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Abstract
Effects of posture and neck exercises aimed at oral function improvement for preventive care in the elderly
Kenichi FUJIWARA
Department of Development and Aging,
Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences.
The aim of this study was to clarify whether posture has an impact on oral and respiratory functions in healthy adults, the healthy elderly, and the frail elderly, as well as to confirm the benefits of posture improvement intervention on swallowing function in frail elderly individuals.
In the first chapter, we examined posture, oral function, and respiratory function in 8 healthy adults and evaluated relationships among these parameters. The results suggested that kyphosis has an impact on oral and respiratory functions and that swallowing sounds reflect the activity of the suprahyoid muscles.
In the second chapter, we examined posture, oral function, and respiratory function in 11 healthy elderly and 9 frail elderly individuals using day services and evaluated relationships among these parameters. When the healthy elderly group was compared with the frail elderly group, significant differences were noted in the kyphosis index, the position of the thyroid cartilage, and %FVC, with the differences being more significant at the latency of the suprahyoid muscles. These results revealed that frail elderly individuals had more severe kyphosis, thyroid cartilage at a lower position, lower %FVC, and delayed initiation of suprahyoid muscle activity at swallowing than healthy elderly people. In addition, the healthy and frail groups both showed a correlation between
seemed to be prone to aspiration due to their more severe kyphosis, lower larynx, and delayed muscle activity related to swallowing, as compared with the healthy subjects.
In the third chapter, in order to confirm the effect of posture improvement intervention on swallowing function, we divided 9 frail elderly individuals into 2 groups and administered 2 different interventions, i.e., conventional swallowing training for 8 weeks and a fall prevention exercise program aimed at posture/balance improvement for 8 weeks, employing a cross-over design, for a total of 16 weeks. In the comparison of parameters before and after the swallowing training in the frail elderly subjects, significant improvement was seen only in the kyphosis index, i.e., not in the other parameters, after swallowing training. In the comparison of parameters before and after the fall prevention exercise program in the frail elderly subjects, significant improvement was noted in the kyphosis index, the latency of suprahyoid muscles, and the latency of infrahyoid muscles. Furthermore, in the comparison before and after the fall prevention exercise program, a trend toward significance was observed in oral function-related quality of life (QOL), as measured by the geriatric oral health assessment index.
These study results indicated that improving both posture and balance by providing a fall prevention exercise program is likely to facilitate movement of muscles associated with swallowing motion, achieve better timing of swallowing to avoid aspiration, and improve QOL associated with oral function.