessels with i m p ressed an d incise d d esig ns on the bo d y.

王n te m ls of s urface treat m ent the e arth en w are s herds reco vere d at the site in dicate the follo wing: plain, polis he d

,in cise d an di磁 presse d,co rd−m ar ked, slip P ed,lim e i簸1ay an d coln bin ation s of th e ab o ve (Fig,1 2a,b,c,d P L 9).

S hell T ools

A n u m ber of sh ell to ols an dshells in the pro cess of bein g m allufactu red into tools w ere e nco u ntered at th e site.Inclu de d in the fin d s are:

1. Sb e睡 K 類 ves

A n u m ber of th e s hell toolsare k niv es m ad e fro m th e Co n us she11. T hese s hellk niv es re veal s har p ed ges whic h w o uld be id eal fo r cuもting p urp oses

(Fig ユ 2e,f. 13a, P L 10b).

2. Shell Adzes

藝)vide nces of stages iR the m an ufactu ri勲 9 Process in th e pro d uction of sh ell adzes fr o m the giant cla m T rid acn a G ig as w ere n oted. T h ese in clu ded th e flaked but still unpolished blank w hich w as flaked off fro 凪 the giant clam T rid acn a G i

g as.S m aller,a n d possibly u nintentio n ally,b rok en sh ell blan k s w hic h m ay ha ve b een detache d d urin g the fla kin g pro cess w ere,1ike w ise,re−

co vere d (Fig.1 4 a,e,P L

,1 1

,1 4c)

S hell O r na m ent

A b racelet, m ad e fro 搬 the sh oulderof a cone sh el1 (Co ne sp.) w ith in dicatio n of p olis hillg an d w ith a s m a R hole in th e mid dle w as reco veredat th e site, T his ty pe of sh ell bracelet,b ut m a de fr o 磁 the to p p ortion of a C o ne sh ell,w as also re−

cov ere d in D u yo n g C av e,s outh w este m P ala w an an d L eta Leta C av e in no rthe m Pala w a n a nd w as n oted to ha ve bee n still fashio n ed b y th e P ala w an peo ple liv−

ing ne ar th e T a bo 簸 C av es (F ox 1 97 0:14 0).It h as also りeen eth n ogra p hically ob serv ed th at the b orin g an d p olis hin g of th e br acelets is still do ne w ith sto ne tools,after the br acelets ha ve b ee1} r ou ghly s h ape(孟 an d the ce nter o pe nin g beg u n w ith a n ir onk nife (R o mero 19 6 5:1−1 2).(F孟g ユ 3c,P L

.1 3 d)

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Culturallayer III

T his layer is a s hell mid d en w hich is co m pacte d, claye y

、soilan d yello w − br o w n in col

or.王t has an av erage thick ness of 1 2.5 c m s, D ue to its co m p acte d characteristic ex ca vatio n at this laye r is d on e b y the use of ice pick s an d br 猛s hes so as not to do da m a ge to th e artifactu al a nd ecofactual m aterials e nco u nter ed

. Flake d sto ne tools, waste flak es an d chip s w efe e ncou ntered.

Significant A rtifacts F ound

Lithic Fla ke T ools and D ebitage

A ll the three c ult ural la yers e nco m m tered in varia bly ex hibite d the p resen ce of lithic fla ked tools a n d debitage in var yin g n u m b ers. T he r a w m aterials u se d for th e ston e tools in clu de bas alt,cry ptocr ystalline q uartz, neph rite a n d silicifie d or p etrified w oo d.C u rsory an alysis of the fla ke d tools rec ov ere d at th e site in di−

cate th at the tec h nolo gy of tool m a簸 ufactu re in volved a direct perc ussion m eth o d w ith out the prep aratio n of the core.

N oted als o is the presen ce of p roto lithic bla de to olsin C ultur al L a yers I a n d II。T h ese artifacts e ntaile d the pre paratio n of a striking platfo r m p rior to p ercus−

sion il} order to ac hiev e the desire d p arallel sides of th e bla des an d c ontrol the thic kn ess of th ese ty pes of ston e to ols (Fig ユ 1a,b,c,d, P L.7,10 a)、

P olished StoR e T ools

T he t w o sto ne to ols rec ov ered indic ated a p olishin g tec hniqu e in m an ufac−

ture.O f th e tw o stone to ols recov ered o ne is a go uge w hile the ot her is a n ad ze. T hese sto ne to ols in dicate the w o od w or kin g activities w hic h In ay in clu de b oat−

m a kin g (Fig.1 1e,f

, P L.8). T hese polis he d ston e tools w ere prob a bly h afted to w oo de n h a ndles w h enuse d.

E arthen w are Sherds

E arthen w are s herd s w ere rec ov ere dfro m C 媛ltural L a yers I a n d II of the site. T here are a n u m ber of v arieties of e arthen w are s herd s reco vere d w hic h in−

clud e:

1.s herds of thick b odied w ares which m ay h av e b een jars or oth erlarge contalners;

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location s.E xc av ated w ere s q u are s S E 6 2,the so uthern h alf of sq u are S E 6 1,th e w ester nb aulk of th e 1 9 7 0 ex ca vatio ns which falls bet w een sq u ares N E 4 2 an d N E 6 2 a nd the souther n half of sq uar e N E 8 2 (Fig,4, P L.4). A ll arch aeolo gic al m aterials as w ell as im po rtant ecofactu al m aterials en cou ntere d w ere reco rde d 3−

dim ensio n ally. A 慧 the soil fro m the ex cav ation s w ere seive d u sing fine m esh sc ree ns an d all s hells w hich for m ed p art of the m id d en w erecollecte d for later ide ntificatio R a n d qu a11titativ e a n d q u alitaもiv e an alysis,

Prelim inary Results of the Reexcavation Activities

T he o ne m onth arc haeolo gical ree xca vation of the Balob ok Ro cks helter in Sep te m ber. 1 9 9 2 h as resulte d in the generatio n of Rote w orth y archaeological data w hich m ay be s u m lnarized as follo w s:

Stratification

T hree c ultur al la yers w ere id entified at the site,m a 磁 ely;

C ultural L ayer I

C ultural La yer I starts fro m the present surface an d h as a n aver age thic k−

ness of 2 0 c m s. T his 玉a yer is a shell mid de n ch aracterized b y a loose, dry and p o wd er soil w hic h is d ark grey in color.F ro m this la yer w ere reco v ere d n u m er−

o us sh ells w ith inte n宅io nal bre ak ages w hich w ere defintely foo d discard s,b on es of s m all ani m alssuc h as bird s,b ats, pig an ddeer so m e of w hich in dicate ch ar−

rin g du e to intentio nal coo king. A rtifactua1 孤 aterials fro m this lay er inclu d e fla ked ston e tools, w a stes a n d chips, p olis he d ston e ad zes, a b ron ze s ock eted

a dze,a red,o pa q ue glass b ea d,fr ag m ents of sh ells fro m the gia 簸t cla m T γづ 面 α②α α 8 αε,in the early stage of beiR g fashio ne d into a polish ed a dze,ani m al an d hu−

m an teethre m ains a nd earthe n w are s herd s,

C ult級 ral Lay er II

C ultu ral L a yer II h as an aver age thic kn ess of 2 1 c m s, T his lay er is still a sh ell mid de n c har acterized by a m ore co m p acted n atu re an d lighter in c olor tha n C ultu ral L a yer I, W aste m aterials of edible s hells w ith inte ntion albrea k ages as w ell as £h e s m all ani m al bo nes of birds, b ats, pig an d deer w ere e nco u ntere d. Artifactu alm aterials recov ered fro 組 this lay er inclu de fla ked sto n e to ols,w aste flakes an d chips,s hell k nives an d shellp ortions indic ating Preli 皿 in ary flakin g of a p art of the T rid acn a G ig as p rio r to polishin g, polish ed sto ne tools in the for m ofa gou d e an d an adz e an d ea rthe n w are sh erds,

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T a wi T a w i is co m p osed of te n m u nicipalities, na m ely, B on g ao, L an gu y an, M ap u n, P a ngli m a Su gala, S ap a−Sa p a,Si m u n u1, Sita ng k ai, So uth U bian, T ag an ak a n d T an d ub as, T he official capital of the pro vince is Pan glim a Su gala alth ou gh B o ng ao still retain s its p ositio n as the co m m ercial ce nter ofTa w ㌔ T a w i,

T he pro vince of T a wi−T a wi is presently un d er the ad1ninistr atio n of the A uton o m o us Re gio n for M us1三 m M in d an ao ( A R M M ) as of N ov e m ber 1 9 9 α T his re−

ce nt dev eloP 鵬 e nt is seen as both a c h allen ge …≧n dan oP P ortu nity for the province to ad v an ce an d e xcel inaU asp ects.

T he B alobo k R oc kshelter

B alo bo k R ock shelter is loc ate d in the w este m m a rgin of Sa ng a S ang a Islan d aa dis ap p roxi m ately 6 kilo m eters north of th e M in da na o State U aiversity ca m−

p usat th e so uth er n e n d of the isla韮 d (Fig.1,P L la>,T he site ta kes its n alne fro m a fres h w ater fis h locally calle d B alob o k (E nglish; S m all T arpon;1晩8幽

α 妙 s oッ 囲 ( 湿 68). The site is located at approxim ately 5 5 0 0 N,11 9 45 2 3 E in Tawi Tawi Pro−

∀ince.It is situ ated north of B ar a血 ga y L a kit L akit a n d ca n b e re ac he d fro m the u Riv ersity c a m p us in 3 0 min utes by a m otorcarvia a dirt ro ad at th e e盆 dof the

p resent ru n w a yof th e islan d,F ro m the u niversity ca m p us a 4 0−h orsep o w er bo at can re achth e site in 1 0 min utes w hic h c an a nchor right at the s m all co ve fro 簸t−

in g th e site.

T he r ock shelter is p art of a large lim eston e 墾o r m atio n of the islan d of M io cene a ge, T he flo or of the roc ks helter slop es g rad u aU y to w ar ds the m o uth fro m ea st to w est an d dr op s abr u ptly to w ards the beac h area by th e over ha ng

(Fig.2

,3

,4

,5 β, P L l b

,2

,3), T his su d de n dro p is characteriz ed by lar ge li1Hesto ne bo uld ers w hich are a pp are ntly portion s of th e for m er roof of the site.

T he 1 992 A rchaeological Activities

P rior to e xc av ation s the site w as m ap p ed usin gan alid ade an d a grid of 2・

m eter s q uares laid o ut. T his inclu d e the fr ont 5 6 1Reters of the ro cks helter s lon g axis an d e xten d 1 0 m eters across it (Fig,4). T he 1 9 7 0 ex ca vatio n s qu ares w ere ide ntifie d an d inco rpor ated in the G rid M ap of the site. Sq uares for th e 1 9 9 2 reexc av ation w ere ch ose n o 韮 th ebasis of th e u ndistur be d n atu re of th e su rface and th eir central position at theroc ks helter. T he 1 9 9 2 ex cav ate d sq u ares are situ ated by th e rear a n d center of the roc ksh elter where the prese nt su rfabe is relatively flat an d u n distu rbe d (Fig.3,P L.4).

O nce the grid h as been laid out ex cav atio ns w ere u n dertak en in th ree

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